Feast of Feasts: Celebrations in the Folger Collection
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Feast of Feasts: Celebrations in the Folger Collection, a pop-up exhibition at the Folger, took place on Monday, December 18, 2017 from 1-4pm in the Deck B Seminar Room. It was curated by Dumbarton Oaks Fellows Abby Westover and Andrés Álvarez-Dávila.
Just in time for the holiday season, Feast of Feasts explored parties and festivities from the sixteenth through the twentieth centuries. Dancing notation, feast menus, Shakespeare-themed games, coronations, and fireworks all come together to depict the many different ways in which people have celebrated throughout the years.
The exhibition catalog and flyer are available for download as PDF files.
Items included
1) New Year’s gift roll of Elizabeth I, Queen of England. 1565. Folger Z.d.12.
This gift roll is one of several in the Folger’s collection. Bearing the signature of Elizabeth I, it lists the gifts given on one side and those received on the other from a date early on in her reign. The list progresses from the highest-ranking court members all the way down to household servants. The gifts themselves provide an invaluable window into material culture. Besides gold and jewels, the received gifts include wooden chests, sweetmeats, musical instruments, potted plants, and pieces of clothing such as ruffs, slippers, petticoats, and hats. In contrast to the variety of gifts received, the gifts given by Elizabeth are almost exclusively gilt bowls and cups.
2) Wenceslaus Hollar. Hyems [Winter: The Parade Ground]. Strasbourg: Jacob van der Heyden, c. 1628-29. Folger ART 252- 551 no.4 (size XS).
This view of a parade in winter was probably etched in Strasbourg sometime between 1628 and 1629 as part of a set of views of the Four Seasons in that city. Among Hollar’s most delicately worked early prints, this set shows Hollar’s individual touch in the soft moldings of the contours of the trees, despite the visible influence of Jan van de Velde’s prints. Hollar subsequently revisited motifs of Strasbourg during the course of his career.
3) Edward Fisher. The Feast of Feasts. Or, the celebration of the sacred nativity of our blessed Lord and Saviour, Jesus Christ. Oxford: 1644. Folger F994.
Religious controversy regarding the celebration of Christmas and New Years was common in the Early Modern period. Many Puritan theologians argued against it, claiming that traditions such as feasts and gift-giving on Christmas distracted from the holiday’s religious meaning and hearkened back to pagan rites. In this tract, however, a Royalist clergyman draws on scriptural and historical arguments to defend Christmas celebrations. Maintaining these traditions also became a signal of resistance to Puritan rule and loyalty to the Crown. His text was very successful, as it was re-published and re-printed multiple times through the 17th century. Clearly many people were not too eager to give up their Yuletide festivities.
4) A Christmas messe. 1619. Folger J.a.1 (9). Selected images available in the Folger Digital Image Collection.
This manuscript play was likely written for a Cambridge University Christmas production. King Beefe attempts to usurp the right of King Brawne—boar’s meat—to be served first at the traditional Christmas feast. Each king receives the support, in the form of boasting and bravado, of their respective knights: Sir Pepper and Sir Vinigar for Beefe, and Lord Souce and Mustard for Brawne. Queen Mincepy acts as the token beauty. Meanwhile, the action of the minor characters (Bread, Salt, Trencher, Tablecloth, and Cushion) parallels that of the major characters. The Belly provides the framework for the play in his insistence that the feast be served post-haste, while the Cook acts as the final mediator, wielding his knife and declaring Brawne the victor.
5) Maximilien Belle-Alesne. Le magnifique et superlicoquentieux festin : … avec la liste de tous les régales, services de table, mets, desserts & préparatifs du festin ; et la réjouissance, les danses, & autres divertissemens de l’illustre compagnie. Troyes: 1731. Folger 218- 878.2q.
This witty 18th-century popular text takes the form of an invitation and menu for a cobbler’s banquet. It is addressed to one of the guild masters from a new member. Part of a series of three similar texts, these books also show guilds’ use of language which mimics that of the chancellery, each book being stamped with the official permission and approval of the guild. Due to the suppression of guilds in France during the French Revolution, this once thriving genre of popular literature was largely lost by the mid-19th century.
6) Abraham Bosse. [Wives at the table during the absence of their husbands]. Paris: c. 1636. Folger ART 265- 963 (size XS). Available in the Folger Digital Image Collection.
Conflict between the sexes was a popular subject of art and literature in the seventeenth century. As the verses below the etching explain, these women have gathered to enjoy a feast where they can talk freely while their husbands are out enjoying the world. “Let’s eat, let’s drink, there are no spies here” they say. Separate dining rooms for private meals did not exist at the time. Consequently, the lady of the house entertains her friends in her chamber, with a bed in one corner, while the servant (addressed as “Girl” in the verses) brings more food.
7) "Expenses of the diet provided to Court of Star Chamber during Easter term signed by Sir Christopher Hatton and Lord Burghley". 1591. Folger X.d.98. Images available in the Folger Digital Image Collection. Transcription available on Folgerpedia.
The judges and privy councilors of the Star Chamber often shared rich midday dinners on Wednesdays and Fridays, after the morning session. The Friday feasts offered fish as dictated by prevailing custom. This menu from April 30, 1591 includes at least thirty varieties, including oysters, herring, salmon, pike, crayfish, eels, shrimp, trout, lobster, crab, and haddock.
8) Bartolomeo Scappi. "Opera di Bartolomeo Scappi". Venice: Alessandro Vecchi, 1605. Folger TX711.S4 1605 Copy 1 Cage.
Bartolomeo Scappi, cook of the Holy See, contributed more visibly to the art of cooking than perhaps any other 17th-century chef, achieving great renown in his lifetime. The Opera’ six lengthy chapters expound on the preparation of meat and poultry, fish, food for meat and fast days, pasta, and diets for the sick. He also includes the organization of the kitchen, the duties expected of kitchen staff, and the ethical aspects of the cook’s profession. The book’s twenty-seven engravings provide a privileged look at the Italian kitchen, its kitchenware, and its functioning.
9) Francis Sandford. "The history of the coronation of the most high, most mighty, and most excellent monarch, James II". London: 1687. Folger S652. Selected images available in the Folger Digital Image Collection.
James II appointed a committee to establish a code of precedence for his coronation as well as subsequent ones. The Lancaster Herald of Arms, Francis Sanford, was then commissioned to give a full visual account of the carefully codified coronation ceremonies of April 23, 1685. Sanford records all of the preparations, regalia, participants, robing, procession, banquet, and fireworks of the coronation. At the banquet, as seen in the engraving, the King and Queen were served 145 dishes in the first course followed by 30 in the second. Peers and peeresses were served 639 dishes, while archbishops, bishops, barons, and judges were served 631. In total, 1,445 dishes were served at this banquet alone.
10) Adriaan Schoonebeek. "Afbeelding… Shouw of bonfires and fireworcks made through the Englisch merchants in Amsterdam on the coronation day of William III and Mary II". Amsterdam: 1689. Folger ART 236- 026 (size XL). Available in the Folger Digital Image Collection.
The English merchants of Amsterdam organized and financed this celebration for the coronation of William and Mary of England. Until the end of the eighteenth century, fireworks were rare and mainly used to display the power and wealth of royalty. Printed depictions were just as important in communicating this political message. As the transience of fireworks makes them difficult to represent, artistic depictions varied, some resembling fountains of water, others raging fires and exploding stars. Schoonebeek has created a rendering full of the movement and unpredictability of pyrotechnics perhaps as impressive as the original show itself.
11) Raoul Auger Feuillet. "Orchesography, or the Art of Dancing by characters and demonstrative figures". 1721. Folger 153- 841q.
During the late 17th and early 18th centuries, demand grew in aristocratic and well-to-do circles for up-to-date dance repertories. Dance masters met this demand by composing new dances and publishing them at the start of each season, giving people enough time to learn the new steps. Leading French dance master Raoul Agger Fuillet developed, alongside P. Beauchamps, an important system of dance notation that departed from the previous norm of verbal explanations in dance manuals. The Orchesography, a translation by John Weaver of Feuillet’s Livre de Choreographie, first introduced this dance notation to England, where the production of dance books had begun to take off.
12) Abraham Bosse. "[The Ball]". Paris: 1634. Folger ART 264- 931 (size M).
“The Ball” is one of Abraham Bosse’s most famous etchings. Love is in the air as couples join hands and prepare for their turn at dancing in a great tapestry-hung hall. At the back of the room, a portrait of Venus presides over the ball while a group of musicians plays discreetly in the back corner. The couple at the center are dressed in the height of fashion. Though the verses warn that everyone is watching to see who dances well and who dances poorly, most couples only have eyes for each other.