Genre and form: Difference between revisions
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Genre/form terms in catalog records describe what an item ''is'' (or contains), not what it is about. ''Genre'' corresponds roughly to the intellectual content of what is being described: for example, almanacs, depositions, plays, and poems. ''Form'' corresponds with physical characteristics. For instance, this [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/170013 catalog record for two copies of a 1635 edition of Sternhold and Hopkins ''Whole booke of Psalmes''] has been assigned the genre terms ''Psalters'', ''Adaptations'', ''Miniature books'', and ''Printing privileges'', and the form term ''Embroidered bindings''. In practice, "genres" and "forms" overlap, so the [[MARC]] cataloging standard uses the same field for both (the [[MARC 655 Index Term - Genre/Form|MARC 655 Genre/Form field]]).


Genre/form terms in catalog records describe what an item ''is'' (or contains), not what it is about. ''Genre'' corresponds roughly to the content of what is being described: for example, almanacs, depositions, plays, and poems. ''Form'' corresponds with formats and physical characteristics: for example, embroidered bindings, imposition errors, manicules, and sammelbands. This [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170013 Hamnet record for two copies of a 1635 edition of Sternhold and Hopkins ''Whole booke of Psalmes''] includes the genre term '''Psalters''' and the form term '''Embroidered bindings (Binding)'''. Genre/form terms are controlled by authorized forms.  
==Genre and form in library catalogs==
Catalogers use [[Controlled vocabularies|controlled vocabularies]] to ensure that terminology is more or less the same between different institutions, or can be cross-walked to equivalent terms when sharing data. But as the saying goes, "the great thing about standards is that there are so many to choose from."


=Genre and form in library catalog records=
Guidance for Folger catalogers can be found in the Folgerpedia article "[[MARC 655 Index Term - Genre/Form]]"; the general order of vocabulary preference is:
* RBMS [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/rbmscv.html Controlled Vocabulary for Rare Materials Cataloging]
* The Getty's [http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/ Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT)] 
* [https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/tgm/ Library of Congress Thesaurus for Graphic Materials (TGM)] or [https://id.loc.gov/authorities/genreForms.html Library of Congress Genre/Form Terms].
* [http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects.html Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH)] or a local term.


Due to the limits of the card catalog, genre and form terms were not systematically recorded by early catalogers. Shelflist cards - usually 3" x 5" index cards - did not have much room anything besides title, author, and publication information, and maybe a few subject headings or free-text notes. Libraries often maintained separate card catalogs for books, manuscripts, and other materials, which decreased the need for additional genre access.
Form subdivisions also appear at the end of a subject heading, though this practice has largely been replaced by separate Genre/Form terms. At the Folger, these include, for example:
* <code> -- Early works to 1800</code> (material ''about'' the named subject that ''is'' pre-1801)
* <code> -- Manuscripts</code> (material ''about'' the named subject that ''is'' manuscript rather than printed)
* <code> -- Pictorial works</code> (material ''about'' the named subject that ''is'' primarily pictorial rather than verbal)


The advent of the [[MARC]] standard, however, allowed librarians to expand their item descriptions: catalogers could add as much descriptive information as needed to fully describe a book (or at least, they were constrained by computer processing power rather than the dimensions of the catalog card). The original MARC specification did not include a specific field for genre and/or form terms, but two were added during the 1980s: 655 (Index Term--Genre/Form) and 755 (Added Entry--Physical Characteristics). Due to some confusion over how these two fields were indexed, and how to differentiate which information went in which, the 755 field was officially made obsolete in 1995 in favor of the [[MARC 655 Index Term - Genre/Form|655 field]], which is still in use today.
==Searching genre/form terms in the catalog==
 
The [[Catalog|Folger catalog]] has several built-in ways to search for items by their genre and form.  
==Controlled vocabularies==
* Begin a search then narrow your search results using the '''checkboxes in the Genre/form facet''' in the left-hand side bar (on a mobile device or narrow screen, use the “Options” button to reveal the facets).  
Genre and form entries benefit especially from the use of [[Controlled vocabularies|controlled vocabularies]], enabling librarians and scholars to to describe and find resources via a shared language. By using controlled vocabularies, a user can assume that when they search for "Embroidered bindings," they will get similar types of results no matter which library catalog they are searching in. Librarians can choose from a range of controlled vocabularies, many of which are specialized for particular fields, when cataloging their materials.
* Type '''genreform:''' immediately before a keyword search in the main search box (remember to use quotation marks around phrases). For example:
 
** [https://catalog.folger.edu/search?ln=en&p=genreform%3A%22Embroidered%20bindings%22 genreform:"Embroidered bindings"]
===LCSH===
** [https://catalog.folger.edu/search?ln=en&p=genreform%3A%28cookbooks+AND+manuscripts%29 genreform:(cookbooks AND manuscripts)]
The Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) is a controlled vocabulary set that was developed in 1898 (and has been regularly updated since) to be used broadly across many types of libraries. However, they are were originally meant for use only as subject headings, not genre terms; in other words, they describe what an item is about (dinosaurs, jewel heists), not what genre it belongs to (short stories, horror movies) or what form it takes (carousel books, calendars).
** [https://catalog.folger.edu/search?ln=en&p=genreform%3A%28epigrams+NOT+manuscripts%29 genreform:(epigrams NOT manuscripts)]
 
* Follow the '''Advanced Search''' link near the bottom of the catalog's landing page and select "genre/form (what it is)" from the drop-down menus next to any of the three search boxes. You can search by genre/form alone, or combine it with other searches.
As libraries began to provide additional access to genre and form information, catalogers found attempted to find work-arounds to use LCSH headings as genre/form terms. Some added applicable subject headings to the 650 field (for subjects), even though that implied that an item was ''about'' a topic rather than an example of a topic (such as Haunted house films). Others added subject headings to the 655 field as genre/form terms, although this practice was not officially implemented until 2002.  Subfield ‡v was added to the MARC standard in 1995 to adapt subject heading fields for genre and form access as well. The ‡v indicates a genre/form term: "Pictorial works" indicates that images are a central part of an item, and "Early works to 1800" indicates that the item is a work printed or issued before 1800. Even though the items being described are not necessarily about pictures or early modern printing, they are examples of those things. For instance:
* Follow the '''Browse records''' link near the bottom of the catalog's landing page and select "genre/form (what it is)" then hit the "Search" button to browse an alphabetical list.
 
<code>600 10 ‡a Shakespeare, William, ‡d 1564-1616 </code>
 
tells a user that an item is about William Shakespeare, but nothing more. In comparison,
 
<code>600 10 ‡a Shakespeare, William, ‡d 1564-1616 ‡v Calendars </code>
 
tells the user that the item is about Shakespeare, and it is in the form of a calendar. A popular term in the $v subdivision is '''Specimens''', which can be used to adapt most noun-based subject headings into genre or form headings (i.e. <code>650 _0 ‡a Swords ‡v Specimens</code> or <code>650 _0 ‡a Crows ‡v Specimens</code>).
 
===LCGFT===
Around 2010, the Library of Congress began to separate out the genre terms from LCSH, and establish them as a separate list, Library of Congress Genre and Form Terms (LCGFT). LCGFT headings are a [[Controlled vocabularies|controlled vocabulary]] specifically meant to be used in the 655 field as genre/form terms. Some headings, such as Ten-minute plays, are established in both LCSH and LCGFT - an item can be either ''about'' ten-minute plays, or an example of a ten-minute play (or both, for that matter).
 
===RBMS vocabularies===
As the development and implementation of the [[MARC]] standard allowed catalogers to record more information than ever, specialized library communities began to brainstorm how to take advantage of the opportunities offered by the new standard. A 1979 [http://irla.lindahall.org/ IRLA] report, "Proposals for Establishing Standards for the Cataloguing of Rare Books and Specialized Research Materials in Machine-readable Form," proposed the creation of MARC fields for literary genre headings and physical characteristic terms (later merged into a [[MARC 655 Index Term - Genre/Form|single field]] - see above), and included a draft thesaurus of genre terms.  This thesaurus was finalized and published as ''Genre Terms: A Thesaurus for Use in Rare Book and Special Collections Cataloguing'' in 1983. Throughout the next decade, additional thesauri for physical and provenance terms were developed and released as well. <ref>Leslie, Deborah J.. 1997. “"Provenance Evidence" and "Printing and Publishing Evidence": Use and Revision of the RBMS Thesauri”. ''The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America'' 91 (4). [University of Chicago Press, Bibliographical Society of America]: 517–23. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24304790.</ref>
 
Today, RBMS maintains six thesauri of genre and form terms; all are openly available on the [http://rbms.info/vocabularies/index.shtml RBMS website], and planning is currently in process to make them available as linked data.
 
:Binding Terms
:Genre Terms
:Paper Terms
:Printing & Publishing Evidence
:Provenance Evidence
:Type Evidence
 
Since the RBMS controlled vocabularies were developed specifically to meet the needs of the rare book community, they are heavily used at the Folger. They are the preferred vocabulary for Vault cataloging, and are sometimes used for open stacks materials as well.
 
=Genre and form use at the Folger=
==Searching genre/form terms in Hamnet==
[[Hamnet]] has several built-in ways to search for items by their genre and form.
* On the '''Basic Search''' tab, select "Subject & Form/Genre Browse" if you know an exact [[Controlled vocabularies|controlled vocabulary]] term you want to search, or select "Form/Genre (Keyword Phrase)" if you aren't sure what the controlled term is.
: [[File:Basic_Search_options.JPG|400px]]
* On the '''Advanced Search''' tab, select "Form/Genre" from the drop-down menus next to any of the three search boxes. You can search by form/genre alone, or combine it with other searches - for instance, to search for [[Promptbooks|promptbooks]] marked by Edwin Booth.
: [[File:Advanced_Search_drop-down.jpg|500px]]
* You can also select the "Expert Search" option from the '''Basic Search''' tab, and search using Boolean operators and [[List of keyword search fields in Hamnet and their associated MARC codes|index codes]]. Use the code KGNR to search for form/genre terms and subjects.
: [[File:Expert_search_Booth.JPG|400px]]
 
==Cataloging policy==
* Enter genre and form terms in the [[MARC 655 Index Term - Genre/Form|655 field]].
 
==Conventions for maintenance of the table==
==List of common genre and form terms in Hamnet==
{{Legacy}}
* Routinely apply terms on this list to all applicable vault materials, regardless of age.
* Other terms may be selectively applied for unusual or outstanding examples of a feature (e.g. ''Fan style bindings'' for [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=333769 267- 907.1q])
* Not all RBMS terms had scope notes at the time of this table's initial creation; consequently, some scope notes are taken from other thesauri with the same terms (or variant terms to represent the same concept). The source of each scope note is indicated.
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Term !! Term source !! Scope note !! Scope source !! Folger practice || Material
|-
| Academic dissertations || ǂ2 rbgenr || Discourses advancing an original point of view as a result of research, especially as a requirement for an academic degree.  || AAT (Theses) || ||
|-
| Account books || ǂ2 rbgenr || Books in which financial accounts are kept. || AAT|| UF ''Estate accounts'', if unbound, and waste books. ||
|-
| Accounts || ǂ2 aat || Documents in which monies or goods received and paid or given out are recorded in order to permit periodic totaling.  ||AAT || ||
|-
| Acting editions || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for plays with extensive printed production information. || RBMS || Apply when an edition explicitly identifies itself as the text of the play as it was performed, usually using words like "as it is acted at the Theatre-Royal, Covent-Garden" or "Printed from the promptbook. They will often have cast lists, but that is not a necessary criterion. ||
|-
| Addresses || ǂ2 rbgenr || Documents containing the text of any public address or talk. || AAT (Speeches) ||  ||
|-
| Advertisements || ǂ2 rbgenr || Public notices or paid announcements, especially those in print.  || AAT || ||
|-
| ''Album amicorum'' use ''Libri amicorum''
|-
| Allegorical drawings || ǂ2 gmgpc || ||  || Use for drawings representing truths or generalizations about human existence by means of symbolic images; often of classical derivation.  ||
|-
| Allegorical paintings || ǂ2 gmgpc || || || Use for paintings representing truths or generalizations about human existence by means of symbolic images; often of classical derivation.  ||
|-
| Allegorical photographs|| ǂ2 gmgpc || || || Use for photographs representing truths or generalizations about human existence by means of symbolic images; often of classical derivation.  ||
|-
| Allegorical prints || ǂ2 gmgpc  || || || Use for prints representing truths or generalizations about human existence by means of symbolic images; often of classical derivation. ||
|-
| Almanacs || ǂ2 rbgenr  || Use for works containing a calendar of days, weeks, and months, together with information such as astronomical data, various statistics, etc. Do not use for modern factual compendia such as the World Almanac. ||RBMS || ||
|-
| ''Alphabets of arms'' use ''Armorials''
|-
| ''Anagrams'' use ''Games''
|-
| Annotations (Provenance)|| ǂ2 rbprov  || Use for remarks, notes, highlighting or commentary (generally in manuscript) on the text or on the history or provenance of the material. ||RBMS|| Folger practice: use for manuscript annotations by someone other than a scribe or transcriber ||
|-
| Anthologies || ǂ2 rbgenr || Collections of choice extracts, from the writings of one author, or various authors, and usually having a common characteristic such as subject matter or literary form. || AAT ||Wse for books in which the owner has copied or written passages of interest or importance that are not organized under specific headings or in alphabetical order. Use ''Commonplace books'' for books in which the extracts are organized under specific headings or in alphabetical order.||
|-
| Aphorisms || ǂ2 aat || Short, pithy statements of principle or precepts, often of known authorship; distinguished from Proverbs, which are statements repeated colloquially and which often embody the folk wisdom of a group or nation.||AAT|| UF ''Aphorisms and apothegms''.  ||
|-
| ''Aphorisms and apothegms'' use ''Aphorisms''
|-
| Armorials  || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for books containing depictions of coats of arms. || RBMS || UF ''Alphabets of arms''; ''Heraldic manuscripts''; ''Ordinaries of arms''.  ||
|-
| Astronomical charts || ǂ2 aat || Refers to maps of the heavens, including the constitution, relative positions, and motions of the heavenly bodies, which are all the bodies in the material universe outside of the Earth, as well as of the Earth itself relative to them. The earliest examples were often decorated with fantastic figures depicting the constellations and recognizable groupings of bright stars, and were primarily used as aids to navigation. || AAT || Do not confuse with astrological charts; use ''Horoscopes'' instead.  ||
|-
| Auction catalogs|| ǂ2 rbgenr || A listing of items, including works of art, manuscripts, books, or other items, that are for sale by auction.  ||AAT || ||
|-
| ''Autograph albums'' use ''Libri amicorum''
|-
| Autographs || ǂ2 rbgenr || Persons' names written in their own hand. || AAT (Signatures (names)) || Use only for collections of autographs and single, clipped autographs. UF ''Signatures'' ||
|-
| ''Ballads'' use ''Songs'' or ''Poems'', as appropriate
|-
| Bequests || ǂ2 aat || Gifts of personal property by will. UF Legacies || AAT  || ||
|-
| Blank forms  || ǂ2 rbgenr || Forms, which are formulary documents that arrange particular information in a prescribed sequence and format, that are created with blank spaces, lines, boxes, data entry fields, or other means to prompt users of the form to fill in the particular information. Blank forms may be handwritten, printed, typed, or online. When indexing, this term may be used for such forms, whether or not they have been filled in by a user of the form.. ||AAT || ||
|-
| ''Book auction catalogs'' use ''Auction catalogs''
|-
| Book illustrations || ǂ2 gmgpc || Illustrations in books or pamphlets, whether photographs, photomechanical prints, or other media; whether still part of or detached from the volume. Also, drawings, photographs, prints, and other pictures made to be reproduced as illustrations, whether or not they were ever published. || LC || Use for graphic materials only. ||
|-
| Bookplates || ǂ2 gmgpc || Book owners' identification labels; usually intended for pasting inside a book. || LC || Use when the item being cataloged ''is'' a bookplate. For volumes containing bookplates, use an 852 ǂz note.  ||
|-
| Booksellers' advertisements || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use this term rather than "Publishers' advertisements" for examples appearing before the roles of bookseller and publisher were clearly differentiated.  || RBMS || ||
|-
| Booksellers' catalogs || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use this term rather than "Publishers' catalogs" for examples appearing before the roles of bookseller and publisher were clearly differentiated. ||RBMS || ||
|-
| Borders (Type evidence) || ǂ2 rbtyp || Ornamental areas of distinct pattern, material, color, or shape around the edge or boundary of something.  With regard specifically to tapestries, refers to the areas around the central field outside the inner guard and within the guard that edges the outer sides of the tapestry.  For the narrow surfaces showing the 'thickness' or smallest dimension of thin, flat objects, as distinguished from the broad surfaces, see "edges (object components)." || AAT || ||
|-
| Botanical illustrations|| ǂ2 gmgpc || Illustrations of plants or plant life. UF ''Botanical drawings''.  ||TGM || ||
|-
| ''Bowdlerized books'' use ''Expurgated editions''
|-
| ''Cablegrams'' use ''Telegrams''
|-
| Calendars ||ǂ2 rbgenr|| Use for tabular registers of days, not for lists of manuscripts or documents; subdivide by date. || RBMS || Subdivide by century of publication only. ||
|-
| Calf bindings (Binding) || ǂ2 rbbin || || || Use also ''Goatskin bindings'', ''Pigskin bindings'', etc.  Use for decorative bindings only, i.e. exhibition-worthy bindings.  || B
|-
| Calligraphy || ǂ2 gmgpc || Works composed primarily of beautiful, elegant letters or flourishes that are typically created by hand with a pen, either in unjoined characters or in cursive writing. May also refer to similar works created by computer or another means. || AAT || ||
|-
| Caricatures || ǂ2 rbgenr  || Use for verbal or visual works which portray in a critical or facetious way a real individual or group, or a figure representing a social, political, ethnic, or racial type. The effect is usually achieved through distortion or exaggeration of some characteristic or characteristics. || RBMS ||
|-
| Cartularies  || ǂ2 aat || Registers, usually in volume form, of copies of charters, title deeds, and other documents of significance belonging to a person, family, or institution. || AAT || ||
|-
| Cast lists || ǂ2 rbgenr  || Use for lists associating specific performers with their parts. ||RBMS || ||
|-
| Catechisms|| ǂ2 rbgenr || Manuals or guides for instructing through a series of questions and answers, especially for religious instruction. ||RBMS || ||
|-
| Censored works|| ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for works that have been altered, prohibited, or suppressed because of allegedly objectionable content.  ||RBMS || ||
|-
| Certificates || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for documents containing certified statements of ownership, membership, fulfilled requirements, legal status, etc. AAT scope note: Documents giving authoritative recognition of a fact, qualification, or promise. UF: ''Diplomas'' ||RBMS/AAT || ||
|-
| Chapbooks || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for small, inexpensively printed books or pamphlets sold primarily by traveling peddlers beginning in the 17th century. Do not use for 20th century items which represent themselves as chapbooks. ||RBMS || ||
|-
| ''Charades'' use ''Games''
|-
| Charters|| ǂ2 rbgenr ||Documents, usually sealed, granting specific rights, setting forth aims and principles of a newly established entity, and often embodying formal agreements and authorizing special privileges or exemptions. || AAT || ||
|-
| Checks (bank checks) || ǂ2 aat || Written orders drawn on a bank or the Treasury of the United States to pay on demand a specified sum of money to a named person, to his order, or to bearer, out of money on deposit to the credit of the writer; must be endorsed to be transferred. || AAT ||UF any bank in any country, plus the U.S. Treasury ||
|-
| Chronicles || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for histories in which events are described in chronological order. These differ from annals in being more connected and full. || RBMS || ||
|-
| Ciphers || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for texts, the meaning of which is concealed by substitution or transposition of letters or numbers.  || RBMS || ||
|-
| Cityscapes || ǂ2 gmgpc || General or broad views of cities and towns or sections of them. Usually made from an elevated or distant vantage point, such as a view from a roof or a view of a skyline. || TGM || ||
|-
| Clasps (Binding)|| ǂ2 rbbin || Fasteners made of two or more parts, often of metal, and consisting of separate interlocking hooking and catching elements that hold together two or more objects or complimentary parts of the same object. || AAT || Use whenever there is evidence of original clasps, even if now missing.  || B M
|-
| Clippings|| ǂ2 rbgenr ||Use for Illustrations, pages, articles, or columns of text removed from books, newspapers, periodicals, or other publications.  || TGM || ||
|-
| Coats of arms || ǂ2 gmgpc || Heraldic bearings, usually depicted on an escutcheon often with a crest, motto, or other adjuncts. || TGM || For books, only make for extraordinary exemplars, such as [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=265414 225- 452f] || B M
|-
| ''Coats of arms, books of'' use ''Armorials''
|-
| Coins || ǂ2 gmgpc  || Pieces of metal stamped by government authority for use as money. || AAT (Coins (money)) || Use for actual coins; for depictions of coins, use  650 0 Coins, ǂe depicted. ||
|-
| Commonplace books || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for personal notebooks in which the owner has copied passages of interest or written his or her own compositions; use also for printed versions of such works. || RBMS  || Use only for such books organized alphabetically or thematically under specific headings. For similar books without headings, use ''Anthologies''; ''Poetical miscellanies''; ''Memorandums'' ||
|-
| Composition errors (Printing) || ǂ2 rbpri  || Use for dittography, omissions of text, misspelling, and any other compositorial errors.||RBMS || || B
|-
| Concealed editions (Publishing)|| ǂ2 rbpub || Use for closely similar editions, printed from substantially different settings of type, not distinguished as such by the printer and/or publisher  || RBMS || || B
|-
| Concordances  || ǂ2 rbgenr || Includes indexes to the location of words or phrases in a text and finding aids, in two columns, establishing the relationship between the past and present reference numbers of individual items.||AAT || ||
|-
| Contracts || ǂ2 rbgenr || Documents, enforceable by law, embodying agreements between two or more competent parties to do or not to do something, and specifying the terms and conditions of the agreement. || AAT || ||
|-
| Cookbooks || ǂ2 rbgenr || || || Use for books of cooking directions and recipes. UF ''Receipt books'' ||
|-
| Copy books (Penmanship) || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for penmanship or calligraphy manuals which include instructional text and examples as well as blank areas designed for a pupil's practice writing. For works which do not contain such blank areas for practice, use ''Penmanship manuals.'' || RBMS || ||
|-
|Corantos ||ǂ2 rbgenr  ||Use for single-leaf forerunners of newspapers. For similar items consisting of more than one leaf, use ''Newsbooks'' || RBMS || ||
|-
| Costume design drawings || ǂ2 gmgpc || Graphic delineations made for the design and production (or documentation of design and production) of costumes for theatrical and other performing arts productions and for special events, such as costume balls or Halloween. || TGM || ||
|-
| Counterproofs || ǂ2 gmgpc || In printmaking, impressions taken from a print or drawing by passing it through a press against a sheet of damp paper. The image appears in reverse. || TGM || ||
|-
| ''Court rolls'' use ''Judicial records''
|-
| Courtesy books || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for books outlining the education, conduct, duties, and training of noble or royal persons, or persons serving at court. || RBMS || || B
|-
| Dates (Provenance) || ǂ2 rbprov || Use for evidence dating the acquisition or period of ownership. || RBMS || || B
|-
| Daybooks || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for account books of original entry which record the various transactions of the day in the order in which they occurred. For works sometimes known as daybooks which are diaries rather than account books use ''Diaries.'' || RBMS || ||
|-
| ''Debates'' use ''Addresses''
|-
| Decorated papers (Binding)|| ǂ2 rbbin || Use for the occurrence of such papers as any part of bindings, cases, endpapers, or doublures. || RBMS || || B
|-
| Decorations || ǂ2 gmgpc || Images that ornament a text or picture but do not relate specifically to its meaning. || TGM || ||
|-
| Decretals || ǂ2 aat || Letters of the pope determining some point or question in ecclesiastical law and possessing the force of law within the Roman Catholic Church. ||AAT || ||
|-
| Deeds  || ǂ2 rbgenr || Documents, usually executed under seal, containing a conveyance, especially of real estate. || AAT || Consult Curator of Manuscripts when coming across more specific types of deeds. ||
|-
| Depositions || ǂ2 aat || Testimonies of witnesses, under oath or affirmation, before a person empowered to administer oaths.  || AAT || ||
|-
| ''Designs and ornaments'' use ''Decorations''
|-
| Devotional literature || ǂ2 rbgenr || Religious texts that explore the values, ideas, and behaviors that a religion is seeking to advance, for the purpose of leading the individual, through devotion, closer to an ultimate state of grace or perfection. || AAT || || B
|-
| Dialogues || ǂ2 rbgenr || Written compositions in which two or more characters are represented as conversing. ||AAT || ||
|-
| Diaries || ǂ2 rbgenr || Refers to books containing the daily, personal accounts of the writer's own experiences, attitudes, and observations. || AAT || ||
|-
| Dictionaries || ǂ2 rbgenr  || Reference sources containing alphabetical lists of words with information given for each word; generally including meanings, pronunciation, etymology, and often usage guidance. ||AAT || ||
|-
| ''Diplomas'' use ''Certificates''
|-
| Documentary films || ǂ2 lcgft || || ||Use for films and programs which depict actual persons and/or events. Exclude frank historical re-creations, but do not attempt to judge the "truth" of the depiction in a film purporting to be factual or documentary in character. UF ''Factual films'' ||
|-
| Documentary television programs || ǂ2 lcgft || || || ||
|-
| Drafts (negotiable instruments) || ǂ2 aat || Written orders drawn by one party ordering a second party to pay a specified sum of money to a third party (who may be the first party); usually restricted to domestic transactions. For similar orders to pay used for foreign transactions, prefer "bills of exchange." || AAT || ||
|-
| Dramatic music || ǂ2 lcgft |||| || Music written for the stage. Use more specific terms (e.g. ''Incidental music'', ''Operas'') whenever possible ||
|-
| Drawings || ǂ2 gmgpc || AAT scope: Visual works produced by drawing, which is the application of lines on a surface, often paper, by using a pencil, pen, chalk, or some other tracing instrument to focus on the delineation of form rather than the application of color. This term is often defined broadly to refer to computer-generated images as well. TGM scope: Narrower terms include both physical media and genre categories but are limited to those which use drawing in the sense of a specific medium rather than in the everyday sense of graphic representation. || AAT/TGM || When applicable, prefer the following narrower/related terms: ''Set design drawings''; ''Watercolors'' ||
|-
| Educational films || ǂ2 lcgft || This heading is used as a genre/form heading for films that are intended to impart knowledge and information, including those for classroom viewing. Films that use a structured format to teach or train the audience are entered under Instructional films. || LC || Use ''Educational films'' also for instructional films ||
|-
| Educational television programs || ǂ2 lcgft || || || ||
|-
| Emblem books || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for collections of emblems, i.e., mottoes or epigrams accompanied by a verse and sometimes a symbolic illustration, based upon a poetic conceit or moral statement, particularly popular in the 16th and 17th centuries.  || RBMS || ||
|-
| Emblems (allegorical pictures)|| ǂ2 aat || Allegorical pictures, often inscribed with mottoes, common especially in the 16th and 17th centuries. Distinct from "emblems (symbols)," which are simpler symbolic objects or representations of an object. ||AAT || ||
|-
| Embroidered bindings || ǂ2 rbbin || UF ''Needlework bindings'' ||RBMS || ||
|-
| Ephemerides || ǂ2 rbgenr  || Use for works giving the computed positions of celestial bodies for each day or other regular interval; used by navigators and astronomers. || RBMS || || B
|-
| Epigrams|| ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for short satiric poems or any similar pointed sayings. || RBMS || ||
|-
| Epitaphs || ǂ2 rbgenr || || ||Use for inscriptions copied from sepulchral monuments in the memory of those buried in the tomb or grave. (Adapted from AAT). Also use for satirical epitaphs found in poetical miscellanies. ||
|-
| Erotica|| ǂ2 rbgenr  ||Use for literary or artistic works focused on sexual love or desire.  || RBMS || || B
|-
| ''Estate accounts'' use ''Account books'', if bound; ''Accounts'', if unbound
|-
| Expurgated copies (Provenance) || ǂ2 rbprov || Use for copies of a work from which objectionable parts have been defaced, obliterated, or removed, usually on moral grounds. || RBMS ||This term is copy-specific and applies only to individual copies. ||
|-
| Expurgated editions || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for editions or versions of works from which objectionable parts in the original text -- whether or not that text has been published -- have been deleted, usually on moral grounds. UF ''Bowdlerized books''; ''Expurgated books''; ''Expurgated works''. || RBMS || ||
|-
| Extra-illustrated copies (Provenance)|| ǂ2 rbprov || || ||Use only when enough material was added to necessitate rebinding. Otherwise, use ''Insertions (Provenance)'' ||
|-
| ''Factual films'' use ''Documentary films''
|-
| False imprints|| ǂ2 rbgenr ||An imaginary imprint used for the purpose of evading legal and other restrictions, to mask piracies, to protect anonymity of the author, etc. || AAT (Fictitious imprints (also encompassing False imprints)) || Decision has not been made whether to use the rbgenr term ''Fictitious imprints'' or ''False imprints'' for imaginary place and/or publisher names and/or dates. ||
|-
| Family histories || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for narrative family histories. For family trees and other genealogical listings of family members, use ''Genealogies.'' ||RBMS|| ||
|-
| Family papers || ǂ2 aat || Group of the personal papers of several and various members of a single family; usually of parents and their children, but sometimes including papers of spouses and their families as well. ||AAT || ||
|-
| Feature films || ǂ2 lcgft || Here are entered individual full-length films with a running time of 40 minutes or more. || LC || ||
|-
| Festival books|| ǂ2 rbgenr  || Use for accounts of festivals, parades, ceremonial entries, and the like. ||RBMS || || B
|-
| Film adaptations|| ǂ2 lcgft || || || Use for films based on any written literature ||
|-
| Film scripts || ǂ2 rbgenr || Written forms of stories prepared for motion picture productions, including description of characters, details of scenes and settings, dialogue, and stage directions. ||AAT (Screenplay) || ||
|-
| Filmed performances|| ǂ2 lcgft || Here are entered films that document a performance, event, or concert of dance, music, opera, operetta, theatrical stage productions, magic, circus, stand-up comedy, burlesque, or other vaudeville or variety stage acts. etc. ||LC || Also apply the topical or genre heading for the specific performance, concert or event, e.g., ''Rock concerts''. ||
|-
| Financial records|| ǂ2 aat || Documents pertaining to money matters. ||AAT || ||
|-
| Fists || ǂ2 rbprov|| Use for previous owners' indications drawing attention to text. UF: ''Index fingers'', ''Note signs'', ''Pointing hands'', ''Manicules'' (local UF); BT ''Annotations'' || RBMS || ||
|-
| Fore-edge paintings|| ǂ2 aat || Paintings done on the fore edge of a book, either with the edge solid so that the resulting image is visible when the book is closed, or, in the more usual sense of the term, with the edges fanned out so that the image is visible only when the book is open. ||AAT || || B
|-
| ''Forgeries'' use ''Literary hoaxes''
|-
| Frontispieces|| ǂ2 gmgpc || Illustrations placed next to the title page. || TGM || Use when cataloging individual frontispieces in the art collection.  ||
|-
| Games || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for materials designed for play, usually according to prescribed rules. ||RBMS || UF ''Anagrams'', ''Charades'', ''Puzzles'', ''Riddles'' ||
|-
| Genealogical notes (Provenance) || ǂ2 rbprov  || || || || B
|-
| Genealogies || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for family trees and other listings of family members. For narrative histories, use ''Family histories.'' ||RBMS ||UF ''Pedigrees'' ||
|-
| Gift books || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for illustrated literary miscellanies, popular in the 19th century, intended to be given as gifts and often published annually. ||RBMS || || B
|-
| Greeting cards|| ǂ2 gmgpc || Cards sent or given on special occasions; usually bearing messages of good will.  ||TGM || ||
|-
| ''Heraldic devices'' use ''Coats of arms''
|-
| ''Heraldic manuscripts'' use ''Armorials''
|-
| Herbals|| ǂ2 rbgenr  || Books containing names and descriptions of herbs, or of plants in general. ||AAT || || B
|-
| Horoscopes ||ǂ2 lcgft || Horoscope is a chart or diagram representing the positions of the planets, other celestial bodies and sensitive angles at the time of any event, such as a person's birth; other common names include astrological chart. ||LC || ||
|-
| Housebooks|| ǂ2 aat || Documents in which are recorded household expenditures such as for food, utilities, and domestic help, maintained in a journal or other book; also includes classed or chronological files of the bills and receipts for household goods and services || AAT || ||
|-
| ''Household accounts'' use ''Housebooks''
|-
| Human hair|| ǂ2 aat || || || Use for locks of hair, single strands of hair, and hair incorporated into jewelery. Do not use for wigs in the costume collection.  ||
|-
| Humorous pictures|| ǂ2 gmgpc || Images intended to be funny. UF ''Comic pictures''. ||TGM ||UF ''Humorous sketches''.  ||
|-
| Illuminations || ǂ2 gmgpc|| Book leaves or single sheets of text embellished with hand-drawn ornamental letters, scrolls, paintings, and other designs; usually gold and color; may be decorations or illustrations. ||TGM||  Illuminated letters, for very early books || B
|-
| Illustrated works|| ǂ2 rbgenr || || || Use for works which are 30% or more illustrative matter, or for works whose illustrations are particularly significant. Do not use for armorials. || B M
|-
| Imposition errors (Printing)|| ǂ2 rbpri || || || || B
|-
| ''Imprimaturs'' use ''Printing privileges (Publishing)''
|-
|Incidental music ||ǂ2 lcgft || || ||Music played during a performance of a spoken drama, which is of secondary importance to the speech (though it may still have dramatic significance) and thus the term does not refer to the operetta, musical, Singspiel, or masque. It embraces both the music 'outside' the drama (e.g., overtures before the play or interludes between acts) as well as the music performed as part of the action (e.g., fanfares, songs, dances, marches, and mood music) whether on or off the stage. ||
|-
| Inquisitiones post mortem || ǂ2 rbgenr|| Use for official documents concerning the nature, extent, and value of a deceased landholder's possessions. ||RBMS || ||
|-
| Insertions (Provenance)|| ǂ2 rbprov || Use for any kind of insertion that might allow identification of the provenance, e.g., autograph letter, news clipping, photograph, etc. || RBMS ||Use for insertions with intrinsic interest (e.g., flyers, pictures, flowers, newspaper clippings), whether there is just one or several. Do not use for insertions without intrinsic interest, such as a plain strip of paper used as a bookmark, unless there's firm evidence of specific former owner placement (for example, if it's pinned). For numerous insertions requiring rebinding, use ''Extra-illustrated copies (Provenance)''.  ||
|-
| Interleaved books (Binding) || ǂ2 rbbin || Use for books bound with blank leaves systematically inserted between the original leaves, whether by the publisher or owner, to facilitate user-added content. ||RBMS || Not to be used for tissues bound in to protect illustrations. ||
|-
| ''Interleaved copies (Provenance)'' use ''Interleaved books (Binding)''
|-
| Interludes||ǂ2 lcgft  || Here are entered collections of dramatic interludes. Musical interludes are entered under Interludes (Music). ||LC ||Use for dramatic or mimic representations, usually of a light or humorous character, such as was commonly introduced between the acts of the long mystery-plays or moralities, or exhibited as part of an elaborate entertainment ||
|-
| ''Instruction books'' use ''Textbooks
|-
| ''Instructional films'' use ''Educational films''
|-
| Intaglio prints|| ǂ2 gmgpc || Prints made using the process of intaglio printing. ||AAT || || B
|-
| Inventories || ǂ2 aat || Detailed lists of things in one's view or possession, as of all goods and materials on hand, or detailed lists of all items in a given category. For documentation of examination conducted to achieve a comprehensive view, use ''Surveys.'' ||AAT || ||
|-
| Invitations || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for printed or handwritten requests for one's presence at an event. ||RBMS || ||
|-
| Invoices || ǂ2 aat|| Documents showing items supplied, together with the prices charged for each; also, itemized bills or accounts. ||AAT || ||
|-
|Journals (accounts)|| ǂ2 aat || Use for books containing accounts of an individual's or organization's occurrences or transactions, including records of financial transactions. Use "diaries" when referring to personal accounts of the writer's experiences, attitudes, or observations.  ||AAT || ||
|-
|Judicial records|| ǂ2 aat || Records of a tribunal established for the administration of justice. UF ''Court rolls''. ||AAT || ||
|-
| ''Lampoons'' use ''Satires''
|-
| Landscapes (Representations) || ǂ2 gmgpc || General or broad views of natural scenery, including inland bodies of water; may also include figures or man-made objects, but these are of secondary importance to the composition. Usually made from an elevated or distant vantage point, such as a view from a hill; not ground level close-up view of, for example, a tree. ||TGM || ||
|-
| ''Law reports, digests, etc.'' use  ''Legal documents''
|-
| Leases || ǂ2 aat|| Contracts by which one conveys land or other property for a specified time usually for compensation or rent. ||AAT|| Also use BT ''Deeds''. ||
|-
| Lecture notes || ǂ2 rbgenr  || Use for notes made with reference to a lecture, both those from which the lecturer speaks, and those taken by people in attendance.||AAT || ||
|-
| ''Lectures'' use ''Addresses''
|-
| ''Legacies'' use  ''Bequests''
|-
| Legal documents || ǂ2 aat || Documents having legal relevance in general. For documents that give expression to a legal act or agreement for the purpose of creating, securing, modifying, or terminating a right, or for the purpose of furnishing evidence of a right, use "legal instruments." || AAT || UF ''Legal notebooks''; ''Law reports, digests, etc. '' ||
|-
| Legal formularies|| ǂ2 rbgenr || || || Use for collections of specimens of legal documents. UF ''Legal notebooks''. ||
|-
| Legal instruments || ǂ2 aat || Use for documents that give expression to a legal act or agreement, for the purpose of creating, securing, modifying, or terminating a right, or for the purpose of furnishing evidence of a right. For documents having legal relevance in general, use ''Legal documents.'' || ||
|-
| ''Legal notebooks'' use ''Legal documents'' or ''Legal formularies'', depending on content
|-
| ''Legends'' use ''Myths and legends''
|-
| Legislative proceedings|| ǂ2 rbgenr ||  || || ||
|-
| Letter books || ǂ2 aat || Books of blank or lined paper on which letters to be sent have been written; also copies of letters, originally on loose sheets, bound together, usually in chronological order. ||AAT || ||
|-
| Letters  || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for pieces of correspondence that are somewhat more formal than memoranda or notes, usually on paper and delivered. ||AAT (Letters (correspondence)) || ||
|-
| Letters of advice || ǂ2 aat || || || Conduct of life letters written by parents or grandparents (sometimes cribbed from printed sources), meant to be kept and passed on, specifically in the form of a letter. Add LC subject term for ''Conduct of life''; also add genre term for ''Letters''. || M
|-
| Letters patent || ǂ2 aat|| Written communications, usually signed and sealed from a government or sovereign of a nation, conferring upon a designated person a grant (as a right, title, status, property, authority, privilege, monopoly, franchise, immunity, or exemption) that could not otherwise be enjoyed. ||AAT || ||
|-
| Library catalogs||ǂ2 rbgenr || || || Use for lists of books or other materials held in public or private libraries ||
|-
| Libretti ||ǂ2 rbgenr || Books or booklets containing the text or words of an opera or similar extended musical composition. || AAT (Librettos) || Use for printed or manuscript books giving the literary text, both sung and spoken, of an opera (or other musical work). ||
|-
| Libri amicorum || ǂ2 rbgenr || Books, loose-leaf binders, or other volumes containing blank leaves, on which persons have written sentiments, quotations, or signatures. UF ''Album amicorum'', ''Autograph albums'' || AAT (Autograph albums)  || ||
|-
| Literary hoaxes|| ǂ2 rbgenr || Valued objects or documents that are made or altered with intent to deceive; may range in falsehood from counterfeiting of whole works to altering of signatures or other deliberate misrepresentations. Distinguished from ''Copies (derivative objects)'' by the intention of deception. UF ''Forgeries'' ||AAT (Forgeries (derivative objects)) || ||
|-
| Loyalty oaths || ǂ2 aat || Oaths, usually mandatory, affirming the loyalty of the takers, such as to a government, ruler, constitution, or set of principles. || AAT || ||
|-
| Made-for-TV movies ||ǂlcgft || || || Use for feature-length films made exclusively for television, although some are released theatrically or made available on videocassette. ||
|-
| ''Magazine illustrations'' use ''Periodical illustrations''
|-
| Manorial records|| ǂ2 aat || Records having to do with the history and transactions of a manor house and its estate.  || AAT || ||
|-
| Manuscript waste (Binding)|| ǂ2 rbbin || || || Use for the presence of manuscript waste paper in bindings ||
|-
| Manuscripts|| ǂ2 aat || Use especially for handwritten documents; may also be used to distinguish certain documents from published or otherwise printed documents, as in the cases of typed personal letters or a typescript from which printed versions are made. || AAT || Use for all manuscripts in English. Further subdivide by physical format if applicable (e.g., Facsimiles). ||
|-
| Manuscripts, [language] ||ǂlcgft || || || Use for all non-English manuscripts ||
|-
| Manuscripts for publication|| ǂ2 aat || || || Use for manuscripts used as copy-text by typesetters, etc.  ||
|-
| Manuscripts from print || ǂ2 local  || || || Use for manuscripts copied directly from printed texts ||
|-
| Maps|| ǂ2 rbgenr || Graphic delineations at a set scale, of all or part of the earth or another celestial sphere indicating the relative position of selected artificial and natural features. || TGM || Use for resources that are entirely, or substantially, composed of maps. Subdivide by location depicted in the maps, not by place of production/publication ||
|-
| Masques || ǂ2 rbgenr || Short allegorical dramatic entertainments performed by masked performers, popular in the 16th and 17th centuries. || AAT || ||
|-
| ''Masques with music'' use ''Masques'' || also use ''Dramatic music''? [[Talk:Genre and form#List of common genre and form terms in Hamnet|Needs discussion]]
|-
| Maxims || ǂ2 rbgenr  || Rules or principles of conduct, morality or prudence, expressed in sententious form. It is often used specifically for precepts of morality or prudence occurring in Old English verse, or for self-evident propositions assumed as a premise in mathematical or dialectical reasoning. The meaning of this term may overlap somewhat with ''Aphorisms || AAT || ||
|-
| Medical formularies || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for works not having the contemporary status of a standard.  ||  RBMS || Use for works formulating the ingredients and amounts to be used in medical preparations. UF ''Receipt books''. ||
|-
| Memorandums || ǂ2 aat|| Documents recording information used for internal communication. || AAT || Use for early modern manuscripts which consist of simple notes of something to be remembered, or a record (for future reference) of something that has been done, without the formulas and signature characteristic of a letter, and conventionally bearing the heading 'Memorandum' ('It is to be remembered') and often the writer's name (OED).  ||
|-
| Menus || ǂ2 rbgenr|| Lists of dishes to be served or available for meals. || AAT || ||
|-
| Military manuals|| ǂ2 rbgenr || || || Use for manuals on military or naval instruction, training, or operations  ||
|-
| Military orders|| ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for commands issued by a military superior. '''Note:''' Use only if it is a directive issued from a higher authority to a lower one.  ||RBMS|| ||
|-
| Miniature books (Printing) || ǂ2 rbpri || Use for volumes 10 cm or less in height ||RBMS || || B
|-
| Miniatures (Illuminations) || ǂ2 gmgpc|| Pictures in an illuminated manuscript; distinct from the initials and borders. For non-manuscripts, use ''Miniatures (Paintings)'' ||TGM|| ||
|-
| Miniatures (Paintings)|| ǂ2 gmgpc || Paintings on a very small scale (usually five inches or less), especially the portraits on vellum or ivory popular in England and America from the Renaissance into the 1800s. For miniatures in manuscripts, use ''Miniatures (Illuminations)'' ||TGM || ||
|-
| Minutes || ǂ2 aat || Records of what was said and done at meetings or conferences.||AAT || ||
|-
| ''Miscellanies'' use ''Anthologies''
|-
| Money orders||ǂ2 aat || Credit instruments ordering the payment of a specified amount of money, usually issued and payable at a bank or post office. ||AAT || ||
|-
| Morality plays || ǂ2 rbgenr|| Use for allegorical plays of the type which offer discourses in praise of morality between actors representing characters such as Charity, Faith, Death, etc. ||RBMS|| ||
|-
| Musical notation|| ǂ2 gmgpc || || || Use for a system of expressing musical sounds through the use of written symbols. Use only when cataloging a resource other than on the scores format. ||
|-
| Musical works|| ǂ2 rbgenr  || || || Use for written compositions in musical notation not covered by a more specific genre ||
|-
| Mystery plays|| ǂ2 rbgenr  || Use for medieval religious plays based on scriptural incidents. ||RBMS || ||
|-
| Myths and legends || ǂ2 rbgenr  || Stories handed down by tradition from earlier times, usually concerned with a real person, place, or event, and popularly regarded as historical although not entirely verifiable. ||AAT (Legends (folk tales))|| UF ''Legends''.||
|-
| ''Neo-Latin plays'' use ''Plays''
|-
| Neo-Latin poems || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for poems written in Latin since ca. 1300. ||RBMS || ||
|-
|Newsbooks||ǂ2 rbgenr ||Use for forerunners of newspapers, consisting of more than one leaf, published in the 16th and 17th centuries. For similar items consisting of one leaf, use ''Corantos''||RBMS|| ||
|-
| Newsletters || ǂ2 rbgenr || In the 16th and 17th centuries, manuscript reports produced for special subscribers and issued irregularly or weekly; from the 20th century to the present, periodic reports on the activities of a business or organization. ||AAT || ||
|-
| Notebooks|| ǂ2 rbgenr || || || Use for books in which notes of memorandums are recorded, or notes taken during a class, lecture, or meeting. ||
|-
| Obituaries|| ǂ2 rbgenr || Published notices of a death, usually with a brief biography of the deceased.  ||AAT|| ||
|-
| ''Ordinaries of arms'' use ''Armorials''
|-
| Operas|| ǂ2 rbgenr|| Here are entered musical compositions. General works about opera are entered under the heading Opera. || LC || Use for dramas set to music to be sung with instrumental accompaniment by singers usually in costume. Defintion: A dramatic musical work in which singing forms an essential part, chiefly consisting of recitatives, arias, and choruses, with orchestral accompaniment; a performance of such a work; a libretto or musical score for such a work. ||
|-
| Oratorios|| ǂlcgft || Here are entered musical compositions. Works about the oratorio are entered under the heading Oratorio. || LC || Use for a musical settings of a religious libretti for solo singers, chorus, and orchestra, in dramatic form but usually performed without scenery or costumes in concert-hall-or church. Defintion: A large-scale, usually narrative musical work for orchestra and voices, typically on a sacred theme and performed with little or no costume, scenery, or action. Also: this as a musical genre. Formerly also (U.S.): a concert of sacred music of any sort (obs.). ||
|-
| Overtures|| ǂlcgft|| Here are entered overtures for orchestra. Overtures for other mediums of performance are entered under this heading followed by the medium, e.g. Overtures (Chamber orchestra). Works about the overture are entered under the heading Overture. || LC || Use for instrumental music composed as an introduction to an opera, oratorio, ballet, or other dramatic work, or intended for independent concert performance. Defintion: Music. An orchestral piece of varying form and dimensions, forming the opening or introduction to an opera, oratorio, or other extended composition, and often containing themes from the body of the work or otherwise indicating the character of it. Also: a similar orchestral piece, usually of descriptive or programmatic character, intended for independent performance; = concert overture n. at CONCERT n. Compounds 2.  ||
|-
| Paintings || ǂ2 gmgpc || || || Use for all paintings except miniatures and watercolors, ''q.v.'' ||
|-
| Pamphlets || ǂ2 aat ||  Independent publications consisting of a few leaves of printed matter folded or fastened together but not bound, often with no cover or a paper cover. || AAT||Use for items 50 pages or less (see Merriam-Webster for definition)
|-
| Pardons || ǂ2 aat || Official documents declaring the exemption of a convicted person from the penalties of an offense or crime by the power of the executor of laws. || AAT || ||
|-
| ''Parish registers'' use ''Parochial records''
|-
| Parochial records|| ǂ2 aat  || ||  || Use for records established and kept by an ecclesiastical parish, recording chronologically baptisms, marriages, burials, and other information. UF ''Parish registers''. ||
|-
| Parodies|| ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for humorous, sometimes satiric, imitations of other works. ||RBMS|| ||
|-
| Part books|| ǂ2 rbgenr  || || || Use for copies of one or more (but not all) parts for the use of participating voices or instruments in a musical work ||
|-
| Pasquinades|| ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for satires or lampoons intended to be posted in a public place.  || RBMS || ||
|-
| Patent rolls || ǂ2 local || || || Use for rolls that record grants of lands, and honors, pensions and privileges given by the king to individuals or corporate bodies.  ||
|-
| Pattern books|| ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for books of actual patterns. ||RBMS || ||
|-
| ''Pedigrees'' use ''Genealogies''
|-
| ''Pen and ink drawings'' use BT ''Drawings''
|-
| Periodical illustrations|| ǂ2 gmgpc || Detached illustrations are included as well as original drawings, photographs, and prints intended for publication or actually published as illustrations in periodicals.  ||TGM || ||
|-
| Periodicals || ǂ2 rbgenr || Publications issued at regular intervals of more than one day. || AAT|| || B
|-
| Perpetual calendars|| ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for tables that allow determination of the correct day of the week for any given date over a wide range of years. ||RBMS|| Use only when cataloging a stand-alone perpetual calendar. || B, G, M
|-
| Petitions || ǂ2 rbgenr ||Includes any written requests and lists of signatures submitted to an authority to appeal for the performance of specific action.||AAT|| ||
|-
| Photographs|| ǂ2 gmgpc || Refers to still images produced from radiation-sensitive materials (sensitive to light, electron beams, or nuclear radiation), generally by means of the chemical action of light on a sensitive film, paper, glass, or metal. ||AAT|| Photographs reproducing paintings or other artworks should NOT be traced in a [[MARC 655|655]]. ||
|-
| Photomechanical prints|| ǂ2 gmgpc || Prints made from photographically prepared printing surfaces. Most have a distinctive dot or screen pattern, but some are continuous tone. Usually planographic. UF ''Process prints'' ||TGM|| ||
|-
| Pictorial bindings (Binding)|| ǂ2 rbbin || ||  || || B
|-
| Pipe rolls|| ǂ2 local || || || Use for rolls that contain the details of revenues of the Crown, according to the counties, not merely from land, but from every source, together with the public expenditure.  ||
|-
| Plans || ǂ2 gmgpc|| Graphic delineations of a site, structure, or object in a horizontal projection. Projection lines are parallel to the picture plane rather than in perspective. ||TGM || ||
|-
| Playbills || ǂ2 rbgenr  || Use for single-sheet items advertising plays, usually announcing the cast. || RBMS|| Assume printed unless manuscript is specified. ||
|-
| Players' parts|| ǂ2 local || || || Use for actors' individual scripts, containing only their own dialogue and cue lines. ||
|-
| Playing cards || ǂ2 gmgpc|| Cards made in sets of a designated number of cards and marked for use in playing one or more games or telling fortunes. ||TGM || ||
|-
| Plays || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for dramatic compositions, arranged for enactment, as by actors on a stage. || AAT (Plays (document genre)) || || M
|-
| ''Plots'' use ''Scenarios''
|-
| Poems || ǂ2 rbgenr|| Written or oral compositions characterized by condensed language chosen for sound and suggestive power as well as meaning, and by the use of such literary techniques as structured meter, natural cadences, rhyme, or metaphor.  || AAT || ||
|-
| Poetical miscellanies || ǂ2 rbgenr|| Use for collections of contemporary poems by different authors, usually dealing with various topics and primarily published from the 16th through the 18th centuries. ||RBMS ||Use also for manuscript collections. ||
|-
| Portraits || ǂ2 gmgpc|| Graphic representations, especially of the face, of real persons, usually posed, living or dead. Pictures whose purpose is the portrayal of an individual or several people, not pictures that merely include people as part of an event or scene. ||TGM || Subdivide by gender ''(ǂx [Female or Male])'' as well as century. ||
|-
| Postcards|| ǂ2 gmgpc || Cards on which a message may be written or printed for mailing without an envelope; often include a pictorial, comic, or other scene on one side.  ||TGM|| ||
|-
| Posters || ǂ2 rbgenr || Single or multi-sheet notices made to attract attention to events, activities, causes, goods, or services; also, purely decorative posters. For posting, usually in a public place; chiefly pictorial. Intended to make an immediate impression from a distance. ||TGM|| ||
|-
| Prayer books  || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for books of personal prayer; they may include selections from liturgical books.||RBMS|| ||
|-
| Prayers || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for individually issued prayers, not in book form. ||
|-
| Presentation copies (Provenance) || ǂ2 rbprov|| || || Use for materials that have been formally presented as a gift to a person or body. Use in conjunction with the [[Relationship designators|relationship designators]] ''inscriber'' and ''former owner'' as appropriate. ||
|-
| Press kits || ǂ2 aat || Packets of promotional materials for distribution to the press, as at a press conference. For official or authoritative statements distributed to the press typically by a public relations firm or government agency, use "press releases." ||AAT|| ||
|-
| Pressbooks (theatre manuals) || ǂ2 aat|| Manuals provided to theater owners, especially in the 1930s and 1940s, advising them on how to promote a particular motion picture being shown in their theater. ||AAT || Use for exhibitors' campaign books.  ||
|-
| Prices (Provenance) || ǂ2 rbprov|| Use for prices in materials indicating purchase cost information by a previous owner or relating to secondary selling, e.g., second-hand dealer prices, auction prices. ||RBMS || Use for pre-19th century manuscript prices, especially auction prices.  || B
|-
| Printed waste (Binding) || ǂ2 rbbin || || || Use for the presence of printed waste paper in bindings. ||
|-
| Printers' advertisements|| ǂ2 rbgenr || || ||Use for advertisements for books &c. printed by an entity who is clearly not the bookseller or publisher  ||
|-
| Printers' devices (Printing)|| ǂ2 rbpri  || Emblematic designs or devices of a printer or publisher. The printer's mark as an identifying device was used in typographic books with the invention of printing in the 15th century; printers gradually added a blank piece of paper at the front of a book to protect the first page from soiling. The identifying device, monogram, or emblem was applied to this page or with a brief sentence at the rear of the book; when the printer's mark was incorporated into the colophon, it is sometimes itself known as a "colophon." ||AAT||Use only for printers' devices cataloged as individual items. For printers' devices in the Folger rare book collection, search for "printer's device" as a phrase. || G
|-
| Printing privileges (Publishing)|| ǂ2 rbpub || || || Use for printed works containing a statement granting an exclusive right to print a work or a class work of works. UF ''Imprimaturs'': works containing an official endorsement of the content, usually by the Roman Catholic church. || B
|-
| Prints || ǂ2 gmgpc|| Images formed by transfer from one surface or source to another. Usually created with ink(s) and produced in multiple impressions. ||TGM ||Do not use narrower terms, e.g., ''Mezzotints'', ''Etchings'', ''Lithographs'', etc.  ||
|-
| Private press books (Publishing)|| ǂ2 rbpub || || || || B
|-
| Prize books (Provenance) || ǂ2 rbprov || || || || B
|-
| Proclamations || ǂ2 rbgenr|| Documents that are publicly announced or officially declared; especially a public notice by an official of some order, intended action, or state of facts. ||AAT || ||
|-
| Programs || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for lists of the events, pieces, performers, speakers, etc., of an entertainment, ceremony, or the like. ||RBMS|| ||
|-
| Prologues and epilogues || ǂ2 local || || || Use for poems, speeches, or other literary works written to be spoken or performed before or after a play. ||
|-
| Promissory notes || ǂ2 aat || Unconditional written promises to pay on demand, or at a fixed or determined future time, a certain sum of money to, or to the order of, a specified person or to the bearer. ||AAT || ||
|-
| Promptbooks || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for plays with manuscript production annotations. ||RBMS || ||
|-
| Proofs (Printing) || ǂ2 rbpri|| Refers to trial sheets of printed matter that are checked against original manuscripts and on which errors can be corrected and alterations made. || AAT (Proofs (printed matter)) || For proofs of graphic materials, use ''Proofs (printed matter)''. || B M
|-
| Proofs (printed matter) || ǂ2 gmgpc || In printmaking, impressions taken at any stage from a plate, block, or stone, but not considered part of the edition. In photography, photographic prints made as quick records of a negative or for clients to choose from, as with studio portraits. ||TGM || Use a more specific term when appropriate: ''Trial proofs'', ''Counterproofs'', ''Proofs before letters''. For proofs of textual material, use ''Proofs (Printing)''. || G
|-
| Proofs before letters || ǂ2 gmgpc || In printmaking, impressions complete except for a title or publication statement to be printed outside of the image area. ||TGM || ||
|-
| Prophecies || ǂ2 local  || || || Use for written utterances declaring divine will and purpose, or predicting things to come. ||
|-
| ''Props'' use ''Stage props''
|-
| Prospectuses|| ǂ2 rbgenr  || Use for formal summaries of proposed commercial, literary, or other ventures to solicit investment, purchase, or participation. ||RBMS|| ||
|-
| Proverbs || ǂ2 rbgenr || Refers to short, concise sayings repeated colloquially expressing a general truth or observation about human life or behavior, often embodying the folk wisdom of a group or nation. Distinguished from ''Aphorisms'' which are statements of principle or precepts, often of known authorship. ||AAT|| ||
|-
| Psalters ||ǂ2 rbgenr|| Use for books containing only the Psalms. ||RBMS|| ||
|-
| Publishers' advertisements||ǂ2 rbgenr  || Use ''Booksellers' advertisements'' rather than this term for examples appearing before the roles of bookseller and publisher were clearly differentiated. ||RBMS|| ||
|-
| Publishers' catalogs||ǂ2 rbgenr  || Use ''Booksellers' catalogs'' rather than this term for examples appearing before the roles of bookseller and publisher were clearly differentiated. ||RBMS|| ||
|-
| ''Puzzles'' use ''Games''
|-
| Radio plays  || ǂ2 rbgenr || || || Use for scripts of radio plays ||
|-
| ''Receipt books'' use ''Cookbooks'' and/or ''Medical formularies''. || [Most Folger receipt books will require both ''use'' terms.]
|-
| Receipts (financial records) || ǂ2 aat || Written acknowledgment of the receiving or taking of goods or money delivered or paid. ||AAT || ||
|-
| Regulations || ǂ2 rbgenr|| BT ''Legal works''. Regulations issued by a governmental agency, having the force of law, to interpret or implement the provisions of a statute. ||AAT (Administrative regulations) || ||
|-
| ''Riddles'' use ''Games''
|-
| Romances || ǂ2 rbgenr|| Use for medieval and Renaissance tales in prose or verse celebrating the adventures, in love and war, of some hero of chivalry. Do not use for modern romance novels. ||RBMS || ||
|-
| Sammelbands (Provenance) || ǂ2 rbprov|| Use for separately-produced works bound together for the owner during the medieval or early modern period. ''Note'': this scope note is in the process of being revised, partly to remove the period limitation. ||RBMS || ||
|-
| Satires|| ǂ2 rbgenr ||Literary compositions in verse or prose in which human folly and vice are held up to scorn, derision, or ridicule. || AAT (Satires (document genre)) || Folger practice: use for both literary and visual satires. ||
|-
| Scenarios || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for plot outlines of dramatic works.||RBMS|| ||
|-
| Scores || ǂ2 rbgenr|| Original and entire drafts or transcripts of musical compositions or arrangements, with the parts of all the different instruments or voices written on staffs one above another, so that they can be read at a glance. ||AAT || ||
|-
| Scrapbooks || ǂ2 rbgenr|| Use for albums containing a variety of items, especially when those items serve as memorabilia. ||AAT|| ||
|-
| ''Screenplays'' use ''Film scripts''
|-
| Seals (Impressions) || ǂ2 gmgpc || Wax or embossed impressions; chiefly used to certify a signature or authenticate a document. ||TGM || Use for personal or unofficial seals || B G
|-
| Seals (Impressions) ǂx Official || ǂ2 gmgpc || Wax or embossed impressions; chiefly used to certify a signature or authenticate a document. || TGM || Use for official seals; subdivide by country and century. || B G M
|-
| Sermons || ǂ2 rbgenr || Religious discourses delivered as part of a church service. ||AAT || ||
|-
| Set design drawings|| ǂ2 gmgpc || Graphic delineations made for the design and production (or documentation of design and production) of stage settings for theatrical, movie, broadcast, or other performing arts productions. || TGM || ||
|-
| Ships' logs|| ǂ2 aat || Daily records of the progress of a ship at sea, with notes on the weather and important incidents of the voyage.  ||AAT || ||
|-
| Ships' manifests|| ǂ2 aat  || Lists or invoices of cargo on a ship, usually containing marks or indication of contents or commodity, consignee, and other pertinent information for use at terminals or customhouses. ||AAT || ||
|-
| Short films ||ǂ2 lcgft || This heading is used as a genre/form heading for films usually limited to a running time of less than 40 minutes || LC|| ||
|-
| Shorthand || ǂ2 aat || Use for methods of handwriting that use simplified strokes, abbreviations, or symbols to facilitate rapid writing. || AAT||
|-
| ''Signatures'' use ''Autographs''
|-
| Signing patterns (Printing)|| ǂ2  rbpri || Use for signatures with patterns such as alternating 12's and 6's. ||RBMS|| Use only in extremely unusual signing pattern situations. ||
|-
|Silent films||ǂ2 lcgft || This heading is used as a genre/form heading for films produced in the early days of the motion picture industry before the advent of talking films ||LC || ||
|-
| Silhouettes || ǂ2 gmgpc || Images shown in profile in a single hue against a contrasting background; cut, drawn, painted, printed, or photographic; often portraits. ||TGM || ||
|-
| Slides|| ǂ2 gmgpc || Transparent materials on which there is a drawn image or a positive photographic image; intended to be bound or held in a mount and usually designed for use in a projector or viewer.  ||TGM || ||
|-
|Slurs (Printing) || ǂ2 rbpri|| Use for blurred or doubled ink impressions caused by the sliding of the paper on the printing surface. ||RBMS || ||
|-
| Songs || ǂ2 rbgenr || || || Use for written poems that include musical notation, specify a tune, and/or call themselves a song. ||
|-
| Souvenir programs||ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for programs distributed to commemorate a specific event, e.g., the dedication of a monument. ||RBMS || Use for published souvenirs, even if a specific date or occasion is not mentioned. || B G
|-
| Stage props|| ǂ2 gmgpc || || || Use for movable physical objects used on a stage set that are not costume or structurally part of the set, such as furnishings, decorations, and objects held or touched by actors. ||
|-
| Subscription lists (Publishing)|| ǂ2 rbpub || Lists or records of subscriptions and subscribers. || AAT || ||
|-
| Surveys (documents) || ǂ2 aat || Documentation of examinations or inspections conducted in order to achieve a comprehensive view, as of a place, a group of related items, or to ascertain condition or value. For detailed lists of items on hand, or of items in a given category, use ''Inventories''. For sets of questions submitted to a number of persons to obtain information, use ''Questionnaires''. || AAT || ||
|-
| Telegrams|| ǂ2 aat || Messages sent by telegraph. UF ''Cablegrams'' ||AAT || ||
|-
| Textbooks  || ǂ2 rbgenr ||Books used as standard works for the formal study of a particular subject. UF ''Instruction books''||AAT || || B
|-
| Tickets || ǂ2 gmgpc|| Slips of paper, cardboard, or other material used for admission or passage.  ||TGM || ||
|-
| Ties (Binding)|| ǂ2 rbbin|| Cords, bands, or similar flexible devices used for fastening, especially by interlacing, such as in a knot or bow. || AAT (Ties (fasteners)) || Use whenever there is evidence of original ties on bindings, even if now missing.  || B M
|-
| Title pages|| ǂ2 gmgpc || Pages bearing the title and usually the names of author and publisher, and date and place of publication of a book, portfolio, or other material. ||TGM || Use when cataloging individual title pages in the art collection. ||
|-
| Toy theaters || ǂ2 aat || Toys comprising engravings in miniature of the characters, scenery, stage, and proscenium, either hand-colored or without color for the child to color him- or herself; they were designed to be cut out and mounted on stiff backing such as cardboard or wood.||AAT || ||
|-
| Tracts (documents) ||ǂ2 aat || Brief treatises or pamphlets for general distribution, usually on a religious or political topic. || AAT || ||
|-
| Translations || ǂ2 rbgenr  || Translated versions of a text. || AAT || || B M
|-
| Treasure bindings|| ǂ2 rbbin || "Covered with gold and silver, ivories, enamelwork, and gems." -- Needham. UF ''Medieval treasure bindings''. || RBMS || Use for narrow terms ''Enamel bindings'', ''Ivory bindings'', ''Jewelled bindings'', and ''Silver bindings''. ||
|-
| Treaties || ǂ2 rbgenr || Agreements or contracts made between two or more states, formally signed by duly authorized representatives, and usually ratified by the lawmaking authority of the states, as treaties of peace or alliance, or commercial treaties. ||AAT || ||
|-
| Trial proceedings||ǂ2 rbgenr || || || Use for official or unofficial written accounts of judicial trials of any kind  ||
|-
| Trial proofs || ǂ2 gmgpc|| Prints made before the completion of the accepted impression. ||TGM || ||
|-
| Underscoring (Provenance)|| ǂ2 rbprov  || || || Use for resources that have been underlined in manuscripts || B
|-
| ''Verses'' use ''Poems''
|-
| Visiting cards || ǂ2 gmgpc || Small cards bearing a person's name and sometimes address; presented when making a formal social call. May have a portrait, scene, or decoration; may be accompanied by an envelope. || TGM || ||
|-
| Volvelles || ǂ2 rbgenr || Use for devices, whether individual or in books, consisting of one or more movable circles surrounded by other graduated or figured circles and intended for the calculation of astronomical or other data. ||RBMS || ||
|-
| Vues d'optique|| ǂ2 gmgpc || Prints intended for viewing through an optical system such as a zogroscope that enhances the effect of perspective. Because the viewing device included a mirror, the lettering and image are usually laterally reversed. Common in the late 1700s in Europe for peep shows.  ||TGM || ||
|-
| Warrants|| ǂ2 aat  ||Documents giving authority to do something; especially used in civil and criminal law for the arrest of persons or for their production in court as witnesses. || AAT || Most commonly used for documents authorizing payment ||
|-
| Watch papers ||ǂ2 gmgpc|| Circular papers used to ensure a tight fit between inner and outer cases of a pocket watch. Often contain watchmaker's or watch owner's name. ||TGM || ||
|-
| Watercolors || ǂ2 gmgpc || Use for ''Watercolor drawings'' and ''Watercolor paintings''. ||TGM || ||
|-
| Watermarks (Paper)|| ǂ2  rbpap || Use for any pattern in the paper which appears when the paper is held up to the light, and light shines through because the paper is thinner where the pattern is formed. Terms listed here are general designations of types of watermarks, and do not indicate specific shapes or patterns, which can be described in notes in the cataloguing record. Libraries may wish to sub- divide the general term Watermarks by the images they portray. For example: 655 Watermarks (Paper) ǂx Lion. ||RBMS|| Use when the item being cataloged is a watermark. ||
|-
| Wedding books|| ǂ2 rbgenr  || Use for works which recount and depict nuptial festivities and events, chiefly of royalty, nobility, or famous persons, and which may also include literary works offered to the principals, such as epithalamia or the Italian "per le nozze." ||RBMS || || B
|-
| Wills || ǂ2 aat || Legal instruments in which a person declares the disposition of his/her property, to take effect after his/her death, and which is revocable during the lifetime of that person. ||AAT || ||
|-
| Writing books|| ǂ2 rbgenr  || Use for books which provide instruction in handwriting or penmanship. ||RBMS || ||B
|-
| Writing tables (Paper)|| ǂ2 rbpap || Use for paper or vellum treated to enable erasure and intended for use with a metal stylus. ||RBMS|| ||
|}
 
 
[[Category:Cataloging]]
[[Category:Staff policies and procedures]]

Latest revision as of 13:50, 30 September 2024

Genre/form terms in catalog records describe what an item is (or contains), not what it is about. Genre corresponds roughly to the intellectual content of what is being described: for example, almanacs, depositions, plays, and poems. Form corresponds with physical characteristics. For instance, this catalog record for two copies of a 1635 edition of Sternhold and Hopkins Whole booke of Psalmes has been assigned the genre terms Psalters, Adaptations, Miniature books, and Printing privileges, and the form term Embroidered bindings. In practice, "genres" and "forms" overlap, so the MARC cataloging standard uses the same field for both (the MARC 655 Genre/Form field).

Genre and form in library catalogs

Catalogers use controlled vocabularies to ensure that terminology is more or less the same between different institutions, or can be cross-walked to equivalent terms when sharing data. But as the saying goes, "the great thing about standards is that there are so many to choose from."

Guidance for Folger catalogers can be found in the Folgerpedia article "MARC 655 Index Term - Genre/Form"; the general order of vocabulary preference is:

Form subdivisions also appear at the end of a subject heading, though this practice has largely been replaced by separate Genre/Form terms. At the Folger, these include, for example:

  • -- Early works to 1800 (material about the named subject that is pre-1801)
  • -- Manuscripts (material about the named subject that is manuscript rather than printed)
  • -- Pictorial works (material about the named subject that is primarily pictorial rather than verbal)

Searching genre/form terms in the catalog

The Folger catalog has several built-in ways to search for items by their genre and form.

  • Begin a search then narrow your search results using the checkboxes in the Genre/form facet in the left-hand side bar (on a mobile device or narrow screen, use the “Options” button to reveal the facets).
  • Type genreform: immediately before a keyword search in the main search box (remember to use quotation marks around phrases). For example:
  • Follow the Advanced Search link near the bottom of the catalog's landing page and select "genre/form (what it is)" from the drop-down menus next to any of the three search boxes. You can search by genre/form alone, or combine it with other searches.
  • Follow the Browse records link near the bottom of the catalog's landing page and select "genre/form (what it is)" then hit the "Search" button to browse an alphabetical list.