John Ward's Latin: Difference between revisions
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This article features two | This article features two glossaries of the Latin words and abbreviations in the diaries of [https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/vi0hc7 John Ward], Folger MS V.a.284 -299. The words are all associated with medical receipts. At the bottom of the article are links to a cribsheet for John Ward's handwriting, several sites that depict alchemical symbols, and a Greek keyboard. | ||
The first glossary was compiled by Dr. Robert Tallaksen, a reader and transcriber at the Folger Shakespeare Library. It is regularly updated with new words. Last update was June 6, 2023. | |||
The second glossary is the work of Callum Simms, a transcriber on [https://www.shakespearesworld.org/#/ Shakespeare's World] (a crowd-sourced project between the Folger Shakespeare Library, Zooniverse and the OED, sponsored by [[Early Modern Manuscripts Online (EMMO)|EMMO]]). Some of John Ward's diaries have been transcribed by volunteers on Shakespeare's World. On Shakespeare's World's talk feature, Callum Simms is known as @IntelVoid. | |||
John Ward was the vicar of Stratford-upon-Avon from 1662 to 1681. The [[Folger Shakespeare Library]] has 16 of his 17 diaries. More information on John Ward can be found in [https://folgerpedia.folger.edu/A_Semi-Diplomatic_Transcription_of_Selections_from_the_John_Ward_Diaries,_vol._9_(1662-1663),_V.a.292 A Semi-Diplomatic Transcription of Selections from the John Ward Diaries]. | John Ward was the vicar of Stratford-upon-Avon from 1662 to 1681. The [[Folger Shakespeare Library]] has 16 of his 17 diaries. More information on John Ward can be found in [https://folgerpedia.folger.edu/A_Semi-Diplomatic_Transcription_of_Selections_from_the_John_Ward_Diaries,_vol._9_(1662-1663),_V.a.292 A Semi-Diplomatic Transcription of Selections from the John Ward Diaries]. | ||
=='''John Ward's Latin medical words and abbreviations (Dr. Robert Tallaksen, compiler)'''== | |||
==Measurements== | |||
coch., cochlear -aris = a spoonful; abl. cochleare, by spoonful(s); NB distinguish from cochlearia, the scurvy-grass plant | |||
cong., congius -i = gallon | |||
cuspis -idis cultelli = point of a knife; as much medicine as will lie on a knife point; a small but uncertain amount, likely a few grains | |||
gran., granum -i = grain (apothecary measure) | |||
gt, gutt., gutta -ae = drop | |||
NB the abbreviations for grain, "gr," and guttae (drops), "gt," can look similar; if unclear, if the ingredient is a liquid, e.g., a syrup, suggest using "gt;" if a dry substance, e.g., saffron, use "gr." | |||
lb = pound; sometimes crossed, "℔," or "lib," which may also be crossed; liquid measures often given in pounds instead of volume; NB the unit of weight, not money, which is written as "pounds" or "£" | |||
M = handful | |||
no. or n<sup>o</sup>. = numero, ablative of numerus -i, for the number of specified things; e.g., succus Limonum n<sup>o</sup>. (numero) ii, juice of two lemons (of lemons in the number of two), with the item in the genitive | |||
p = pugil, the amount that can be picked up with the thumb and two fingers; a pinch | |||
s. or ss., semis = one half (see note below) | |||
semicoch., semicochl., semicochlear -aris = half a spoonful | |||
The following symbols are in the EMROC toolbar in Dromio: | |||
*℥ = ounce (Unicode ℥); f℥ = fluid ounce, though the "f" is generally omitted | |||
*ʒ = dram, drachm (symbol unicode ʒ) | |||
*℈ = scruple (symbol unicode ℈) | |||
℔, the crossed symbol for pound, is not in the EMROC toolbar and is not used | |||
Equivalents: | |||
*20 grains = 1 scruple; | |||
*3 scruples = 1 dram; | |||
*8 drams = 1 ounce | |||
Numerical amounts are most often given in minuscule Roman numerals; e.g., iiii. The last "i" is very often written as a "long i" or "j," e.g., iiij, but should be transcribed as a minuscule: iiii | |||
When "s" or "ss" is used for one half, it follows the last character, e.g., ℈s = 1/2 scruple, ℥iiis = 3 1/2 ounces, ʒiss = 1 1/2 drams; the "s" can look like a long "i" but will lack a dot | |||
Ward occasionally used alchemical symbols; see the last section of this list | |||
==Descriptions, ingredients, instructions, types of receipts, and Anatomic References== | |||
===A=== | |||
ā, āā, ān., ana = of each; e.g., folia senae et folia acetosae ana Mi, senna leaves and sorrel leaves, of each one handful | |||
aaron -onis = the wild arum or cuckoo pint, <i>Arum maculatum</i>; many common names, e. g., Adam and Eve, friar's cowl, jack in the pulpit; see also faecula aaronis, below | |||
abies -etis = genus of evergreen conifers, including the silver fir tree, <i>Abies alba</i> | |||
abietinus -a -um = of, pertaining to, or resembling a fir tree | |||
abrotan., abrotanum -i = artemisia or southernwood, <i>Artemisia abrotanum</i> | |||
absynth., absynthium -i = wormwood, <i>Artemisia absinthium</i>; sal absynthii = salt of absinth, impure potassium carbonate (K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) obtained from wormwood ashes; see also vinum absinthites, below | |||
a. c., p. c., ante/post cibum = before or after a meal | |||
acetos., acetosa -ae = sorrel or sour dock, <i>Rumex acetosa</i>; fol. acetos., folia acetosae, leaves of this plant | |||
acet., acetum -i = vinegar; acetum theriacale, treacle vinegar | |||
acetum -i bezoardicum, bezoarticum = bezoar vinegar; the "magistral" bezoar vinegar recipe included sulfur, rue, garlic, cloves, saffron, and walnuts | |||
acetum -i scilliticum = squill vinegar; vinegar infused with squills | |||
acori., acorus -i = sweet flag plant, <i>Acorus calamus</i> | |||
acredo -inis = sharp or pungent taste; ad mediocrem acredinem, to a moderate sharpness | |||
adamas or lapis -idis adamas = diamond; from α (not) + δάμαζω (conquer, break) because it cannot be broken | |||
ad. grat. acid., ad gratem aciditatem = to an agreeable sourness | |||
adeps adipis (or pl.) adipes = the soft fat or grease of an animal, with the name of the animal as an adjective or in the genitive; NB adeps is a common noun that can appear as a masculine or feminine; e.g., adeps suilla, pork fat, adeps anserinus, duck fat, adeps cuniculi, rabbit fat | |||
adiant., adianth., adiantum -i = maidenhair fern, <i>Adiantum capillus-veneris</i>; <i>A. album</i>, white maidenhair or wall-rue | |||
adonis -is or -nidis = the plant pheasant's eye, <i>Adonis annua</i>; its red flowers are said to have grown on Adonis' grave | |||
aegilops -opis = see fistula lachrimalis, below | |||
aerugo -inis aeris = see next entry | |||
aes aeris = brass, copper; aerugo -inis aeris, or aes viride, rust of copper, verdigris; see also unguentum Egyptiacum, below | |||
aetites -ae = eagle stone (Pliny the Elder), "a hollow nodule or pebble of hydrated iron oxide containing a loose kernel that makes a noise when rattled" (<i>OED</i>); said to be helpful in avoiding miscarriage, in pregnancy generally, and in childbirth | |||
agalloc(h)um = see lignum aloes, below | |||
agaric., agaricus -i = originally the bracket fungus, <i>Formitopsis officinalis</i>, later any mushroom with a cap, various species including <i>Agaricus cantharellus</i>, the chanterelle; trochisci de agarico, agaric lozenges, for headache, poisoning, asthma, and many other afflictions | |||
agaricus -i Rudii = an unknown mushroom or fungus used by or otherwise associated with Eustachio Rudio (1551 - 1611), Italian physician, Latinized as Eustachius Rudius | |||
ageratum -i = sweet maudlin, sweet yarrow, or English mace, <i>Achillea ageratum</i>; a flowering plant in the sunflower family | |||
agni cast., agni casti = chaste tree, chasteberry, Abraham's balm, etc., <i>Vitex agnus-castus</i>; may also appear as viticosum rubrum, see vitex, below | |||
agrimon., agrimonia -ae = a genus of perennial herbaceous plants, especially common agrimony, <i>Agrimonia eupatoria</i> | |||
agrimonia -ae odorata = fragrant agrimony, also known as <i>A. procera</i> | |||
alabastrites -ae =alabaster stone | |||
albedinem = accusative of albedo -inis, whiteness; occurs in the phrase ad albedinem calcinati, calcined to whiteness, in this case hart's horn | |||
alb., albus -a -um = white | |||
alb. graec., album graecum = the dry white excrement of a dog, hyena, or other bone-eating carnivore, especially when used as an ingredient in medicinal preparations (<i>OED</i>) | |||
albugo -inis = a white spot and a film on the eye; JW states that it is the same as the affliction called "pin and web" | |||
alcanna -ae = alkanet, <i>Alkanna tinctoria</i>, an herb in the borage family; the root of which yields a red dye; used for infections | |||
alchermes, alkermes (confectio -onis) = confection of kermes (pregnant female of the crimson insect <i>Coccus ilicis</i>), formerly supposed to be a berry; widely used as dye-stuff and in medicine | |||
alchymilla -ae = genus of herbaceous perennials in the rose family, especially lady's mantle, <i>Alchemilla mollis</i>; the species used for the herbal tea used in gynecology was <i>A. xanthochlora</i> or <i>A. vulgaris</i> | |||
aleophanginae = see pilulae aleophanginae, below | |||
alexitericus -a -um = alexipharmic, a "medicine or treatment believed to protect against, counteract the effects of, or expel from the body a noxious or toxic substance... an antidote" (<i>OED</i>) | |||
alexiterium -i = an alexipharmic medicine, antidote; alexiterium D. Stephani, Stephanus's antidote, possibly from Stephanus Atheniensis (c. 550 - 630), Greek physician and commentator on Galen | |||
alezeteris = likely a misspelling for "alexiteris," see above entry | |||
alhandal = Arabic name for colocynth (q. v.); troches of alhandal also contained bdellium & gum tragacanth | |||
alipta -ae = see alyptae moschata, below | |||
alkakeng., alkekengi = winter cherry, <i>Physalis alkekengi</i>, a diuretic | |||
alleluia = same as lujula, see below | |||
allium -i = garlic, <i>Allium sativum</i>; digitus allii, a finger (clove) of garlic | |||
alnus -i = alder, a tree of genus <i>Alnus</i>; cort. alni nigri = black alder bark, from <i>A. glutinosa</i> | |||
aloe -es = aloe; especially the true aloe, <i>Aloe vera</i>; more than 500 species; distinguish from lignum aloes, q.v. | |||
aloe -es depurata = extract made by boiling aloe with water and then concentrating the liquid; if the water was replaced with juice of violet flowers, "aloe violata;" if with juice of rose leaves, "aloe rosata" | |||
aloe -es hepatica = hepatic, Bombay, or Barbados aloes; used as a cathartic | |||
aloe -es lota = washed aloe; apparently dissolved in the juice of roses and then dried | |||
alsine -es = bog stichwort, <i>Stellaria alsine</i>, or possibly chickweed, <i>Stellaria nemorum</i> | |||
alth., althe., althea/althaea -ae = mallow or marsh-mallow, <i>Althea officinalis</i>; also called malvaviscus | |||
althea -ae lutea = yellow mallow; Culpeper states that "[t]he seede drunke in wine preuaileth mightily against the stone;" perhaps the same plant as the one that Avicenna called Abutilon | |||
altile = possibly ablative form of the adjective altilis -is -e, fattened, rich, abundant, nourishing; JW states (V.a.291, 48r), "Altile est uinum dulce coctum, nam Altil apud Arabes dulce sonat," Altile is boiled sweet wine, for Altil among the Arabs sounds sweet | |||
alviducum -i = "opener of the belly;" i.e., a laxative | |||
alumin., alumina -ae, alumen -inis = alum; argil or argillaceous earth | |||
alum., alumen -inis = alum; aluminum hydroxide, AlOH<sub>3</sub>, used as an antacid, or hydrated aluminum sulfate (Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)3•<i>n</i>H<sub>2</sub>O), where <i>n</i> is the number of water molecules (papermaker's alum) | |||
alum. rup. = alumen -inis rupes, alum (see above entry) in crude or unrefined rock form, i. e., roch(e) alum; may also be designated alumen ruparum, alum of the rocks | |||
aluta -ae = a kind of soft leather, originally prepared with alum, used to apply a medication externally; e.g., emplastrum extendatur super alutam, let the plaster be spread out on a (piece of) leather | |||
alypta -ae moschata = a compounded lozenge containing ladanum (q. v.), styrax calamita, red sytrax, aloe, ambra, camphor, nutmeg, and rosewater; for asthma and chest constriction | |||
amaracus -i = dittany of Crete, <i>Dictamnus (Origanum) creticus</i> | |||
ambra -ae = amber, or a balsam from <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i> (sweetgum), or ambergris | |||
ambra -ae grisea = ambergris | |||
amethystus -i = amethyst, a purple or reddish form of quartz; the semi-precious stone, "to which the ancients attributed the property of preventing drunkenness" (Dunglison's <i>Medical Lexicon</i>) | |||
ammeos sem. = semina ameos, the seeds of the ammi plant, see next entry; Gerard states that they are good "drunken in wine against the biting of all manner of venomous beasts," as well as against all manner of poisons, pestilent fevers, and the plague | |||
ammi -ii = an umbelliferous plant, <i>Ammi vulgare (maius)</i>, common bishop's weed or herb-william; also <i>A. creticum</i>, candy bishop's-weed, or <i>A. perpusillum</i>, small bishop's-weed | |||
ammoniac., ammoniacum -i = gum ammoniac, gum resin of <i>Dorema ammoniacum</i> | |||
amomi., amomum -i = genus of aromatic plants including black cardamom, <i>Amomum sublatum</i>; JW mentions <i>A. virginiatum</i> and states that it is "very like if not the same with Cornus" | |||
amylum -i = white starch | |||
anacollema -ae or -i = a term used by Galen for a plaster applied to the forehead and intended to prevent defluxion of humors into the eyes, also any substance producing rapid healing; especially for treatment of a headache or nosebleed; for a headache, ingredients included mastich, red bole, myrrh, tutty, saffron, egg white, etc.; for a nosebleed, acacia juice, vinegar, bole armeniac, vitriol, and egg white | |||
anagallis -idis = common or "scarlet" pimpernel, <i>Anagallis arvensis</i> | |||
anas -atis = duck, various birds of family <i>Anatidae</i>, genus <i>Anas</i>; genitive plural anatum, as in iecores anatum, duck livers; adjective anatinus -a -um, of or pertaining to a duck, e.g., axungia anatina, duck fat; cygnus inter anates, a swan among ducks | |||
aneth., anethum -i = dill, <i>Anethum graveolens</i> | |||
anglicus -a -um, anglicanus -a -um = used when an ingredient is specified to be of English origin; e. g., croci anglicani, (of) English saffron | |||
anis., anisum -i = anise, <i>Pimpinella anisum</i>; semina anisi, aniseed | |||
anodin., anodyn., anodynos -us = a pain reliever, anodyne | |||
anserin., anserinus -a -um = of, relating to, or obtained from a goose; adipes anserinus, goose fat | |||
ante caenam, pastum, prandium = before supper, before food (unspecified), before lunch | |||
antepileptic., antepilepticus -a -um = anti-epileptic, against the falling sickness; e.g., aqua antepileptica | |||
== | |||
anthora -ae = anthora, yellow monkshood, or healing wolfsbane, <i>Aconitum anthora</i> | |||
anthos = rosemary flowers; anthosatus -a -um, infused with rosemary flowers; e.g., mel (honey) anthosatum | |||
antibyssus = see pulvis antibyssys, below | |||
antidotum -i or antidotus -i = an antidote or counterpoison | |||
antidotum -i haemagogum = the adjective "haemagogum" indicates that it is a material which promotes menstrual or hemorrhoidal discharge of blood; numerous ingredients including lupins, pepper, licorice, long birthwort, etc.; Culpeper says that it "provokes the Terms, brings away both birth and afterbirth" | |||
antidotus -i Matthioli = Matthiolus' Great Antidote, some recipes call for more than 300 ingredients; in the <i>Pharmacopoiea Londinensis</i>, William Salmon (1644 - 1713) terms it "one of the greatest Galli-maufries that ever I saw" | |||
aparine -ines = cleavers, clivers, catchweed, sticky willy, or velcro plant, <i>Galium aparine</i> | |||
aphtha -ae = stomatitis; usually in the plural, see next entry | |||
apthae -arum = thrush, the oral infection caused by the fungus Candida albicans; NB not the bird (genus <i>Turdus</i>) | |||
= | apium -i = smallage or any of several kinds of celery or parsley, especially wild celery, <i>Apium graveolens dulce</i>; apium caulis, the stock or stem of one of these plants; <i>A. risus</i>, laughing parsley, because it produces a contraction of the mouth resembling laughter | ||
apocynon -i or apocynum -i cannabinum = a perennial herbaceous plant, known as dogbane, hemp dogbane, Indian hemp, etc.; used in herbal medicine for fever and to slow the pulse; the seeds when powdered are a source of food | |||
apozema -atis = an infusion or decoction; or concentration by boiling | |||
applic., applico -are = apply; e.g., applica ventre, apply to the abdomen | |||
aqua -ae aluminosa = a solution of alum in water; see alumen, above | |||
aq., aqua -ae = water; if an infusion, distillation, or decoction, with the name of the source in the genitive, e.g., aqua hordei, barley water; or with an adjective, e.g., aqua fortis, strong water or nitric acid | |||
aq. calc., aqua -ae calcis = lime water (whitewash) | |||
aqua -ae caponis = capon water; made by boiling a capon with raisins, pine nuts, licorice, and herbs, mixed with wine and other herbs, and distilled; a pectoral | |||
aqua -ae chrysulca = see aqua regia, below | |||
aqua fontis, aqua fontana = spring or well water | |||
aq. fort., aqua -ae fortis = nitric acid, HNO<sub>3</sub>; may also be called "spirit of niter" | |||
aq. histeric., aqu -ae histerica = anti-hysteric water; receipts vary | |||
aq., aqua -ae hordei = barley water | |||
aqua -ae imperialis = a drink made from water mixed with cream of tartar and lemon, and sweetened to taste | |||
aq. naphae, aqua -ae naphae = orange flower water | |||
aqua -ae protheriacalis = "a water serving in stead of treacle water," V.a.288, 103r | |||
aqua -ae regia = a mixture of nitric (HNO<sub>3</sub>) and hydrocholoric (HCl) acids which can dissolve gold and platinum | |||
aqua -ae stygia = same as aqua fortis, q.v.; the name is from the adjective stygius -a -um, of or belonging to the river Styx; hence, infernal, deadly, pernicious, etc. | |||
aq. vit., aqua vitae = distilled spirit | |||
aquilegia -ae = genus of perennial plants, including various species of columbine, e.g., <i>Aquilegia alpina</i>, alpine columbine | |||
arc(h)onticon = see pulvis arconticon, below | |||
argentina -ae = genus of plants in the rose family, especially silverweed, <i>Argentina anserina</i> | |||
argentum -i = the element silver (Ag); argentum vivum ("alive") = mercury (Hg), see hydrargyrus, below | |||
argill., argilla -ae = argil, argillaceous earth, alumina | |||
arillus -i = seed/stone; uva passa detractis arillis, dried grapes with the seeds removed | |||
aristoloch., aristolochia -ae = many species, including birthwort, <i>Aristolochia clematitis</i>; JW also mentions <i>A. rotunda</i>, smearwort or round-leaved birthwort; see also serpentaria, below | |||
aromat. rosat., aromaticum rosatum = aromatic medicine containing roses | |||
artemis., artemisia -ae = mugwort, Artemisia vulgaris; also other species including southernwood,(<i>A. abrotanum</i>), wormwood, tarragon | |||
artanit., artanita -ae = probably sow-bread, <i>Cyclamen purpurascens</i> | |||
arum -i = common arum or aron, <i>Arum maculatum</i>; also known as wake-robin, cuckoo-pint; a stimulant | |||
arundo -inis = genus of grasses; <i>Arundo donax</i>, giant cane; <i>A. plinii</i>, Pliny's reed; <i>A. vallatoria</i>, bankside reed; <i>A. saccharina</i>, sugar cane, now genus <i>Saccharum</i> | |||
asa dulcis = benzoe siamensis, a resin gum from <i>Styrax tonkinensis</i>, used for skin irritation; possibly also used as a purgative , diuretic, or antispasmodic, and identical to benzoin | |||
asar., asarum -i = asarabacca or hazelwort, <i>Asarum europaeum</i>; also known as nardus celticus | |||
asclepiadis = genitive of genus <i>Asclepias</i>; various species, including milkweed.; mentioned as radix asclepiadis, the root of such a plant | |||
asell., asellus -i = wood louse, <i>Oniscus asellus</i>; pulv. (onisc.) asell., powder of wood lice | |||
aspalathus -i = genus of flowering plants in the family <i>Fabaceae</i> (beans), numerous species | |||
asparag., asparagus -i = asparagus, <i>Asparagus officinalis</i>; the root was used as a diuretic | |||
asperula -ae odorata = sweet woodruff; also called <i>Gallium odoratum</i>; JW mentions <i>A. quinta Gerardi</i>, small red-flowered woodruff | |||
asphodel., asphodelus -i = genus of flowering plants mythologically connected with the underworld and said to cover the Elysian fields; the white asphodel, <i>A. albus</i>, is also known as King's spear; the roots were compounded into a cataplasm and applied to scrofulous ulcers | |||
ass. foetid., assafoetida -ae = asafoetida, dried gum of root of <i>Ferula foetida</i> or <i>F. assa-foetida</i> | |||
assaireth = in pilulae Assaireth (Avicenna); pills containing hiera picra, mastich, myrobalans, etc.; a cholagogue | |||
athanasia -ae = genus of flowering plants in the daisy family; in ancient times a kind of antidote; "athanasia magna" was thought to be useful in dysentery and hemorrhages | |||
atriplex -icis (olida) = orache or arrach, an emmenogogue and used for disorders of the uterus generally; Culpeper defines <i>A. olida</i> as "stinking arrach" | |||
aurum -i = gold; appears <i>passim</i> as "fol. auri," gold leaf, used (e. g.) for gilding pills; though possibly leaves of <i>Aurus brasiliensis</i>, also known as <i>Calamus aromaticus asiaticus</i>, Asian sweet-scented flag; see also pillulae aurae below | |||
auriculus -i muris = mouse-ear or mouse-ear hawkweed, <i>Pilosella officinarum</i> | |||
aurant., aurantior., aurantium -i = orange, <i>Citrus aurantium</i>; cortex aurantiorum, orange peel | |||
aurant. chinens., aurantium -i chinense = Chinese (sweet) orange, <i>Citrus sinensis</i> | |||
auriculum -i = gold calcined to powder | |||
auripigment., auripigmentum -i = auripigment, arsenic trisulfide (As<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>), used by painters under the name of King's Yellow (<i>OED</i>); also appears as arsenicum auripigmentum | |||
aurora -ae = dawn, daybreak, sunrise; in the ablative (aurora) in directions for the time when a medication should be given, i.e., at dawn; cf. diluculum | |||
aurum -i = metallic gold | |||
aurum -i fulminans or volatile = fulminating (explosive) gold, a mixture of compounds of gold, ammonia, and chlorine; seems primarily to have been seen as a curiosity; Glauber used fumes produced by its detonation to gold-plate objects | |||
aurum -i potabile = potable gold; an alchemical preparation of uncertain components (in addition to gold), a cordial with many purported virtues | |||
aurum -i vitae = a mixture of gold, mercury, and antimony complexes; an antidote for plague; described in a small monograph, <i>The Cure of the Plague by An Antidote Called Aurum Vitae</i> (1640), where it is described as being invented and produced by one John Woodall, "Master in Surgery" | |||
authepsa = from αὐθέψης, a "self-boiler" or "self-cooker;" a vessel used for heating water and keeping it hot, likely a metal pot with a central tube filled with coals, similar to a modern samovar | |||
avellan., avellanus -a -um = relating to hazel-nut or filbert; nux avellana, hazel-nut; from the name of the town Avellana in Campania, known for its fruit and nut trees | |||
aven., auenaceae, avena -ae = oats, <i>Avena sativa</i>; wild oats, <i>A. fatua</i> | |||
avenac., avenaceus -a -um = of or relating to oats; oaten | |||
axung., axungia -ae = lard or fat of an animal with the name of the animal as an adjective; e.g., axungia porcina, hog lard | |||
===B=== | |||
bacc., bacca -ae = berry (any) | |||
bacill., bacillus -i = a small stick; e.g., bacill. glycirriz., a stick of licorice | |||
bacon., baco -onis = bacon | |||
balaust., balaustium -i = flower of pomegranate, <i>Punica granatum</i> | |||
ballota -ae = black or stinking horehound, <i>Ballota nigra</i> | |||
balneum -i = bath; balneum vaporis, steam bath; balneum Mariae, bain-marie; e.g., BV, balneo vaporoso, in a steam bath; BM, balneo Mariae, in a bain-marie; balneum roris (ros roris, dew), apparently similar to the balneum vaporis, in which a distilling vessel is suspended over steam and not in hot water | |||
balsam., balsamum -i = balsam, balm, any strongly scented resin, many types; can be solid or liquid; e.g., balsam of Tolu, of Gilead (from tree <i>Balsamodendron gileadense</i> or <i>B. opobalsamum</i>) | |||
balsamum -i copaiva = balsam of copaiba; an oleoresin from the trunk of any of several species of South American trees of genus <i>Copaifera</i>, also known as copaifera officinalis; used for urinary diseases including gonorrhea | |||
balsamum -i Lucatelli = Lucatellus' balsam; olive oil, Venice turpentine, yellow wax, and powdered dragon's blood (see sanguis draconis, below) | |||
barba -ae iovis = Jupiter's beard, <i>Anthyllis barba-iovis</i>; also known as silverbush | |||
bardana -ae = burdock; see lappa, below | |||
basilic. = see ung., vng. basilic. below | |||
bechicus -a -um, bechinus -a -um = for treatment of a cough | |||
bechion bechii = coltsfoot, <i>Tussilago farfara</i> | |||
bdell., bdellium -i = gum resin from shrubs of <i>Balsamodendron</i> species, used as pectoral (for diseases of the chest) and emmenagogue | |||
becabung., beccabunga -ae = water pimpernel, brooklime; <i>Veronica beccabunga</i> | |||
behen = uncertain identification because early herbalists used the name from Arabic sources, not knowing what plant it referred to; in England the name chiefly affixed to two types: white (bladder campion, <i>Silene inflata</i>) and red (sea lavender, <i>Statice limonium</i>) | |||
bellis -is = the common or English daisy, <i>Bellis perennis</i>; also known as woundwort or bruisewort | |||
bened. laxat., benedicta laxativa or benedictum laxativum = another name for rhubarb, or the laxative electuary made from it; or a compound of turbith, scammony and spurge | |||
benedict. = carduus benedictus, q. v. | |||
= | benedictum -i = see vinum benedictum, below; may be designated benedictum of crocus | ||
benzoes = benzoe siamensis; see asa dulcis, above | |||
benz., benzoin., belzuinum -i = benzoin, gum benzoin; gum obtained from <i>Styrax benzoin</i> | |||
berber., berberis -is = barberry tree, <i>Berberis vulgaris</i>, or the berry itself | |||
beta -ae = beetroot, <i>Beta vulgaris</i>; also appears as "rad. (radix) betae" | |||
beton., betonic., betonica -ae = betony, <i>Stachys betonica</i> | |||
betonica -ae Pauli = St. Paul's betony, <i>Veronica serpyllifolia</i>, a small species of speedwell | |||
bezoar (indecl.); bezoart., lapis bezoarticum -i = a stone or concretion found in animal intestines; eight types are described (including mineral, biliary, resinous, fibrous) and these may be described with an adjective, e.g., bezoart. minerale, animale; a particular type comes from the pazan (pasang), the wild or bezoar goat, <i>Capra aegagrus</i> | |||
bezoardicum -i ioviale = the Jovial bezoar or bezoar of Jupiter, a diaphoretic; butter of antimony (q.v.) and nitric acid, distilled; unrelated to "bezoar," above | |||
bezoard., bezoardic., bezoardicus -a -um = relating to or in description of a bezoar | |||
= | bezoarticum -i Mathioli = the bezoar of Pietro Andrea Mattioli (1501 - 77), Italian physican and naturalist, Latinized as Matthiolus; precise description of this bezoar unknown | ||
bezoarticum -i solare = the "solar" or "golden" bezoar; leaf gold, nitric acid or aqua regia, and butter of antimony (q.v.); a diaphoretic and treatment for syphilis; not related to "bezoar," above | |||
bib., bibo -ere = drink; bibit (she/he drinks), bibat (let her/him drink) or bibatur (let X be drunk ) | |||
bismalv., bismalva -ae = althea, marshmallow, see above; or related species <i>Malva bismalva</i> or <i>M. moschata</i>, musk-mallow | |||
balneum | BM = balneum mariae; see balneum, above | ||
bocheti, bochetum -i = a liquid thus produced: after a decoction of woods, roots, and/or barks, fresh water is added to the same ingredients to make a second decoction for ordinary drinking | bocheti, bochetum -i = a liquid thus produced: after a decoction of woods, roots, and/or barks, fresh water is added to the same ingredients to make a second decoction for ordinary drinking | ||
carminativus -a -um = serving to expel flatulence, as in "emplastrum carminativum" | bol. armen., bolus -i Armeniae = Armenian bole, bole armoniac; an argillaceous earth | ||
bolus -i carabe = see carabe -bes, below | |||
bombac., bombax -acis (?) = cotton, cotton-wool, stuffing (in CL, an interjection meaning splendid! marvelous!) | |||
borac., borax -acis = borax (sodium borate, disodium tetraborate), <i>Sodae biboras</i> | |||
botryos = Jerusalem oak, <i>Dysphania botrys</i>; also known as sticky goosefoot or feathered geranium | |||
brachiale -is = a bracelet or armlet; see pericarpium, below | |||
brassica -ae = genus of numerous cruciferous plants, incl. cabbage, turnip, rape, etc. | |||
bryon., bryonia -ae = briony, <i>Bryonia dioica</i>, may also be denoted red or white; black bryony, lady's seal | |||
bubula -ae = beef | |||
bubulus -a -um = consisting of or derived from beef; medulla bubula, beef marrow | |||
bugloss., buglossa -ae = bugloss (various species of <i>Anchusa</i>, <i>Echium</i>, and others) | |||
bugul., bugula -ae = numerous herbaceous plants including common bugle, <i>Ajuga reptans</i> | |||
bullio -ire = boil; bulliant, they should boil or let them boil, bulliantur, let them be boiled, bulliuntur, they are boiled | |||
bupthalmi., bupthalmum -i, bupthalmus -i = common ox-eye, <i>Bupthalmum salicifolium</i> | |||
butyr., butyron -i = butter; butryr. rancid., rancid butter; butyr. recens, recent, fresh butter | |||
butyrum -i antimonii = "butter of antimony," antimony trichloride, SbCl<sub>3</sub>, so called because it resembles a fatty mass | |||
buxus -i = common or European box, <i>Buxus sempervivens</i>, an evergreen shrub or small tree | |||
BV = balneum vaporis; see balneum, above | |||
===C=== | |||
calamint, calaminth., calamintha -ae = calamint; various species of ''Calamintha'', e.g., ''C. officinalis'', ''sylvatica'', ''nepeta'', ''montana'' | |||
calcino -are = to calcine; reduce by roasting or burning to a powder or friable substance; una calcinentur, let them be calcined together | |||
calc., calx calcis = lime, limestone, chalk; calc. viv., calx vivum, unslaked lime; see also unguentum de calce, below | |||
calendul., calendula -ae = garden or common marigold, ''Calendula officinalis'' | |||
caltha -ae = genus of perennial flowering plants in the buttercup family, with star-shaped flowers; e.g., ''Caltha palustris'', the marsh-marigold or kingcup | |||
cambogia -ae = see gambogia, below | |||
campana -ae = a cover in the shape of a bell, used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid; "Oil of Sulphur is extracted per campanam that is with a glass still resembling a Bell" (V.a.291, f.118r) | |||
campan., campanula -ae = throat-wort, bell-flower; ''Campanula trachelium'' | |||
camphir., camphor., camphora -ae = camphor, from ''Laurus camphora'' or ''Dryobalanops camphora'' | |||
camphoratus -a -um = camphorated, treated or impregnated with camphor | |||
canabini, cannabini = see Apocynum cannabinum, above | |||
cancror., cancer -eris = crab; cancrorum vivorum, (of) live crabs; see also "oculi cancri," below | |||
candi = candy; essentially always appears in association with sucrum or sacch., saccharum; etymology from Anglo-Norman sucre chandi, Middle French sucre candi and post-classical Latin sucrum candy, with earlier roots in Occitan, Catalan, Spanish, and Italian | |||
canell., canella -ae = canella tree; ''Canella alba'', wild cinnamon | |||
cantharid., cantharis -idis = blistering fly or Spanish fly, ''Musca hispanica''; decoction of the insects used externally and internally as powder or tincture; can be poisonous in overdose | |||
caphura -ae = see camphor, above | |||
capill. vener., capillus veneris = maidenhair fern, ''Adiantum capillus-veneris'' | |||
cap., capio -ere = cape, take; also capiat (let him/her take X) and capiatur (let X be taken) | |||
cappar., capparis -is = caper, ''Capparis spinosa''; ol., oleum capparibus, oil of capers | |||
capra -ae = she-goat; pinguedo caprae, she-goat fat | |||
caprifolium -a = Italianate woodbine or perfoliate honeysuckle, ''Lonicera caprifolium'' | |||
caput capitis cati = a cat's head; typically, it seems, a black cat's head burned to ashes | |||
caput -itis mortuum = material left over after such chemical processes as distillation or sublmation, sometimes indicated by a stylized drawing of a skull; Dr. Willis says that it is "good for nothing but to be flung away, all vertue being extracted" (''Dr. Willis's Practice of Physick Being the whole Works of that Renowned and Famous Physician...''; Dring, Harper, and Leigh, London, 1684) | |||
carabe, -bes = likely a name for white amber (V.a. 298, f. 161r, receipt in Latin, "Carab. pulueriz.," followed by receipt in English, "the white amber powderd") | |||
caranna = an aromatic resin from the West Indian flowering tree ''Bursera acuminata'' and/or the South American trees ''Protium carana'', ''P. altissimum'', and ''Pachylobus hexandrus'' | |||
cardamantice = see iberis cardamantice, below | |||
cardiac., cardiacus -a -um = cordial, for stimulating, invigorating, or restoring the heart; aqua cardiaca, cordial water | |||
cardam., cardamomum -i = cardamom, ''Elettaria cardamomum'' | |||
carduncellus -i = uncertain; either ''Carduncellus'', a genus of flowering plants in the aster family; or ''Carthamus carduncellus'', one of the distaff thistles, see carthamus, below | |||
card., carduus -i = thistle (various species) | |||
card. ben., card. bened., card. benedict., carduus -i benedictus = holy or blessed thistle, ''Cnicus benedictus'', (or ''Centaurea benedicta'') widely used as an antidote | |||
carduus -i Mariae = Marian, milk, or St. Mary's thistle, ''Silybum marianum'' | |||
carellorum = plural genitive of the diminutive of carus -i, "little seed;" refers to the seed of hypericon, St. John's wort | |||
caric., carica -ae = fig, ''Ficus carica''; may be described as ''ficus pinguis'', a fat or ripe fig | |||
carlin., carlina -ae = carline or silver thistle, ''Carlina vulgaris'' | |||
carminativus -a -um = serving to expel flatulence, as in "emplastrum carminativum" | |||
caro carnis = meat, flesh (any kind), with the source as an adjective or in the genitive; e.g., haedina, kid; vitulina, veal; perdicum, of partridges | |||
carthami., carthamus = the genus of distaff thistles with many species; best known is the safflower, ''Carthamus tinctorius'' | |||
carui., carvi., carum -i = caraway, ''Carum carui'' | |||
caryocost., caryostinum -i = caryocostinum, an electuary so called because it contains cloves and costus, ''Saussurea costus'', also known as costus, kuth, and putchuk, a species of Indian thistle | |||
caryophill., caryophillus -i = clove, ''Caryophyllus aromaticus'' | |||
caseum -i = cheese (any kind) | |||
cass., cassia -ae = cassia (various species; e.g, ''Cassia fistula'', purging cassia) | |||
cass. lign., cassia -ae lignum = cassia wood | |||
castanea -ae = chestnut or chestnut-tree, ''Castana vesca'' | |||
castoreum -i = castoreum; beaver musk | |||
cataplasm., cataplasma -is = poultice or plaster | |||
catapsoras = see unguentum catapsoras, below | |||
cataputia -ae = from cataputium -i, a pill, because the seeds were swallowed like pills; can refer to the castor oil plant, ''Ricinus communis'' or ''Cataputia media'', also called palma Christi from the palmate shape of its leaves; or caper spurge, ''Euphorbia lathyris'' (''Cataputia minor'') | |||
catholicon, catholicum -i = a universal purging electuary; see diacatholicon, below | |||
C.C. = cornu cervi (deer or hart's horn), a source of ammonia; distinguish from the plant buck's horn plantain, ''Plantago coronopus'' | |||
cattaria -ae = catnip, ''Nepeta cataria'' | |||
cauda -ae equina = horsetail or mare's tail; various species of ancient genus ''Equisetum'', e.g., ''E. arvense'', common horsetail or the aquatic flowering plant ''Hippuris vulgaris''; NB distinguish from cauda equina, the bundle of spinal nerves in the lower lumbar region | |||
caulis -is = cabbage, or its stalk or stem; see also apium caulis, above | |||
centaury = English name applied to two different plants, including: a plant of the gentian family (''Gentianaceae''), ''Centaurium erythraea'', common centaury (formerly ''Gentiana centaurium''); yellow-wort or yellow centaury, ''Blackstonia perfoliata''; both, like many gentians, are extremely bitter in taste, and were formerly often used in tonics and febrifuges | |||
centaurea -ae = genus in the familiy ''Asteraceae'', including cornflowers, knapweends, and star thistles; JW mentions ''Centaurea media'', ''C. spicata'', and ''C. minima'', the last also known as herba impia | |||
centinodii, centinodium -i = common knotgrass, birdweed, pigweed, or lowgrass, ''Polygonum aviculare''; post-CL "centinodia," Anglo-Norman "centinodie" | |||
cepa -ae = onion, ''Allium capa'' | |||
cera -ae = wax; cera alba or citrina = beeswax | |||
ceras. nigr., cerasum -i nigrum = black cherry, ''Cerasum nigrum''; aq. cerasorum nigrorum, black cherry water; gummi cerasi, (black) cherry tree gum | |||
cerat., ceratio -onis = covering or smearing over of a portion of the body with wax | |||
ceratum -i = cerate, an unctuous material for external application, made of wax mixed with oil, lard, or similar, and other medicinal substances; consistency between ointment and plaster | |||
ceratum -i santalinum = cerate containing two or more of the santals or saunders | |||
ceratum -i stomachicum = a cerate for the abdomen made from roses, mastich, wormwood, spikenard, wax, and oil of roses (Mesue) | |||
ceratum -i oesypatum = cerate containing oesypus (unrefined lanolin), oil of chamomel and iris root, yellow wax and rosin (Galen) | |||
cerebrum -i = brain; e.g., cerebrum leporis (rabbit brain) for hair loss, cerebrum. passeris (sparrow) for "seed increasing" | |||
cerefolium -i = chervil, ''Anthriscus cerefolium''; also cheraefolium | |||
cerevis., cerevisia -ae, cervis., cervisia -ae = beer or ale; cervisia tenuis, thin (i.e., weak or inferior), or small beer | |||
ceroma -ae = in CL, a mixture of oil, wax, and earth with which wrestlers rubbed themselves; apparently now synonymous with ceroneum, see next entry | |||
ceroneum -i = emplastrum ceroneum; containing pitch, yellow wax, sagapenum, ammoniacum, turpentine, etc.; an emollient | |||
ceronia -ae = St. John's bread; fruit of the carob tree, ''Ceratonia siliqua'' | |||
ceruss., cerussa -ae = ceruse or white lead; a mixture of lead carbonate and hydrate PbCO, and lead hydrate, PbH<sub>2</sub>O>sub>2</sub>; used in paint and as a white paint or cosmetic for the skin | |||
cervin., cervinus -a -um = of or pertaining to a deer or stag | |||
cervus -i = a deer or stag; cornu cervi, see C. C., above | |||
ceterach. = spleenwort or rustyback fern, ''Asplenium ceterach'' | |||
chalcitis -idis = copper pyrite, chalcopyrite, CuFeS<sub>2</sub>; also synonym for colcothar, q.v. | |||
chalyb., chalybs chalybis = steel; chalybeate or ferruginous waters were made (as opposed to those naturally occurring) by quenching steel or infusing powdered steel in water; Dr. Willis had a proprietary solutio chalybis, the receipt for which appears to have died with him | |||
chamaelea = Microstachys ''chamaelea'', "creeping sebastiana" | |||
chamamel., chamaemel., chamaemelum -i = chamomile, ''Anthemis nobilis'' | |||
chameleon -ontis = genus of thistles in the Asteraceae family (daisies, sunflowers); ''C. niger'', the black chamaeleon thistle; ''C. albus'', white chameleon or little chardon | |||
chamaepit., chamaepitys, chaemeptytys -yos = common ground pine, ''Teucrium chamaepitys'' | |||
chamedr., chaemedr., chamaedrys = germander speedwell, ''Veronica chamaedrys'', or wall germander, ''Teucrium chamaedrys'' | |||
chartula -ae = a small piece of paper; specifically, such a piece of paper twisted or folded, containing a single dose of medicinal powder | |||
chebula -ae = black or chebulic myrobalan, ''Terminalia chebula'' | |||
chel. 69., chelae -arum cancri = crab's claws; for explanation of "69," see oculi cancri, below | |||
chelidon., chelidonium -i = common or greater celandine, ''Chelidonium magnus'' | |||
cheraefolium -i = chervil, ''Anthriscus cerefolium'' | |||
chia, chio., terebinth. chia = turpentine from the tree ''Pistacia terebinthus'', also called Cyprus, Chio, or Chian turpentine | |||
chin., china -ae = china root, ''Smilax china'', similar to sarsaparilla | |||
cholagog., cholagogum -i = cholagogue, a medication that promotes discharge of bile | |||
chrysocolla -ae = borax, q.v. | |||
chrystallus -i = crystal, e.g., of vitriol | |||
cicer -i = chickpea, ''Cicer aristinum''; several varieties, including white (album), red (rubrum), and black (nigrum) | |||
cicerbita -ae = genus of flowering plants including ''C. alpina'', alpine sow-thistle | |||
cich., cichor., cichorium -i = wild chicory or succory, ''Cichorium intybus''; ''C. endivia'', endive | |||
cicuta -ae = various species of hemlock; e.g., water hemlock, ''Cicuta virosa'' or ''palustris''; common greater hemlock, ''C. vulgaris major'' | |||
cinamomi., cinnamomum -i = true cinnamon, bark of ''Cinnamonum zeylanicum''; wild cinnamon, ''Canella alba'' | |||
cinabrii., cinabrium -i = cinnabar or vermilion; mercuric sulfide, HgS | |||
ciner., cinis -eris = ashes (of anything); e.g., coquantur per 3 horas super cineres calidos, let them be cooked for three hours upon hot ashes; coque sub cineribus, cook under ashes | |||
cistus -i = genus of flowering plants in the rock rose family with about 20 species; JW mentions (V.a.291, 67r) ''C. anglicanus'', not a currently recognized species; resin-bearing species, e.g., ''C. ladanifer'', are a source for labdanum (q.v.) | |||
citrin., citrinula -ae = a small citron or lemon | |||
citrium -i = the citron tree, genus ''Citrium''; species include ''C. vulgare'', ''C. dulci medulla'', and ''C. magno fructu'' | |||
citrullus - i = a genus of desert vines, including ''C. lanatus'', watermelon, and colocynth | |||
clarific., clarifico -are = clarify | |||
claviculata -ae = probably ''Ceratocapnos claviculata'', the climbing corydalis | |||
clematis -idis daphnoides = a genus of about 380 species in the ''Ranunculaceae'' family (buttercups); ''C. daphnoides'', periwinkle (''Vinca minor''); ''C. indica'', Indian clematis | |||
clyptica = medicines to beautify and cleanse the skin (singular presumably clypticum -i) | |||
clyster -eris = enema | |||
cnidium = spurge flax or mezereum, ''Daphne cnidium'' | |||
coccinel., cocinella -ae = cochineal; the red dye from the insect ''Coccus cacti'', or the insect itself | |||
cochlear -aris = a spoon or spoonful | |||
cochlear., cochlearia -ae = genus of approximatey 30 species in the ''Brassicaceae'' family; includes common scurvy-grass, ''Cochlearia officinalis'', also ''C. anglica'' and ''C. danica''; sal cochleariae, salt of scurvy-grass; NB distinguish from coch., cochlear -is, see above entry | |||
coculus -i indi = India berries; from the tree ''Anamirta cocculus''; source of picrotoxin | |||
colatura -ae = a substance which has been or will be strained; from colo -are | |||
colatus -a -um (also incolatus) = strained, filtered, purified (from colo -are = strain, filter) | |||
colcothar = iron peroxide, jeweller's rouge, from ML calcatar; also called crocus martis | |||
collutio -onis = a rinse, generally an eye-wash or mouthwash | |||
colocynth., colocynthis -idis = bitter-apple (a purgative), ''Citrullus colocynthis'' | |||
colophon., colophonia -ae = resin obtained by distillation of turpentine with water | |||
colubrinum -i = snake-wood, Rauvolfia serpentina; from colubrinus -a -um, snake-like | |||
columba -ae = dove, pigeon; a bird of the ''Columbidae'' family, containing 50 genera and over 300 species | |||
colutea -ae = a genus of about 25 species of flowering shrubs, Parkinson states that it is used as an emetic and as a purge; common name, bastard senna; ''C. arborescens'', bladder senna; JW mentions ''C. vesicaria'', apparently the same as ''C, arborescens'', but adds ''maior'' and ''minor'' | |||
combustus- a -um (perfect participle of comburo -ere) = burnt up, reduced to ashes | |||
commun., communis -e = common; also expressed as vulgaris -e | |||
compos., compositus -a -um = adj., compound; composed, prepared | |||
concha -ae = mussel, pearl-oyster | |||
concisus -a -um = cut up, cut off, broken | |||
cond., conditus -a -um = preserved; e.g., nuces juglandis conditae, preserved walnuts; if the word appears with sacch., saccharum, likely "candi" (q.v.) | |||
contund., contunde = beat, break up, pound to pieces, from contundo -ere; contundantur in mortario, let them be broken up in a mortar | |||
conf., confect., confectio -onis = compound of vegetable, fruit, etc., with sugar; same as conserva | |||
confectio -onis Hamech = named after an Arabian physician; contains myrobalan, violets, rhubarb, absinthe, etc., made up with honey | |||
confectio -onis Humain = to preserve sight; containing eyebright, fennel seeds, cinnamon, etc. | |||
confectio -onis hyacinthi = not from the flower, but an astringent containing many ingredients including zircon (called hyacinth from its color), red coral, bole armoniac, myrrh, alkermes, etc. | |||
confectio -onis liberans = name derives from its property of delivering the patient from the plague; as many as thirty ingredients including Armenian bole, terra sigillata, pearls, coral, &c. | |||
cons., conserv., conserva -ae = compound of vegetable, fruit, etc., with sugar; same as confectio | |||
consolid., rad. consolid., radix -icis consolidae = larkspur (root), ''Delphinium consolida'' | |||
consolida -ae saracenica = goldenrod, ''Virga aurea'' or ''Solidago virga-aurea'', same as solidago saracenica, below; a vulnerary | |||
contrayerv., contrayerva -ae = contrayerva; the root stock and rhizome of ''Dorstenia contrayerva'', ''D. brazilensis'', or ''D. virginiana'' (= ''Aristolochia serpentaria''); used as an antidote to snakebite | |||
contund., contundo -ere = bruise, crush, beat; contundantur in mortario, let them be crushed in a mortar | |||
coq., coqu., coque, coquo -ere = boil; coquuntur, they are boiled; coquantur, let them be boiled | |||
contus., contusus -a -um = adj., bruised, crushed, beaten; from contundo -ere, crush, grind, pound | |||
convall., convallaria -ae = lily of the valley, ''Convallaria majalis''; or Solomon's seal, ''C. polygonatum'' or ''Polygonatum solomonis'' | |||
copaiva = see balsamum copaiva, above | |||
cor., corium -i = leather | |||
coral., corallium -i = general name for coral; most commonly red (rubr.), but also black (nigr.) and white (alb.) | |||
corallina -ae = coralline or corallin, a genus of seaweeds having a calcareous jointed stem, especially ''Corallina officinalis''; a vermifuge, e.g., treatment for "maw worm," V.a.291, 81r | |||
coran. = currants, the black, red, or white fruit of a shrub in the genus ''Ribes'', containing about 200 species, also including gooseberries; most often refers to Corinthian raisins, see uvae Corinthiacae, below | |||
= | cord., cordial -is = cordial, a drink with medicinal or health-giving properties, especially one that is thought to invigorate the heart (cor cordis), stimulate the circulation, or provide comfort; see also flores cordiales, below | ||
coriand., coriandrum -i = coriander, ''Coriandrum sativum'' | |||
corium -i = leather; per corium trajectus - a -um, passed or filtered through leather | |||
cornus -us = the cornel cherry tree, ''Cornus mascula'' | |||
coronopus -i = either ''Lepidium coronopus'', swinecress or wartcress; or ''Plantago coronopus'', buck's-horn plaintain | |||
cort., cortic., cortex -icis = bark of any tree; occasionally described as cortex medius or cortex interior, middle or inner bark, especially of the ash tree, ''Fraxinus excelsior'' | |||
cortex -icis peruvianus = Peruvian bark, from the tree ''Cinchona officinalis'', the source of quinine, and a treatment for malaria; also known as cortex Iesuiticus or Jesuit's bark; see also pulvis Iesuiticus, below | |||
cort. winteran. = cortex -icis Winterani, ''Drimys winteri'', a tree in the familiy Winteraceae, native to southern South America; an antiscorbutic; named after a Captain Winter (or Wynter), who accompanied Sir Francis Drake in part of his voyage of 1577-80; Winter discovered the tree after rounding Cape Horn and before he turned back | |||
costus -i = an essential oil extracted from the root of a species of thistle, ''Dolomiaea'' (previously ''Saussurea'') ''costus'', known as costus, Indian costus, kuth, or putchuk; a diuretic and emmenagogue, and for convulsions, worms, etc. (Parkinson) | |||
coton. = cotton, the fibrous substance which clothes the seeds of the cotton plant, genus ''Gossypium'' | |||
cotonaria -ae = cottonweed or cudweed, species of genus ''Gnaphalium'' | |||
cotul., cotula -ae = mayweed, stinking chamomile; ''Anthemis cotula'' | |||
cranium -i humanum = human skull, pulverized; used for treatment of stroke, epilepsy, paralysis, etc. | |||
crassula -ae = a genus of succulent plants, e.g., ''Crassula ovata'', the jade plant, and ''C. aquatica'', pigmyweed | |||
crebro = adv., frequently, repeatedly | |||
crem., cremor -oris tartari = cream of tartar, potassium bitartrate, KC<sub>4</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O<sub>6</sub>; Ward occasionally uses the alchemical symbol for tartar, a square or rectangle with a cross below it (🜿); see Alchemical Symbols, below | |||
cremor -oris silicum = crystals prepared by Glauber by melting potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and sand in a crucible and keeping the mixture molten until the carbon dioxide was driven off, then allowing it to cool and then grinding to a fine powder; if kept in moist air it would absorb water (see per deliquium, below) and form a viscous liquid, which Glauber called oleum silicum | |||
crepitus -us lupi = the puff ball mushroom, genus ''Lycoperdon'', with about 50 species; the Greek λύκος πέρδω name derives from the words, and the Latin name is translated as, "wolf's farts" | |||
cret., creta -ae = chalk | |||
creticus -a -um = chalky | |||
cribratus -a -um = strained, sieved, sifted | |||
crithmus -i = probably samphire, otherwise sea or shoreline purslane, ''Crithmus indicus'', ''C. maritimum'', or ''Sesuvium portulacastrum'' | |||
croc., crocus -i = saffron, from the crocus flower, ''Crocus sativus''; an adjective may be added to indicate origin, e.g., austriacus, from Austria, or anglicanus, English | |||
croc. ♂is = crocus Martis, "saffron of Mars," iron peroxide, colcothar, or jeweler's rouge | |||
croc. metall., crocus -i metallus -i = any of several preparations of metals; e.g., crocus antimonii (antimony), crocus veneris (copper), crocus martis (iron) | |||
crocatus -a -um = of a saffron-yellow color | |||
crocomagma -atis = dregs of the oil of saffron, or an ointment made with it; mentioned by Pliny the Elder as being useful for cataracts and stangury | |||
cruciata marina = ''Alsine cruiciata marina'', sea pimpernell, also known as ''Anthyllis lenitifolia'' | |||
crud., crudus -a -um = raw, unrefined | |||
cubeba -ae = Java pepper, ''Piper cubeba''; used as a spice and as an antiseptic for treatment of gonorrhea | |||
cucum., cucumer. agrest., cucumis -eris agrestis or c. asinius = wild cucumber, ''Momordica elaterium'', a purgative | |||
cucupha -ae (also cucufa) = a cap with spices quilted in it, worn for certain nervous disorders of the head (''OED'') | |||
cucurbita -ae = any of various gourds of genus ''Cucurbita''; approximately 95 species, including pumpkins and various other squashes | |||
cucurbita -ae = a cupping glass; diminutive cucurbitula -ae; or the lower part of an alembic | |||
cucurma -ae = genus of plants in the family Zingiberaceae; the powdered rhizome of ''Curcuma longa'' is the source of turmeric | |||
cum = with; very often abbreviated with macron: cū | |||
cumin., cuminum -i = cumin, ''Cumin cyminum'' | |||
cuniculus -i = rabbit | |||
cupressi., cupressus -i = cypress-tree; nux (pl. nuces) cupressi, the fruit or cone of the cypress | |||
cupul. gland., cupula -ae glandis = the cupule, or cap, of the acorn | |||
cuscuta -ae = dodder, a parasitic twining plant; genus ''Cuscuta'' has more than 200 species | |||
cyanus -i = cornflower or bachelor's button, ''Centaurea cyanus'' | |||
cyclamen -inis = many species of genus ''Cyclamen''; e.g., ''C. purpurascens'' (see artanita, above) and ''C. hederifolium'', ivy-leaved cyclamen or sowbread | |||
cydon., cydonium -i = quince; ''Cydonium oblonga'' or ''C. malum''; or ''Pyrus cydonia'' | |||
cydoniac., cydoniacus -a -um = of or relating to quince; consistentia cydonaci, the consistency of a quince | |||
cynoglossum -i = common hound's tongue, ''Cynoglossum officinale'' | |||
cynorrhod., cynorrhodon -i = cynorrhodon, the dog rose, ''Rosa canina''; fructes cynorrh., rose hips | |||
cynosbat., cynosbati fructus = rose hips from ''Rosa canina'' | |||
cyperus -i = genus of endogenous plants with around 700 species; ''Cyperus longus'', or sweet cyperus, also called galingale | |||
cytisus -i = a genus of shrub-like flowering plants, useful for fodder; Parkinson calls it the tree trefoile; JW mentions ''C. maranthi cornutus'', possibly the ''C. galenicreditus marantha cornutus'' mentioned by Parkinson; also the varieties "common," ''procumbens'', ''siliqua'', and ''pubescente'' "which Ned Morgan hath" | |||
===D=== | |||
d., da, datur detur = da, give; datur X, X is given; detur X, let X be given | |||
d., dos., dosis -is = dose | |||
dactyl., dactylus -i = date; fruit of the date palm, ''Phoenix dactylifera'' | |||
dauci, daucus -i = garden carrot, ''Daucus carota''; ''D. sylvestris'' or ''D. vulgaris'', wild carrot | |||
decoct., decoctio -onis = decoction; boiling in liquid to extract the soluble parts of a substance | |||
decoq., decoquo -ere = boil down/reduce; decoquatur, let it be boiled down | |||
deliquium -i = a melting or flowing down; per deliquium is spontaneous liquification (deliquescence) of a solid by its dissolving in moisture absorbed from the air; e.g., ol. tart. per deliquium, oleum tartaris per deliquium, potassium carbonate (K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) in aqueous solution from water so absorbed | |||
dens dentis leonis = "lion's tooth," dandelion; ''Taraxacum dens-leonis'' | |||
dentaria -ae = toothwort; ''D. maior'' = ''Lathraea squamaria''; or ''D. minor'' = ''D. pentaphylla''; other plants using the same name include shepherd's purse, ''Capsella bursapastoris''; ''D. bulbifera'', so called from the tooth-like projections on the root-stock; and ''Plumbago europaea'' or ''P. scandens'', used for toothache | |||
depuratus -a -um = purified, refined (from depuro -are) | |||
dessicativum -i rubrum = see unguentum dessicativum rubrum, below | |||
detract., detractus -a -um = removed; e.g., uva detractis arillis, grapes with the seeds removed; similar to enucleatus -a -um | |||
devoro -are = swallow, devour; 3 devorentur hora somni, let three be swallowed at bedtime | |||
dia- = a preparation consisting of a main ingredient, usually alluded to in the name and tending to mean made, containing, or consisting of that ingredient, though receipts vary; the ''New Sydenham's Society's Lexicon'' names about eighty (''OED''); the ones mentioned by JW are included below | |||
diambra -ae = powder containing cinnamon, angelica, cloves, nutmeg, galangal, etc. used for nervous afflictions and as an aphrodisiac | |||
diabotanum = plaster of multiple herbs (Galen); resolvent (tissue softener) and suppurative | |||
diacalciteos = chalcitis (an iron oxide), with plantain and nightshade juice; for cancer | |||
diacarcinon = from crabs; antidote for rabies | |||
diacarthamum = containing safflower (bastard-saffron), hermodactyl, ginger, etc.; a purgative | |||
= | diachylon cum gummi or d. simplex = ointment containing juices of various herbs; may be designated "magnum," which included litharge of gold, oils of iris, chamomile, and aneth, turpentine, pine resin, yellow wax, etc.; may also be spelled diachylum | ||
diacass., diacassia = a purgative electuary with senna; or the confection of senna; may be designated "cum manna," q. v. | |||
diacatholicon or catholicon = purgative electuary containing senna, cassia, tamarinds, etc., named for its general usefulness | |||
diacorallium = trochisci diacorallium (Galen), containing bole-armoniac, red coral, terra lemnia, etc.; to stop blood, including menstrual flow and the bloody flux (dysentery) | |||
diacinamomum -i = a compound of cinnamon; an antidote | |||
diaclysma, plural diaclysmata = mouthwash; for toothache, cleaning the gums; diaclysma ad scorbutum, an antiscorbutic | |||
diacod., diacodium -i = electuary containing of poppy seeds or heads, used as an opiate | |||
diacorum = electuarium diacorum, electuary of calamus; likely ''Acorus calamus'', sweet flag | |||
diacrocu = a dry collyrium (eye-wash or salve) in which saffron is an ingredient (''New Sydenham Lexicon'') | |||
diacrocuma = an electuary for the stomach, abnormalities of the kidneys and bladder; many ingredients including saffron, asarabacca, parsley, carrot, anise, and smallage seeds, etc. | |||
diacrydium = see diagrydium, below | |||
diacurcuma = numerous ingredients, including saffron (crocus), asarum, rhubarb, phu, etc.; used as an antidote and for cachexia, dropsy, and diseases of the liver and spleen | |||
diacydon. simpl., diacydonium -i simplex = conserve or marmalade of quinces (''Cydonium oblonga'') | |||
diagalanga -ae = confection of galanga with "hot spices," useful for the wind cholic | |||
diagrid., diagryd, diagrydium -i = electuary containing scammony, a purgative; also "diacrydium" | |||
diair., diaireos = an electuary that contained orris (iris) root; an antidote | |||
dialacca = electuary containing lacca, q. v.; an antidote | |||
dialthaea (cum gummis) = ointment containing marsh-mallow root and seeds boiled with olive oil, beeswax, gums, and resins; for gout and as a suppurative | |||
diamargarit. fr., diamargariton frigida = cooling powder of pearls, compound | |||
diamoron or diamoron abbatis (the abbot's) = honey and mulberries, used as a gargle for throat diseases | |||
diamoschu(s) -us = musk, saffron, galangal, zedoary, lignum aloes; for conditions affecting the head and brain, e.g., vertigo, epilepsy, palsy, also for the stomach, lungs, liver, and spleen | |||
dianisum -i = a compound powder containing aniseed, licorice, mastick, caraway, fennel, mace, cinnamon, pepper, etc.; or an electuary made of the powder and honey | |||
diapalma = desiccating plaster containing palm oil or animal fat, litharge, and zinc sulfate | |||
diapampholigos = see unguentum diapampholigos, below | |||
diapente = a medicine of five ingredients, made by adding ivory shavings to diatesseron (q.v.) | |||
diaphoenicon = electuary made from cooked and strained dates; a purgative | |||
diaprunum = electuary containing the pulp of damask prunes; a purgative | |||
diareos = electuary of orris roots, with pennyroyal, hyssop, licorice, etc.; may be designated Solomon's (Solomonis); for respiratory afflictions such as asthma and cough | |||
diarrhod. = either diarrhodomeli (juice of roses, scammony, agaric, pepper, and honey) or diarrhodon (several powders which contain roses); the latter may be designated as being The Abbot's, diarrhodon abbatis, attributed to Abbas Curiae, chaplain to Roger, Duke of Apulia | |||
diascord., diascordium -i = an electuary made with scordium (''Teucrium scordium'') or germander leaves, roses, storax, cinnamon, etc.; named for Dioscorides, 1st c. Greek physician | |||
diasena -ae = electuary or confection of senna; though it appears to have numerous ingredients, JW lists it as a "species" | |||
diaspoliticum -i = diaspoliticon; electuary containing rue, cumin, pepper, honey, and saltpeter | |||
diatessaron = a concoction of gentian, ''Aristolochia'' root, laurel berries, and myrrh, mixed with honey and juniper extract | |||
diatragacanth = a preparation of tragacanth (q.v.), and may be denoted "cold," containing gum arabic, gum tragacanth, licorice, white poppy seed, and the four great cold seeds (see semina frigida majora, below); or "hot," containing gum tragacanth, cinnamon, hyssop, almonds, linseed, fenugreek, licorice, and ginger | |||
diatrion., diatrium -i santalorum or santalon = an antidote made from three kinds of sandal-wood with other ingredients | |||
diaturbith = contained turpeth, root of East Indian jalap, ''Ipomoea turpethum''; a purgative | |||
dictamn., dyctamn., dictamnus -i = dittany of Crete, ''Dictamnus'' (''Origanum'') ''creticus'' | |||
dieta -ae = diaeta -ae, a mode of living prescribed by a physician related to eating and drinking; the word alone may refer to "diet drink," which is an unspecified decoction of medicinal herbs intended as a restorative; e.g., f. dietam de qua cap. ℥iiii mane, make a diet (drink), of which take four ounces in the morning | |||
digitus -i = finger; digitus allii, clove of garlic | |||
diluculi., diluculum -i = daybreak; in the ablative (diluculo) in directions for the time when a medication should be given, i.e., at dawn; cf. aurora; alternis diluculis, every other morning at daybreak | |||
dispareo -ere = disappear, vanish; e.g., donec Mercurius dispareat, until the mercury should disappear | |||
divide = divide, separate; from divido -ere; dividendus, it will be divided | |||
doronicum -i = a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family; leopard's bane | |||
dracontium -i = named thus because its roots were said to resemble a dragon's tail; a genus of flowering plants; also known as serpentaria and arum polyphyllum; a stimulant | |||
dryopteris -idis = the genus of wood ferns, with around 400 species; including ''D. lobelii'', described by Gerard as being small and growing in marshy land | |||
dulcamara -ae = see solanum dulcamara, below | |||
dulcorand., edulcorand., dulcorandus -a -um = will be sweetened; from dulcoro -are | |||
duplicatus -a -um = doubled | |||
dypsacus -i = genus of plants including teasel; especially fuller's teasel, ''Dipsacus fullonum'', and wild teasel, ''D. sylvestris'' | |||
===E=== | |||
e, ex = from, out of | |||
ebeni, ebenum -i = ebony (wood) | |||
ebori., ebur -oris = ivory; ras. ebori, ivory shavings | |||
ebull., ebullio -ire = boil | |||
ebul., ebulus -i = danewort, dwarf elder, ''Sambucus ebulus'' | |||
echium -i = a genus of plants in the borage family, e.g. ''Echium plantagineum'', purple viper's-bugloss, Paterson's curse (poisonous to horses), or salvation Jane | |||
eclegma, ecligma -atis = medicine to be taken by letting it melt in the mouth; same as lohoch or lambative | |||
edulcorandus -a -um = will be sweetened | |||
elaeosaccharum -i flavedinis citri = "oil sugar" (German Ölzucker), made by grinding an essential oil with eight or ten times the weight of sugar and used for making distilled waters; this particular one would likely have been made with the zest (yellow, flavedo -inis) of a lemon | |||
elaterium -i = purgative made from seeds of the squirting or exploding cucumber, ''Ecballium elaterium'' | |||
elatine -es = speedwell, various species of ''Veronica'' including ''V. faemina sive elatine'', the Fluellen or female speedwell; or of genus ''Elatine'', e.g., ''E. folio acuminato'', ''E. flore ceruleo folioque acuminato'', etc.; Parkinson says that it is useful for watery eyes, defluxions from the head, bruises and wounds, bleeding, etc.; Pliny the Elder identified it as a plant of the genus ''Antirrhinum'' (snapdragons) | |||
elect., electuarium -i = electuary; a "medicinal conserve or paste, consisting of a powder or other ingredient mixed with honey, preserve, or syrup of some kind" (''OED'') | |||
elephang., pill. de elephang = see "pillulae elephanginae," below | |||
elescoph., elescophus -us = elescophus solidum, an electuary containing cloves, cinnamon, ginger, and nutmeg, said to be effective against colic and pains of gout; also known as the Bishop's Electuary, electuarium episcopi | |||
elix., elixir (indecl.) = nondescriptive term for many different preparations, mostly compound tinctures | |||
elix. proprietat., elixir proprietatis = proprietary elixir of special character; contained aloe, saffron, and myrrh | |||
emblicum -i = a type of myrobalan, apparently the same as the one called belliricum; mel emblicorum, honey from this plant | |||
embroc., embrocatio -onis = an embrocation; similar to a liniment but of a thinner consistency, many types; used for bathing or moistening any part, applied by rubbing | |||
emmenagogum -i = emmenagogue, used to stimulate blood flow to the pelvis and uterus, in particular to promote menstruation | |||
empetron = from empetros -i, apparently a form of saxifrage (Pliny the Elder) | |||
empl., emplastrum -i = plaster; emplastrum Paracelsi (of Paracelsus) is one of many | |||
emplastrum -i Caesaris = red roses, roots of bistort, sanders, and mint, coriander seeds, etc.; for strengthening the back and relief of back pain | |||
emplastrum -i ceroneum = see ceroneum, above | |||
emplastrum -i cochlearum ustis = plaster of burnt snail shells; mentioned by Pliny the Elder in ''Naturalis Historia''; burnt snail shells, linseed oil, honey, nettles, etc.; another entity called emplastrum ex testis cochlearum ustis is probably similar, with "testis" the ablative plural of testa -ae, an earthenware jar or a vessel, or testum -i, a lid placed over food and then covered with hot coals, either word indicating the snails' shells; rather than testis -is cochlearum, snail testicles (which may not exist since land snails are hermaphroditic) | |||
emplastrum -i e crusta panis = plaster of crust of bread; crust of bread toasted and steeped in red rose vinegar, with mastich, mints, spodium, red coral, all the sanders, etc.; to stop vomiting and strengthen the brain (when applied to the head) | |||
emplastrum -i Cymino = cumin seeds, bay berries, yellow wax, pine resin; to "expel wind" | |||
emplastrum -i epispasticum = a blistering plaster; several receipts, all containing cantharides with other ingredients, such as melilot plaster, burgundy pitch, Venice turpentine, vinegar, etc. | |||
emplastrum -i gratia dei = herbs boiled in wine, the liquid strained and mixed with olive oil, beeswax, litharge, ceruse, and verdigris; also called emplastrum divinum or manus dei | |||
emplastrum -i de janua = betony, plantain, smallage, with wax, pitch, rosin, and turpentine; for green wounds and ulcers | |||
emplastrum -i metroproptoticon = mastic, galbanum, cypress turpentine, cypress nuts, oil of nutmegs, ship's pitch; Culpeper says it comforts and strengthens "the retentive faculty in the stomach and belly;" JW says it was invented "against the falling of the womb" | |||
emplastrum -i nostratibus = "plaster for our people;" described by Culpeper as being called flos unguentorum, the flower of ointments; containing rosin, perrosin, yellow wax, sheep suet, olibanum, turpentine, etc. | |||
emplastrum -i e ranis Vigonis = Vigo's (Giovanni da Vigo (1450 - 1525), Italian surgeon) plaster of frogs; ingredients from Culpeper's ''London Dispensatory'', here given in full with spelling modernized: oil of camomile, dill, spicknard, and lillies of each two ounces, oil of saffron an ounce, hogs grease a pound, the fat of a calf half a pound, euphorbium five drams, frankincence ten drams, oyl of bays an ounce and an half, vipers fat or for want of it take a snake two ounces and a half, six live Frogs, earth worms washed in wine three ounces and a half, the juice of the roots of wallwort and elicampane of each two ounces, schoenanth, stoechas, mugwort, of each a handful, wine a quart, litharge of gold a pound, turpentine two ounces, yellow wax so much as is sufficient, liquid styrax an ounce and an half, quicksilver killed either with fasting spittle or juice of lemons four ounces; this is the manner of making it, let the frogs, worms, & herbs with their juices, the oyls of dill, camomile, lillies, grease and suet be boyled in a pound & an half of wine, strain it, then add the litharge, wax 4 ounces, and the remainder of the wine, then boyl it till all the wine be consumed and it stick not to your fingers, then add the oyl of bays, saffron, and spike, and the fat, afterward the euphorbium and frankincence, last of all the quicksilver, well mixed with the liquid styrax and turpentine, stir them all till they be incorporated, take heed you put not in the quicksilver while the mass is too hot lest it fly out; at the end of the receipt Culpeper states, "I have known it applied to the swelling in the throat called the King's Evil, but for my part I fancy not the Receipt, neither for that NOR ANYTHING ELSE" (emphasis added) | |||
emplastrum -i sticticum = a wound plaster, also called Paracelsus' plaster; olive oil, yellow wax, litharge, ammoniacum, bedellium, etc. | |||
emplastrum -i stomachicum magistrale = mint, wormwood, stoechas, bay, marjoram, etc., mixed with resin, wax, and labdanum | |||
emplastrum ex testis cochlearum ustis = see emplastrum cochlearum ustis, above | |||
emplastrum -i tonsoris = the barber-surgeon's plaster; pitch, wax, pine resin, fenugreek, bryony root, cumin seeds, etc. | |||
= | emplastrum -i triapharmacum = a plaster made of flour, water, and oil; may be designated triapharmacum Galeni | ||
emplastrum -i Vigonis = Vigo's plaster, various receipts for various disorders; e.g., fractures and hernias; Vigo, Giovanni da Vigo (1450 - 1525), Italian surgeon; see also emplastrum e ranis Vigonis, above | |||
emuls., emulsio -onis = emulsion | |||
ens ensis or ensis -is veneris = "essence" or "sword" of Venus; sal ammoniac with copper sulfate or "flores veneris," a copper oxide, used in cases of worms, rickets, and "vapors;" or flowers of steel, iron chloride, FeCl<sub>2</sub>, prepared by heating steel filings with sal ammoniac | |||
enucl., enucleatus -a -um = with the nut or kernel removed; similar to detractus -a -um | |||
enul., enul. campan., enula -ae = elecampane, ''Inula helenium'' or ''Enula campana'' | |||
ephioglossum -i = misspelling for ophioglossum, q. v. | |||
epithema -ae = "Any kind of moist, or soft, external application" (''OED'') | |||
epithymi., epithymum -i = dodder of thyme or thyme dodder, ''Cuscuta epithymum'' | |||
epotus -a -um = swallowed, quaffed, drunk up, drained | |||
equiset., equisetum -i = mare's tail, ''Hippurus vulgaris''; see also cauda equina, above | |||
erasus -a -um = scraped; see also rasus -a -um, below | |||
ering., eryngium -i = sea holly, ''Eryngium maritimum'' | |||
erisimi, erisimum -i, erysimum -i = "irio grain" (Pliny the Elder), or ''Erysimum cheiri'', wallflower | |||
errhin., errhinum -i = errhine; medication to be applied into the nose to produce sneezing; sternutatory | |||
= | eruca -ae = colewort, ''Brassica oleracea''; genus ''Brassica'' comprises many common vegetables, incl. cabbage, broccoli, &c. | ||
esula -ae = green or leafy spurge, ''Euphorbia esula'' | |||
et = and | |||
eupator., eupatorium -i = agrimony or hemp agrimony, ''Eupatorium cannabinum'' | |||
euphorb., euphorbia -ae = spurge; a large genus of flowering plants, many of which have an acrid milky juice, used as a purge | |||
euphorbium -i = gum resin from ''Euphorbia antiquorum'' | |||
euphrasia -ae = eyebright, ''Euphrasia officinalis''; also "ewphrasia" | |||
exacin., exacinatus -a -um = with the seeds or stones removed; e.g., raisins | |||
excipiat., excipio -ere = take out, remove; excipiatur, let it be removed | |||
excorticatus -a -um = peeled, skinned, stripped of outer covering | |||
exhilarans -antis = gladdening, cheering; see also syrrupus exhilarans, below | |||
exicc., exiccatus -a -um = dried | |||
extendo -ere = stretch out or over, smooth out; extendatur, let it be stretched out; extendendum, it will be stretched out, e.g., a bandage over a wound; with a form of esse, must be stretched out or over | |||
extinguo -ere = quench; e.g., misceatur et exting. cum terebinth., let it be mixed and quenched with turpentine | |||
extract., extractum -i = extract | extract., extractum -i = extract | ||
extractum Rudii = see pilulae Rudii, below | extractum Rudii = see pilulae Rudii, below | ||
== F == | ===F=== | ||
fab., faba -ae = bean; farina faborum, bean flour | |||
f. (face), from facio -ere = make | |||
faex faeces, faecul., faecula -ae = sediment or dregs in general, e.g., wine dregs, or material that falls to the bottom of the vessel after grinding plant material in water, or from the infusion of vegetable substances; e.g., faecula a(a)ronis, sediment of ''Arum'' plants | |||
faenic., faeniculum -i = fennel, ''Faeniculum vulgare'' | |||
faenugraec., faenugraecum -i = fenugreek, ''Trigonella foenum-graecum'' | |||
far., farin., farina -ae = flour, meal; farina tritici, wheat flour ; far. hordei, barley flour; far. sem. lini, farina seminum lini, flour of linseeds | |||
farfarus -i = colt's-foot, ''Tussilago farfara'' | |||
febrif., febrifugia -ae = feverfew, featherfew; common centaury, ''Centaurium erythraea''; see also centaurium, above | |||
feculae bryoniae = powdered dried bryony root, a purgative | |||
fel fellis = gall, bile; vesica -ae fellis, gallbladder | |||
ferment. acrioris, fermentum -i acrius -oris = a sharper or more bitter fermentation (of ...?) | |||
fiat X = let X be done/made | |||
fic., ficus -i = fig, ''Ficus carica'' | |||
filix -icis = fern or bracken, likely ''Pteris aquilina''; filix mas = the male fern; ''F. mas aculeata'', mentioned by Gerard as having a sharp prick at the top of the leaf (aculeatus -a -um = prickly, thorny) | |||
filipendula -ae = meadowsweet, ''Filipendula ulmaria'' | |||
fim., fimi, fimus -i = dung, excrement | |||
fistula -ae lachrimalis = lacrimal fistula, a communication between the skin of the cheek and the lacrimal sac, a result of lacrimal abscess which has opened through the cheek instead of scarring; it is usually located just below the inner canthus of the eye, and fluid exudes constantly from it; also known as aegilops | |||
flammula -ae Iovis = "little flames of Jupiter;" ''Clematis flammula'', ''C. recta''; in CL, periwinkle (''Vinca'' species) | |||
flaved., flavedo -inis = yellow color; when in reference to citrus fruit, the zest; e.g., flavedo aurantiorum, zest of oranges; may be spelled flavedins, flavedius; see also elaeosaccharum flavedinis citri, above | |||
flor., flos floris = flower, with the plant name following in the genitive; e.g., flores nymphaeae, water lily flowers | |||
fl. cordial., flores -um cordiales = the four "cordial flowers:" borage, bugloss, roses, and violets | |||
fl., flos floris sulphuris = flowers of sulfur, sublimed sulfur; may appear in conjunction with alchemical symbol for sulfur, 🜍, as fl. 🜍is | |||
flores -orum antimonii = flowers of antimony; antimony (III) oxide, Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, emetic and expectorant | |||
flores Schoenanthi = flowers presumably from the so-called herba Schoenanthi, ''Cymbopogon schoenanthus'', camel-, fever-, or West Indian lemongrass | |||
fluviatilis -e = of a river or river-; e.g. cancri fluviatiles, river-crabs or freshwater crayfish, ''Astacus fluviatilis'' | |||
foeniculum -i = faeniculum, see above | |||
foetid., foetidus -a -um = stinking | |||
fol., folium -i = leaf or leaves (folia) of any plant | |||
fol. acetos., folia acetosae = leaves of common sorrel or sour dock | |||
follicul., follicula -ae = a pericarp or seed pod | |||
fomentum -i, fomentatio -onis = dressing, compress; usually with warm liquids (fomentation) and applied as a poultice or with a pad of material | |||
fontan., fontana (aqua) = spring (-water) | |||
fonticulus -i = diminutive of fons fontis, a fountain or spring; = a small artificial ulcer, seen in conjunction with scarification or with blistering substances | |||
formicar. volant., formica -ae volans -antis = flying ant; there is a receipt that includes oleum formicarum volantium, oil of flying ants (V.a.298, f. 129v) | |||
fotus -us = same as fomentum, above | |||
foveo -ere = keep warm; foveatur, let her/him/it be kept warm | |||
frag., fragar., fragaria -ae = strawberry, ''Fragaria vesca''; roots (rad.), leaves (fol.) and fruit were used | |||
fraxin., fraxinus -i = ash-tree, ''Fraxinus excelsior''; cortex -icis fraxini, ash-tree bark; see also cortex, above | |||
fraxinella -ae = dittany, gas plant, burning bush, or fraxinella, ''Dictamnus albus''; produces volatile oils which may catch fire spontaneously in hot weather | |||
frictus -a -um = rubbed, rubbed down (from frico -cui) | |||
frictus -a -um, frixus -a -um = roasted, fried (from frigo -ere) | |||
frigid., frigidus -a -um = cold; e.g., capiat frigida, let it be taken cold; see also semina frigida, below | |||
frontale = a mixture or bandage to be applied to the forehead or brow (frons -ontis) | |||
fucus -i = likely ''Fucus vesiculosus'', a seaweed; common names include bladderwrack, rockweed, sea grapes; an original source of iodine and thus used to treat goiter | |||
fumar., fumaria -ae = fumitory, ''Fumaria officinalis'' | |||
===G=== | |||
gagat., gagates -ae = jet, the hard black semi-precious stone; from Greek γαγᾱ́της | |||
galang., galing., galangala -ae = galangal, aromatic rhizome of plants of genera ''Alpinia'' and ''Kaempferia'', of the ginger family; e.g. ''Alpinia galanga'', greater galangal, ''A. officinarum'', lesser galangal, and ''Kaempferia galanga''; also spelled galingale | |||
galban., galbanum -i = gum resin from ''Ferula gummosa'' or ''F. rubrucaulis'' | |||
galega -ae = galega or goat's-rue, ''Galega officinalis'' | |||
galion -i, galium -i = large genus of herbaceous plants, over 600 species, known as bedstraw | |||
galla -ae = galls produced on the Chinese sumac or nutgall tree, ''Rhus chinensis'', by sumac aphids, ''Melaphis chinensis'' | |||
gallia moschata = see trochisci gallia moschata, below | |||
gallinaceus -a -um = from or relating to poultry; adipes gallinaceus, chicken fat | |||
gallus -i = relating to a cock or rooster; testicula galli, rooster testes | |||
gamandra = see gummi Gamandra, below | |||
gambogia -ae = gamboge, ultimately deriving from Gambogia, the Latin name for Cambodia; a gum resin obtained from trees of the Genus ''Garcinia'', used as a purgative and as a yellow dye (e.g., for the robes of Buddhist monks) | |||
gargarisma -ae = a gargle, throat-wash | |||
genist., genista -ae = broom, genus ''Genista'', many species; flores genistae, broom blossoms | |||
gent., gentiana -ae = gentian, ''Gentiana lutea'', officinal gentian; ''G. centaurium'', common centaury | |||
geranium -i columbinum = long-stalked crane's-bill; may also be listed as ''G. dissectum''; ''G. noctu olens'' (full name given by Parkinson as ''G. triste sive Indicum noctu olens''), "the sorrowful or Indian geranium [which is] fragrant at night," the sweet Indian cranes's bill, noted as having a tuberous root | |||
gilla Theophrasti = sal vitrioli, i.e. zinc sulphate, ZnSO<sub>4</sub>; an emetic; origin of "gilla" unknown, but of itself signifies a solution of vitriol | |||
gland., glans glandis = acorn | |||
glaux -cis = sea milkwort, sea milkweed, or black saltwort, ''Lysimachia maritima''; formerly ''Glaux maritima'' | |||
glicirriz., glycheriz., glycheryz., glychyrriza -ae = licorice, ''Glycyrrhiza glabra''; ''G. echinata'', hedgehog, German, Chinese, prickly, Roman, or Hungarian licorice (echinatus -a -um, prickly) | |||
gram., gramin., gramen -inis = grass, or any kind of grass-like herb | |||
gramen -inis exile hirsutum = Gerard calls it "hairy grass," useful for green wounds and to stop bleeding; Parkinson lists it as ''gramen hirsutum sive exile ferrugineum'', "small hairy brown wood grass" | |||
gramen -inis caninum = dog grass, also known as ''Triticium caninum'', reputed to be eaten by dogs to produce vomiting (''OED'') | |||
gramen purpureum = purple grass or purplewort, ''Trifolium purpureum'' (purpureus -a -um, purple) | |||
granatus -a -um = containing many seeds; see pomum granatum, below | |||
gratia dei = see emplastrum gratia dei, above | |||
guaiac., guaiacum -i = guaiac gum, guaiacum officinale; lignum guaiacum, guaiac wood | |||
gumm., gummi = [tree] gum | |||
gum. ammoniac., gummi ammoniacum = "gum of Ammon," from the herb ''Dorema ammoniacum'' | |||
gumm. anim., gummi anime = gum anime, resin of various tropical trees, e.g., ''Hymenaea courbaril'' | |||
gumm. arabic. = gum arabic or gum acacia, hardened sap of ''Acacia senegal'' or ''Vachellia seyal'', the red acacia and source of shittah (shittim) wood | |||
gumm. ceras. = gummi cerasi, gum of cherry tree (''Prunus cerasus'') or black cherry tree (''Cerasum nigrum'') | |||
gum., gummi elemi = a resin from the tree ''Amyris rumieri'' or gum elemi tree | |||
gummi gutta -ae, gummi de Gamandra, gummi gamba = gamboge or camboge, a gum resin from various trees of genus ''Garcinia''; a purgative | |||
gumm. tragacanth., gummi tragacantha -ae = gum tragacanth, obtained from shrubs of genus ''Astragulus'', especially ''A. tragacantha''; used to treat cough and diarrhea | |||
===H=== | |||
haeder., heder., hedera -ae = ivy; ''Hedera terrestris'', ground ivy; ''H. arborea'', tree-climbing ivy | |||
haedinus -a -um = of, relating to, or obtained from a kid | |||
haemagogum -i = antidotum haemagogum, a concoction of Nicholaus's, with numerous ingredients, including black pepper, licorice, birthwort, mugwort, cassia, pellitory of Spain, etc.; a purgative, emmenagogue, and abortifacient | |||
haematit., hematit., lap. hematit. = lapis haematites, hematite; iron oxide, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> | |||
hallelujah = same as lujula, see below | |||
hamech. = confectio hamech, purgative containing myrobalans, violets, colocynth, etc. | |||
hauriatur = let it be drunk/swallowed (from haurio -ire) | |||
haust., haustu., haustus -us = a drink or draught | |||
hedycroi = hedychroi, i.e., "pleasant colored;" see trochisci hedychroi, below | |||
heracleinus - a -um, heraclinus -a -um = relating to hazel-wood; oleum heracleinum, oil of hazelwood, from distillation of small pieces of the wood cut in spring or fall | |||
hedysarum -i = genus of annual or perennial herbaceous plants; ''H. alpinum'' is an antiscorbutic | |||
helenii., helenium -i, hinula -ae = elecampane, ''Inula helenium'' or ''Enula campana'' | |||
hellebor., helleborus -i = hellebore, genus ''Helleborus'', around 20 species; may be white, albus (probably used by Hippocrates as a purgative); black, niger, or Christmas rose (used by the Romans to treat paralysis, gout, and insanity); stinking, helleborus foetidus | |||
helxine = ''Helxine soleirolii'' (''Soleirolia soleirolii''), a plant in the nettle family; many common names, including baby's tears, angel's tears, peace in home, Corsican creeper | |||
hepar -atis = the liver (ηπαρ); with the animal source in the genitive; e.g. hepar anatis, duck liver | |||
hepatic., hepatica herba -ae = liverwort, ''Marchantia polymorpha'', a lichen-like plant; or spring-flowering anemone, ''Anemone'' (''Hepatica'') ''triloba'', whose three-lobed leaves were thought to resemble the liver | |||
herb., herba -ae = herb; used to specify a plant when another substance has a similar name | |||
herba -ae impia = cottonrose, ''Logfia filaginoides''; the name "impia" means irreverent, wicked, impious; D'Arcy Power suggests that the name refers either to the fact that no animal will touch or taste it, or that the plant's small branches rise above the mother stock | |||
herba -ae inguinalis = or argemo, mentioned by Pliny the Elder; identified by Culpeper as garden star-wort, which, "the ancient writers commended against buboes and swellings in the groin;" in ''The General Practise of Physicke'', C. Wirsung identifies four types | |||
herba -ae trinitatis = heartsease or wild pansy, ''Viola tricolor''; so called because each flower has three colors | |||
herba -ae paris = ''Paris quadrifolia''; named for the regularity (par paris) of its leaves and petals; not for the city in France nor the son of Priam | |||
herba -ae venti = rough-leaved phlomis, ''Phlomis herba venti'' | |||
hermodact., hermodactyl., hermodactylus -i = the bulbous root of an unknown plant, probably ''Colchicum'', used as an antiarthritic; the drug colchicine is derived from ''Colchicum'' spp. and is still used to treat gout, and new research suggests that it my be preventative for heart attacks | |||
herniar., herniaria -ae = rupturewort, ''Herniaria glabra'' | |||
hiera diacolocynthidos = an electuary containing colocynth, agaric, germander, white horehound, stoechas, opopanax, etc. | |||
hiera Logaddi = an electuary containing numerous ingredients including colocynth, polypodium, euphorbium; among its virtues it "takes away by the roots daily evils coming of melancholly" (Culpeper) | |||
hier. picr., hiera picra, or simply hiera/hierae = aloe powder made with honey into an electuary | |||
hieracium -i = hawkweed; many species, e.g., ''Hieracium maius Dioscoridis'', ''H. minus'', JW mentions several, including: ''H. nigrum'', ''H. longius radicatum'' (longer-rooted), ''H. chondrillae facie'', ''H. dentis leoniz''(''atum''?) | |||
hippoglossum, hyppoglossum -i = spineless butcher's broom, horse tongue lily, or mouse thorn, ''Ruscus hypoglossum'' | |||
hircinus -a -um = relating to a goat; especially hircin, a "peculiar substance existing in the fat of the goat (and in a less degreee, in that of the sheep) on which its strong odour depends" (''OED''); thus possibly describing goat suet | |||
hirudo -inis = a genus of leeches, esp. ''Hirudo medicinalis'', used for removing blood from a patient and "balancing the humors;" approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2007 to decrease vascular congestion, and as of 2023 still on the approved list | |||
hirundo -inis, gen. pl. hirundinum = passerine bird of genus ''Hirundo'', especially ''H. rustica'', the barn swallow; but many other species | |||
hollandic., hollandicus -a -um = Dutch; pulvis hollandicus, see below under pulvis | |||
h. s., hora somni, hora somnj = at bedtime (at the hour of sleep) | |||
hord., hordeum -i = barley, ''Hordeum vulgare''; French barley, ''H. spelticum''; aq. hordei, barley water | |||
hordeum -i perlatum = pearl barley; barley processed to remove the outer fibrous hull, and polished | |||
hormini., horminum -i = sage or clary sage, ''Salvia sclarea'' (Pliny the Elder); there is also a flowering plant, ''Horminum pyrenalcum'', dragonmouth or Pyrenean dead-nettle, but which is apparently not used in medicine | |||
hortensis -e = relating to, from, or grown in a garden; e.g., nasturtium hortense, garden nasturtium; from hortus -i, garden | |||
hortensius -a -um = same as above entry | |||
hipposelinum, hypposelinum -i = alexanders or allisanders (black lovage), ''Smyrnium olusatrum'' | |||
hydrarg., hydrargyrum -i, hydrargyrus -i = the element Mercury (Hg) in its liquid state; see also mercurius, below | |||
hydrarg., hydrargyrum -i extinctum = elemental (liquid) Mercury mixed with a fatty material (e. g., lard or lanolin) and used topically | |||
hydromel -itis = honey-water, which when fermeted is called mead | |||
hydropiper -eris = water pepper, marshpepper knotweed, or tade, ''Polygonum hydropiper''; or arsesmart, ''Persicaria hydropiper'' | |||
hyoscyamus -i = henbane, ''Hyoscamus niger'', or an extract or tincture of it | |||
hyperi = misspelling for hyperici, see next entry | |||
hyperici, hypericon, hypericum -i = St. John's wort, especially ''Hypericum perforatum''; see also carellorum, above | |||
hypocistis (-is?) = solidified juice of ''Cytinus hypocistis'', a parasitic plant that grows on the roots of ''Cistus'' shrubs, used to treat dysentery; JW describes it as "a very great binder" | |||
hydrops -opis = dropsy, edema | |||
hyssop., hyssopus -i = hyssop, Hyssopus officinalis, for which H. montanus is a subspecies or an accepted synonym; also H. capitatus, wild thyme | |||
===I - J=== | |||
jacobaea = a common wild flower, ''Jacobaea vulgaris'' or ''Senecio jabocaea'', common names include ragwort, St. James-wort, staggerwort; a supposed aphrodisiac (satyrion) was made from it by the Greeks and Romans; it is the national flower of the Isle of Man | |||
ialap., jalap., jalapa -ae, jalapium -i = jalap, ''Ipomoea jalapa''; a purgative; NB distinguish from iulap., iulapium, q.v. | |||
janua = see emplastrum de janua, above | |||
iberis -idis cardamantice = sciatica cress; one of several plants of the family ''Brassicaceae'', the roots of which were supposed to be useful in sciatica when made into a plaster | |||
== | iecur, jecur -oris = liver; also hepar -atis, q.v. | ||
ieiunus -a -um (jejunus) = fasting, abstinent, hungry; e.g., ieiuno ventriculo, on a fasting (empty) stomach | |||
ilex -icis = ''Quercus ilex'', the evergreen, holly, or holm oak; JW records (V.a.292, 34r) that at Ned Morgan's he saw four sorts: ''Ilex Coccigera'', ''Ilex glandifera'', ''Ilex aktae foliis'', and the "Common;" Parkinson identifies ''Ilex aquifolia sive coccigera'' as the lesser or scarlet holm oak (and "aktae foliis" is possibly a misspelling for "aquifoliis"); Gerard identifies ''I. major glandifera'' (glandiferus -a -um = acorn-bearing) as the great scarlet oak; and the "common" is likely ''Q. ilex'' | |||
ilex -icis = holly; a genus of more than 500 plants in the family ''Aquifoliaceae''; ''I. aquifolium'' is the common, English, or Christmas holly | |||
illino -ere = lay on, anoint, put on by spreading or smearing | |||
imperatoria -ae = master-wort, ''Peucedanum ostruthium''; same as ostruthium | |||
in = with ablative, in or on, e.g., baculum in mensa est, the staff is on the table; with accusative, into or onto, e.g., pone baculum in mensam, put the staff onto the table | |||
inaurentur = let them be gilded (pills), from inauro -are, to cover with gold | |||
inauratus -a -um = gilded; some pills were gilded, denoted pillulae inauratae | |||
incid., incido -ere = incise, cut open/into; past participle, incisus -a -um | |||
indica -ae = ''Tylophora indica'', the "purging Indian plum" (Parkinson) | |||
infund., infundo -ere = pour in, into, or upon | |||
infus., infusio -onis = infusion; steeping or dissolving of a substance in water or other liquid; cf. decoction | |||
insideo -ere = sit in or upon anything; insideat, let her/him sit (in a bath) | |||
inspissat., inspissatus -a -um = adj., thickened, condensed | |||
inula -ae = elecampane, ''Inula helenium'' or ''Enula campana''; horse-heal; a tonic and stimulant | |||
inung., inungo -ere = rub on; e.g., salve or ointment | |||
ireas., ireos., iridas = iris; probably from iris -idis = iris flower, Iris species; radix ireas, iris root or rhizome, also known as orris or orrice root | |||
iris -idis = a genus of flowering plants with over 300 species; ''Iris persica'', Persian iris | |||
irroro -are = sprinkle with water; past participle. irroratus -a -um | |||
isatis -is or -idis = genus of flowering plants including woad, ''Isatis tinctoria'' | |||
iugland., jugland., iuglans -andis = walnut; iuglandes virides, green walnuts | |||
jujuba -ae = jujube; or red or Chinese date, ''Ziziphus jujuba'' | |||
iuiubinus -a -um = of, from, or related to jujubes, e.g., syrupus jujubinus, jujube syrup; see ''Ziziphus'' below | |||
iulap., iulapium -i = a mixture, often sweet, used as a vehicle for other medicines | |||
iulianizans -antis = occurs only in "oxymel julianizans," see below | |||
juncellus -i omnium minimus = Juncellus, a genus in the family ''Cyperaceae'', the sedges; from its name, this is the smallest of all; Camden's ''Britannia'' calls it the "least rush" | |||
iuniper., juniper., iuniperus -i = juniper; granum juniperi, juniper berry (its seed cone) | |||
iusculum, jusculum -i = broth | |||
iuvenis -is -e = young, youthful | |||
===L=== | |||
labdan., ladan(um -i)., labdanum = labdanum or ladanum, gum resin from plants of genus ''Cistus'' or ''Cystix'', used in perfumes and for fumigation; NB distinguish from laudanum (q. v.) | |||
labrum -i veneris = Venus' lip; the wild or fuller's teasel, ''Dipsacus silvestris'' or ''D. fullonum'' | |||
lac., lact., lac lactis = milk; lac. rec. or recens (-entis), fresh milk, lac veterum, old milk | |||
lac lactis sulphuris = liquid preparation of sulfur, quicklime, and salt of tartar, filtered and precipitated with spirit of vitriol | |||
lacca = ingredient in trocischi de lacca, which contain the dark red resinous substance produced as a protective coating by the lac insect, ''Kerria lacca'', used to make shellac | |||
lact., lactuca -ae = lettuce, ''Lactuca sativa'' | |||
ladanum -i = labdanum, see above | |||
laevigatus -a -um = made smooth, pulverized | |||
lagena -ae = a large earthen vessel with a neck and handles; also a flask, flagon, or bottle | |||
lambatiuum, lambativum, lambitivum -i = same as linctus/lohoch, below | |||
lambend., lambo -ere = lick/ lap up; sensim lambendus, should be licked up slowly | |||
lapat., lappath., lapathum -i = dock or sorrel; genus ''Lapathum'' now included in genus ''Rumex'' | |||
lapis -idis adamas = diamond; see adamas, above | |||
lap. bezoard., lapis -idis bezoardicus = bezoar stone; see bezoar, above | |||
lapis -idis bufonis = toadstone; a stone-like object found in the head of, or produced by, a toad (CL bufo -onis); supposed to have antidotal or therapeutic virtues and worn as a jewel or amulet | |||
lapis -idis caelestis = artificial, Roman, or blue vitriol; copper sulfate, CuSo<sub>4</sub> | |||
lapis -idis calaminaris = calamine, a zinc ore; zinc carbonate or silicate; still used as a component of a calamine lotion, to treat itchiness | |||
lapis -idis contrayervae = same as pulvis contrayervae compositus, powder of contrayerva compounded with crab shells | |||
lapis -idis hematitis = lapis hematites, hematite; iron (III) oxide, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>; so called from the Greek word for blood, αἷμα, because some varieties have a red coloration; other varieties may be a lustrous metallic grey | |||
lapis -idis hirundinis = either a supposed stone from the stomach of a swallow, presumably something like a bezoar; or lapis icterias, the "jaundice stone" (Pliny the Elder) used for treating the same | |||
lap. hyb., lapis -idis hybernicus = hibernicus lapis, Irish slate, said to be of a crumbly texture; powdered and mixed with spruce beer for inward contusions; also known as tegula (-ae) hibernica (-ae) | |||
lapis -idis iaspis or jaspis = jasper, a semiprecious stone, red, green, or brown; a variety of silica | |||
lapis -idis nephriticus = nephrite, jade; semiprecious stone of various colors | |||
lapis -idis piperis = "pepper stone;" apparently the same as peppercorn; in V.a.286 44v JW states that it can cause sneezing (sufficit ad sternutationem) | |||
lapp., lappa -ae = burdock, ''Arctium lappa''; also called lapp. maj., lappa major, greater burdock; also known as Bardana | |||
lard., lardum -i = lard, fat (also laridum, see next entry) | |||
larid., laridum -i = bacon; larid. veter., laridum veterum, old bacon | |||
later -eris = a brick or tile | |||
latericium -i = brickwork; latericum philosophorum, see oleum philosophi, below | |||
latericius -a -um = made of or consisting of bricks; e.g., pulvis latericia, powder of bricks | |||
lateritium -i = brick cap, cinnamon cap, or chestnut mushroom, ''Hypholoma lateritium'' | |||
laudan., laudanum -i = laudanum; alcoholic tincture of opium, also known as tinctura thebiaca; NB distinguish from ladanum, see "labdanum" | |||
laudan. paracels., Paracelsi = Paracelsus' laudanum; opium and alcohol plus various other ingredients, incl. gold, amber, pearl, musk | |||
lauendul., lavendula -ae = lavender, ''Lavandula angustifolia'' (or ''Spica foemina'', spike) | |||
lauri., laurus -i = genus of evergreen trees including the bay tree, ''Laurus nobilis''; ''L. alexandrina'', laurel of Alexandria, uncertain but Culpeper thought it might be the same as the hippoglossum described by Dioscorides | |||
laurinus -a -um = of or pertaining to the laurel; e.g. oleum laurinum, laurel oil | |||
lenit., lenitiv., lenitivus -a -um = soothing, gently laxative | |||
lens -tis maior = the great lentil; there is also a lesser or little lentil, ''L. minor'' | |||
lentiscus -i = the mastic tree, ''Pistacia lentiscus''; mastic is the resin from this tree | |||
lentiscinus -a -um = of or derived from the mastic tree | |||
leon., leonurus -i = lion's tail; motherwort, ''Leonurus cardiaca'' | |||
leporinus -a -um = of or relating to a hare; pilus leporinus or leporis, hair of a hare, hare hair | |||
lepidium -i = plants of genus ''Lepidium'', of the ''Brassicaceae'' family, including ''L. densiflorum'', common pepperweed | |||
lepus -oris = hare; lepus combustus, hare ashes (in a receipt for treatment of urinary stone) | |||
leucoium -i, leucojum -i = genus of plants in the amaryllis family, including ''Leucojum aestivum'', summer snowflake or Loddon lily; ''L. vernum''; spring snowflake, snowbell, dewdrop, St. Agnes' flower; ''L. bulbosum'', bulbous violet | |||
leuisticum, levisticum -i = lovage, ''Levisticum officinale''; see also ''Siler montanum'' | |||
lichen -enis arborum = tree lungwort, ''Sticta pulmonaria'', known as lungs of oak; also a similar North American plant, ''Mertensia virginica'' | |||
lign., lignum -i = wood, with the name of the source in the genitive; e.g., lignum fraxini, ash wood | |||
lignum -i aloes = a fragrant dark resinous wood, agarwood or aloeswood, from the heartwood of the aquilaria tree; genus ''Aquilaria'', many species, especially ''A. malaccensis'', used in incense production; also known as xyloaloes or agaloc(h)um; NB distinguish from the succulent aloes plant, ''Aloe vera'' | |||
lign., lignum -i nephriticum = traditional diuretic derived from wood from narra (''Pterocarpus indicus'') and Mexican kidneywood (''Eysenhardtia polystachya'') trees | |||
lign. rhod., lignum -i rhodii = rosewood; rose-scented wood from ''Convolvulus floridus'' or ''C. scoparius'' | |||
lign. sanct., lignum -i sanctum = guiacaum, holy wood; ''Guiacum officinale'' | |||
lill., lillior., lilliorum., lilium -a = lily; flores/folia/radix liliorum, flowers/leaves/root of lilies; lilium dierum, lily of days, presumbably a short-lived lily but of uncertain identity | |||
limac., limacum, limax -acis = snail, slug; aqua -ae limacum, snail water, made from snails (washed), mint, hart's tongue, various flowers, nutmeg, egg whites and milk, distilled; with Canary wine added, stronger snail water | |||
limatur = third person singular present active subjunctive of limo -are, file or file down; limatur chalybs, let the steel be filed down (for a steel-containing electuary) | |||
limonium -i = genus of flowering plants known as sea-lavender, statice, caspia, or marsh-rosemary; over 100 species; also, any plant of genus ''Pyrola'', especially ''P. rotundifolia'', wintergreen | |||
lin., linum -i = flax, ''Linum usitatissimum''; semen or semina lini, flaxseed, linseed; far. sem. lini, farina seminum lini, flour of linseeds; ''Linum catharticum'', purging or fairy flax | |||
linaria -ae = toad-flax or wild flax, ''Linaria vulgaris'' | |||
linctus -a -um = medicine taken by licking (same as lohoch); past participle of lingo -ere | |||
lineus -a -um = made of linen, flax, lint (synonymous with linteus) | |||
liniment., linamentum -i = liniment; l. arcei, liniment of Arceus; l. elemi, see below under gummi | |||
linteus -a -um = relating to or made from linen cloth (linteum -i) | |||
lippitudo -inis = a sore condition of the edges of the eyelids with copous secretions from the Meibomian glands and conjunctiva; rheum, blear-eyed-ness | |||
liquidambar -i = sweetgum tree; various species, including ''Liquidambar orientalis'', oriental or Turkish sweetgum; also several others native to eastern and southeast Asia | |||
liquirit., liquiritia -ae = licorice, ''Glychyrrhiza glabra'' | |||
liquor -oris = liquid, liquor | |||
liquor possetic., posseticus -a -um = posset drink; milk curdled with treacle, wine, or any acid substance | |||
litharg., lytharg., lithargium -i, lithargyrum -i = litharge, lead oxide, PbO; may be white, a byproduct of separation of lead from silver ("litharge of silver") or colored ("litharge of gold") with red lead, lead tetraoxide, Pb<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> | |||
lithontribon -i (Lugdunensis) = urinary stone-breaking powder (of Lyon); spikenard, ginger, cinnamon, black pepper, cardamom, saxifrage, etc. | |||
lithontriptic., lythontriptic., lithontripticus -a -um = lithontriptic; having the property of breaking up bladder stones | |||
lixivium -i = water containing alkaline salts leached from wood ashes (''OED''), used to make soap | |||
lohoch = medicine taken by licking or by letting it melt in the mouth | |||
lohoch sanum = "the healing lohoch;" hyssop, calamint, jujubes, sebestens, raisins, dates etc.; "succors the breast, lungs, throat, and trachea" (Culpeper); may be titled lochoch sanum et expertum | |||
lot., lotus -a -um = washed, bathed; e.g., cum terebinth. Lot., washed with turpentine | |||
lotus -i = various species of genus ''Lotus'', e.g., ''L. urbana'' and ''L. sylvestri''s | |||
lucis majores = see pilulae lucis maiores, below | |||
lujul., lujula -ae = wood sorrel, ''Oxalis acetosella''; also called alleluia or hallelujah because it flowers between Easter and Pentecost | |||
lumbricus -i = worm; when the common earthworm, ''Lumbricus terrestris'', so designated; or an intestinal worm, e.g., ''Ascaris lumbricoides'' | |||
lupinus -i = lupin, flowering plants of genus ''Lupinus''; numerous species, including the bluebonnet | |||
lupul., lupulus -i = the hop plant, ''Humulus lupulus'' | |||
lychnis -idis = the campion, flowering plants in the genus ''Silene'', numerous species; JW mentions ''L. noctiflora'' (V.a.291, 67r), which is not included in Parkinson or Gerard, but there is a ''Silene noctiflora'', night-flowering catchfly | |||
lysimachia -ae = ''Lysimachia'', genus of flowering plants with nearly 200 accepted species, including many varieties of loosestrife, and ''L. arvensis'', scarlet pimpernel | |||
===M=== | |||
m., misc., misce, misceo -ere = mix; misceantur, let them (ingredients) be mixed | |||
m. f. = misce face, mix (the ingredients) and make X; or misceat or misceant fiat, let it/them (the ingredients) be mixed and let X be made (e.g., pills, an electuary) | |||
mac., macis -idis = mace, the covering of the seed in the fruit of ''Myristica fragrans'', the nutmeg tree | |||
macer -eris = the inner bark of the nutmeg tree, ''M. fragrans'' (Culpeper) | |||
macri = see pilulae macri, below | |||
madefac., madefact., madefacio -ere = moisten, soak, make wet; past participle madefactus -a -um | |||
magdaleones -um = masses of plaster, or of other composition, in cylindrical form | |||
majoran., majorana -ae = marjoram; see ''Origanum'', below | |||
magistral., magistralis -e = related to magister -tri, a master or teacher; can refer to something that is a practitioner's own formulation (as opposed to available in the shops, officinalis -e, see below), or a remedy that is supremely effective | |||
magistrantia -ae = masterwort, ''Astrantia maxima'' | |||
malabathrum or malobathrum -i = aromatic leaf of one of several oriental trees, e.g., ''Cinnamomum tamala'', or the ointment prepared from it | |||
malicorii, malicorium -i = pomegranate rind | |||
malvatic., malvaticum (vinum) = Malmsey (wine of the Malvasia grape); Madeira/sack | |||
malva -ae = common, field, or wild mallow, ''Malva silvestris''; also other species of genus ''Malva'' | |||
malva -ae horaria = Venice mallow | |||
malv., malvavisc., malvaviscus -i = marshmallow, ''Althaea officinalis'' | |||
malus -i persica = peach tree, ''Malus persica'' | |||
mane (indecl.) = in the morning; multo mane, very early in the morning | |||
manica -ae hyppocratis = Hippocrates' sleeve, a kind of conical strainer made of linen or flannel; e.g., clarificetur per manicam hyppocratis, let it be clarified through a Hippocrates' sleeve | |||
man., manna -ae = condensed juice of the manna ash tree, ''Fraxinus ornus''; a purgative; may be designated as being from Calabria (manna calabrina), from ''F. ornus'' or ''F. excelsior'' | |||
manus -us Christi = a cordial used for debilitated patients containing sugar with rose water or violet water; formulations included manus Christi perlata, lozenges containing rose water, sugar, and pearls; and manus Christi simplex, the same without pearls; in the ''Pharmacopoiea Londinensis'', Culpeper had strong views on the naming of this cordial by the Royal College of Physicians: "Here the Colledg have left out that blasphemous speech, which I cannot write without horror, nor an honest man read without trembling, viz. To call a little Rose-water and Sugar boyled to∣gether, THE HAND OF CHRIST: The truth is, if they had left out the rest of the blasphemies, I should have had some hopes they would in time turn honest, but I see to my grief they remain: especially that abominable blasphemy in their Dedicatory Epistle to King James, which they having not enough to alter, let stand, or else it was because like Sodom, they would declare their sin and hide it not, but manifest to the world in the sight of the Sun, that they are not a Colledg of Christians, but of RANTERS, by calling KING JAMES their GOD; blush O Sun at such blasphemy. It may be they left it out because King Charls is dead, for worshiping old Jemmy for God, 'tis more than probable they worshiped his Son for Christ; and their Tubelary (sic) gods being ''apud Inferos'', gives me some hopes they will follow them quickly, and so all the Tyrants will go together." | |||
margarit., margarita -ae = pearl; prepared pearl is a common ingredient | |||
marina ambra -ae grisea = ambergris | |||
marrub., marrubium -i = common horehound, ''Marrubium vulgare''; other species also; may be designated nigrum (black horehound, ''Ballota nigra'') or foetidum (stinking) | |||
martiat., martiatus -a -um = pertaining to soldiers; unguentum martiatum, soldiers's ointment | |||
mass., massa -ae = the quantity of combined ingredients out of which pills, etc., are formed | |||
mastich., masticha = mastic, resin of ''Pistacia lentiscus'' | |||
matricar., matricaria -ae = feverfew, ''Matricaria'' or ''Tanacetum parthenium'' | |||
matrisilv., matrisylv., matrisylva -ae = woodruff, ''Asperula matrisylva'' or ''A. odorata'' | |||
Matt(h)iolus -i = relating to or invented by Pietro Andrea Mattioli (1501 - c. 1577), Italian physician and naturalist; e.g.unguentum Matthioli, leontopodium (edelweiss) Matthioli | |||
matut., matutinus -a -um, matutine = in the (early) morning | |||
mechoach., mechoacan = root of a variety of morning glory, ''Ipomoea macrorhiza'' or ''I. jalapa'', from Michoacán (Mexico); may be identified as black (nigr.) | |||
mecon., meconium -i = opium | |||
medull., medulla -ae = the pith or pulp of any vegetable; also bone marrow: medulla spinalis, spinal cord | |||
mel., mel mellis = honey; (e)dulcorandus melle, sweetened with honey; the name of the source plant may be mentioned in the genitive, e.g., mel emblicorum, or a descriptive adjective may be added, e.g. mel rosatum, "rosated" honey with addition of oil of roses | |||
melilot., melilotos -i = melilot, ''Trifolium melilotus officinalis'' | |||
meliss., melissa -ae = balm, especially lemon balm, ''Melissa officinalis''; several other species, also including common, field, & mountain calamint | |||
melissophyllum -i = bastard balm, ''Melittis melissophyllum'' | |||
menstruum -i = in medicine, the menses; in alchemy, a solvent, often corrosive, or a liquid medium for administration of medications | |||
merc. dulc., mercurius dulcis = mercurous chloride, Hg<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>; calomel; a purgative | |||
mercur., mercury = annual or French mercury, ''Mercurialis annua''; used in clysters; NB don't confuse with the element Mercury (Hg), usually referred to as hydrargyrum | |||
mercurius -i = the element Mercury in its liquid form, also referred to as hydrargyrum; m. dulcis, calomel or mercurous chloride, Hg<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>, a purge; m. duplicatus, an alchemical substance of uncertain character, described in some references as a "celestial salt;" JW mentions mercurius quadruplicatus, identification uncertain, perhaps just four times the usual amount | |||
mespil., mespilus -i = medlar, fruit of medlar tree, ''Mespilus germanica''; resembles a small apple | |||
metrenchyta -ae = an injection ("clyster") for the uterus | |||
metroproptoticon = see emplastrum metroproptoticon, above | |||
meum -i = spignel, ''Aethusa meum'' or ''Meum athamanticum'' | |||
mica -ae = crumb, morsel, grain; micae panis triticei, crumbs of wheat bread | |||
micleta -ae = an electuary for treatment of diarrhea, bloody flux, homorrhoids, and stomach afflictions; contained myrobalan bark, watercress, cumin, anise, fennel, ammi, etc., all fried in rose oil and mixed with myrtle syrup; JW refers to it as "a very great binder" | |||
microcosmi = see spiritus microcosmi, below | |||
millefolium -i = common yarrow, ''Achillea millefolium'', a flowering plant in the aster family | |||
milii., milium -i = millet seed, ''Panicum mileaceum''; also ''P. italicum'', Indian millet seed | |||
mill., milliped., millipes -pedis = pill-millipede or wood-louse; pulv. milliped., powdered millipede; also prepared by soaking in wine with or without crushing in a mortar; JW mentions a spiritus millipedum in V.a.288, presumably from distilling them | |||
minium -i = native vermilion, read lead; emplastrum de minio, plaster of red lead and olive oil | |||
mithridat., mithridatium -i = mithridate; complex and variable recipe, up to 60 ingredients, including opium | |||
miva -ae = listed (by JW and by Lovell) as miva vel gelatina, quince jelly | |||
mixae -arum, myxae -arum = sebesten plum (tree), ''Cordia myxa''; see sebesten, below | |||
mola -ae = a uterine mass, especially hydatidiform mole, a gestational trophoblastic disease arising from the placenta; usually benign but may become invasive and metastasize | |||
mollis -e = soft, flexible, loose; emplastrum molle, a soft plaster | |||
monach., rhab. monach., rhabarbarum -i monachorum = monk's rhubarb, ''Rumex patientia'' | |||
mortarium -i = mortar; tunde or contunde in mortario, crush in a mortar | |||
morum -i = mulberry; many species, including ''Mora nigra'', black or common mulberry; also as "Celsus's," as in succus mororum Celsi, from Aulus Cornelius Celsus (c. 25 BCE - 50 CE) | |||
morus -i = mulberry tree | |||
mosch., moschat., (nux) moschata = nutmeg; seed of ''Myristica fragrans'' | |||
moschelaeum -i = see oleum moschaelum, below | |||
mucilag., mucilago -inis = viscid aqueous solution of one or more ingredients made by soaking or heating parts of certain plants in water; e.g., mucilage of gum, mucilago arabaci gummi; of althaea and fenugreek roots, mucil. rad Alth. et faenugr. | |||
mummia -ae = a substance prepared from mummified flesh, usually human; or may indicate a liquid bituminous substance, also known as pissasphalt (from Greek pitch + asphalt); this latter may also be termed mummia from Arabic mūmiyā, a type of resinous bitumen used for embalming and as an aphrodisiac and general antidote | |||
mundat., mundatus -a -um = cleaned (from mundo -are, make clean, cleanse) | |||
muscus -i = (sphagnum) moss | |||
musc. pyxidat., muscus -i pyxidatus = a type of lichen (''Lichen pyxidatus''), used in a decoction for whooping cough | |||
must., mustum -i = must; pressed grapes before fermentation into wine; also mustum cervisiae, beer wort | |||
myristic., nux myristica, myristica -ae = nutmeg, ''Myristica moschata'' | |||
myrobalan., myrabalan., myrabalanum -i = myrobalan = Indian gooseberry, ''Phyllantus emblica''; may be designated myrobalan omnium; chebulae refers to the so-called "black myrobalan," ''Terminalia chebula''; indicae (q. v.) refers to a different plant; may be designated myrobalanum indorum | |||
myrtill., myrtillus -i = myrtle berry, black whortle berry, or bilberry; ''Vaccinium myrtillus'' | |||
myrtin., myrtinus -a -um = of or made from myrtle, myrtle-; e.g., syrupus myrtinus, myrtle-syrup | |||
===N=== | |||
narcissus -i = any of numerous spring-flowering bulbous plant of genus ''Narcissus''; especially ''N. poeticus'' and ''N. tazetta''; many uses, including emetic, emollient, and treatment for cough, baldness, dysentery, etc. | |||
nard, nardin., nardus -i , adj. nardinus -a -um = nard, a fragrant oil or perfume; or the aromatic plant from which the ointment was prepared, ''Nardostachys grandiflora''; spikenard, ''N. jatamansi'' | |||
nardinus -a -um = of, made from, flavored with, or smelling like nard (see previous entry) | |||
nasturtium -i = genus of watercresses; JW mentions nasturtium aquaticum, probably common watercress, ''Nasturtium officinale'', also known as ''Sisymbrium nasturtium'', and nasturtium hortense, or gardencress, ''N. hortense'' | |||
nepetha -ae = genus of flowering plants; especially catmint/catnip, ''N. cataria'' | |||
nervin., nervinus -a -um = pertaining to nerves; e.g., unguentum nervinum, nerve ointment | |||
nicotiana -ae = tobacco, genus ''Nicotiana''; many uses, including unguentum nicotianae, see below | |||
nig., nigr., niger -gra -grum = black | |||
nocte = at night (from nox noctis) | |||
nodulo, nodulus -i = a little knot, from nodus -i; in nodulo ligat., tied in a little knot | |||
novum lumen -inis = not a medication but a book, mentioned by JW in V.a.287, 44r, and in V.a.292, 101r; EEBO search yields ''Novum lumen medicum'' (1662) by Joachim Poleman (? - ?, named in V.a.292), after the system of van Helmont. The quotation from the book as given in V.a.287 is as follows: "That part of the sperme which truly conduces to the making of man (as novum Lumen) says, canne bee no greater att first .. then the 8200th part of a graine of wheat/ That of Aristotle is provable, that the 40th day after Conception, homo formica non major." This passage does not appear in this book by Poleman, but appears to come instead from another work, ''A Most Certaine and True Relation of a Strange Monster Serpent Found in the left Ventricle of the heart of Iohn Pennant'' (1639) by one Edward May, "Doctor of Philosophy and Physick," etc.: "it can be no greater at first moment of conception, then in proportion to the 8200 part of a grain of wheate;" and "that the fortieth day after conception, homo formica non major," appearing directly after the "8200" quotation | |||
nubiae = granum nubiae; the seed of an unknown plant from Ethiopia, apparently a powerful poison | |||
nuc., nucl., nucleus -i = nut | |||
nucleus -i pinei = pine nuts (pignoli), edible seeds of pine, various species of genus ''Pinus'' | |||
nummularia -ae = ''Lysimachia nummularia''; creeping jenny, moneywort, or herb twopence | |||
nux nucis = nut; e.g., nux moschata, nutmeg; nux pinea, pine nut; nux avellana, hazelnut; nux persica, walnut (see also iuglans, above) | |||
nymph., nymphaea -ae = water lily; ''Nymphaea alba'', white; other species may have blue, red, or yellow flowers | |||
===O=== | |||
oculus -i = eye | |||
ocimastrum -i = common witch herb or broadleaf enchanter's nightshade, ''Ocimastrum verrucarium''; or Italian hedgenettle or hairy wondwort, ''Stachys ocymastrum'' | |||
ocul., oculi cancri = crab's eyes; "A round concretion found in the stomach of crayfish and some other crustacea, consisting mainly of carbonate of lime; it has been used, finely powdered, as an absorbent and antacid" (''OED''), or possibly ''Abrus precatorius'', the (poisonous) rosary pea; more likely the former, conclusion based on receipt in V.a. 298, f. 160r, calling for "ocul. 69" probably the same as "ocul. Cancri" on the same page, with "69" the astrological symbol for Cancer (♋︎) rotated 90° ( ); see entry on the last page of this list | |||
ocymi., ocymum -i = basil, ''Ocimum basilicum'' | |||
officin., officinalis -e = from officina -ae, a shop; any standard medicine or ingredient kept in apothecary shops | |||
ol., oleum -i = oil; many varieties, with a descriptive adjective or with the source in the genitive | |||
oleum -i croci = oil of saffron; in the ''Pharmacopoiea Londinensis'' it is stated that some prepare it by distilling a mixture of saffron, turpentine, and spirit of wine with frequent cohobation (redistilling); in ''The London Dispensatory'', Culpeper asserts that there is no such thing | |||
oleum -i chrysomelinum = oil of the kernels of apricots; JW says that it is "of the same uertue with that of sweet Almonds" (V.a.292, f. 40av) | |||
ol. dulc., oleum -i dulcis = sweet oil; usually olive or rapeseed | |||
oleum excestrense = oil of Exeter; contains wormwood, lesser centaury, eupatorium, fennel, hyssop, etc., infused in oil | |||
oleum -i fuliginis = oil of soot (fuligo -inis), made by distilling soot | |||
oleum -i heracleoticum = hazelnut oil | |||
oleum -i lapivum = from persian cyclamen, ''Lapivum persicum'' or ''Cyclamen persicum'' | |||
ol. lumbric., oleum -i lumbricorum = oil of earthworms; from worms boiled in wine and oil and strained | |||
oleum -i moschaeleum = oil of musk, from secretions of a gland of various animals, especially the male musk deer, ''Moscus moschiferus''; plus nutmeg, mace, costus, styrax, other herbs, and oil; the animal source of the musk may be named in the genitive, e.g., oleum moschelaeum vulpinum, oil of fox musk; used for treatment of deafness, cold diseases of the heart, strangury, etc. | |||
oleum -i nucistae = oil of nutmeg | |||
ol., oleum -i Nicodemi = leaves of St. John's wort (species of ''Hypericum''), turpentine, litharge, aloes, tutty, saffron, white wine, etc. | |||
ol. philosoph., oleum -i philosophi = philosopher's oil, made from distilling pieces of brick soaked in oil; same as latericium philosophorum | |||
oleum -i rosae = oil of rose, volatile oil distilled from ''Rosa damascena''; still appears in the U.S.P. | |||
oleum -i sabinae = oil of savine (''Juniperus sabina''); an abortifacient | |||
oleum -i salis = "oil of salt;" the common oil of salt (oleum salis commune) is made from bay salt dissolved in water and mixed with three times its weight of powdered tiles or bricks, evaporated, and distilled (''Pharmacopoeia Londinensis''); there are also red and black varieties | |||
ol. sulph., oleum -i sulphuris = oil of sulfur, various receipts; possibly sulfuric acid, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>; modern definition is concentrated or "fuming" sulfuric acid, the same with added concentrations of sulfur trioxide | |||
ol. vulpin., oleum -i vulpinum = fox oil; made from a skinned and gutted fox boiled with oil and herbs and pressed; Culpeper specifies a "fat fox of middle age, wearied with hunting and new killed" | |||
olilban., olibanum -i = aromatic resin from trees of genus ''Boswellia'', especially ''B. sacra''; frankincense | |||
onon., ononis -idis (spinosa) = restharrow, ''Ononis repens'' | |||
ophalmicum = see unguentum ophalmicum, below; distinguish from ophthalmicum | |||
ophioglossum -i = adder's tongue fern; genus of about 50 species; used as an ointment on wounds and burns | |||
opiat., opiatus -a -um = opiated; any preparation containing opium; or other medicines that produce sleep but which may or may not contain opium | |||
opiatum -i astringens = properly electuarium opiatum astrigens; contains diascordium, red roses, bistort | |||
opobalsamum -i = Mecca balsam, balm of Gilead; resin produced by the tree ''Commiphora opobalsamum'' | |||
opopanax -acis = the "fetid" (''OED'') gum resin from ''Opopanax chironium'', a spiny acacia | |||
opt., optim., optimus -a -um = best | |||
origan., origanum -i = oregano; several species, incl. ''Origanum vulgare'', common Mediterranean oregano or wild marjoram; ''O. creticum'', (Spanish) oregano; ''O. marjorana'', sweet marjoram; ''O. heracleaticum'', winter sweet marjoram; ''O. dictamnus'', dittany of Crete | |||
ornithopodium -i = alternate name of ''Ornithopus'', a genus of flowering plants in the family ''Fabaceae'', the legumes; e.g., ''O. sativus'', common bird's foot | |||
orthopnea -ae = shortness of breath, dyspnea, asthma; technically, shortness of breath while lying down relieved by sitting up or standing, commonly seen in patients with heart failure (from Greek ὀρθό-, combining form of ὀρθός, straight, erect, upright; + πνέειν, to breathe) | |||
os ossis = bone; oss. sep., ossa separata, separated bones, but precise definition uncertain | |||
osmunda -ae regalis = the royal fern, also called flowering fern or buckhorn, called "royal" because of its large size; root used as a demulcent, astringent, and emmenagogue; the name is thought possibly to derive from Osmunder, a Saxon name for the Norse god Thor | |||
ostrea -ae = oyster, mussel, sea-snail | |||
ostrutii., ostruthium -i = master-wort, ''Peucedanum ostruthium'' | |||
ovin., ovinus -a -um = relating to or belonging to sheep; e.g., sebum ovinum, sheep suet or tallow | |||
oxycrat., oxycratum -i = oxycrate; mixture of vinegar and water, sometimes with a little honey | |||
oxycroceum = as emplastrum oxycroceum, plaster made with saffron and vinegar | |||
oxylapathum -i = sharp-pointed dock; ''Lapathum acutum'', or ''Rumex acutus'' | |||
oxymel = honey and vinegar boiled to a syrup | |||
oxymel Julianiz., oxymel Iulianizans -antis = the Julian (or Julianized) syrup of honey and vinegar, a syrup containing oxymel, with the addition of caper root bark, iris root, fennel, rock parsley, endive, and many other ingredients; Julian may refer to Julian the Elder (fl. mid-2nd c. CE), who had studied with Galen but later became his enemy | |||
===P=== | |||
paeon., paeonia -ae = peony, ''P. officinalis''; used by Galen for treatment of epilepsy | |||
palma Christi = see "cataputia," above | |||
pampholix -icis = crude zinc oxide, ZnO, same as tutia; can also refer to vesicles or small blisters on the skin, esp. of the palms and digits | |||
= | paludapium -i = another term for smallage or water-parlsey; from palus -udis, a swamp or marsh, + apium -i (q.v.) | ||
panacea -ae = an herb healing all diseases; specificially, an extract of opopanax (q.v.), allheal, woundwort, or various other herbs; e.g., betony, yarrow, mistletoe | |||
pannus -i = cloth, rag, garment | |||
papav., papaver -eris = poppy; many species, including ''P. somniferum'', opium poppy; ''P. rhoeas'' or ''P. erraticum'', red corn poppy | |||
paralyseus -a -um = relating to the cowslip, ''Primula'' species; e.g., take/use flores paralyseos | |||
paralys., paralysis -is = cowslip, e.g., ''Paralysis fatua'' (Gerard); also in the usual sense of loss of function | |||
paratur = it is prepared; e.g., paratur vnguent., an ointment is prepared | |||
paregoricus -a -um = alleviating, assuaging; the noun paregoric refers to the camphorated tincture of opium, formerly used as an anti-diarrheal and cough medicine | |||
parietar., parietaria -ae = pellitory of the wall, ''Parietaria officinalis''; may be designated "herb. parietar." | |||
part., pars partis = part, side | |||
parum = a little; e.g., ol(eum) Iasmini parum, a little oil of jasmine | |||
passer -eris = sparrow, especially the house sparrow ''Passer domesticus'' | |||
pastillus -i = a small flat tablet, may be coated with sugar; similar to a pill, troche, or lozenge | |||
passul., passula -ae = a small raisin; passulae enucleatae/exacinatae, stoned raisins; passulae solis, raisins of the sun; passula Corinthiaca, Corinthian raisin, alias uvae Corinthiacae, Corinthian grapes, q.v. | |||
pastinac., pastinaca -ae = parsnip, ''Pastinaca sativa'' or ''P. sylvestris'' | |||
pauxillus -a -um = little, small; also as substantive: pauxillum, a little, with the material in the genitive; e.g., pauxillum aceti, a little vinegar | |||
pauxill., pauxillatum = adv., little by little, by degrees | |||
pectoral., pectoralis -is -e = a pectoral; for diseases of the chest | |||
penid., penidium -i = appears as in sacch(arum) penid(ium), a stick of boiled sugar used as a cold remedy | |||
pentaphyll., pentaphyllon, pentaphyllum -i = cinquefoil, ''Potentilla reptans''; ''Pentaphyllum purpureum'', purple cinquefoil, ''P. rubrum palustre'', marsh cinquefoil, etc. (Gerard) | |||
peplium -i = peplion, a species of spurge, probably ''Euphorbia'' esula; a purge for bile and phlegm | |||
pepo -onis = pumpkin, ''Cucurbita pepo'' | |||
per deliquium = by dissolution; describes hygroscopic materials which will absorb water from the atmosphere and dissolve into an aqueous solution | |||
percepier anglorum = the plant parsley piert, ''Aphanes arvensis''; percepier is from French perce pierre, split stone | |||
pericarpium -i = a plaster applied to the wrist, from Greek περικάρπιον, a bracelet; used for various disorders including ague and "Defluxions and Fumes in the Eyes" (R. Boyle) | |||
== | periclymenum -i = common honeysuckle, ''Lonicera periclymenum'' | ||
perineum -i = the space between the genitals and the anus | |||
perlarum mater -tris = mother of pearl | |||
permisceo -ere = mix or mingle together; permisceantur, let them (the ingredients) be mixed | |||
peru., peruvianus -a -um = Peruvian; e.g, ''Cortex peruviana'' (''Cinchona''), source of quinine | |||
persicaria -ae = spotted persicaria, a common weed; ''Persicaria maculosa'' | |||
pes pedis columbinus = dove's foot, ''Geranium molle''; also some other species of cranesbill | |||
pessarium -i = a pessary | |||
petasititid., petasites -idis = butterbur, ''Petasites fragrans'' | |||
petroselin., petroselinum -i = parsley, ''Apium petroselinum''; from Greek πετροσέλινον, rock celery; P. crispum, (curly) garden parsley | |||
petroselin. macedonic., petroselinum -i macedonicum = Macedonian parsley, ''Bubon macedonicum'' | |||
petum -i = the tobacco plant, see nicotiana, above; possibly an indigenous name via French or Portuguese | |||
peucedani, peucedanum -i = peucedanin, a "colourless crystalline compound... occur[ring] in the root of hog's fennel, ''Peucedanum officinale''" (''OED'') | |||
philonium -i persicum = a compound medicine including opium, saffron, white pepper, pearls, and amber; named after Philo of Tarsus, 1st c. BCE Greek physician; | |||
philonium -i romanum = a compound medicine containing white pepper, hyoscalmus, saffron, spike, pyrethrum, castor, etc. | |||
phlegma -atis vitrioli = very dilute aqueous solution of sulfuric acid | |||
phu (indecl.) = "any of several species of valerian having rhizomes used medicinally" (''OED''); possibilities include ''Valeriana officinalis'', ''V. dioscoridis'', ''V. phu''; mentioned by Pliny the Elder | |||
phyllit., phyllitis -is = hart's tongue fern, ''Scolopendrium vulgare'' | |||
pileum -i = felt cap | |||
pilosella -ae = genus of flowering plants, numerous species, especially ''P. officinarum'', mouse-ear hawkweed; same as auriculus muris | |||
pil., pill., pillul., pil[l]ula -ae = pill, modified with an adjective, or with the source in the genitive or ablative with "de," in the ablative | |||
pilulae agregativae = aggregative pills, so called because they aggregated many effects; ingredients included aloes, turbith, scammony, rhubarb, myrabalans, agaric, etc. | |||
pilulae aleophanginae = aromatic pills of Mesue; contain aloes, cinnamon, cardamom, nutmeg, mace, etc.; similar to if not identical to pilulae elephanginae, below | |||
pilulae aurae = "golden pills," so called from their color; contained aloes, scammony, roses, smallage seed, etc., but no gold (unless gilded) | |||
pilulae Barbaros(s)ae = an anti-syphilitic, containing mercury; apparently named after an Algerian king and not the Holy Roman Emperor | |||
pill., pilulae Catholicae = compounded of pilulae sine quibus (see below), aurea, cochia (see next entry), hellebore, colocynth, spirit of vitriol, etc.; a universal purge, probably the source of the name | |||
pilulae cochiae = cochiae pills; may be denoted "majores," the greater cochiae pill (hiera picra, alhandal troches, diagrydium, turpentine), or "minores," the lesser cochiae pill (aloes, scammony, colocynth, syrup of buckthorn, oil of cloves) | |||
pilulae de colocynthide Alexandri = aloe, euphorbium, colocynth, scammony, black hellebore, nitric salt of Alexander (Alexandros) of Tralles (potassium nitrate, KNO<sub>3</sub>); Alexandros was a Byzantine physician (c. 525 - c. 605) | |||
pill. elephang., pilulae elephanginae = an Arabic term; purging pills containing cinnamon, nutmeg, and other aromatics; also, according to JW (Va293, 71r), "of Diacrydium... a considerable quantitie" | |||
pilulae foetidae = "stinking pills;" containing asafoetida, galbanum, myrrh, confection of roses | |||
pilulae lucis majores = "pills of greater light;" roses, violets, wormwood, colocynth, turbith, cubebs, etc.; for poor vision (hence the name, presumably) | |||
pilulae Macri = Macer's (Aemilius Macer, 1st c. CE) pills, aloes, mastich, marjoram, salt of wormwood, etc.; the poem ''De viribus herbarum'' is probably a medieval invention attributed to him | |||
pillulae de nitro = see pilulae de colocynthidae, above | |||
pill. palmarii = Palmarius' pills, or pilulae Cretae Palmarii; aloes, gentian, amber, aristolochia, myrrh, etc.; named after Pierre le Paulmier or Palmier (1568-1610) | |||
pilulae Rudii = black hellebore, colocynth, aloes, scammony, oil of cloves, sulfate of potash | |||
pilulae Scribonii = Scribonius Largus's pills; sagapenum, myrrh, opium, cardamom, castoreum, etc.; good for fluxes, dysentery, hemoptysis, gonorrhea, consumption, and many more afflictions | |||
pilulae sine quibus (esse nolo) = "pills without which (I do not wish to be);" a purgative containing aloe, myrobolans, rhubarb, senna, agaric, etc. | |||
pilulae e tribus = "pills of three things;" RCP ''Dispensatory'' lists seven ingredients including mastich, aloes, agaric, hiera picra, rhubarb, cinnamon, and syrup of chicory | |||
pimpinella -ae = burnet saxifrage, ''Pimpinella saxifraga'', or great burnet, ''Sanguisorba officinalis'' | |||
pinear., pineus -a -um = of, from, or related to the pine; nuces pinearum, pine nuts | |||
pingued., pinguedin., pinguedo -inis = fat (noun); e.g. pinguedo vulpis, fox fat, pinguedo taxi, badger fat | |||
pingu., pinguis -is = fat (adjective); e.g. ''ficus pinguis'', a fat (ripe) fig | |||
piper -eris = pepper; various species of genus ''Piper'', e.g. ''Piper nigrum'', black pepper, ''P. longum'', long pepper, etc. | |||
pisto -are = pound, stamp, crush; pistentur, let them be pounded | |||
pic., pix picis = pitch; pix Burgundia, Burgundy pitch, from the Norway fir, ''Picea abies'' | |||
pixis -idis = a small box (originally boxwood) for carrying medicine; circumferendae in pixide, they (e.g., pills) should be carried around in a box | |||
plantag., plantago -inis = plantain; broad-leaved plantain, ''Plantago major''; JW mentions ''P. aquatica minor'', the lesser water-plantain; and ''P. aquatica stellata'', star-headed water-plantain | |||
pleres-archonticon = pulvis pleres-archonticon, called by Bates "The great Restorative Pouder;" containing cinnamon, cloves, galangal, nutmeg, ginger, red roses, Indian spikenard, etc.; also known as the Restorative of Nicholas | |||
plumbeus -a -um = made of or derived from lead | |||
plumbum -i = the element lead, Pb | |||
podagra -ae = gout, especially in the feet | |||
polii., polium -i = felty germander, ''Teucrium polium'' | |||
polyidae = see trochisci polyidae Andromachi, below | |||
polypod., polypodium -i = polypody, a genus of fern; e.g., polypody of the oak, ''Polypodium quercinum'' or ''P. vulgare'', or polypody of the wall, ''P. murinum'' | |||
polytrich., polytrichum -i = golden maidenhair, ''Polytrichum commune'' or ''Adiantum aureum'' | |||
polyurus -i = Christ's thorn or Jerusalem thorn, ''Paliurus spina-christi''; JW reports it as being in the Physic Garden | |||
pompholix, pompholyx -ygis = zinc oxide, same as tutia (tutty) | |||
pom., pomum -i = apple, many species of genus ''Malum'' | |||
pomat., pomatus -a -um = of, containing, or relating to apples; see unguentum pomatum, below | |||
pomeridiane = adv., in the afternoon; from postmeridianus -a -um | |||
= | pomum -i alterans = see syrupus de pomis alterans, below | ||
pomum -i granatum = pomegranate, fruit of ''Punica granatum'' | |||
pomum -i purgans = a "purging apple," intended to purge phlegm; an apple stuffed with polypodium and agaric wrapped in a crust and baked; also known as pomum laxativum purgans | |||
pontic., ponticum = Roman wormwood, ''Artemisia ponticum'' | |||
popul., populus -i = poplar tree | |||
populeon, populneum = see unguentum populeon, below | |||
porcin., porcinus -a -um = of or relating to a hog or pig | |||
porrum -i = the graden leek, ''Allium porrum'' | |||
portulaca -ae = garden purslane, ''Portulaca oleracea'' | |||
posset., possetum -i = posset, milk curdled with treacle, wind, or any acid substance; may also appear as liquor posseticus | |||
potio -onis = drink | |||
potus -us = drink | |||
potus -us ordinarius = the "usual drink;" receipts vary widely and appear to depend on the population consuming it | |||
praecipit., praecipitat., praecipitatum -i = precipitate; p. rubrum = red mercuric oxide (HgO); p. album = ammoniated mercury or mercuric amidochloride (HgH<sub>2</sub>ClN); p. opt., optimum, "the best;" unknown and possibly a description and not an ingredient per se | |||
prasius -i = prase, a green quartz | |||
prasium, prassium, -i = white horehound, ''Marubium vulgare'' or ''M. album''; a syrup called syrupus de prassio is a pectoral (for chest ailments or as an expectorant) and vulnerary (for wound healing) | |||
ꝑ<sup>re</sup>ꝑ. or p<sup>re</sup>ꝑ.= prepared; from preparatus -a -um (conjectured); e.g., corallium p<sup>re</sup>ꝑ., corallium preparatum, prepared coral | |||
priapus, pryapus -i cervi = a stag's penis | |||
primula -ae veris = cowslip (common cowslip, cowslip primrose) | |||
prunell., prunella -ae = self-heal or bugle, ''Prunella vulgaris'' | |||
prunum -i = plum; prunum coctum, cooked plum, possibly used as a sweetener; prunun -i damascenum, damson | |||
prunus -i = genus of trees and shrubs, including plum, cherry, peach, nectarine, apricot, and almond | |||
prunus -i silvestris = blackthorn (Pliny the Elder) | |||
psyllium -i = common name for several members of the genus Plantago (plantain) used to produce mucilage, as a source of dietary fiber, and as a food thickener; used to treat mild constipation or diarrhea; psyllium seed husks are used in the manufacture of the trademarked laxative Metamucil | |||
ptarmaca, ptarmica = leaves (folia) of sneezewort, ''Achillea ptarmaca'' | |||
ptisan., ptisana -ae = decoction of vegetable matters, e.g., barley, licorice, or raisins; a tisane | |||
puleg., pulegium -i = pennyroyal, also fleabane or fleawort, ''Mentha pulegium''; or wild thyme, ''Thymus serpyllum''; also known as puliol | |||
pulicaria -ae = fleabane, ''Pulicaria dysenterica'' | |||
pulm., pulmon. vulp., pulmones vulpis = fox lungs | |||
pulmonaria -ae = lungwort, ''Pulmonaria officinalis''; distinguish from tree lungwort, ''Sticta pulmonaria'' | |||
pulpa -ae = pulp (of anything) | |||
puls -tis = porridge or mush; used in sacrifice and given as food to the sacred chickens | |||
pulv., pulvis -eris = powder | |||
pulverizatus -a -um = powdered, pulverized | |||
= | pulvis -eris ad casum = a powder against inward bruises by falls (Bate); contained terra sigillata, sanguis draconis, mummy, spermaceti, rhubarb; casum from casus -us, a fall, falling down, accident | ||
pulvis -eris antibyssus = a powder against rabies, also known as Paulmier's powder; contained 12 plants including rue, vervain, sage, plantain, oakfern, etc., and was taken mixed with wine three hours before meals; but if the patient had already developed symptoms, it was then applied externally as a plaster | |||
pulvis -eris comitis = pulvis comitis Warvicensis, the Earl of Warwick's powder; scammony, diaphoretic antimony (also known as tartar emetic), tartarate crystals (potassium bitartarate, KC<sub>4</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O<sub>6</sub>, the crystals sometimes found in wine); used as a purge for watery humors, also for rheumatism, dropsy, and pox | |||
pulvis -eris digestivus = a digestive powder of variable compsition | |||
pulvis -eris Haly = Haly's powder, named after 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi, or al-Masoudi (930 - 994), Latinized as Haly Abbas; white poppy seeds, gum arabic, starch, tragacanth, etc. | |||
pulvis -eris hollandicus = a powder invented by a Dr. Holland, identified in ''A Compleat English Dispensatory'' (1719) as another name for pulvis senae compositus maior (senna, anise, caraway, fennel, cumin, spikenard, cinnamon, galangal, licorice and gromwell) and described therein as "an indifferent cathartick, and too much loaded with insignificant Ingredients, therefore little now in use" | |||
= | pulvis -eris Iesuiticus = Jesuit's powder, powdered bark of ''Cinchona officinalis'' and a souce of quinine; see also cortex peruvianus, above | ||
pulvis -eris Iohannis de Vigo = Vigo's powder, mercuric oxide, HgO | |||
pulvis -eris laetificans Galeni = Galen's gladdening powder, apparently actually invented by Niccolò da Reggio (1280 - ?), a translator of Galen; multiple ingredients, including basil, cloves, saffron, zedoary, nutmeg, styrax, ivory shavings, etc. | |||
pulvis -eris odoratus = sweet, perfumed, or fragrant powder; iris root, rosewood, cloves, lemon peels, etc. (Bate); used as a moth deterrent | |||
pulvis -eris pleres-arc(h)onticon = "the great restorative powder" (Bate); numerous ingredients including cinnamon, cloves, xyloaloes, galangal, nutmeg, ginger, and many others | |||
pulv. sanct., pulvis -eris sanctus = holy powder; recipes vary but usually include senna and cream of tartar, with cloves, cinnamon, ginger, etc. | |||
pulvis -eris saxonicus = the Saxon powder, from its use as an antidote by Christian I, Elector of Saxony (1560 - 1591); angelica, swallow-wort, valerian, polipodium of the oak, marsh-mallow, etc., all steeped in vinegar, dried, and pulverized | |||
purgans -antis or purgatus -a -um = purging, laxative; e.g., glycirriza purgata, purging licorice | |||
purg., purgatio -onis = a purge or laxative | |||
purpureus -a -um = purple | |||
putrilago -inis = putrid or rotten material | |||
pyra = probably pear, various trees of genus ''Pyrus''; CL pirum -i, pl. pira | |||
pyrethr., pyrethrum -i (salivaris) = root of pellitory (of Spain), also known as Spanish chamomile, ''Anacyclus pyrethrum''; or possibly masterwort, ''Peucedanum ostriuthum'', or sneezewort, ''Achillea ptarmica'' | |||
pyrola -ae = round-leaved wintergreen, ''Pyrola rotundifolia'' | |||
===Q=== | |||
q. s., quantum satis or quantum sufficit = a sufficient quantity; q. s. ad = a sufficient amount for... | |||
q. s. m. f. = quantum satis misce face, take a sufficient quantity of the last ingredient or ingredients named, mix, (and) make X; or misceantur fiat, let the ingredients be mixed and let X be made | |||
-que = and; Senatus Populusque Romanus, the Senate and People of Rome | |||
quercin., quercinus -a -um = made/ derived from oak; e.g., folia quercina, oak leaves; viscus quercini = mistletoe; uvae quercinae, aggregation of galls on oak roots or at the junction of the roots and trunk produced by the oak gall wasp ''Cynips quercus radicis'' | |||
quercitanus -i = not an ingredient but a person's name; after the French physician Joseph du Chesne (c. 1544 - 1609), Latinized as Quercitanus; e.g., pilulae de sagapeno Quercitani, du Chesne's sagapenum pills | |||
quercus -us = oak, oak tree, various species of genus ''Quercus'', including ''Q. suber'', the cork oak | |||
= | quinquefolium -i = (creeping) cinquefoil, ''Potentilla reptans''; tormentil (''P. erecta'') is a relative | ||
===R=== | |||
rad., radic., radix -icis = root of any plant with the name of the plant in the genitive; e.g., radix sarsaparillae | |||
rad. 5 aperient., radices quinque aperienti = the five "opening roots:" celery (''Apium graveolens''), fennel (''Foeniculum officinale''), parsley (''Petroselinum sativum''), butcher's broom (''Ruscus aculeatus'') and asparagus (''Asparagus officinalis''); see also syrupus de quinque radicibus, below | |||
rament., ramenta -orum = scrapings, shavings, chips (pl. of ramentum -i) | |||
ran., rana -ae = frog; ranarum, of frogs, e.g., sperma ranarum, frog spawn; see also emplastrum e ranis Vigonis, above | |||
ranunculus -i = a genus of about 1700-1800 species including the buttercup or crowfoot; JW mentions ''Ranunculus acris'', the common buttercup; ''R. arvorum'', corn-buttercup or fallow-field crowfoot, same as ''R. arvensis'' or ''R.sylvestris''; ''R. dulcis'', sweet crowfoot; amd the "bulbous," ''R. bulbosus'', the bulbous crowfoot or St. Anthony's turnip | |||
rap., rapum -i = turnip or rape, ''Brassica rapa''; plural genitive raporum, of turnips, e.g. raporum n<sup>o</sup> 4, four (of) turnips | |||
raphan., raphanus -i = radish, ''Raphanus sativus''; also appears as raphamis | |||
ras., rasur., rasus -a -um or rasuratus -a -um = scraped or scrapings of; often found with licorice (glychyrriza or liquiritia), but also of other hard substances, e.g., ivory, hartshorn, boar's tooth, and even human skull (cran., cranium -i humani) | |||
rasp., raspatus -a -um = rasped, essentially the same as above | |||
recent., recens -entis = recent, fresh; e.g., lactis recentis, of fresh milk; cf. ueter., veterus -a -um | |||
redig., redige, redigo -ere = reduce (into); e.g., redig. in cataplasma, reduce into a poultice | |||
regimen -inis = a regimen or course of treatment; specified with various degrees of detail, e.g. "f. pill. no. iii deglutiantur cum regimine. edat absynthium pane et butyro," make three pills [and] let them be swallowed with a course of treatment. Let [the patient] eat absinth with bread and butter." V.a.292, f. 45r | |||
reginae coloniens = electuarium reginae coloniens; saxifrage, gromwell, licorice juice, caraway, anise, etc., with sugar and dissolved in white wine; for the stone and wind colic; the name refers to a Queen of Colen, the supposed consort of one of the three kings in attendance at the Nativity and whose relics are said to be in Cologne (Colen) Cathedral | |||
regulus -i = literally, a petty king or chieftain, or the bright star in the constellation Leo; in alchemy, the metallic component refined from an ore; in metallurgy, refers to the "regulus of antimony," the partially purified metallic form of the element | |||
requies -etis Nicholai = a strong sedative of uncertain composition, "Nicholas's relief;" mentioned by Burton in ''The Anatomy of Melancholy'' | |||
resin., resina -ae = resin (from any plant) | |||
rhab., rhabarbarum -i = rhubarb, ''Rheum rhabarbarum'' | |||
rhamnus -i catharticus = buckthorn, ''Rhamnus cathartica'', also known as ''Spina cervina''; a purgative but quite toxic | |||
rhaphon., rhapontic., rhaponticum -i = rhapontic rhubarb root, ''Rheum rhaponticum'' | |||
rhei., rheo, rheum -i = rhubarb, ''Rheum rhabarbarum'' | |||
rhead., rhoed., rhoead., rheados., rhoeas -adis = ''Papaver rhoeas'', red corn or wild poppy; see tinctura rubra, below | |||
rhodia, rhodium -i = either rhodium wood (rhodium lignum), from rootstock of bindweed species ''Convolvulus floridus'' and ''C. scoparius''; or oil of rhodium, made by distilling it; NB not the metal, which was discovered in 1803 | |||
rob (indeclinable?) = syrup made by the concentration of fruit juice, usually by boiling and often with the addition of sugar, used for medicinal purposes, in later use chiefly as an antiscorbutic; in early use also describing a decoction of sweet wine; said (in ''OED'') to be a borrowing from Latin but not yet definitely identified | |||
roborandus -a -um = strengthening, reinforcing (from roboro -are) | |||
robur -oris = an oak tree, specifically the common or pedunculate oak ''Quercus robur''; or its dense heartwood | |||
roch alum = see alumen, above | |||
rorismar., rorismarinus -i = rosemary, ''Rorismarinus officinalis''; also rosmarinus | |||
ros., rosa -ae = rose, various species of genus ''Rosa'' | |||
rosae -arum veterae = old roses, as in old roses, cons. ros. veter. | |||
ros. sol., rosa solis = rose of the sun, not a flower; altered from Latin ''ros solis'', dew of the sun, a cordial originally made from the juice of the sundew plant (genus ''Drosera''), later from spiced and flavored spirits; receipt in V.a.21, p. 183 (not JW) | |||
rosac., rosaceus -a -um = made of or from roses; oleum rosaceum, rose oil | |||
rosata -ae novella = an electuary of roses, containing rose leaves, sugar, licorice, cinnamon, cloves, ginger, honey, etc. | |||
rosatus -a -um = treated with oil of roses; e.g., aloe rosata, mel rosatum | |||
rosmarin., rosmarinus -i = rosemary, ''Rosmarinus officinalis'' | |||
rotula -ae = from its shape resembling the patella; a flat, round tablet or lozenge; same as trochiscus | |||
rubellum = vinum rubellum, reddish wine; "vomiting claret" (''New London Dispensatory''), an emetic; contained antimony in powder, cloves, claret wine | |||
ruber -bra -brum = red | |||
rubus -i = genus of flowering plants in the rose family, with more than 1.350 species; see following two entries | |||
rubus -i idaeus = red raspberry | |||
rubus -i = genus of flowering plants in the rose family, with more than 1,350 species; see following two entries | |||
rubus -i idaeus = red raspberry | |||
= | rubus -i viticosus = sarsaparilla (q.v.) | ||
rumex -icis = dock, various species of genus ''Rumex''; see folia acetosae, above | |||
ruta -ae = rue, ''Ruta graveolens'' and other species; see also vepris, below; wall-rue, ''Adiantum album'', white maiden-hair | |||
= | rutaceus -a -um = from or relating to rue | ||
rutaceum = acetum rutaceum, vinegar of rue | |||
===S=== | |||
s. a., secundem artem = according to art/practice, in the usual way; connotation is that the method requires particular skill and/or experience | |||
sabin., sabina -ae = savin or savin juniper, ''Juniperus sabina'' (a juniper species); an abortifacient | |||
sacchar., saccharum -i = sugar, any type, especially cane sugar; also sacchar. cand., saccharum candidum, sugar candy; can be flavored, e.g., saccharum rosatum, sugar of roses made by melting sugar in rose water and adding juice of roses | |||
saccharum -i saturni = "sugar of lead," lead (II) acetate, Pb(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>2</sub>; prescribed as an astringent or anti-diaphoretic; also used as a sugar substitute; responsible for the death of Pope Clement II (1047) and possibly also of Beethoven | |||
saccharum -i tabellatum = lozenges of sugar, with rhubarb, hartshorn, dittany of Crete, etc., etc.; Culpeper says, "for my part I think in penning of it, they made a long Harvest of a little Corn" | |||
saccharum -i Thomae = brown sugar candy, the candy obtained at the first crystallization; also known as saccharum Canariae since it came from the island of St. Thomas in the Canaries | |||
saepe, sepe = often, frequently; saepius (comparative), rather often, more often | |||
sagapenum -i, sagapenon -eni = gum resin from ''Ferula persica''; antispasmodic & emmenogogue | |||
sagittaria -ae = a genus of aquatic plants with about 30 species, common names include arrowhead and swamp potato; JW mentions ''S. major'' and ''S. minor''; antiscorbutic and diuretic | |||
sal X = salt (of) X, with X in the genitive; numerous examples, including table salt and other acid and alkali salts; may be prepared from various plants by boiling, straining, concentration, and crystallization, otherwise by calcination of the material, dissolving it in liquid, filtration, and coagulation | |||
sal absynthii = see under "absynthium," above | |||
sal -is chalybeatus = salt of steel, usually iron chloride, FeCl<sub>2</sub>, but also other salts of iron | |||
sal -s cochleariae = salt of scurvy-grass | |||
sal -is marini = sea salt | |||
sal. prunell., sal -is prunella = fused potassium nitrate (saltpeter) in balls, cakes, or sticks | |||
salix -icis = the genus of the willow, including various trees and shrubs, e.g., ''Salix alba'', the white willow; the source of salicylic acid, a starting material for aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) | |||
salv., salvia -ae = common sage, ''Salvia officinalis''; ''S. pumila'', another name for ''S. aegyptiaca'', Egyptian sage | |||
sambuc., sambucus -i = elder tree, ''Sambucus nigra'' | |||
sanal = a salve containing litharge of silver, red bole, balsam of Peru, etc.; but may be a misspelling for "santal," q.v. | |||
= | sandarach., sandaraca -ae = gum sandarac, from ''Iuniperus communis''; may also refer to arsenic sulfide or realgar (red arsenic, red orpiment) | ||
sangu. dracon., sanguis -is draconis = dragon's blood, a red resin made from various trees | |||
sanic., sanicula -ae = wood sanicle, ''Sanicula europae''a; can be a synonym for saxifraga (q. v.) | |||
santal., santalum -i = sandalwood, saunders, various species of genus ''Santalum''; red, white, and yellow varieties; may appear as lignum santalum; yellow saunders, ''Santalum citrinum''; white saunders, ''S. pallidum''; red saunders, ''Pterocarpus santalinus'', also known as red sandalwood | |||
santon., santonic., sem. santonic., semina santonica/santonici santonica = common name for ''Artemisia cina'', Levant wormseed; a vermifugic drug was extracted from its dried flowerheads | |||
sanum = see lohoch sanum, above | |||
saphirus -i = sapphire; CL sapphirus -i | |||
sap., sapo -onis = soap; black soap, ''sapo niger'', appears in some receipts | |||
sarcocolla -ae = gum resin or balsam from shrub ''Astragalus sarcocolla'' | |||
sars., sarsaparilla -ae = root of ''Smilax sarsaparilla'', ''S. aspera'', or ''Rubus viticosus'' | |||
sassaf., sassaphr., sassafras = bark of the sassafras tree, ''Sassafras officinal''e or ''Laurus sassafras'' | |||
sativus -a -um = to describe a plant that is cultivated, sown, or planted, as opposed to wild; e.g., ''Allium sativum'', garlic, ''Oryza sativ''a, rice | |||
satureia (satureja) -ae = genus of aromatic plants including ''Satureja hortensis'', summer savory, and ''S. montana'', winter or mountain savory; related to thyme and rosemary | |||
satyrion satyrii maris = tuber or rhizome of the early purple orchid, ''Orchis mascula''; may also refer to other orchids, the cuckoo-pint, ''Arum maculatum'', or dragon arum, ''Dracunculus vulgaris'' | |||
saxifrag., saxifraga -ae = saxifrage, breakstone, ''Saxifraga'' species, especially ''S. granulata''; for treatment of urinary stones and as an antiseptic; related plants may be termed golden, burnet (rough), great, or meadow saxifrage; ''S. anglica'', pepper saxifrage | |||
scabios., scabiosa -ae = common scabious, ''Scabiosa arvensis'' | |||
scariola -ae, seriola -ae = defined by JW as endive, but actually a genus of Asian plants in the daisy family | |||
scarlatus -a -um = scarlet; cum scarlato panno, with a scarlet cloth | |||
schoenanthus -i = camel-, fever-, or West Indian lemongrass, ''Cymbopogon schoenanthus'' | |||
scill., scilla -ae = see squill, below | scill., scilla -ae = see squill, below | ||
scob., scobis -is = powder or dust produced by sawing, rasping, filing, etc.; e.g. scob. dent. apri, scobis dentis apri, powdered wild boar's tooth | scilliticus -a -um = derived from or containing squill, e.g., vinum scilliticum, wine infused with squill | ||
scob., scobis -is = powder or dust produced by sawing, rasping, filing, etc.; e.g. scob. dent. apri, scobis dentis apri, powdered wild boar's tooth | |||
scolopend., scolopendria -ae = spleenwort, ''Asplenium ceterach'' | |||
scolopend., scolopendr., scolopendrium -i = hart's tongue fern, ''Scolopendrium vulgare''; phyllitis | |||
scord., scordium -i = water germander, ''Teucrium scordium'' | |||
scoria -ae ferri = iron dross, impurities which float on the surface of or are dispersed in the molten iron; also found in other low-melting-point metals, e.g., tin (stanni), lead (plumbi), zinc (zinci) | |||
scorpion., scorpio -onis = the stinging arachnid, order ''Scorpiones''; ol. scorpion., oleum scorpionum, oil of scorpions, appears to have been made by steeping scorpions in olive or other oil | |||
scorzon., scorzoner., scorzonera -ae = viper's grass, ''Scorzonera humilis'', for treatment of any venomous bite | |||
scrophularia -ae = genus of herbaceous flowering plants, the figworts; named for their purported usefulness in scrofula (King's Evil, tuberculous cervical adenitis) | |||
seb., sebum -i = tallow, suet, grease; cf. adeps, above | |||
sebest., sebesten = sebesten (or Assyrian) plum, from the tree ''Cordia myxa''; used in a purging electuary and for "ruggedness of the throat" (Gerard) | |||
secalini., secale -is = a genus of grasses; including cultivated rye, ''Secale cereale'', and several other wild species | |||
sed., sedum -i = wall-pepper, stone-crop; ''Sedum majus'' = sempervivum, see below; ''S. arborescens'' (also known as ''S. oxypetalum'') dwarf tree stonecrop | |||
seif = see sief, below | |||
selinum -i = selinum, a genus of plants in the parsley family ''Apiaceae''; see petroselinum, above | |||
sem., semen -inis, (plural) semina = seed(s) of any plant | |||
sem. frigid. maj., semina frigida majora = the four greater cold seeds: cucumber, melon, watermelon, and gourd or pumpkin | |||
sem. frigid. min., semina frigida minora = the four lesser cold seeds: endive, lettuce, purslane, and succory | |||
semperviv., sempervivum -i = houseleek, ''S. tectorum'' ("live forever," because it is always green) | |||
sen., sena, senna -ae = ''Senna'', a genus of flowering plants in the legume family; leaves from ''S. alexandrina'' have been used as a laxative throughout history, either as senna pods or as an herbal tea | |||
senecion., senecio -onis = groundsel, ''Senecio vulgaris'', or ''S. iacobaea'', Jacobaea (St. James' wort) or ragwort | |||
senella -ae = same as spina alba, see below; may refer to the haw, fruit of the common hawthorn | |||
sensim = adv., slowly, gradually, little by little | |||
sericeus - a -um = made of silk | |||
sericum -i crudum = raw silk in the form of cocoons or silk fabric; sericum nigrum, black silk | |||
sero = ablative of serus -a -um, late; e.g., mane et sero, in the morning and at a late hour | |||
serpentar., serpentaria -ae = snake-root; includes ''Aristolochia serpentaria'' and ''Serpentaria virginiana''; rad. serpentar. = radix serpentariae | |||
serpillum, serpyllum -i = wild thyme, ''Thymus serpillum'' | |||
ser., serum -i lactis = milk whey | |||
seselios, seseli -is = various umbelliferous plants of several genera including ''Tordylium'', ''Laserpitum'', ''Seseli'', and ''Levisticum'' among others, over 100 species; collectively called hartwort | |||
setaceum -i = a long strip of linen or cotton drawn through a fold of skin, used to promote drainage from a wound, also called a seton; from seta -ae, a bristle; JW mentions (V.a.292, 56r) epilepsy cured by means of a setaceum (epilepsia setaceo curata) | |||
siccus -a -um = dry, dried | |||
sief (indecl.) = a medication for disorders of the eye; may be described with an adjective, e.g. sief album, or with an indication of an ingredient, e.g., sief de plumbo | |||
sigill. Solom., sigillum -i Solomonis = Solomon's seal, ''Polygonatum multiflorum'' | |||
siler -i montanum = ''Laserpitium siler'', an umbelliferous plant of the genus Seseli (''OED''); JW refers to it as bastard lovage; Gerard refers to it as common lovage, Parkinson as Libisticke or Sermountaine of Liguria, and Bate as hartwort | |||
silic., silicea -ae = shell or carapace of sea animals, e.g., bivalves and crustaceans | |||
silicum = of flint (silex -icis); see also cremor silicum, above | |||
simpl., simplex -icis = a simple; a preparation with a single active ingredient, unblended, same as species | |||
sinap., sinapis -is = mustard; sem. sinap., semina sinapis, mustard seeds | |||
sinapismus -i = a mustard plaster or poultice | |||
sine quibus = see pilulae sine quibus, above | |||
singulus -a -um = one at a time, individually, singly | |||
sisarum -i = skirret, ''Sium sisarum''; a perennial umbelliferous plant, a species of water parsnip | |||
sisymbr., sisymbrium -i = watercress, ''Sisymbrium nasturtium'' | |||
smaragdus -i = emerald; can also refer to beryl or jasper | |||
smilax -acis = common smilax, rough bindweed, sarsaparilla; ''Smilax aspera'' | |||
smyrnium -i = species of flowering plants, family ''Apiaceae'' (carrots, anise, fennel, and many others); ''S. olusatrum'', alexanders | |||
solea -ae = sole of a shoe, a sandal, or possibly the violet (the flowering plant); appears as "soleae veterementeriae ustae" in V.a.286, 58v | |||
solan., solanum -i = nightshade, ''Solanum nigru''m; several other species, e.g., bitter-sweet, ''S. dulcamara'', and the common tomato, ''S. lycopersicum'' | |||
soldanella -ae = species of bindweed, ''Convolvulus soldanella'', or a primulaceous (from the ''Primulaceae'', primrose family) plant of genus ''Soldanella'' | |||
solidago -inis saracenica = goldenrod, same as ''Virga aurea'' or ''Solidago virga-aurea'', as in consolida saracenica, above; a vulnerary | |||
sonchus -i = genus of flowering plants, including the common sowthistle, ''Sonchus oleraceus''; JW mentions levis (''S. levis'', broad-leaved sowthistle) and asper (''S. asper'', spiny or prickly sowthistle) | |||
sophia -ae chirurgorum = "the wisdom of the surgeons," ''Descurainia sophia''; also known as flixweed, herb-sophia, and tansy mustard; used for treatment of dysentery | |||
sorbilis -e = a medicine that can be sucked up | |||
spatha -ae, spatula -ae = a flat piece of wood, a stirrer; NB distinguish from following entry | |||
spatula -ae foetida = stinking iris, ''Iris foetidissima''; also known as Gladwin iris or gladdon | |||
sp., spec., species = a simple, or single ingredient or element; i.e., uncompounded or unmixed | |||
species laetificans = see pulvis laetificans, above | |||
sp. ceti., spermaceti = from sperma + ceti (genitive of cetus -i); a fatty substance found in the head of the sperm whale, ''Physteter macrocephalus'' and used in various preparations | |||
spic., spica -ae = a spike or common stalk bearing numerous flowers; ''Spica foemina'' = lavender | |||
spica -ae nardi = spikenard; aromatic substance from ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' (India), or the plant itself; or sometimes lavender | |||
spin. alb., spina -ae alba = "white thorn;" precise identification uncertain, with several possibilities, incl. common hawthorn, ''Crategeus monogyna'' or ''C. oxyacantha'', Our Lady's thistle, ''Carduus lacteus'' or ''C. mariae'', various species of acacia, etc. | |||
spina -ae cervina = see rhamnus catharticus, above | |||
spiritus -us microcosmi = the vital spirit, or spirit of blood, a volatile liquid prepared by the destructive distillation of blood (Boyle); there is also a preparation called spiritus vini microcosmi, the microcosmical spirit of wine, made by mixing rectified spirit of wine with pure salt of urine, set aside for a while in a cold place, then "digest[ed] in Balneo Vaporis [steam bath] in a Bolthead hermetically sealed for forty days, then in B. M. [water bath] rectify it twice" (''New London Dispensatory'') | |||
sp. sal., spiritus -us salis = spirit of salt, muriatic (hydrochloric) acid, HCl | |||
sp. sulph., spiritus -us sulphuris = sulfurous acid, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub> | |||
sp. vin., sp. vini, spiritus -us vini = alcohol, rectified spirit; used as solvent for tinctures, &c. | |||
spiritus -us vini microcosmi = see spiritus microcosmi, above | |||
spod., spodium -i = a fine powder obtained from various substances by calcination (''OED'') | |||
spong., spongia, spongiis = with a sponge or sponges; from spongia -ae, sponge | |||
spuma -ae maris = literally, sea-foam; likely powdered pumice, or the mineral sepiolite | |||
(meerschaum), a complex magnesium silicate present in fibrous, particulate, and solid forms | |||
squill., squilla -ae = squill; the bulb or root of the sea-onion, ''Scilla'' (or ''Drima'') ''maritima'', used as diuretic and expectorant | |||
squillitic., squilliticus -a -um = of, treated with or derived from squill; e.g., acetum squilliticum | |||
staphid. agr., staphis -idis agria, staphisagria -ae = stavesacre, ''Delphinium staphisagria'' | |||
stillatim = adv., drop by drop; from stillo -are, drip or fall in drops | |||
stoechad., stoechas -adis = French lavender, ''Lavandula stoechas'' | |||
stercor., stercus -oris = dung, excrement, feces, with the animal of origin in the genitive; e.g., of dog, canis; horse, equi; peacock, pavonis; also others | |||
sticticum -i paracelsi = Paracelsus' emplastrum sticticum; olive oil, yellow wax, lytharge, frankincense, mastic, myrrh, etc; for dispersing diseased or necrotic tissue | |||
stipul., stipula -ae = stalk, stem | |||
stomachicum magistrale = see emplastrum stomachicum magistrale, above | |||
stramen -inis = straw; e.g., stramen fabarum, bean straw | |||
strobylorum, gen. pl. = from strobilus -i, pine nut; see also nucleus pinei, above | |||
sturionis, sturio -onis = European sea sturgeon, ''Acipenser sturio''; ova sturionis, caviar | |||
styrac. calamit., styrax -acis calamita = storax, gum-resin from ''Styrax officinalis'' | |||
suber -is = the cork oak, ''Quercus suberis'' | |||
substituo -ere = substitute; X substituatur, X should/ought/may be substituted; e.g., for a missing ingredient: in defectu vini graeci aliud vinum potens album substituatur, in the absence of Greek wine another strong white wine may be substituted | |||
subtilissime, subtilissimus -a -um = very fine(ly), minutely; e.g., face pulverem subtilissimam, make a very fine powder; contunde in mortario subtilissime, crush very finely in a mortar | |||
succedaneus -a -um = to describe something used as a substitute; e.g., V.a.291, f. 24v: "succus Citri is not to be had the succedaneum is succus limonum for the jaundice" | |||
suc[c]in., suc[c]inum -i = amber | |||
succisa -ae = a genus of flowering plants, family ''Caprifoliaceae'', including devil's bit scabious, ''Succisa pratensis'' | |||
succ., succus -i = juice of anything | |||
suillus -a -um = of, from, or related to pigs; adipes suillus, pig fat or lard | |||
sumat = it should be/let it be taken; 3rd person singular present active subjunctive of sumo -ere | |||
sumend., sumendus -a -um = will be or should be taken; e.g., mane et sero sumendum, to be taken early and late; with form of esse, indicates a requirement: sumendus est, it must be taken | |||
summit., summitat., summitas -tatis = top or tops, with the name of the plant in the genitive; e.g., summitates absynthii, absinthe tops; summitates hyssopi, hyssop tops | |||
summo mane = very early in the morning | |||
superbib., superbibo -ere = drink after or upon another substance; superbibendus -a -um, it should be drunk after something else; with form of esse, indicates a requirement: superbibendus est, it must be drunk after something else | |||
symphit., symphyt., symphitum -i = comfrey; ''Symphytum maius'', greater comfrey | |||
synochus -us, also synocha -ae = a persistent or continuous fever; e.g., synochus putrida, a fever resulting from "putrefied humors;" synochus hectica, a spiking fever, which may be associated with tuberculosis | |||
syr., syrup., syrrup., sirup., sirupus, syrrupus -i = syrup of any kind | |||
sirrupus -i Augustanus = Culpeper defines it as the Syrup of the Augustan Physicians; rhubarb, senna, violet flowers, cinnamon, and ginger, mixed and infused in betony, succory, and bugloss waters; with sugar added, boiled into a syrup, adding syrup of roses at the end; it "clenseth Choller and Melancholly very gently" | |||
sirrupus -i bizantinus, byzantinus = juices of endive, smallage, hops, and bugloss, with sugar, boiled to a syrup (Mesue); aniseed, roses, licorice, and other ingredients may be added | |||
syrrupus -i cardiacus = a cordial syrup; receipt in ''Pharmacopoiea Londinensis'' includes Rhenish wine, rose water, cloves, cinnamon, ginger, and sugar boiled together, with the addition of ambergris and musk | |||
syrupus -i de pomis alterans = apple juice and bugloss juice, violet leaves, rose water and sugar, boiled to a syrup | |||
syrupus de quinque radicibus = syrup of the five roots; celery (''Apium graveolens''), fennel (''Foeniculum officinale''), parsley (''Petroselinum sativum''), butcher's broom (''Ruscus aculeatus'') and asparagus (''Asparagus officinalis'') with sugar and water; a cholagogue and diuretic | |||
syrupus -i exhilarans = gladdening syrup, made of bugloss, lemon balm, and borage juice, alchermes, saffron, compound powder of pearls, and sugar; supposed to have the power of gladdening the vital spirits and banishing melancholy | |||
===T=== | |||
tachamah., tacamahaca -ae = aromatic resin from ''Bursera'' (or ''Elaphrium'') ''tomentosa'' | |||
taleola -ae = a little strip or block (diminutive of talea -ae, block or bar); dissect. in taleolas, divided into small strips or blocks (disseco -ere, divide) | |||
tamarind., tamarindus -i = tamarind tree, ''Tamarindus indica''; source of tamarind fruit, a purgative | |||
tamarisc., tamarix -icis or tamariscus -i = tamarisk tree, various species of genus ''Tamarix''; cort., cortex tamarisci, tamarisk bark; uses include as a carminative, anthelminthic, and diuretic | |||
tanacetum -i = genus of flowering plants in the aster family; about 160 species, including ''Tanacetum vulgare'' (common tansy), ''T. balsamita'' (costmary), and ''T. parthenium'' (feverfew) | |||
tapsus -i barbatus = black mullein, ''Verbascum nigrum'' | |||
taraxicum -i = ''Taraxicum officinalis'', dandelion; also as "herba taraxici" or "dens leonis," q.v. | |||
tartar., tartarus -i = tartar, potassium bitartrate, KC<sub>4</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O<sub>6</sub>; when purified forms white crytals and is referred to as cream of tartar; see cremor tartaris, above | |||
tartareae quercitani = should be tartari quercitani, Quercitanus' (DuChesne's) tartar; precise formulation unknown | |||
tax., taxus -i = yew tree (''Taxus baccata''); or badger, ''Taxidea taxus''; pinguedo taxi, badger fat | |||
tegula -ae hybernica = see lapis hibernica, above; properly in the plural (tegulae -arum), meaning roof-tiles | |||
terebinth., terebinthina -ae = turpentine; terebinth. uenet. (Veneta), Venice turpentine; many others including terebinthina communis, Cypria, vulgaris; for Chio terebinth., see Chio, above | |||
terebinthina -ae Veneta = Venice turpentine, an oleoresin derived from the European larch tree, ''L. decidua''; it can still be purchased as a hoof dressing for horses or a hardening resin for varnishes | |||
terr., terra -ae = earth | |||
tenuioris -e = thinner, finer, more delicate; comparative of tenuis -e | |||
terr. Lemni., terra -ae Lemnia = Lemnian earth or clay, a medicinal clay originally obtained from the island of Lemnos | |||
terr. sigillat., terra sigillata = "sealed earth;" Lemnian clay shaped into tablets or cakes into which decorative seals were pressed; same as terra Lemnia | |||
test., testa -ae = shell of a molllusc, or the skin or coating of a seed | |||
testu -i, testum -i = a vessel or lid placed over food to be cooked, and covered with hot coals; may describe a mollusc shell; cf. previous entry | |||
testud., testudo -inis = tortoise, various species of genus ''Testudo'' | |||
thapsia -ae = genus of umbilliferous perennials; ''Thapsia garganica'' or ''T. villosa'', deadly carrot; the latter used traditionally as a purgative and emetic despite its highly poisonous qualities | |||
thebaic., thebaica -ae = opium; thebaic tincture or extract = laudanum | |||
theriac., theriaca -ae = antidote; treacle; genitive theriacalis, as in aqua theriacalis, treacle water; designations include ''Theriaca andromachi'' or ''T. veneta'' (of Venice), mithridatium (q.v.), ''T. coelestis'', laudanum; ''T. hysterica'', a formulation of uncertain composition described as "castoreum artefactum," invented by one Paolo Boccone (1633 - 1704), Italian botanist; a receipt for theriaca appears in the Leechbook of Bald, a 10th c. collection of medical remedies | |||
thur., thus thuris = frankincense or olibanum, aromatic resin from trees of genus ''Boswellia'', especially ''B. sacra'' | |||
thym., thymi, thymum -i = thyme, various species of genus ''Thymus'', especially ''T. vulgaris'' | |||
thymelaea = sparrow-wort, a genus of about 30 species of evergreen shrubs and herbs | |||
til., tilia -ae = lime-tree, linden, ''Tilia europaea''; ''T. alba'', white lime-tree | |||
tinct., tinctura -ae = a solution of anything in spirit of wine; very many types | |||
tinct. rub., tinctura -ae rubra = tincture of red corn poppy (''Papaver rhoeas''), similar to laudanum | |||
tinctura -ae thebiaca = laudanum, tincture of opium | |||
tinctura -ae sacra = vinum aloes, q.v. | |||
tithymalus -i = any of a number of plants of genus ''Euphorbia'', see above | |||
tormentill. tormentilla -ae = upright septfoil, tormentil; ''Tormentilla'' (or ''Potentilla'') ''erecta'' | |||
tormina -ae, tormin -inis = colic, gripes | |||
torrefact., torrefactus -a -um = dried of moisture by heat, scorched, roasted, toasted | |||
tostus -a -um = roasted, parched; past participle of torreo -ere, parch, roast, bake | |||
tragacanth., dragacanth., tragacanthum -i = gum tragacanth (q.v.) derived from shrubs of genus ''Astragalus'' or from trees of genus ''Sterculia'' | |||
tragea -ae = a powder of various kinds, with the name appended of the organ or affliction it is supposed to address; e.g., tragea anthelmintica (worms), t. asthmatica, t. cordialis, t. epileptica | |||
traiicio -ere = transfer, transport; traiicientur, let them be transferred | |||
triacintho = possibly a misspelling of triacanthos, = ''Gleditsia triacanthos'', the honey locust tree | |||
triapharmacum = see emplastrum triapharmacum, above | |||
tribulus -i terrestris = a taprooted herbacious plant, an invasive and noxious weed with sticky thumbtack shaped burs; common names include goat's head, bullhead, caltrop, devil's eyelashes, and puncture vine | |||
tripolium -i = sea or seashore aster, ''Tripolium pannonicum'' | |||
triphera, tryphera -ae major = triphera the greater, a mixture of various myrobalans, emblic, nutmeg, watercress seeds, asarabacca roots, etc.; for excessive menstruation in women and hemorrhoids in men, also weakness of the stomach; there is also a triphera solutiva, an electuary | |||
tritus -a -um = rubbed to pieces; ground up | |||
troch., trochisc., trochiscus -i = a pill, troche, tablet, or lozenge | |||
trochisci -orum de agarico = mushroom lozenges, see agaricus, above | |||
trochisci -orum albi Rhasis = ceruse, sarcocolla, starch, gum arabic, tragacanth, and camphor; sometimes with added opium | |||
trochisci -orum gallia moschata = aloes, amber, musk, gum tragacanth, rose-water | |||
trochisci -orum hedychroi = "pleasantly colored lozenges;" marum leaves, marjoram leaves, yellow saunders, asarum roots, calamus aromaticus, etc. | |||
trochisci -orum hysterici = lozenges made of castor, amber, powder of millipedes, etc.; used for treatment of palsy; also known as trochisci de mirrha | |||
trochisci -orum polyidae andromachi = pomegranate flowers, white roach, frankincense, myrrh, bull's gall, aloes, etc.; for green wounds and ulcers; Culpeper says "I fancy them not" | |||
trochisci -orum Ramich = perfumed troches of Rhasis; juice of sorrel, red roses, unripe grapes, myrtle berries, etc.; for diarrhea, including the bloody flux | |||
= | trochisci -orum de vipera = trochisci de vipera ad theriacam, troches of vipers for treacle (Culpeper); viper flesh boiled with dill, made into lozenges with bread and oil of nutmeg or opobalsamum | ||
turbasis -is = starch made of wheat bran or cuckoo-pint (''Arum maculatum'') roots; for purging phlegm | |||
turbith., turbithum -i, turpethum -i = turbith or turpeth, from ''Convulvulus turpethum''; a purgative | |||
tussilago -inis = a genus of plants in the aster family; ''T. farfara'', colt's-foot, is the only recognized species | |||
tusus -a -um = crushed; same as contusus | |||
tutia -ae = tutty; zinc oxide, ZnO | |||
===U - V=== | |||
valerian., valeriana -ae = wild valerian, ''Valeriana officinalis'' | |||
variola -ae = smallpox; variola spuria (false), varicella (chickenpox) | |||
vepris -is = genus of plants in the Rutaceae (rue) family; approximately 80 species | |||
verbascum -i = genus of flowering plants with over 450 species, common name mullein; ''Verbascum thapsus'', great or common mullein | |||
verbena -ae = common vervain, ''Verbena officinalis'', or other plants in genus ''Verbena'' | |||
verdigris = green substance from treatment of Copper with dilute acetic acid, or occurring naturally on copper or brass; may be an acetate, carbonate, or chloride | |||
veronic., veronica -ae = a genus of flowering plants with about 500 species; ''Veronica officinalis'', common or health speedwell | |||
vesperi = adv., in the evening | |||
ueter., veter., veterus -a -um = old; cf. recens, recent., recentis, new or fresh | |||
viciar., vicia -ae = vetch; JW mentions species "vulgaris," synonyn for ''V. sativa'', an annual herb grown for fodder and by the Romans for food | |||
vincetoxicum -i = white swallow-wort, ''Vincetoxicum hirundinaria'' or ''officinale''; a poison antidote (vinco -ere, conquer or defeat + toxicus -a -um, poisonous) | |||
vin., vinum -i = wine; vinum album, white wine; vinum rubrum/rubellum/roseum, red wine | |||
vinum -i absinthites = vermouth; made from white wine and absinth; also as vinum florum absinthites, of absinth flowers | |||
vinum -i aloes = wine of aloes; powdered aloes, cinnamon, and sherry wine, macerated; may also contain cardamom and/or ginger | |||
vinum -i benedictum = canary wine infused with crocus of metals (see crocus metallorum, above) | |||
vinum -i (benedictum) antimoniale = antimonial wine made by steeping regulus of antimony (q.v) in white wine; an emetic | |||
vinum -i lymphatum = wine diluted with water; from lympho -are, to mix with water; probably not in the alternative sense of lympho -are, to drive mad ("crazy wine") | |||
viola -ae = violet, various species of genus Viola, especially V. odorata; violarum, of violets | |||
= | vinum -i Martiale = globuli martiales or Mars balls, consisting of potassium-iron tartrate (tartrate of potash and iron, C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>8</sub>FeK<sub>2</sub>O<sub>12</sub>), dissolved in wine | ||
viridis -e = green; e.g., ficus virides, green figs | |||
visc. querc., viscus -eris quercinus = mistletoe, ''Viscum album'', a parasitic plant; quercinus -a -um, because it often grows on oak trees | |||
vitell., vitellus -i = egg yolk; vitelli ovorum, yolks of eggs | |||
vitex -icis = a genus of flowering plants in the sage family with approximately 250 species, especially ''V. agnus-castus'', chaste-tree (from its reputation as an anaphrodisiac) | |||
vitis -is = vine; folia vitis, grape leaves | |||
vitis -is vinifera = the common grape vine; the leaves "strongly bind," stop the bloody and other fluxes, stop vomiting, help heart-burning, etc. (''Pharmacopoiea Londinensis'') | |||
vitriol., vitriolum -i = vitriol; various metallic sulfates, especially iron sulfate ("green copperas," vitriolum martis) and vitr. album (zinc sulfate); oil of vitriol = sulfuric acid, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>; the famous acronym "visite interiora terrae rectificando invenies occultum lapidem" is likely a spurious backronym; for "Roman vitriol," see lapis caelestis, above | |||
vitriolum -i camphoratum = camphorated vitriol or Captain Green's powder; for old sores, sore eyes, loose teeth, oral cancers | |||
vitrum -i = glass; vitrum antimonii, glass of antimony, a yellow or red translucent glass made from calcined antimony ore (to drive off the sulfur) vitrified in a furnace; considered to be the strongest emetic of all preparations of antimony | |||
vitulinus -a -um = from or related to a calf (i.e., veal) | |||
ulmor., ulmorum, ulmus -i = elm tree | |||
umbilicus -i veneris = (Venus's) navelwort, ''Omphalodes linifolia'' | |||
ung., unguentum -i = any ointment or unguent, either with the origin or association in the genitive, or with a descriptive adjective | |||
unguentum Agrippae = an ointment containing briony roots, squill, iris root, dwarf elder, oil, and wax; so called because of a supposed association with Herod Agrippa | |||
ung., unguentum -i album = a drying ointment containing olive oil, white wax, and white lead | |||
unguentum Arragon = rosemary, marjoram, thyme, aron and cucumber roots, bay, sage and juniper leaves, etc.; also spelled "Aragon" and "Arregon" | |||
ung., vng. apostol., unguentum apostolorum = containing 12 ingredients (hence the name), incl. turpentine, resin, yellow wax, aristolochia, frankincense, etc. | |||
vulgar., vulgaris -e = common, usual | ung., vng. basilic., or just basilic., unguentum -i basilicum or basilicon = basilicum ointment; yellow, black, or green, each containing beeswax and rosin and other ingredients but not basil | ||
unguentum -i de calce = ointment of lime; contained slaked lime and rose oil | |||
ung., unguentum -i catapsoras = ointment containing cerussa, calamine, etc., with hog's grease, sublimated mercury, etc. | |||
ung., unguentum -i Comitissae = complex ointment containing many types of bark, berries, and roots boiled in plantaine water, then mixed with yellow wax and several powders; Culpeper terms it "a gallant binding Oyntment, composed neatly by a judicious brain" | |||
unguentum -i dessicativum rubrum = red drying ointment; contains litharge of gold, white lead, calamine, yellow wax, oil of roses, camphor, terra sigillata | |||
ung., unguentum -i diapampholigos = cited by Aristotle, who recommended it for what sounds like diaper rash; contains rose oil, white wax, monkshood juice, white lead, frankincense, etc. | |||
unguentum -i diapompholigos nihili = oil of roses, juice of nightshade, wax, ceruse, lead, pompholix, frankincense; unknown significance of the word nihili, "of nothing" or "worthless" | |||
unguentum Egyptiac., Egyptiacum, Ægyptiacum = ointment containing verdigris, honey, and vinegar | |||
unguentum -i nervinum = southernwood, marjoram, mint, pennyroyal, etc., with oils and suet | |||
unguentum -i e nicotiana or nicotianae = tobacco leaves from various species of genus ''Nicotiana'' (e.g. ''N. tabacum'' and ''N. rustica''), steeped in wine then boiled in hog's grease, with addition of tobacco juice, aristolochia, rosin, new wax; Culpeper thought very highly of it: "It would ask a whole Summers day to write the particular vertues of this ointment, and my poor Genius is too weak to give it the hundredth part of its due praise..." | |||
unguentum -i nutritum = see unguentum triapharmacum, below | |||
unguentum -i ophalmicum = ointment of red mercury; cinnabar, HgS, or calomel, Hg<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>; NB distinguish from unguentum ophthalmicum, an ointment for the eyes | |||
ung., vng. pomat., unguentum pomatum = ointment containing apple pulp, pork fat, and rose water | |||
unguentum populeon or populneum = ointment containing poplar buds, pork fat, and leaves of black poppy, mandrake, madder, henbane, nightshade, etc. | |||
unguentum -i splanchnicum or splenicum = oil of capers and of white lilies, calomel, butter, juice of bryony and sowbread, etc. | |||
unguentum -i triapharmacum = litharge of gold, vinegar, and oil of roses; also called unguentum nutritum | |||
ung., ungula -ae = hoof, claw, talon; ung. caballin. (caballinus -a -um), horse's hoof | |||
unicornu -us = when termed "at large," described by JW as "either ebonie, hartshorne, or bone of a stagg's heart" | |||
unicornu -us fossile = defined by JW as "Lapis Ceratites," which is a fossilized ammonite, properly "cornu fossile;" if "unicornu," refers to fossil or excavated unicorn; one such having been calcined by order of King Christian IV of Denmark was thought by Thomas Bartholin to be a narwhal horn | |||
unicornu -us solare = solar unicorn, a compound and not an animal; Mynsicht (1662) terms it "efficacissimum & inaccessum remedium;" his ingredients include gold and hazelnuts | |||
unicornu -us minerale = same as unicornu fossile, q.v. | |||
vomitorium -i = something to induce vomiting; an emetic | |||
urtic., vrtic., urtica -ae = nettle, especially the common nettle ''Urtica dioica''; urtic. urent., ''Urtica urens'' (burning), dwarf/ annual/ dog nettle | |||
usquebach = whisky | |||
ustio -onis = cautery; searing, burning | |||
ustus -a -um = burnt (from uro urere, burn, consume by fire) | |||
uter- utra- utrumque, (genitive) utriusque = either, each one, both, the one and the other; e.g., bryoniae utriusque, of both types of bryony, i.e., white and red | |||
vulgar., vulgaris -e = common, usual; also expressed as communis -e | |||
vulp., vulpes -is = wolf | vulp., vulpes -is = wolf | ||
== Z == | uva -ae = grape; uvae quercinae or oak grapes, see above under quercinus -a -um | ||
uvae -arum Corinthiacae = Corinthian, Corinth, or Zante (Zakynthos) currants, raisins of the seedless grape cultivar "Black Corinth," mentioned by Pliny the Elder; distinct from black, red, or white currants from shrubs in the genus ''Ribes'', which are not usually dried | |||
uva -ae crispa rubra = gooseberry, ''Ribes uva-crispa''; rubra, red | |||
uva -ae lupina = monkshood, wolfsbane; ''Aconitum'' species, especially ''A. napellus'' | |||
uvae quercinae = see under quercinus -a -um, above | |||
===W=== | |||
Winterani = occurs only in (Captain) Winter's bark; see under cortex winterani, above | |||
===X=== | |||
xyloaloes = see lignum aloes, above | |||
===Z=== | |||
zalap., zalapium, -i = same as ialap/jalap, q.v. | |||
zarsa -ae = sarsaparilla, q. v. | |||
zedoar., zedoaria -ae = zedoary, ''Curcuma zedoaria'' | |||
zibet., zibetha -ae = civet, civet musk; from several species, best known being the African civet, ''Civettictis civetta'' | |||
ziziphus -i = jujube; from ''Ziziphus'' species, e.g., ''Z. jujuba'', the tree that produces the edible jujube fruit, resembling a small date | |||
zyth., zythum -i = zythos, unfermented Egyptian beer | |||
zythogala -ae = posset drink; see liquor posseticus, above | |||
zz or ZZ = zinziber = ginger, ''Zinziber officinale''; sometimes indicates myrrh | |||
<references/> | |||
== Alchemical Symbols and Other Abbreviations == | |||
==Alchemical Symbols | |||