Richard II

This article is about Shakespeare's play. For other uses, see Richard II (disambiguation).

Richard II, one of William Shakespeare's plays, presents a momentous struggle between Richard II and his cousin Henry Bolingbroke. Richard is the legitimate king; he succeeded his grandfather, King Edward III, after the earlier death of his father Edward, the Black Prince. Yet Richard is also seen by many as a tyrant. He toys with his subjects, exiling Bolingbroke for six years.

When he seizes the title and property that should be Bolingbroke's, Richard threatens the very structure of the kingdom. Bolingbroke returns with an army that is supported by nobles and commoners alike, both believing themselves oppressed by Richard. This sets the stage for a confrontation between his army and the tradition of sacred kingship supporting the isolated, but now more sympathetic, Richard.

Richard II was probably written in 1595, and may have been first performed that year. It was published as a quarto in 1597. Sources include Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles and Edward Hall's Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancaster and York; Samuel Daniel's Civil Wars may be a source, too.

Early editions

First Folio

LUNA: First Folio: b6r - d5r

Hamnet: STC 22273 Fo. 1 no. 68

Second Folio

LUNA: Second Folio: b6r - d5r

Hamnet: STC 22274 Fo. 2 no. 07

Second Quarto

LUNA: Second Quarto

Hamnet: STC 22308 Copy 1

Third Quarto

LUNA: Third Quarto

Hamnet: STC 22309

Fourth Quarto

LUNA: Fourth Quarto

Hamnet: STC 22310

Fifth Quarto

LUNA: Fifth Quarto

Hamnet: STC 22312 Copy 1

Sixth Quarto

LUNA: Sixth Quarto

Hamnet: STC 22313 Copy 1

Modern editions

Richard II can be read online with Folger Digital Texts and purchased from Simon and Schuster.

Hamnet link to Folger Edition: PR2753 .M6 2003 copy 2 v.18

Notes

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