Folger catalog search tips

This article covers search tips for the Folger Shakespeare Library's online catalog. It covers several approaches for searching the catalog, starting with basic searches and moving into increasingly advanced search methods.

How Catalog Searching Works

Library catalogs use structured data to describe items in their collections. As a result of this structure, it is possible to search specific parts of data across all items in the catalog. For example, catalog librarians always enter the title of an item in a part of the data that is designated as the part for recording titles. This makes it possible for the catalog to offer a search of just the titles across all items in the collection. The following search tips rely heavily on the idea of being able to search discrete pieces of data across most items in the catalog.

Simple search

If you enter your search term(s) in the search box, the catalog will look for the search term(s) in all parts of all records in the catalog. This can be useful if you are looking for a term that will probably not show up in many catalog records. As an example, this search for shirt only has a few dozen results.

Where the simple search is usually not helpful is when you are searching for a term that is likely to show up frequently in catalog records. At the Folger, doing a simple search for Shakespeare is usually not helpful because that term shows up in tens of thousands of catalog records. If you're interesting in searching for works by or about Shakespeare, see below for some search tips.

Searching within a Collection

Underneath the search box, there are collections of records that are broken out by year of creation or publication, format, or other grouping. Before starting a search, it's possible to select one of those collections or sub-collections. This will load a new page that describes what's in the collection and has a search box for searching inside that specific collection.

Under the Books & Serials collection, there are three sub-collections in particular that might be worth viewing to read the description of what the collections contain: Incunabula, STC imprints, and Wing imprints.

Refining Search Results

Facets

Whenever any search is executed, the search results page provides a number of options for refining the search results. In the left column, there will be facets for refining search results based on Name, Subject, Genre/form, Place created, Language, and Item Location. A few these facets warrant further explanation:

• Name - The Name may be the author of a work, but it could also be a name associated with the work that is not the author. As an example, we regularly record the former owners of items in the collection, when they are known. Former owners will show up in the Name facet. So will other associated names such as illustrators, printers, correspondents, and the like.
• Subject - This is a list of terms indicating what an item is about. A few examples of subject terms are Advertising, Cooking, Horse racing, and Religion.
  • Note that a person can be a subject, too, if the work is about that person. We have quite a few works that are about Shakespeare, for example.
  • Note that a work can also be a subject. For example, books about Shakespeare's play Hamlet will have Hamlet as a subject. Note that when the title of a work is used as a subject, it is usually preceded by the author's name. This is important for works by Shakespeare! If you want to use a subject facet for Hamlet, you need to look in the subject facet for "Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet".
• Genre/form - This a list of terms indicating what an item is. A few examples of genre/form terms are Advertising fliers, Ballads, Broadsides, and Edicts.
• Item Location - this is a useful facet if you want to restrict your search to physical items in our collection, or items that are available online. While we are closed for construction, we are using three Item Location facets:
  • Vault - these are physical items that would normally be available through our Request System to be consulted in the Reading Room. That is, readers would not be able to retrieve these items on their own; staff retrieve the items from the vaults and bring the items to the Reading Room.
  • Not-vault - these are physical items that would normally be in our Open Stacks collection or shelved in the Reading Room for quick reference. Readers are able to browse these shelves and retrieve these items on their own, without staff intervention. (Although we're always happy to assist when needed!)
  • Online - these are digital items that are only available online. Sometimes these items are publicly accessible to anyone; sometimes they are limited to registered users.
  • Please note: if you select 'Vault' or 'Not-vault', you may still find that the 'Online' item location remains in the left column. Why? Because some items in our catalog are physical items that we have in the collection and we have digitized those items and made them available online. Such items are therefore categorized as both physical (Vault or Not-vault) and online. Similarly, if you select 'Online', you may still find that the 'Vault' or 'Not-vault' item locations remain in the left column. That is because the item is available online, but is also available onsite in a physical copy.

Options for Sort, Display, Collections, and Format

There are additional tools for refining search results. Once a search is executed, an 'Options' button will appear immediately below the 'Search' button, like so:options button

Clicking on the Options button opens a section of tools for refining display:

• Sort: relevance, latest first, main name, title, year - each in ascending or descending order
  • 'Latest first' means that items most recently added to the catalog will appear first. This does not necessarily mean those are the most recently acquired items, either, as there can be a delay between when an item is acquired and when it is fully cataloged. However, this sorting option is useful if you want to see things in order of the most recent catalog records.
  • 'Year' refers to the year of an item's creation or publication. Many of our readers are interested in the earliest items in our collection, so sorting by 'year' in ascending order will sort the results by oldest to newest dates of creation or publication.
• Display: controls the number of results shown on a single page
• Collections: allows for refining by collection after a search has been run
• Format: this does not refer to the format of the materials in the catalog. Rather, it refers to the format of the records being displayed in the search results. It is possible to change the display to BibTex, EndNote, or RefWorks, which makes it possible to export search results to use with reference management software. Alternatively, readers with expertise in metadata formats and standards may wish to format results in Dublin Core, MARC, MARCXML, or MODS.

Keyword search

To search for a single term, such as sword, simply type it into the search box and then click on 'search' or use the Enter key. Once the search is executed, the search results can be narrowed using the techniques in the preceding section on Refining Search Results.

To search for more than one term, such as horse riding, there are several options. Note that the following explanation applies to two, three, or more terms, but the example given uses just two terms.

Search Type		what's in the search results
Broad match	horse riding	records with both of the words, anywhere in the record	records are sorted by how close those terms are to each other in the records, and how many times those terms appear in the records
Partial phrase	"horse riding"	records with those two words together, in the order provided inside the double quotes, anywhere in the record	records are sorted by how many times those terms appear together, in the order specified, in the records

Boolean operators

Search terms can also be related to one another using the Boolean operators AND, OR, and NOT. The operators must be capitalized.

While the words AND, OR, and NOT are used in everyday language, we use them in a loose fashion. For example, I can offer a guest coffee OR tea, but I can also offer a guest coffee AND tea. Those offers effectively mean the same thing in everyday language - my guest can have coffee, or tea, or a bit of both. In Boolean logic, the terms have a stricter meaning, as defined in the following chart.

Boolean operator	what's entered in the search box	what's in the search results	how to think about this logic
AND	fish AND garden	records that contain both of the terms	I want to see records that contain both 'fish' and 'garden'. Any records with just one of those terms should not be included in my search results.
OR	fish OR garden	records that contain one or both of the terms	I want to see records that contain either 'fish', or 'garden', or both search terms.
NOT	fish NOT garden	records that contain the first term but not the second term	I want to see records that contain 'fish', but do not contain 'garden'.

Combining Boolean operators

It is also possible to string several terms and Boolean operators together in a single query. Note that these searches are interpreted sequentially. Here are some examples:

• fish AND garden AND flowers - a record must contain all three terms - fish, garden, flowers - in order for the record to be a match
• fish OR garden OR flowers - a record can contain just one of these terms, or two of these terms, or all of these terms, in order for the record to be a match
• fish NOT garden NOT flowers - only records that have the term 'fish', and do not have the term 'garden', and do not have the term 'flowers' will be in the search results
• fish AND garden OR flowers - records with 'fish' and 'garden' would match. So would records with 'flowers' by itself. Another way to think of this search is (fish AND garden) OR flowers.
• fish OR garden AND flowers - records with fish AND flowers will match; records with garden AND flowers will match. Another way to think of this search is (fish AND flowers) OR (garden AND flowers)
• fish AND garden NOT flowers - a record must contain both 'fish' and 'garden', but not the term 'flowers', in order to be a match. Another way to think of this search is (fish AND garden) NOT flowers
• fish OR garden NOT flowers - any records that contain 1) fish but not flowers, 2) garden but not flowers, and 3) fish and garden but not flowers will be in the search results. Another way to think of this search is (fish NOT flowers) OR (garden NOT flowers) OR (fish AND garden NOT flowers).

It's possible to string together even more complicated scenarios, but beyond this point 1) search results are unlikely and 2) it's probably necessary to start constructing your search queries with a logic textbook at hand. It's likely that there are better ways to approach the search. Read on!

Advanced search

Immediately beneath the list of collections, there is an 'advanced search' link. Clicking on that leads to a new search page, like so:

Search methods

To the left of the empty search box, there is a drop-down menu offering several different search methods:

• All of the words - this is the same as a broad match keyword search, explained above. The records in the search result must match all of the terms entered in the search box.
• Any of the words - this is the same functionality as entering your search terms separated by the Boolean operator OR, as explained above. If three terms are entered in the search box, then the records can have one, two, or three of those terms.
• Exact phrase - this is the same as using the exact phrase search, explained below. This search should be approached with caution because it relies on technical knowledge of how catalog records are created.
• Partial phrase - this is the same as a partial phrase keyword search, explained above. The records in the search result must match the terms together, in the order provided. It's the same as enclosing search terms in double quotes.
• Regular expressions - this is a form of searching through pattern matching, explained below.

Fields

To the right of the empty search box, there is a drop-down menu for determining which fields to search. Available fields include:

• title - includes both titles or works and series titles
• imprint - publication information
• name (who's associated with it) - this may include author, former owner, printer, publisher, artist, printmaker, recipient, sender, or other names associated with a work
• subject (who or what it is about)
• genre/form (what it is)
• all notes
• Folger copy notes - these are copy-specific notes that often include information about provenance, binding, or notes specific to a Folger copy of a work
• call number
• bibliographic citation - catalogers typically record a reference citation to a bibliography that lists the work being described. With the exception of our Folger-specific use of STC and ESTC, we follow the Standard Citation Forms for Rare Materials Cataloging.
• material type - searches a list of 'general material designations' in catalog records, which are used to denote materials that are not books. The terms in use at the Folger are: cartographic material, electronic resource, game, graphic, kit, manuscript, microform, motion picture, music, realia, sound recording, and videorecording.

Boolean operators

To the right of the drop-down of fields to search, there is a drop-down for Boolean operators: OR, AND, AND NOT. These function in the same way as described in the section on Boolean operators, above. Note that "NOT", explained in the section above, and "AND NOT", which is what is shown in the drop-down menu here, are functionally the same operation.

Added/modified date

At the bottom of the 'advanced search' panel, it is possible to refine the search by looking for catalog records added since a specified date, or modified since a specified date. It is also possible to specify an end date. It is likely that this search refinement will be more useful to catalogers than to other users.

More Advanced search

While the Advanced search interface outlined above does, indeed, provide advanced search options, there are even more advanced options built into the single search box on the home page of the catalog. The default behavior of the single search box is to search across all of the data in catalog records. However, as with the Advanced search interface, there are additional refinements to search that can be done in the single search box, including additional options not available in the Advanced search interface.

Fields

The following table shows field names that can be used in the single search box. To use a field name, type the field name in the search box with a colon followed by the search term, like so:

title:Phaedrus

Field name	Description	Example search term	MARC fields and subfields searched
recid:	Searches a record's unique identifier. If you have an older catalog URL, it is the number at the end: http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=336741. In the current catalog, the number will appear like so: https://catalog.folger.edu/record/336741.	336741	MARC 001
title:	Searches both the title of the work and other titles that may be listed in the record, such as the title of a series, a uniform title, and an alternative title	Phaedrus	MARC 245, 246, 247, 490, 440, 130, 730, 740
mainname:	Searches the main entry name (of a person, corporate body, or meeting) responsible for the work. In a catalog record a 'main entry name' is for the entity chiefly responsible for the work. This is typically the author's name.	Shakespeare, William	MARC 100, 110, 111
author:	Searches for any names associated with a work, not just the author. Sorry this is confusing! Names associated with the record include authors, editors, correspondents, printers, former owners, publishers, and others. If you want to search for an author, use mainname (above).	Halliwell-Phillipps, J. O.	MARC 100, 110, 111, 700, 710, 711 MARC authority 400, 410, 411, 430, 450, 451, 455
meetingname:	Searches for meeting names. Publications produced under the auspices of a meeting will include the meeting name in the catalog record.	"International Shakespeare Conference"	MARC 111, 711
topic:	Searches what the work is about.	Actors	MARC 600, 610, 611, 630, 648, 650, 651
genreform:	Searches what kind of thing the work is.	Portraits	MARC 655
subject:	Searches both topic and genreform	Drawings	MARC 600, 610, 611, 630, 648, 650, 651, 655
imprint:	Searches fields relating to the place of publication, the name of the publisher, and the date of publication. Note that early modern books may use Latin place names.	Fletestrete	MARC 260, 264
summary:	Searches the summary. Note that few catalog records have a summary, and summaries are more common in our 20th-21st century works.	keywords such as "child characters"	MARC 520
citation:	Searches the reference citation field. Catalogers typically record a reference citation to a bibliography that lists the work being described. With the exception of our Folger-specific use of STC and ESTC, we follow the Standard Citation Forms for Rare Materials Cataloging.	STC	MARC 510
materialtype:	Searches a list of 'general material designations' in catalog records, which are used to denote materials that are not books. The terms in use at the Folger are: cartographic material, electronic resource, game, graphic, kit, manuscript, microform, motion picture, music, realia, sound recording, and videorecording.	cartographic material	MARC 245$h
folgercopynotes:	Searches copy-specific notes that often include information about provenance, binding, or notes specific to a Folger copy of a work	keywords such as "silk"	MARC 590, 852$z
notes:	Searches all notes in a catalog record (except the cataloger's 'note to self' field, where a cataloger might make a note about next steps for completing a catalog record)	keywords	MARC 5XX fields, except 599

Very Advanced search

There are even more search options, but these search techniques require expertise in cataloging practices, including in Folger-specific cataloging practices. For background, see the page on Interpreting MARC records, pages on cataloging practices at the Folger, and the pages on MARC21 formats at the Library of Congress.

Anyone is welcome to try these techniques, but be advised that these techniques might not work as expected. Anyone wishing to do searches at this level of specificity would likely benefit from reaching out to reference@folger.edu so we can assist.

Exact phrase search

Instead of using double quotes, as in Keyword searches above, surround terms with square brackets, like so: [horse riding]. In order for this search to work, both terms must be found together, in the same MARC subfield, with no other words in that same MARC subfield. This technique can also be applied to searching a single term in square brackets, such as [metaphysics], which will result in records where that term appears alone, with no other words in that MARC subfield.

The exact phrase search technique is likely to be the most useful for searching for titles of certain pre-modern texts, such as [metaphysics] or [summa theologica]. However, this search could miss some records with those terms because they are not alone in their MARC subfield. So, it might be fun to test this search method, but it's likely not the best search technique.

Regular expressions

The catalog supports regular expressions, also known as 'regex,' in searches. Regex refers to a method of searching by pattern matching rather than keywords, terms, names, etc. It's possible to combine regular expressions with other search strategies such as index fields, aliases, and MARC fields. The catalog uses Python regular expressions.

If You Need Help Finding Anything in the Catalog

Sometimes the best way to search a library catalog is by asking a librarian for help! We know you want to do your own searching, but we know our collections well and we also know about past cataloging practices at our institution - two things that put us at an advantage when doing searches. Please contact reference@folger.edu so that we can assist you with your search.

If you think you've found incorrect information in the catalog, or you have a question about why something is described in a particular way, please feel free to email catalog@folger.edu.