https://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=AbbieWeinberg&feedformat=atomFolgerpedia - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T16:23:53ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.6https://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=List_of_digital_resources_at_the_Folger&diff=37375List of digital resources at the Folger2023-07-28T12:59:26Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* P */ added philosophical libraries</p>
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<div>This article provides a curated list of digital resources—arranged (mostly) alphabetically. This list is alphabetized according to the idiosyncrasies of what the Folger community most commonly calls a resource. If you are having trouble finding a resource, use the search box at the top of the page or your browser's "Find" feature (usually control-F). <br />
<br />
The first sections, arranged alphabetically, contains freely available resources. The second section provides a list of subscription resources available to registered Folger researchers during the time our Reading Room is closed for renovation. The final section is a list of subscription resources that Folger staff will still have access to; please email reference@folger.edu to set up an appointment for access. <br />
<br />
==Folger-created and hosted resources==<br />
<br />
BBI: [https://britishbookillustrations.folger.edu/ British Book Illustrations: Extending Access to 17th-century Visual Culture] is a project of the Folger Shakespeare Library, funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), to digitize and index 10,000 woodcut and engraved illustrations in British and English-language books. <br />
<br />
[http://collation.folger.edu/ The Collation: a gathering of scholarship from the Folger Shakespeare Library] is a blog about Folger collections and resources written by Folger staff and readers. <br />
<br />
[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGERCM1~6~6 Digital Image Collections Database (LUNA)] contains high-quality, high-resolution images of a large number of Folger collection items, divided into six collections (listed below). Users have the ability to store their preferred images in media groups, create presentations, and export images.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~4~4 Bas Relief Image Collection] contains images of the nine bas reliefs that adorn the facade of the Folger Shakespeare Library.<br />
:[[Bindings image collection | Bindings Image Collection]] contains research-quality [https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/BINDINGS~1~1 images of bindings] of aesthetic or historical merit.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~2~2 British Book Illustrations Image Collection] contains the images and raw metadata from the "British Book Illustrations: Extending Access to 17th-century Visual Culture" project (first entry on this list).<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGERCM1~6~6 Digital Image Collection] contains the majority of digitized collection images in the database.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~3~3 Manuscript Transcriptions Collection] contains images from the Folger manuscript collection along with searchable, vetted semi-diplomatic transcriptions.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~1~1 First Folio Image Collection] contains cover-to-cover images with color card and ruler for a number of Folger First Folios.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~5~5 Reference Image Collection] contains cell-phone quality images taken by Folger librarians during the course of their work.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~6~6 Microfilm Image Collection] contains digitized microfilm of Folger materials. <br />
<br />
[https://emed.folger.edu/ EMED]: [[A Digital Anthology of Early Modern English Drama]]: a database of early modern plays ''not'' by Shakespeare, with thirty documentary editions.<br />
<br />
[https://emmo.folger.edu/ EMMO]: [[Early Modern Manuscripts Online]]: transcriptions, images, and metadata of manuscripts from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. <br />
<br />
[http://findingaids.folger.edu/ Finding Aids at the Folger Shakespeare Library] guides users through the extensive manuscript collections with descriptions and lists of items. <br />
<br />
[http://firstlines.folger.edu/ The Union First Line Index of English Verse] enables researchers to locate poems held in seven prestigious collections in the US and UK, including the Folger Shakespeare Library. The Index provides a database of over 224,000 first lines of manuscript and printed verse. [mailto:firstlines@folger.edu firstlines@folger.edu] <br />
<br />
[https://shakespeare.folger.edu/ The Folger SHAKESPEARE] shares the complete works of Shakespeare, edited for modern readers.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/ The Folger's online catalog] gives bibliographic information, copy-specific notes, and detailed information—often with links to images—of most of the items in the collection. <br />
<br />
[https://lostplays.folger.edu/Main_Page Lost Plays Database] is a wiki-style forum for scholars to share information about lost plays in England, 1570-1642. <br />
<br />
[http://findingaids.folger.edu/Hand-List_of_Microfilm_and_Selected_Microfiche_Sets.pdf Microfilms Hand-List at the Folger Shakespeare Library] (PDF) is an addition/supplementary list to the microfilm database. Readers are advised to check both places when searching for a microfilm. <br />
<br />
[[Picturing Shakespeare]] was an NEH-funded project to help the Folger digitize thousands of 18th-, 19th-, and early 20th-century images representing Shakespeare’s plays. <br />
<br />
[http://plre.folger.edu/ PLRE.Folger: Private Libraries in Renaissance England] complements the printed volumes of [http://shakespeare.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=56839 Private Libraries in Renaissance England] (PLRE), an ongoing editorial project that has published eight volumes since 1992 in the Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies (MRTS) series. <br />
<br />
[https://shakespearedocumented.folger.edu Shakespeare Documented] is the largest and most authoritative collection of primary-source materials documenting the life of William Shakespeare (1564-1616), bringing together all known manuscript and print references to Shakespeare, his works, and additional references to his family, in his lifetime and shortly thereafter.<br />
<br />
[https://www.folger.edu/shakespeare-unlimited Shakespeare Unlimited Podcast], a "no limits" tour of the connections between Shakespeare, his works, and our world.<br />
<br />
[https://tokenbooks.folger.edu/ The Token Books of St Saviour Southwark] is an in-progress resource developed by William Ingram, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Alan H. Nelson, The University of California, Berkeley. The site makes available information from this rare type of parish record, spanning approximately 1571-1643.<br />
<br />
==Instructional video series==<br />
In the [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkWyVPkA-aEdejPR6-KD5CzJ Folger How-tos: Hamnet Online Catalog] video series, learn valuable tips and tricks to make the most of Hamnet, the Folger online library catalog. <br />
<br />
The [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkW1MqgnonjgpnHOk-QZ3nyd Folger How-tos: Research Essentials] video series includes tips on how to navigate [https://shakespearedocumented.folger.edu/ Shakespeare Documented], use the digital image collections to their maximum potential, and access subscription databases through a research account.<br />
<br />
Watch the [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkVvJifK4yXVethkELPqPvXf State Papers Online] video series to learn navigation tips and tricks for this valuable, but sometimes complicated, online resource. ''Note: State Papers Online, 1509-1714 is made available through an institutional subscription onsite at the Folger Shakespeare Library or through the Folger researcher request system (through 2022). Check your institution’s e-resource subscriptions for local availability.''<br />
<br />
==Freely Available Electronic Resources== <br />
<br />
===A=== <br />
<br />
[http://www.1641.tcd.ie/index.php 1641 Depositions] From Trinity College Dublin (MSS 809-841) are witness testimonies mainly by Protestants, but also by some Catholics, from all social backgrounds, concerning their experiences of the 1641 Irish rebellion. Create a free account to view the depositions. <br />
<br />
[http://www.19thcenturyacts.com/ 19th Century Acts!] showcases different aspects of theatrical performance through mapping and current and historical digital images.<br />
<br />
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/12ptvF-YOhmRIb2OKqAy5l6w7zCscaK8P Association of College and Research Libraries online instruction guides] includes powerpoints, lesson plans, and other resources produced and compiled by [https://ischool.illinois.edu/people/melissa-wong Melissa Wong] of the School of Information Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.<br />
<br />
[https://americanarchive.org/ American Archive of Public Broadcasting]: Discover historic programs of publicly funded radio and television across America. Select Browse for subject browses of Literature, History, Theater and more.<br />
<br />
[http://www.annotatedbooksonline.com/ Annotated Books Online] is a virtual research environment for scholars and students interested in historical reading practices. Create a free account to contribute transcriptions and/or translations of annotations. <br />
<br />
[http://drc.usask.ca/projects/archbook/index.php ArchBook: Architectures of the Book] is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal focusing on specific design features of printed books.<br />
<br />
[https://atlas.lib.uiowa.edu/ Atlas of Early Printing] is an interactive site designed to be used as a tool for teaching the early history of printing in Europe during the second half of the fifteenth century. <br />
<br />
===B===<br />
<br />
[https://beforeshakespeare.com Before Shakespeare] is a project that explores the earliest days of the Elizabethan playhouses, focusing on the mid 16th century London commercial playhouses.<br />
<br />
[https://www.bessofhardwick.org/ Bess of Hardwick's Letters], which number almost 250 items of correspondence, bring to life her extraordinary story and allow us to eavesdrop on her world. Her letters allow us to reposition Bess as a complex woman of her times, immersed in the literacy and textual practices of everyday life, as her correspondence extends from servants, friends and family, to queens and officers of state. <br />
<br />
[http://bibsite.org/ The Bibliographical Society of America] list of resources compiles essays, lists, and other bibliographical materials in aid of bibliographical study. The resource features wide date ranges and ample geographical coverage. <br />
<br />
[https://bibsocamer.org/news/online-instruction-resources-digital-repositories-for-book-history-teaching-more/ The Bibliographic Society of America Online Instruction Resources: Digital Repositories for Book History Teaching, Research, & More] is a static resource that will be updated as new contributions come in.<br />
<br />
[https://www.sharpweb.org/book-history-unbound/category/issues/ Book History UNBOUND] provides supplemental digital humanities materials that supplement print articles in ''Book History'', the journal of the Society for the History of Authorship and Reading (SHARP).<br />
<br />
[https://bookowners.online/Main_Page Book Owners Online] is a directory of historical book owners, with information about their libraries, and signposts to further reference sources. It currently covers seventeenth-century English owners with the potential to be expanded. <br />
<br />
[http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=TR%2fPub%2f1 Bristol Old Vic Playbills]: collection of playbills from the Theatre Royal/Bristol Old Vic, digitized by the Bristol Archive. Covers some 18th century (earliest from 1768), primarily first half of 19th century (1810-1840).<br />
<br />
[https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Default.aspx?_ga=2.95202516.918721450.1602764813-573422282.1602764813 British Library Digitised Manuscripts] includes a wide selected of digital images from manuscripts in the British Library.<br />
<br />
[http://ballads.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ Broadside Ballad Archive] is maintained by the Bodleian Libraries and features the Bodleian's digital collections of ballads, with links to the English Broadside Ballad Archive’s digital presentations of pre-1800 ballads from other libraries, and to the folk song scholarship of the Roud Broadside Index, hosted by the English Folk Dance and Song Society (from the website).<br />
<br />
[https://jcblibrary.org/collection/digital-images The John Carter Brown Library Online Publications] features pdfs of out of print publications by and about The John Carter Brown Library collection. <br />
<br />
[[List of bindings resources]] <br />
<br />
[https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/bookbindings/ Database of Bookbindings: The British Library] <br />
<br />
[http://bookbindingdictionary.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page Bookbinding Dictionary (Multilingual)]: an international dictionary of bookbinding and conservation terms. <br />
<br />
[http://www.borrowers.uga.edu/ Borrowers and Lenders: The Journal of Shakespeare and Appropriation] <br />
<br />
[http://bbti.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/# British Book Trade Index:] The BBTI aims to include brief biographical and trade details of all those who worked in the English and Welsh book trades up to 1851. BBTI includes not only printers, publishers and booksellers but also other related trades, such as stationers, papermakers, engravers, auctioneers, ink-makers and sellers of medicines, so that the book trade can be studied in the context of allied trades. <br />
<br />
[http://www.bpi1700.org.uk/index.html British Printed Images to 1700 (bpi1700)] is a digital library of prints and book illustrations from early modern Britain. <br />
<br />
[http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/ British Universities Film and Video Council: Shakespeare] An International Database of Shakespeare on Film, Television and Radio.<br />
This authoritative online database of Shakespeare-related content in film, television, radio and video recordings is international in scope, is regularly updated and currently holds over 9,000 records dating from the 1890s to the present day.<br />
<br />
===C===<br />
<br />
[https://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/benjonson/ The Cambridge Works of Ben Jonson Online] provides a fully digitized and updated edition of Jonson's complete writings, with editorial and scholarly remarks throughout the texts. <br />
<br />
[https://casebooks.lib.cam.ac.uk The Casebooks Project]: In the decades around 1600, the astrologers Simon Forman and Richard Napier produced one of the largest surviving sets of medical records in history. The Casebooks Project, a team of scholars at the University of Cambridge, has transformed this paper archive into a digital archive. <br />
<br />
[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ Chronicling America] contains fully searchable American historic newspaper pages from 1789-1963. <br />
<br />
[https://theclergydatabase.org.uk Clergy of the Church of England Database 1540-1835] makes available and searchable the principal records of clerical careers from over 50 archives in England and Wales with the aim of providing coverage of as many clerical lives as possible from the Reformation to the mid-nineteenth century. <br />
<br />
[http://www.common-place.org/ Common-Place] is a destination for exploring and exchanging ideas about early American history and culture. A bit less formal than a scholarly journal, a bit more scholarly than a popular magazine, Commonplace speaks—and listens—to scholars, museum curators, teachers, hobbyists, and just about anyone interested in American history before 1900.<br />
<br />
[http://www.english.cam.ac.uk/ceres/ COPIA/CERES (Cambridge English Renaissance Electronic Service)] provides access to manuscripts related to Spenser and resources for early modern English handwriting. <br />
<br />
[http://humanities-research.exeter.ac.uk/womenswork/courtdepositions/ Court Depositions of South West England, 1500-1700] is a digital edition of 80 fully transcribed depositions relating to 20 cases heard in the church courts and Quarter Sessions between 1556 and 1694 across Devon, Hampshire, Somerset and Wiltshire. These depositions or witness statements relate to a range of crimes and offences tried in these two types of courts, from defamation to theft and are rich in detail of social, economic, political and religious life in early modern England. This digital edition has been prepared as part of the Leverhulme-funded project ''Women's Work in Rural England, 1500-1700'' undertaken at the University of Exeter between 2013 and 2018.<br />
<br />
===D=== <br />
<br />
[https://www.umass.edu/AdelphiTheatreCalendar/index.htm Daily Calendars of the Sans Pareil/Adelphi Theatre, 1806-1900]: came out of a project founded by Joseph Donohue (University of Massachusetts Amherst) and James Ellis (Mount Holyoke College), to organize and collect information about the variety of theatrical and theatre-related activities occurring in London 1800-1900.<br />
<br />
[http://www.treatiseonpainting.org/ Leonardo da Vinci and his Treatise on Painting]: website examining all of the different variations of this text that appeared throughout the centuries; includes extensive bibliography. <br />
<br />
[https://dex.itercommunity.org/ DEx: Database of Dramatic Extracts] DEx is an online, searchable database of dramatic extracts found in seventeenth-century manuscripts. DEx is published by Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages and Renaissance. <br />
<br />
[http://digitalcavendish.org/ Digital Cavendish], a scholarly collaborative, brings together original research, scholarly resources, digital editions, and teaching resources to fill out the world and works of Margaret Cavendish.<br />
<br />
[https://digitalrenaissance.uvic.ca/ Digital Renaissance Editions] "publishes electronic scholarly editions of early English drama and texts of related interest, from late medieval moralities and Tudor interludes, occasional entertainments and civic pageants, academic and closet drama, and the plays of the commercial London theaters, through to the drama of the Civil War and Interregnum." <br />
<br />
[https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php Discography of American Historical Recordings] "a database of master recordings made by American record companies during the 78rpm era. It is part of the American Discography Project (ADP)—an initiative of the University of California, Santa Barbara and the Packard Humanities Institute that is edited by a team of researchers based at the UCSB Library" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[http://deep.sas.upenn.edu/ DEEP (Database of Early English Playbooks)]: searchable bibliography of "every playbook produced in England, Scotland, and Ireland from the beginning of printing through 1660". <br />
<br />
[http://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_h.aspx Dictionary for Library and Information Sciences] is designed as a hypertext reference resource for library and information science professionals, university students and faculty, and users of all types of libraries.<br />
<br />
===E=== <br />
<br />
[http://eada.lib.umd.edu/introduction-to-the-archive/ Early Americas Digital Archive] is a collection of electronic texts and links to texts originally written in or about the Americas from 1492 to approximately 1820, supported by University of Maryland.<br />
<br />
[https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/980096/ Early Modern British Painters] dataset identifies all those men and women who have been identified as painters of any sort working in England, Wales, Scotland or Ireland between the years 1500 and 1640. Compiled by Robert Tittler, Distinguished Professor of History Emeritus at Concordia University, Montreal, and Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. <br />
<br />
[https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/emc/ Early Modern Culture] published works-in-progress by major scholars in early modern studies, along with a set of responses from readers. No longer publishing as of 2019.<br />
<br />
[https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/emdr Early Modern Digital Review] (EMDR) is an online, open-access, and refereed journal publishing high-quality reviews of digital projects related to early modern society and culture. It is committed to productive evaluation of both established digital resources and recent tools and projects. <br />
<br />
[https://extra.shu.ac.uk/emls/journal/index.php/emls Early Modern Literary Studies] is a refereed journal serving as a formal arena for scholarly discussion and as an academic resource for researchers in the areas of English literature, literary culture, and language during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.<br />
<br />
[https://emlot.library.utoronto.ca Early Modern London Theatres] (EMLoT): Information related to professional performance in purpose-built theatres and other permanent structures in the London area. <br />
<br />
[https://www.emlc-journal.org/issue/archive/ ''Early Modern Low Countries''] "a multidisciplinary open access journal dedicated to the study of the early modern Low Countries. We publish state-of-the-art scholarship on any aspect of the turbulent history and vibrant culture of the region from about 1500 to 1830 from a variety of perspectives" (from the website). EMLC appears in two installments annually.<br />
<br />
[https://www.ofpilcrows.com/resources-early-modern-plays-page-and-stage Early Modern Plays on Page & Stage: Online Resources] is a list of resources compiled by Claire M. L. Bourne, Assistant Professor of English at Penn State University.<br />
<br />
[https://earlyprint.org/lab/ Early Print: Text Mining Early Printed English] provides a range of tools for the computational exploration and analysis of English print culture before 1700. <br />
<br />
[http://www.earlyprintedbooks.com/resources/ Early Printed Books, by Sarah Werner] is a companion to her book, ''Studying Early Printed Books, 1450-1800: A Practical Guide''. Intended to be able to be used both alongside and separately from the book, the website is an open-access, freely available resource that can supplement anyone’s explorations of early printed books.<br />
<br />
[http://www.earlystuartlibels.net/htdocs/index.html Early Stuart Libels]: early 17th century English political poetry from the accession of King James I to the outbreak of the English Civil War. <br />
<br />
[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/did/ The Encyclopedia of Diderot & D'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project] provides translations to the famed encyclopedia along with search capabilities and teaching resources.<br />
<br />
[https://www.englandsimmigrants.com/ England's Immigrants] is a database of over 64,000 names of people known to have migrated to England in the period 1350-1550. The information is drawn from a variety of sources, such as taxation assessments, letters of denization and protection, and other licenses and grants. <br />
<br />
[http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ English Broadside Ballad Archive] from the University of California, Santa Barbara, provides access to images and transcriptions of English Broadside Ballads from the long 17th century. <br />
<br />
[http://estc.bl.uk/F/?func=file&file_name=login-bl-estc English Short-Title Catalogue (ESTC)] is a comprehensive, international union catalogue listing early books, serials, newspapers and selected ephemera printed before 1801. For more information on this resource please see [[English Short-Title Catalogue]]. <br />
<br />
[http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Main_Page EuroDocs: Primary Historical Documents from Western Europe] is a repository of links to freely available primary source documents on the web; organized by both geographic area and time period. <br />
<br />
[https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/yexm20/current Exemplaria] is an open access journal that reconsider the methods and aims of scholarship on the medieval and early modern periods, broadly conceived.<br />
<br />
===F=== <br />
<br />
[https://firstfolios.com First Folios Compared] is an open access site from Adam Matthew Digital that presents 53 fully digitized First Folios from 22 different institutions. <br />
<br />
[https://www.dhi.ac.uk/foxe/index.php John Foxe’s Book of Martyrs Variorum Edition (TAMO)]: browse and compare the unabridged texts of the four editions of this massive work published in John Foxe’s lifetime (1563, 1570, 1576, 1583).<br />
<br />
[https://library.culinary.edu/primarysources/digitalfoodhistory/ Food History Digital Primary Sources] guide from the Culinary Institute of America.<br />
<br />
===G=== <br />
<br />
[http://gemms.itercommunity.org/index.php GEMMS: Gateway to Early Modern Manuscript Sermons] is a group-sourced online bibliographic database of early modern (1530-1715) manuscript sermons from the UK, Ireland and North America. <br />
<br />
[http://globalmiddleages.org/ Global Middle Ages Project (G-MAP)] is a portal site for digital projects encompassing the Medieval and Early Modern worlds. <br />
<br />
[[Glossary of digital humanities terms]] aims to help both novices and more advanced users of digital tools and approaches understand common terms employed in the digital humanities. <br />
<br />
[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/glossary.asp Glossary of Illuminated Manuscripts:] reproduced and illustrated by the British Library from Michelle P. Brown, ''Understanding Illuminated Manuscripts: A Guide to Technical Terms'' (J. Paul Getty Museum: Malibu and British Library: London, 1994). <br />
<br />
[https://www.gravell.org/ Gravell (The Thomas L. Gravell Watermark Archive)] brings together more than 50,000 watermarks from America and Europe, including 7,500 images collected by American-watermark expert Thomas L. Gravell and about 45,000 unpublished marks documented by Charles-Moise Briquet. <br />
<br />
===H===<br />
<br />
[http://www.hamletworks.org/ Hamlet Works] is "everything you ever wanted to know about ''Hamlet''", a searchable databases of editions and criticism.<br />
<br />
[https://henslowe-alleyn.org.uk/ Henslowe-Alleyn Digitization Project] "has two aims and objectives: first, to protect and conserve these increasingly fragile manuscripts, and, second, to make their contents much more widely available in a free electronic archive and website, not only to specialist scholars but to all those interested in early modern English drama and theatre history, as well as social, economic, regional, architectural, and legal history, and paleography and manuscript studies" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[http://hpb.cerl.org Heritage of the Printed Book Database (HPB)] (formerly called the Hand Press Book Database) is a steadily growing collection of files of catalogue records from major European and North American research libraries covering items of European printing of the hand-press period (c.1455-c.1830) integrated into one file. This makes it possible for information to be retrieved in one single search across all files. (N.b. as of Summer 2016, Folger items are not yet integrated into this database) As of January 2018, this resource is freely available! <br />
<br />
[http://www.arc.id.au/Calendar.html Historical Calendar]: Multi-country historical calendar for the years 1100 to 2100. Allows automatic conversion between Old Style and New Style dates. <br />
<br />
[https://hob.gseis.ucla.edu/index.html History of the Book, by Johanna Drucker] is a networked resource focused on the production and reception of materials related to the history of the book and literacy technologies, broadly conceived.<br />
<br />
[http://historyofparliamentonline.org History of Parliament] is a research project creating a comprehensive account of parliamentary politics in England, then Britain, from their origins in the thirteenth century. It consists of detailed studies of elections and electoral politics in each constituency, and of closely researched accounts of the lives of everyone who was elected to Parliament in the period, together with surveys drawing out the themes and discoveries of the research and adding information on the operation of Parliament as an institution. Note: it is a work in progress, with some sections more complete than others. <br />
<br />
[http://www.history.ac.uk/history-online/ History On-Line] provides information for historians with details of university lecturers in the UK and the Republic of Ireland, current and past historical research, digital history projects, new books and journals from a range of leading publishers and sources of funding available for researchers in the UK. <br />
<br />
[http://english.nsms.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/ The Holinshed Project] parallel texts edition, furnished with links to each page of Early English Books Online (subscription required). Users can navigate using a variety of entry points. Project overview and history, as well as sample texts, can be found [http://www.cems.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/index.shtml here]. <br />
<br />
[http://www.hookesbooks.com/ Robert Hooke's Books] is an online source on the library of the 17th-century virtuoso Robert Hooke (1635-1703) is an on-going collaboration between Will Poole, Felicity Henderson, and Yelda Nasifoglu who are currently undertaking research on different aspects of Hooke’s work. As it is a work-in-progress, further research notes will be continually added to the database, and new editions of the editors’ Introduction are expected to be released. <br />
<br />
===I===<br />
<br />
[https://www.arts.kuleuven.be/nieuwetijd/english/odis/impressae-women-printers-in-early-modern-antwerp-leuven-and-douai Impressae: Women Printers in Early Modern Antwerp, Leuven, and Douai] reconstructs the lives and work of women printers in Antwerp, Leuven and Douai during two centuries (sixteenth through seventeenth). It contains information about kinship and commercial networks, printing houses and rare books. It contains linked data on more than 1 300 persons, almost 3 700 publications and more than 150 organisations.<br />
<br />
[https://www.vialibri.net/library_search.php International Library Catalogs] from vialibri.net. Provides a list of union and other catalogs from Europe and the United States. Links to sources such as WorldCat, the KVK, and artlibraries.net. <br />
<br />
[http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/ Internet Shakespeare Editions]: information on Shakespeare's texts and life and times. Includes a performance database and the semi-annual online journal ''Scene''.<br />
<br />
[https://www.intoxicantsproject.org Intoxicants & Early Modernity: England, 1580-1714] explores the insight that the period between the introduction of tobacco in the 1570s and the ‘Gin Craze’ of the early eighteenth century was a formative phase in the production, traffic, consumption, and representation of intoxicants.<br />
<br />
===J=== <br />
<br />
[https://minstrels.library.utoronto.ca The JUBA Project: Early Blackface Minstrelsy in Britain 1842-1852], from the University of Toronto, draws together a range of documentation into a database that allows the visitor to access information on the individuals, troupes, and 'acts,' that toured in Britain during these crucial years. <br />
<br />
===K===<br />
<br />
[https://kitmarlowe.org/ The Kit Marlowe Project] created by undergraduate students to offer accessible resources for learning about one of Shakespeare’s most influential contemporaries and collaborators, Christopher Marlowe (Project Director: Kristen Abbott Bennett at Framingham University).<br />
<br />
===L===<br />
<br />
[https://www.layersoflondon.org/ Layers of London] is a map-based history website developed by the Institute of Historical Research.<br />
<br />
[http://www.leibniz-translations.com/index2.php Leibniz Translations] provides full-text translations of the work of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in English translation. <br />
<br />
[http://leme.library.utoronto.ca/ Lexicons of Early Modern English] searches and displays word-entries from monolingual English dictionaries, bilingual lexicons, technical vocabularies, and other encyclopedic-lexical works, 1480-1702. <br />
<br />
[https://www.loc.gov/collections/ Library of Congress Digital Collections]<br />
<br />
[https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/pages/open-access/ Liverpool University Press-Open Access] provides scholarly monographs offered via open-access from a pioneer in OA publishing.<br />
<br />
[https://londonstagedatabase.usu.edu London Stage database] is a searchable version of ''The London Stage'', a key reference work documenting theatrical performances from the reopening of the public playhouses following the English civil wars in 1660 to the end of the eighteenth century. This information has been compiled from the playbills, newspapers and theatrical diaries of the period. <br />
<br />
[http://www.luminarium.org/lumina.htm Luminarium] is an online anthology of English literature from the late Medieval period through the 18th century; texts from out-of-copyright editions.<br />
<br />
===M=== <br />
<br />
[https://manus.iccu.sbn.it/en/web/manus Manus Online] is a database containing catalogue descriptions and digital images of manuscripts, private papers and archives held by Italian public, private and ecclesiastical libraries. The census, launched in 1988, aims to list and catalogue manuscripts written in Latin alphabet from the Middle Ages to date, including private papers and literary archives. <br />
<br />
[https://www.manuscriptcookbookssurvey.org/ Manuscript Cookbooks Survey] includes a database of pre-1865 English-language manuscript cookbooks held in U. S. public institutions as well as a database of kitchen artifacts used at the time these manuscripts were written. <br />
<br />
[https://mpese.ac.uk/ Manuscript Pamphleteering in Early Stuart England]: Before the outbreak of Civil War in 1642, England developed a large, influential and often radical pamphlet literature. This project aims to survey the vast hidden archive of early Stuart England's manuscript pamphlets. Images and transcriptions of many early modern pamphlets are available, in addition to bibliographical descriptions. <br />
<br />
[https://dhil.lib.sfu.ca/mvm/ Manuscript Verse Miscellanies 1700-1820] is a searchable database describing hundreds of manuscript poetry books. Links to First Line Index where relevant, plus lots of metadata about the manuscripts.<br />
<br />
[https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/emwrn/digitalarchive Material Cultures of Early Modern Women's Writing Digital Archive] provides online editions of women's writing that circulated in a variety of forms in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This project draws from manuscript sources as well as print editions, and provides both images and transcriptions of these often multiform texts. <br />
<br />
[https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/ Map of Early Modern London (MoEML)] comprises a digital edition of the 1561 Agas woodcut map of London; an Encyclopedia and Descriptive Gazetteer of London people, places, topics, and terms; a Library of marked-up texts rich in London toponyms; and a versioned edition of John Stow’s Survey of London. <br />
<br />
[http://wroth.latrobe.edu.au/ Mary Wroth's Poetry: An Electronic Edition]: Edited by Paul Salzman, this electronic edition includes a textual introduction, a contextual bibliography, a critical introduction to the poetry of Mary Wroth, and full text of the poems. <br />
<br />
[http://www.medici.org/ The Medici Archive Project]: Documentary Sources for the Arts and Humanities in the Medici Granducal Archive, 1537-1743, is a fully searchable database describing hundreds of volumes of documents in the Medici Granducal Archive (Archivio Mediceo del Principato). <br />
<br />
[http://mdr-maa.org Medieval Digital Resources (MDR)]: The Medieval Academy of America has put together a curated database of peer-reviewed digital materials for the study of the Middle Ages. Users can browse an alphabetical list or search using controlled-vocabulary subject tags to find vetted online resources of many types. Please note that MDR does not include resources that are paywalled or require password access, although some resources may have restrictive use-licenses. <br />
<br />
[https://memorients.com/ Medieval and Early Modern Orients (MEMOs)] is an AHRC-funded project that seeks to further knowledge and understanding of the early interactions between England and the Islamic worlds.<br />
<br />
[https://globalshakespeares.mit.edu/ MIT Global Shakespeares] video and performance archive.<br />
<br />
[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary Middle English Compendium] contains three Middle English electronic resources: the Middle English Dictionary, a Bibliography of Middle English prose and verse, and a Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse. <br />
<br />
[https://digital.library.illinois.edu/collections/810eac30-e3fb-012f-c5b6-0019b9e633c5-e The Motley Collection of Theatre and Costume Design] at the University of Illinois has over 5000 items from more than 150 theatrical productions in England and the United States.<br />
<br />
===N===<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000140237 The National Union Catalog, pre-1956 imprints] are made available through HathiTrust. <br />
<br />
[https://shiplib.org The Nautical Archaeology Digital Library] includes artifact collections, mapping of shipwrecks, maritime exploration, shipbuilding and other resources for international history of sea travel.<br />
<br />
[https://digitalcollections.nypl.org New York Public Library Digital Collections] site provides access to digitized collection materials from the extensive NYPL holdings, touching on all areas within the Folger collecting scope.<br />
<br />
===O===<br />
<br />
[https://openlibrary.org/ Open Library] offers a platform to browse for and read thousands of books.<br />
<br />
[https://ota.ox.ac.uk/ Oxford Text Archive] collects, catalogues, preserves and distributes high-quality digital resources for research and teaching; they currently have thousands of texts in more than 25 languages (some restrictions). Includes a separate catalog of TCP (Text Creation Partnership) items.<br />
<br />
===P=== <br />
<br />
[[List of online resources for early modern English paleography]] was compiled to assist early modern scholars begin to learn to decipher, read, and interpret manuscript materials written in early handwriting. <br />
<br />
[http://ihl.enssib.fr/en/paper-and-watermarks-as-bibliographical-evidence Paper and Watermarks as Bibliographical Evidence] from the Institut d'histoire du livre is a bibliographical guide to texts and images relating to the history of paper and papermaking, mainly comprising the hand-papermaking period. <br />
<br />
[https://vpcp.chass.ncsu.edu/listen-ambient-sounds/ Virtual St. Paul's Cathedral Project/Ambient Noise] is a digital recreation of worship and preaching at St. Paul's Cathedral in early modern London. <br />
<br />
[http://pedagogy-toolkit.org/ Pedagogy Toolkit for English] provides a community-driven resources for digital pedagogy in composition, rhetoric, and literature. <br />
<br />
[https://www.pepysdiary.com/ The Diary of Samuel Pepys] chronicles the daily entries from the famous 17th century London diary. <br />
<br />
[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ Perseus Digital Library] and [https://scaife.perseus.org/library/ Scaife online reader] for classical through early modern literature and artifacts.<br />
<br />
[http://picus.unica.it/index.php?page=IndiceFilosofi&lang=en Philosophical Libraries: Private Libraries of Philosophers from the Renaissance to the Twentieth Century] is a great source for library and sale catalogues. "Philosophers" is taken liberally. <br />
<br />
[https://digital.library.illinois.edu/collections/81196b40-e3fb-012f-c5b6-0019b9e633c5-c Portraits of Actors] gathers studio portraits and actors posing in costume, 1720-1920.<br />
<br />
[https://pulterproject.northwestern.edu/ The Pulter Project: Poet in the Making], a "digital collaboration aims at allowing readers to engage with multiple, different representations and readings of Hester Pulter’s striking verse" (from the website).<br />
<br />
===R===<br />
<br />
[https://soundcloud.com/rarebookschool Rare Book School Lectures] are available via approximately 400 Soundcloud podcasts on a wide variety of bibliographical subjects that cover the entire history of books.<br />
<br />
[https://www.r18collective.org/ Re-Activating Restoration & 18th-Century Theatre for the 21st Century] includes video and audio resources and syllabus ideas aimed at assisting instructors. In the longer term, this research consortium will be working with professional theatre artists and companies in the US, Canada, and UK to encourage new productions and convening research workshops and focused conferences at the Newberry Library and Oxford University (open to graduate students and faculty). <br />
<br />
[https://ereed.library.utoronto.ca Records of Early English Drama (REED)] is an international scholarly project that is establishing for the first time the context from which the drama of Shakespeare and his contemporaries grew. Contains transcribed and edited historical documents containing evidence of drama, secular music, and other communal entertainment and ceremony from the Middle Ages until 1642.<br />
<br />
[https://reformation500.csl.edu/ Reformation 500] is an online resource for the commemoration of the Quincentenary of the Reformation in 2017 managed by Concordia Seminary, St. Louis. Here you will find information on important people and events of the Reformation, news and upcoming events, blog posts by a variety of authors offering different perspectives on the Reformation and its significance. <br />
<br />
[https://rekn.org/ Renaissance Knowledge Network] publications address a myriad of topics surrounding the creation of digital projects that display resources related to Renaissance and Early Modern studies. <br />
<br />
[http://myweb.ttu.edu/mkvanda/RPFsite/index.xml Restoration Printed Fiction] is a database from the English Department at Texas Tech University. Including 394 fictions printed between 1660 and 1700 (fiction has been defined broadly here), this database allows users to search for basic information, such as author, title, bookseller, printer, and date, as well as more detailed information, such as whether the text has paratexts like dedications or prefaces. <br />
<br />
[http://guides.library.harvard.edu/friendly.php?s=rinascimento&gid=4877 Rinascimento]: Harvard University's Research Guide for Renaissance Studies. Contains links to databases, websites, and other resources, divided and subdivided by general topical area. <br />
<br />
[https://www.americanheraldry.org/heraldry-in-the-usa/roll-of-early-american-arms A Roll of Early American Arms] from The American Heraldry Society provides descriptions and citations for coats of arms held by Americans before 1825.<br />
<br />
[http://www.itergateway.org/romeo_juliet/ Romeo and Juliet: Searchable Database for Prompt Books] contains information from approximately 170 prompt-books for productions of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. These productions range from the seventeenth century to the 1980s.<br />
<br />
===S=== <br />
<br />
[https://scholarlyediting.org/ Scholarly Editing] is an open-access journal committed to the development and advancement of all aspects of textual editing, including documentary editing. The content published in the journal includes essays, micro editions, reviews of print and digital editions, and teaching materials. The journal’s eclectic, multidisciplinary approach makes it an invaluable resource for anyone interested in the theory, practice, and pedagogy of scholarly editing, including educators, researchers, scholars, historians, archivists, editors, information professionals, and digital humanists.<br />
<br />
[https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/scriptorium Scriptorium: Medieval and Early Modern Manuscripts Online]: A digital archive of manuscript miscellanies and commonplace books from c. 1450-1720. <br />
<br />
[https://shakedsetc.org Shakedsetc.org] provides information and links to digital copies of Shakespeare's works, from the earliest quartos to 18th, 19th, and 20th century editions.<br />
<br />
[https://searchingforshakespeare.co.uk/ Searching for Shakespeare] "provide[s] the ability to view selected objects recovered from the excavations of New Place between 2010 and 2016. These objects are presently housed in the museum collections of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust and most are not readily available to be viewed by the public" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[https://shakeosphere.lib.uiowa.edu/ Shakeosphere] allows users to visualize, map, and explore these social networks in Shakespeare's England and beyond, from 1473-1800. <br />
<br />
[http://bsuva.org/bsuva/promptbook/ 17th Century Shakespearean Prompt Books] from the University of Virginia, with introductions to each book and descriptions of each annotation within the plays. <br />
<br />
[https://www.shakespearealbum.de/en/about.html Shakespeare Album] site presents ''Illustrating the History of Germany's Shakespeare Reception: the Birmingham Photo Album'' convened in 2016 by Academy of Sciences and Literature Mainz. A commemorative digital photo album was created with 109 portraits and autograph signatures of personalities meritorious for having communicated and maintained the interest for Shakespeare in Germany. Consult this resource in combination with German scholar [https://findingaids.folger.edu/dfoleo2002.xml Friedrich August Leo] materials and other [https://findingaids.folger.edu/dfogerman2002.xml German language manuscripts] held by the Folger.<br />
<br />
[https://shakespearecensus.org/ Shakespeare Census] attempts to locate and describe all extant copies of all editions of Shakespeare’s works through 1700, excluding the folios. It includes all items attributed to Shakespeare in print during the period, but not those attributed to him only by modern scholarship, and excludes the Restoration adaptations. <br />
<br />
[https://shakespeare.emory.edu/ Shakespeare and the Players] is an online exhibition and scholarly resource of nearly 1,000 postcards featuring many famous English and American actors who performed Shakespeare’s plays for late Victorian and Edwardian audiences, held at Emory University.<br />
<br />
[https://sharc.kcl.ac.uk Shakespeare in the Royal Collection] is a searchable online catalogue of Shakespeare-related objects in the Royal Collection and an online exhibition.<br />
<br />
[https://about.illinoisstate.edu/shakespeareinsheets/ Shakespeare in Sheets] project recreates the author's early plays and books in printable and foldable sheets of paper. <br />
<br />
[https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/shakespeare Shakespeare Train] is a portion of the [https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/# Ellen Terry and Edith Craig digital archive], available through the University of Essex. It provides a portal to Ellen Terry stage and lecture history and links to the main documentary archive and the [https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/star Search for Theatrical Ancestors] database.<br />
<br />
[https://euppublishing.com/journals/shakespearevirtualissue Shakespeare Virtual Issue (Edinburgh University Press)] is freely accessible and provides a list of hand-picked articles from across their catalogue of journals, dedicated to the Bard, his work and reception across both history and literary studies.<br />
<br />
[http://shalt.dmu.ac.uk/index.html ShaLT: Shakespearean London Theatres]: Histories of early modern theatres, with a map, guides, and films. A joint project of the De Montfort University and the Victoria and Albert Museum. <br />
<br />
[https://thesifter.org/ The Sifter]: A Tool for Food History Research.<br />
<br />
Statutes of the Realm: for statutes from the Magna Carta to 1761, the most efficient place to search is Owen Ruffhead's mid-18th century ''Statutes at Large''. This text can be found in ECCO, and freely available on the Internet Archive: [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef01grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 1: Magna Carta to Henry VI], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef02grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 2: Edward IV to Elizabeth I], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef03grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 3: James I to William and Mary], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef04grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 4: William and Mary to Anne], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef05grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 5: George I to George II], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef06grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 6: George II, con't], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef07grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 7: George II, con't more], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef08grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 8: George II to George III], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef09grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 9: George III con't plus Index]<br />
<br />
===T===<br />
<br />
[http://earlyamericansermons.org/about/ T.E.A.M.S.: Transcribing Early American Manuscript Sermons] is a collaborative scholarly effort to make the voluminous archival record of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century ecclesiastical worship more accessible to academic researchers, pastors, and the general public. This digital archive houses sermons transcribed from the papers of Baptist, Catholic, Congregational, Episcopalian, Presbyterian, and Unitarian ministers who preached up and down the Atlantic coast of North America; it includes the manuscript sermons of white, Native American, and African American preachers. <br />
<br />
[https://theatregoing.wordpress.com/ Theatregoing] is an ongoing survey reproducing eyewitness testimony of seeing theatrical productions, from the sixteenth century to the present day.<br />
<br />
===U===<br />
<br />
[http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/reading/UK/index.php UK RED] or "the Reading Experience Database" explores what United Kingdom residents and British subjects living or travelling abroad read between the invention of the printing press in 1450 and the end of the Second World War in 1945, how, and in what circumstances did they read.<br />
<br />
===V=== <br />
<br />
[http://shakespeareillustration.org/ The Victorian Illustrated Shakespeare Archive] contains over 3000 illustrations from four of the most significant illustrated editions of Shakespeare's works in the Victorian period. All images have been tagged bibliographically and iconographically. <br />
<br />
[https://graphics.cs.wisc.edu/WP/vep/ Visualizing English Print] (from the site) "Our mission is to scale humanist scholarship to ‘big data’ by removing several barriers to statistically analyzing digital Early Modern English texts, like those released by the Text Creation Partnership...This website equips you with the necessary tools to make your own corpora, visually explore them, and download preliminary metadata."<br />
<br />
===W===<br />
<br />
[https://hollar.library.utoronto.ca/ Wenceslaus Hollar Digital Collection]: Digital images from the Fisher Library Collection at the University of Toronto. <br />
<br />
[https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history Westminster Abbey|History] includes short essays on each feature of the Abbey, including entries on each burial or memorial site. <br />
<br />
[https://wwtn.history.qmul.ac.uk/about/ Who Were the Nuns?]: A prosopographical study of the English Convents in exile 1600-1800. Traces the membership of the English convents in exile, from the opening of the first institution in Brussels to the nuns’ return to England as a result of the French Revolution and associated violence. Database provides the membership, family trees, edited documents, maps and analysis of the nuns’ experiences<br />
<br />
[https://digitalprojects.wpi.art/auctions Wildenstein Plattner Institute] has made available digitized auction sales catalogues from pre-1945, numbering over 11,000.<br />
<br />
[https://www.womensbookhistory.org/ Women in Book History: A Bibliography] is a database of secondary sources on women's writing and labor.<br />
<br />
[https://www.uclpress.co.uk/products/211143 Women in the History of Science: A sourcebook] is an open access sourcebook that brings together primary sources that highlight women’s involvement in scientific knowledge production around the world. Time period is broad, covering 1200 BCE to the twenty-first century. Solid early modern content.<br />
<br />
==Subscription Resources Available Off-site== <br />
<br />
These resources, listed by database vendor, are available to registered Folger researchers, via their [https://request.folger.edu/ Online Request Account]. Instructions for accessing each resource may be found in the [[:media:Electronic resources help guide.pdf | Help Guide for Offsite Subscription Resource Access]]. <br />
<br />
'''ProQuest'''<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/264526?ln=en Cecil Papers] archive consists principally of the correspondence of William Cecil, Lord Burghley (1520-1598) and his son, Robert, the 1st Earl of Salisbury (1563-1612). <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/728535?ln=en Early English Books Online (EEBO)] provides digital facsimile page images of works printed in England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and British North America and works in English printed elsewhere from 1473-1700; full-text search of EEBO-TCP Phase 1 and Phase 2. For more information about EEBO, see [[History of Early English Books Online]]. <br />
:[http://proquest.libguides.com/eebopqp Early English Books Online ProQuest Guide]: ProQuest has put together a LibGuide (a help guide) related to the EEBO database, detailing the differences between the old Chadwick-Healey interface and the new ProQuest interface, which exact fields you can search, and other useful information. Please note that while access to this guide is unrestricted, the database itself requires an institutional subscription. <br />
<br />
'''Adam Matthew''' <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/544237?ln=en Early Modern England: Society, Culture & Everyday Life, 1500-1700] brings together documents and objects from seven different archives and libraries to offer insights into the lived experience in England from 1500-1700. Includes a wide range of materials including legal records, family correspondence, administrative records, wills, inventories and commonplace books among others.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/195102?ln=en Literary Manuscripts Online: 17th and 18th Century Poetry from the Brotherton Library, University of Leeds] provides manuscripts of 17th and 18th century English language verse, including first lines, last lines, attribution, author, title, date, length, verse form, content and bibliographic references for over 6,600 poems within the collection. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/356874?ln=en Literary Print Culture: The Stationers' Company Archive] provides documents sourced from the archive of The Worshipful Company of Stationers & Newspaper Makers, including the Stationers' Register, Membership Records, Court Records, and other Company administrative records. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/724714?ln=en Perdita Manuscripts: Women Writers, 1500-1700] features manuscripts written or compiled by women in the British Isles in the 16th and 17th centuries; also includes bibliographic sources. <br />
<br />
[https://www.royalshakespearecompanyarchives.amdigital.co.uk Royal Shakespeare Company Archives] provides a comprehensive record of the performance history of the Royal Shakespeare Company and its predecessor, the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/724715?ln=en Shakespeare in Performance] is a database from Adam Matthew Digital which features over 1000 fully digitized promptbooks from the Folger collection. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/356873?ln=en Shakespeare's Globe Archive: Theatres, Players, & Performance] documents the performance and construction history of the new Globe and the indoor theatre space of the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse. It includes prompt books, design materials, administrative records of the theatre, and more. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/219141?ln=en Virginia Company Archives] contains transcripts and images of the Ferrar Papers from Magdalene College, Cambridge, and the papers of the Virginia Company. Documents date from approximately 1540-1770. <br />
<br />
'''Gale''' <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/245640?ln=en British Literary Manuscripts Online, Part I: 1660-1990 & Part II: Medieval & Renaissance] facsimile images of literary manuscripts, including letters and diaries, drafts of poems, plays, novels, and other literary works, and similar materials; early 12th century through 1900. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/343865?ln=en British Theatre: Nineteenth Century Collections Online] features a wide range of primary sources related to the arts in the Victorian era, from playbills and scripts to operas and complete scores. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/340547?ln=en Burney Collection Newspapers] is a 17th-18th century collection that contains not only newspapers, but newsbooks, Acts of Parliament, broadsides, pamphlets and proclamations. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/263757?ln=en ECCO (Eighteenth Century Collections Online)] primarily focuses on publications from the British Isles, but does include material from Western Europe and Russia. Access to page images and some full-text search. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/352804?ln=en Nichols Newspapers Collection British Theatre, Music, and Literature: High and Popular Culture] features the newspapers, periodicals, pamphlets and broadsheets that form the Nichols newspaper collection held at the Bodleian library in Oxford, UK. The collection includes approximately 300 primary titles of newspapers and periodicals and 300 pamphlets and broadsheets, covering the period 1672-1737. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/263756?ln=en State Papers Online] provides access to the Calendars, transcript and document images for the Domestic and Foreign State Papers, and Registers of the Privy Council for 1509-1714. <br />
:An overview and general guide to using State Papers Online may be found here: [https://collation.folger.edu/2015/06/state-papers-online-tips-and-tricks-part-1/ Part 1] and [https://collation.folger.edu/2015/07/state-papers-online-tips-and-tricks-part-2/ Part 2] <br />
<br />
'''Cambridge'''<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/544901?ln=en The New Cambridge Shakespeare] provides access to Shakespeare's works together with a wealth of integrated reference material.<br />
<br />
'''Oxford''' <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/118159?ln=en American National Biography] is updated semi-annually with new articles and revisions of previously published entries; contains articles of notable Americans through the mid-twentieth century. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/543559?ln=en The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare] is a searchable, indexed version of the 2nd edition print resource.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/191521?ln=en Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online (DNB Online)] contains biographical information on men and women who have shaped British history and culture, worldwide, from the Romans to the 21st century; updated three time a year. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/113988?ln=en Oxford English Dictionary]<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/335520?ln=en Oxford Scholarly Editions Online] is an interlinked collection of authoritative Oxford editions of major works from the humanities. Our subscription includes early modern content. <br />
:Following subsets only ([https://www.oxfordscholarlyeditions.com/page/18/title-lists list of titles included in each subset]): <br />
::Early Seventeenth Century Drama<br />
::Early Seventeenth Seventeenth Century Poetry<br />
::Early Seventeenth Seventeenth Century Prose<br />
::Martin Wiggins and Catherine Richardson, British Drama 1533-1642: A Catalogue<br />
::Renaissance Drama<br />
::Renaissance Poetry<br />
::Renaissance Prose<br />
::Shakespeare<br />
<br />
'''BREPOLiS'''<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/232534?ln=en Bibliography of British and Irish History] contains 300,000 records on British and Irish history, including relations with the empire and Commonwealth.<br />
<br />
==Subscription Resources Available On-site== <br />
The following resources will remain on-site access only. Please email reference@folger.edu with questions. <br />
<br />
''American Book Prices Current'': records of books, manuscripts, autographs, maps and broadsides sold at auction, primarily US and UK <br />
<br />
''American Council of Learned Societies Humanities E-Book (HEB)'': E-book records are searchable in [http://hamnet.folger.edu/ Hamnet], with a link to ACLS full-text. All e-books are full-text searchable at ACLS site. <br />
<br />
''American and French Research on the Treasury of the French Language (ARTFL)'' contains French-language texts from the 12th to 20th century, Diderot and d'Alembert's late 18th century ''Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une Société de Gens de lettres'', digitized versions of many ''Bibliothèque Bleue de Troyes'' (17th to mid-19th c.), a searchable version of Montaigne's ''Essais'', and a different search interface for Tufts' Perseus Project (Greek & Latin texts). <br />
<br />
''Archive Grid'' is a service provided by OCLC brings together information about archives, special collections and other collections of manuscripts and papers. <br />
<br />
''Arkyves'': Access to the full Iconclass browser at Arkyves, containing all of the images from the British Book Illustrations project, as well as over 800,000 additional images from a number of institutions all over the world. <br />
<br />
''Bibliography of British and Irish History'' provides bibliographic data on historical writing dealing with the British Isles, and with the British Empire and Commonwealth, during all periods for which written documentation is available - from 55BC to the present. <br />
<br />
''Bibliography of English Women Writers 1500-1640'' currently indexes the works of around 740 female writers and translators. <br />
<br />
''British History Online'': Includes Calendars of State Papers, Domestic and the Calendars of State Papers for Scotland and Ireland, along with the Calendar of Close Rolls. <br />
<br />
''Burke's Peerage and Gentry'': genealogy and heraldry information for the Peerage of the United Kingdom, the historical families of Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations, and royal and distinguished families worldwide. <br />
<br />
''Early English Books Online - Text Creation Partnership (EEBO-TCP)'': encoded electronic text editions of many early print books in Early English Books Online, Eighteenth Century Collections Online, and Evans Early American Imprints. (Now included in the ProQuest version of EEBO.) <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/544899?ln=en Drama Online] Core Collection for Arden Shakespeare edition access.<br />
<br />
''FirstSearch: OCLC Databases'': Default database: WorldCat. Select the "Search in database" dropdown to select one of the following databases: ArticleFirst, ClasePeriodica, OCLC Ebooks, OCLC ECO, ERIC, GPO, MEDLINE, OAIster, PapersFirst, Proceedings, WorldAlmanac, WorldCat, WorldCatDissertations. <br />
<br />
''Iter Bibliography'' is a bibliography comprised of secondary source material pertaining to the Middle Ages and Renaissance (400-1700), including citations for books and journal material (articles, reviews, review articles, bibliographies, catalogues, abstracts and discographies), dissertation abstracts, and essays in books (including entries in conference proceedings, festschriften, encyclopedias and exhibition catalogues). <br />
<br />
''Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages & Renaissance'' brings together numerous database sources for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. Some are subscription access only, while others are freely available. <br />
<br />
''Iter Italicum'' is a finding list for Renaissance humanistic manuscripts in libraries and collections all over the world. <br />
<br />
''Loeb Classical Library'': Fourteen centuries of Greek and Latin literature with accurate, literate, English translations on facing pages. And a handy Greek keyboard pop-up. <br />
<br />
''John Milton: A Bibliography (MRTS Online Series)'' attempts to bring together all manuscripts and editions of John Milton's works and all studies and critical statements concerning his life and works, all allusions and quotations, and all significant imitations during the years 1624-1799. <br />
<br />
''Microfilms Database at the Folger Shakespeare Library'' provides an easy way to search the Folger's microfilm collection so that readers may have some form of access to restricted or fragile materials. <br />
<br />
''MLA International Bibliography'' provides citations to journal articles, books, dissertations, and scholarly websites, from 1921 to the present, in academic disciplines such as language, literature, folklore, linguistics, literary theory and criticism, and the dramatic arts. <br />
<br />
''The Newdigate newsletters, Numbers 1 through 2100 (13 January 1673/4 through 11 June 1692)'': thrice-weekly news releases issued by the Secretary of State's office, highlighting matters of interest to the Stuart court. <br />
<br />
''Shakespeare Quarterly (JSTOR)'': Back issues from 1950 through five years before the current issue. <br />
<br />
''Shakespeare Quarterly (Project Muse)'': Back issues for the most recent four years. <br />
<br />
''Understanding Shakespeare (Beta)'' connects Folger Digital Texts with peer-reviewed articles in JSTOR that cite specific plays, scenes, and lines in Shakespeare. <br />
<br />
''Women Writers Online'': a full-text collection of early women’s writing in English which includes full transcriptions of texts published between 1526 and 1850, focusing on materials that are rare or inaccessible. <br />
<br />
''World Shakespeare Bibliography'': indexes Shakespeare-related scholarship and theatrical productions published or produced worldwide since 1960.<br />
<br />
==Other Digital Resources== <br />
<br />
===Twitter Accounts=== <br />
<br />
[https://twitter.com/FolgerLibrary @FolgerLibrary] is the main twitter account for the Folger. <br />
<br />
[https://twitter.com/FolgerResearch @FolgerResearch] covers the research and collections aspects of the Folger. <br />
<br />
[https://twitter.com/FolgerED @FolgerED] is the twitter account for the Folger's Education Department. <br />
<br />
<br />
===Listservs=== <br />
<br />
:[[Folger Institute Commons listserv]] <br />
:[http://crrs.ca/library/resources/ficino-listserv/ Ficino]--An interdisciplinary Renaissance listserv. <br />
:[https://networks.h-net.org/h-albion H-Albion]--The H-Net discussion network for British and Irish history. <br />
:[https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~kcreamer/milton/ Milton-L] <br />
:[http://shaksper.net/ Shaksper]--The global electronic Shakespeare conference. <br />
:[http://www.sharpweb.org/sharp-l/ SHARP-L]--The electronic conference for the history of print culture. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Folger web archives === <br />
<br />
Read the article on [[Web archiving]] for an overview of the Folger's online web presence management. <br />
<br />
[https://archive-it.org/collections/2873 Folger Shakespeare Library Websites and Social Media] <br />
<br />
[https://archive-it.org/collections/2877 Shakespeare Festivals and Theatrical Companies] <br />
<br />
[https://archive-it.org/collections/4511 William Shakespeare's 450th Birthday: Celebrations & Commentary] <br />
<br />
[[Category: Research guides]] <br />
[[Category: Digital Folger]] <br />
[[Category: Reader orientation]] <br />
[[Category: Digital humanities]] <br />
[[Category: Bibliography]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=De_Ricci_numbers&diff=37363De Ricci numbers2023-07-13T13:40:22Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:DeRicci-titlepage.jpg|alt=Title page of Seymour de Ricci's manuscripts census|thumb]]<br />
Many manuscripts in the Folger collection are known by their "de Ricci" numbers, as well as by their Folger [[call numbers]]. De Ricci numbers come from Seymour de Ricci, ''Census of medieval and renaissance manuscripts in the United States and Canada''. New York : H. W. Wilson, 1935-1940, and are based on Folger case numbers and accession numbers. <br />
<br />
The Folger has several bound copies of de Ricci's three-volume census ([https://catalog.folger.edu/record/10877 catalog record]). <br />
<br />
A [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.05703 searchable scanned copy] of the census is available as an ACLS Humanities E-book (access restricted by licensing agreement): <br />
* [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.05703.0001.001 Volume 1]: Alabama - Massachusetts ([https://www.fulcrum.org/epubs/mk61rk278?locale=en#page=289 Folger Shakespeare Library entry] goes from page 267 to page 450) (Also available [https://archive.org/details/dericci1 freely on Internet Archive])<br />
* [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.05703.0002.001 Volume 2]: Michigan - Wisconsin; Hawaii; Canada <br />
* [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.05703.0003.001 Volume 3]: Indexes <br />
** General index of names, titles and headings <br />
** Scribes, illuminators and cartographers <br />
** Incipits <br />
** Gregory numbers for Greek New Testament manuscripts <br />
** Present owners <br />
** Previous owners <br />
<br />
=== In the catalog ===<br />
To find manuscripts by de Ricci number in the Folger [[Catalog]], you can type "citation:" in the search box, followed by the [[Cited/Described in field | Standard Citation Form]] for the publication and the reference number, in quotation marks. For example:<br><br />
'''citation:"Ricci, S. de. Census of medieval and Renaissance manuscripts in the United States and Canada, 1.61"'''<br />
<br />
That being said, you'll probably get the record you want just by searching the "citation" index for the keyword "Ricci" and the reference number. For example:<br><br />
'''citation:("Ricci" AND "1.61")'''<br />
<br />
[[File:Ricci citation search example.png]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: Manuscripts]]<br />
[[Category: Research guides]]<br />
[[Category: Cataloging]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=List_of_digital_resources_at_the_Folger&diff=37340List of digital resources at the Folger2023-07-06T15:49:00Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* M */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article provides a curated list of digital resources—arranged (mostly) alphabetically. This list is alphabetized according to the idiosyncrasies of what the Folger community most commonly calls a resource. If you are having trouble finding a resource, use the search box at the top of the page or your browser's "Find" feature (usually control-F). <br />
<br />
The first sections, arranged alphabetically, contains freely available resources. The second section provides a list of subscription resources available to registered Folger researchers during the time our Reading Room is closed for renovation. The final section is a list of subscription resources that Folger staff will still have access to; please email reference@folger.edu to set up an appointment for access. <br />
<br />
==Folger-created and hosted resources==<br />
<br />
BBI: [https://britishbookillustrations.folger.edu/ British Book Illustrations: Extending Access to 17th-century Visual Culture] is a project of the Folger Shakespeare Library, funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), to digitize and index 10,000 woodcut and engraved illustrations in British and English-language books. <br />
<br />
[http://collation.folger.edu/ The Collation: a gathering of scholarship from the Folger Shakespeare Library] is a blog about Folger collections and resources written by Folger staff and readers. <br />
<br />
[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGERCM1~6~6 Digital Image Collections Database (LUNA)] contains high-quality, high-resolution images of a large number of Folger collection items, divided into six collections (listed below). Users have the ability to store their preferred images in media groups, create presentations, and export images.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~4~4 Bas Relief Image Collection] contains images of the nine bas reliefs that adorn the facade of the Folger Shakespeare Library.<br />
:[[Bindings image collection | Bindings Image Collection]] contains research-quality [https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/BINDINGS~1~1 images of bindings] of aesthetic or historical merit.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~2~2 British Book Illustrations Image Collection] contains the images and raw metadata from the "British Book Illustrations: Extending Access to 17th-century Visual Culture" project (first entry on this list).<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGERCM1~6~6 Digital Image Collection] contains the majority of digitized collection images in the database.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~3~3 Manuscript Transcriptions Collection] contains images from the Folger manuscript collection along with searchable, vetted semi-diplomatic transcriptions.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~1~1 First Folio Image Collection] contains cover-to-cover images with color card and ruler for a number of Folger First Folios.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~5~5 Reference Image Collection] contains cell-phone quality images taken by Folger librarians during the course of their work.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~6~6 Microfilm Image Collection] contains digitized microfilm of Folger materials. <br />
<br />
[https://emed.folger.edu/ EMED]: [[A Digital Anthology of Early Modern English Drama]]: a database of early modern plays ''not'' by Shakespeare, with thirty documentary editions.<br />
<br />
[https://emmo.folger.edu/ EMMO]: [[Early Modern Manuscripts Online]]: transcriptions, images, and metadata of manuscripts from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. <br />
<br />
[http://findingaids.folger.edu/ Finding Aids at the Folger Shakespeare Library] guides users through the extensive manuscript collections with descriptions and lists of items. <br />
<br />
[http://firstlines.folger.edu/ The Union First Line Index of English Verse] enables researchers to locate poems held in seven prestigious collections in the US and UK, including the Folger Shakespeare Library. The Index provides a database of over 224,000 first lines of manuscript and printed verse. [mailto:firstlines@folger.edu firstlines@folger.edu] <br />
<br />
[https://shakespeare.folger.edu/ The Folger SHAKESPEARE] shares the complete works of Shakespeare, edited for modern readers.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/ The Folger's online catalog] gives bibliographic information, copy-specific notes, and detailed information—often with links to images—of most of the items in the collection. <br />
<br />
[https://lostplays.folger.edu/Main_Page Lost Plays Database] is a wiki-style forum for scholars to share information about lost plays in England, 1570-1642. <br />
<br />
[http://findingaids.folger.edu/Hand-List_of_Microfilm_and_Selected_Microfiche_Sets.pdf Microfilms Hand-List at the Folger Shakespeare Library] (PDF) is an addition/supplementary list to the microfilm database. Readers are advised to check both places when searching for a microfilm. <br />
<br />
[[Picturing Shakespeare]] was an NEH-funded project to help the Folger digitize thousands of 18th-, 19th-, and early 20th-century images representing Shakespeare’s plays. <br />
<br />
[http://plre.folger.edu/ PLRE.Folger: Private Libraries in Renaissance England] complements the printed volumes of [http://shakespeare.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=56839 Private Libraries in Renaissance England] (PLRE), an ongoing editorial project that has published eight volumes since 1992 in the Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies (MRTS) series. <br />
<br />
[https://shakespearedocumented.folger.edu Shakespeare Documented] is the largest and most authoritative collection of primary-source materials documenting the life of William Shakespeare (1564-1616), bringing together all known manuscript and print references to Shakespeare, his works, and additional references to his family, in his lifetime and shortly thereafter.<br />
<br />
[https://www.folger.edu/shakespeare-unlimited Shakespeare Unlimited Podcast], a "no limits" tour of the connections between Shakespeare, his works, and our world.<br />
<br />
[https://tokenbooks.folger.edu/ The Token Books of St Saviour Southwark] is an in-progress resource developed by William Ingram, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Alan H. Nelson, The University of California, Berkeley. The site makes available information from this rare type of parish record, spanning approximately 1571-1643.<br />
<br />
==Instructional video series==<br />
In the [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkWyVPkA-aEdejPR6-KD5CzJ Folger How-tos: Hamnet Online Catalog] video series, learn valuable tips and tricks to make the most of Hamnet, the Folger online library catalog. <br />
<br />
The [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkW1MqgnonjgpnHOk-QZ3nyd Folger How-tos: Research Essentials] video series includes tips on how to navigate [https://shakespearedocumented.folger.edu/ Shakespeare Documented], use the digital image collections to their maximum potential, and access subscription databases through a research account.<br />
<br />
Watch the [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkVvJifK4yXVethkELPqPvXf State Papers Online] video series to learn navigation tips and tricks for this valuable, but sometimes complicated, online resource. ''Note: State Papers Online, 1509-1714 is made available through an institutional subscription onsite at the Folger Shakespeare Library or through the Folger researcher request system (through 2022). Check your institution’s e-resource subscriptions for local availability.''<br />
<br />
==Freely Available Electronic Resources== <br />
<br />
===A=== <br />
<br />
[http://www.1641.tcd.ie/index.php 1641 Depositions] From Trinity College Dublin (MSS 809-841) are witness testimonies mainly by Protestants, but also by some Catholics, from all social backgrounds, concerning their experiences of the 1641 Irish rebellion. Create a free account to view the depositions. <br />
<br />
[http://www.19thcenturyacts.com/ 19th Century Acts!] showcases different aspects of theatrical performance through mapping and current and historical digital images.<br />
<br />
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/12ptvF-YOhmRIb2OKqAy5l6w7zCscaK8P Association of College and Research Libraries online instruction guides] includes powerpoints, lesson plans, and other resources produced and compiled by [https://ischool.illinois.edu/people/melissa-wong Melissa Wong] of the School of Information Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.<br />
<br />
[https://americanarchive.org/ American Archive of Public Broadcasting]: Discover historic programs of publicly funded radio and television across America. Select Browse for subject browses of Literature, History, Theater and more.<br />
<br />
[http://www.annotatedbooksonline.com/ Annotated Books Online] is a virtual research environment for scholars and students interested in historical reading practices. Create a free account to contribute transcriptions and/or translations of annotations. <br />
<br />
[http://drc.usask.ca/projects/archbook/index.php ArchBook: Architectures of the Book] is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal focusing on specific design features of printed books.<br />
<br />
[https://atlas.lib.uiowa.edu/ Atlas of Early Printing] is an interactive site designed to be used as a tool for teaching the early history of printing in Europe during the second half of the fifteenth century. <br />
<br />
===B===<br />
<br />
[https://beforeshakespeare.com Before Shakespeare] is a project that explores the earliest days of the Elizabethan playhouses, focusing on the mid 16th century London commercial playhouses.<br />
<br />
[https://www.bessofhardwick.org/ Bess of Hardwick's Letters], which number almost 250 items of correspondence, bring to life her extraordinary story and allow us to eavesdrop on her world. Her letters allow us to reposition Bess as a complex woman of her times, immersed in the literacy and textual practices of everyday life, as her correspondence extends from servants, friends and family, to queens and officers of state. <br />
<br />
[http://bibsite.org/ The Bibliographical Society of America] list of resources compiles essays, lists, and other bibliographical materials in aid of bibliographical study. The resource features wide date ranges and ample geographical coverage. <br />
<br />
[https://bibsocamer.org/news/online-instruction-resources-digital-repositories-for-book-history-teaching-more/ The Bibliographic Society of America Online Instruction Resources: Digital Repositories for Book History Teaching, Research, & More] is a static resource that will be updated as new contributions come in.<br />
<br />
[https://www.sharpweb.org/book-history-unbound/category/issues/ Book History UNBOUND] provides supplemental digital humanities materials that supplement print articles in ''Book History'', the journal of the Society for the History of Authorship and Reading (SHARP).<br />
<br />
[https://bookowners.online/Main_Page Book Owners Online] is a directory of historical book owners, with information about their libraries, and signposts to further reference sources. It currently covers seventeenth-century English owners with the potential to be expanded. <br />
<br />
[http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=TR%2fPub%2f1 Bristol Old Vic Playbills]: collection of playbills from the Theatre Royal/Bristol Old Vic, digitized by the Bristol Archive. Covers some 18th century (earliest from 1768), primarily first half of 19th century (1810-1840).<br />
<br />
[https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Default.aspx?_ga=2.95202516.918721450.1602764813-573422282.1602764813 British Library Digitised Manuscripts] includes a wide selected of digital images from manuscripts in the British Library.<br />
<br />
[http://ballads.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ Broadside Ballad Archive] is maintained by the Bodleian Libraries and features the Bodleian's digital collections of ballads, with links to the English Broadside Ballad Archive’s digital presentations of pre-1800 ballads from other libraries, and to the folk song scholarship of the Roud Broadside Index, hosted by the English Folk Dance and Song Society (from the website).<br />
<br />
[https://jcblibrary.org/collection/digital-images The John Carter Brown Library Online Publications] features pdfs of out of print publications by and about The John Carter Brown Library collection. <br />
<br />
[[List of bindings resources]] <br />
<br />
[https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/bookbindings/ Database of Bookbindings: The British Library] <br />
<br />
[http://bookbindingdictionary.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page Bookbinding Dictionary (Multilingual)]: an international dictionary of bookbinding and conservation terms. <br />
<br />
[http://www.borrowers.uga.edu/ Borrowers and Lenders: The Journal of Shakespeare and Appropriation] <br />
<br />
[http://bbti.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/# British Book Trade Index:] The BBTI aims to include brief biographical and trade details of all those who worked in the English and Welsh book trades up to 1851. BBTI includes not only printers, publishers and booksellers but also other related trades, such as stationers, papermakers, engravers, auctioneers, ink-makers and sellers of medicines, so that the book trade can be studied in the context of allied trades. <br />
<br />
[http://www.bpi1700.org.uk/index.html British Printed Images to 1700 (bpi1700)] is a digital library of prints and book illustrations from early modern Britain. <br />
<br />
[http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/ British Universities Film and Video Council: Shakespeare] An International Database of Shakespeare on Film, Television and Radio.<br />
This authoritative online database of Shakespeare-related content in film, television, radio and video recordings is international in scope, is regularly updated and currently holds over 9,000 records dating from the 1890s to the present day.<br />
<br />
===C===<br />
<br />
[https://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/benjonson/ The Cambridge Works of Ben Jonson Online] provides a fully digitized and updated edition of Jonson's complete writings, with editorial and scholarly remarks throughout the texts. <br />
<br />
[https://casebooks.lib.cam.ac.uk The Casebooks Project]: In the decades around 1600, the astrologers Simon Forman and Richard Napier produced one of the largest surviving sets of medical records in history. The Casebooks Project, a team of scholars at the University of Cambridge, has transformed this paper archive into a digital archive. <br />
<br />
[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ Chronicling America] contains fully searchable American historic newspaper pages from 1789-1963. <br />
<br />
[https://theclergydatabase.org.uk Clergy of the Church of England Database 1540-1835] makes available and searchable the principal records of clerical careers from over 50 archives in England and Wales with the aim of providing coverage of as many clerical lives as possible from the Reformation to the mid-nineteenth century. <br />
<br />
[http://www.common-place.org/ Common-Place] is a destination for exploring and exchanging ideas about early American history and culture. A bit less formal than a scholarly journal, a bit more scholarly than a popular magazine, Commonplace speaks—and listens—to scholars, museum curators, teachers, hobbyists, and just about anyone interested in American history before 1900.<br />
<br />
[http://www.english.cam.ac.uk/ceres/ COPIA/CERES (Cambridge English Renaissance Electronic Service)] provides access to manuscripts related to Spenser and resources for early modern English handwriting. <br />
<br />
[http://humanities-research.exeter.ac.uk/womenswork/courtdepositions/ Court Depositions of South West England, 1500-1700] is a digital edition of 80 fully transcribed depositions relating to 20 cases heard in the church courts and Quarter Sessions between 1556 and 1694 across Devon, Hampshire, Somerset and Wiltshire. These depositions or witness statements relate to a range of crimes and offences tried in these two types of courts, from defamation to theft and are rich in detail of social, economic, political and religious life in early modern England. This digital edition has been prepared as part of the Leverhulme-funded project ''Women's Work in Rural England, 1500-1700'' undertaken at the University of Exeter between 2013 and 2018.<br />
<br />
===D=== <br />
<br />
[https://www.umass.edu/AdelphiTheatreCalendar/index.htm Daily Calendars of the Sans Pareil/Adelphi Theatre, 1806-1900]: came out of a project founded by Joseph Donohue (University of Massachusetts Amherst) and James Ellis (Mount Holyoke College), to organize and collect information about the variety of theatrical and theatre-related activities occurring in London 1800-1900.<br />
<br />
[http://www.treatiseonpainting.org/ Leonardo da Vinci and his Treatise on Painting]: website examining all of the different variations of this text that appeared throughout the centuries; includes extensive bibliography. <br />
<br />
[https://dex.itercommunity.org/ DEx: Database of Dramatic Extracts] DEx is an online, searchable database of dramatic extracts found in seventeenth-century manuscripts. DEx is published by Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages and Renaissance. <br />
<br />
[http://digitalcavendish.org/ Digital Cavendish], a scholarly collaborative, brings together original research, scholarly resources, digital editions, and teaching resources to fill out the world and works of Margaret Cavendish.<br />
<br />
[https://digitalrenaissance.uvic.ca/ Digital Renaissance Editions] "publishes electronic scholarly editions of early English drama and texts of related interest, from late medieval moralities and Tudor interludes, occasional entertainments and civic pageants, academic and closet drama, and the plays of the commercial London theaters, through to the drama of the Civil War and Interregnum." <br />
<br />
[https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php Discography of American Historical Recordings] "a database of master recordings made by American record companies during the 78rpm era. It is part of the American Discography Project (ADP)—an initiative of the University of California, Santa Barbara and the Packard Humanities Institute that is edited by a team of researchers based at the UCSB Library" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[http://deep.sas.upenn.edu/ DEEP (Database of Early English Playbooks)]: searchable bibliography of "every playbook produced in England, Scotland, and Ireland from the beginning of printing through 1660". <br />
<br />
[http://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_h.aspx Dictionary for Library and Information Sciences] is designed as a hypertext reference resource for library and information science professionals, university students and faculty, and users of all types of libraries.<br />
<br />
===E=== <br />
<br />
[http://eada.lib.umd.edu/introduction-to-the-archive/ Early Americas Digital Archive] is a collection of electronic texts and links to texts originally written in or about the Americas from 1492 to approximately 1820, supported by University of Maryland.<br />
<br />
[https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/980096/ Early Modern British Painters] dataset identifies all those men and women who have been identified as painters of any sort working in England, Wales, Scotland or Ireland between the years 1500 and 1640. Compiled by Robert Tittler, Distinguished Professor of History Emeritus at Concordia University, Montreal, and Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. <br />
<br />
[https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/emc/ Early Modern Culture] published works-in-progress by major scholars in early modern studies, along with a set of responses from readers. No longer publishing as of 2019.<br />
<br />
[https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/emdr Early Modern Digital Review] (EMDR) is an online, open-access, and refereed journal publishing high-quality reviews of digital projects related to early modern society and culture. It is committed to productive evaluation of both established digital resources and recent tools and projects. <br />
<br />
[https://extra.shu.ac.uk/emls/journal/index.php/emls Early Modern Literary Studies] is a refereed journal serving as a formal arena for scholarly discussion and as an academic resource for researchers in the areas of English literature, literary culture, and language during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.<br />
<br />
[https://emlot.library.utoronto.ca Early Modern London Theatres] (EMLoT): Information related to professional performance in purpose-built theatres and other permanent structures in the London area. <br />
<br />
[https://www.emlc-journal.org/issue/archive/ ''Early Modern Low Countries''] "a multidisciplinary open access journal dedicated to the study of the early modern Low Countries. We publish state-of-the-art scholarship on any aspect of the turbulent history and vibrant culture of the region from about 1500 to 1830 from a variety of perspectives" (from the website). EMLC appears in two installments annually.<br />
<br />
[https://www.ofpilcrows.com/resources-early-modern-plays-page-and-stage Early Modern Plays on Page & Stage: Online Resources] is a list of resources compiled by Claire M. L. Bourne, Assistant Professor of English at Penn State University.<br />
<br />
[https://earlyprint.org/lab/ Early Print: Text Mining Early Printed English] provides a range of tools for the computational exploration and analysis of English print culture before 1700. <br />
<br />
[http://www.earlyprintedbooks.com/resources/ Early Printed Books, by Sarah Werner] is a companion to her book, ''Studying Early Printed Books, 1450-1800: A Practical Guide''. Intended to be able to be used both alongside and separately from the book, the website is an open-access, freely available resource that can supplement anyone’s explorations of early printed books.<br />
<br />
[http://www.earlystuartlibels.net/htdocs/index.html Early Stuart Libels]: early 17th century English political poetry from the accession of King James I to the outbreak of the English Civil War. <br />
<br />
[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/did/ The Encyclopedia of Diderot & D'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project] provides translations to the famed encyclopedia along with search capabilities and teaching resources.<br />
<br />
[https://www.englandsimmigrants.com/ England's Immigrants] is a database of over 64,000 names of people known to have migrated to England in the period 1350-1550. The information is drawn from a variety of sources, such as taxation assessments, letters of denization and protection, and other licenses and grants. <br />
<br />
[http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ English Broadside Ballad Archive] from the University of California, Santa Barbara, provides access to images and transcriptions of English Broadside Ballads from the long 17th century. <br />
<br />
[http://estc.bl.uk/F/?func=file&file_name=login-bl-estc English Short-Title Catalogue (ESTC)] is a comprehensive, international union catalogue listing early books, serials, newspapers and selected ephemera printed before 1801. For more information on this resource please see [[English Short-Title Catalogue]]. <br />
<br />
[http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Main_Page EuroDocs: Primary Historical Documents from Western Europe] is a repository of links to freely available primary source documents on the web; organized by both geographic area and time period. <br />
<br />
[https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/yexm20/current Exemplaria] is an open access journal that reconsider the methods and aims of scholarship on the medieval and early modern periods, broadly conceived.<br />
<br />
===F=== <br />
<br />
[https://firstfolios.com First Folios Compared] is an open access site from Adam Matthew Digital that presents 53 fully digitized First Folios from 22 different institutions. <br />
<br />
[https://www.dhi.ac.uk/foxe/index.php John Foxe’s Book of Martyrs Variorum Edition (TAMO)]: browse and compare the unabridged texts of the four editions of this massive work published in John Foxe’s lifetime (1563, 1570, 1576, 1583).<br />
<br />
[https://library.culinary.edu/primarysources/digitalfoodhistory/ Food History Digital Primary Sources] guide from the Culinary Institute of America.<br />
<br />
===G=== <br />
<br />
[http://gemms.itercommunity.org/index.php GEMMS: Gateway to Early Modern Manuscript Sermons] is a group-sourced online bibliographic database of early modern (1530-1715) manuscript sermons from the UK, Ireland and North America. <br />
<br />
[http://globalmiddleages.org/ Global Middle Ages Project (G-MAP)] is a portal site for digital projects encompassing the Medieval and Early Modern worlds. <br />
<br />
[[Glossary of digital humanities terms]] aims to help both novices and more advanced users of digital tools and approaches understand common terms employed in the digital humanities. <br />
<br />
[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/glossary.asp Glossary of Illuminated Manuscripts:] reproduced and illustrated by the British Library from Michelle P. Brown, ''Understanding Illuminated Manuscripts: A Guide to Technical Terms'' (J. Paul Getty Museum: Malibu and British Library: London, 1994). <br />
<br />
[https://www.gravell.org/ Gravell (The Thomas L. Gravell Watermark Archive)] brings together more than 50,000 watermarks from America and Europe, including 7,500 images collected by American-watermark expert Thomas L. Gravell and about 45,000 unpublished marks documented by Charles-Moise Briquet. <br />
<br />
===H===<br />
<br />
[http://www.hamletworks.org/ Hamlet Works] is "everything you ever wanted to know about ''Hamlet''", a searchable databases of editions and criticism.<br />
<br />
[https://henslowe-alleyn.org.uk/ Henslowe-Alleyn Digitization Project] "has two aims and objectives: first, to protect and conserve these increasingly fragile manuscripts, and, second, to make their contents much more widely available in a free electronic archive and website, not only to specialist scholars but to all those interested in early modern English drama and theatre history, as well as social, economic, regional, architectural, and legal history, and paleography and manuscript studies" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[http://hpb.cerl.org Heritage of the Printed Book Database (HPB)] (formerly called the Hand Press Book Database) is a steadily growing collection of files of catalogue records from major European and North American research libraries covering items of European printing of the hand-press period (c.1455-c.1830) integrated into one file. This makes it possible for information to be retrieved in one single search across all files. (N.b. as of Summer 2016, Folger items are not yet integrated into this database) As of January 2018, this resource is freely available! <br />
<br />
[http://www.arc.id.au/Calendar.html Historical Calendar]: Multi-country historical calendar for the years 1100 to 2100. Allows automatic conversion between Old Style and New Style dates. <br />
<br />
[https://hob.gseis.ucla.edu/index.html History of the Book, by Johanna Drucker] is a networked resource focused on the production and reception of materials related to the history of the book and literacy technologies, broadly conceived.<br />
<br />
[http://historyofparliamentonline.org History of Parliament] is a research project creating a comprehensive account of parliamentary politics in England, then Britain, from their origins in the thirteenth century. It consists of detailed studies of elections and electoral politics in each constituency, and of closely researched accounts of the lives of everyone who was elected to Parliament in the period, together with surveys drawing out the themes and discoveries of the research and adding information on the operation of Parliament as an institution. Note: it is a work in progress, with some sections more complete than others. <br />
<br />
[http://www.history.ac.uk/history-online/ History On-Line] provides information for historians with details of university lecturers in the UK and the Republic of Ireland, current and past historical research, digital history projects, new books and journals from a range of leading publishers and sources of funding available for researchers in the UK. <br />
<br />
[http://english.nsms.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/ The Holinshed Project] parallel texts edition, furnished with links to each page of Early English Books Online (subscription required). Users can navigate using a variety of entry points. Project overview and history, as well as sample texts, can be found [http://www.cems.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/index.shtml here]. <br />
<br />
[http://www.hookesbooks.com/ Robert Hooke's Books] is an online source on the library of the 17th-century virtuoso Robert Hooke (1635-1703) is an on-going collaboration between Will Poole, Felicity Henderson, and Yelda Nasifoglu who are currently undertaking research on different aspects of Hooke’s work. As it is a work-in-progress, further research notes will be continually added to the database, and new editions of the editors’ Introduction are expected to be released. <br />
<br />
===I===<br />
<br />
[https://www.arts.kuleuven.be/nieuwetijd/english/odis/impressae-women-printers-in-early-modern-antwerp-leuven-and-douai Impressae: Women Printers in Early Modern Antwerp, Leuven, and Douai] reconstructs the lives and work of women printers in Antwerp, Leuven and Douai during two centuries (sixteenth through seventeenth). It contains information about kinship and commercial networks, printing houses and rare books. It contains linked data on more than 1 300 persons, almost 3 700 publications and more than 150 organisations.<br />
<br />
[https://www.vialibri.net/library_search.php International Library Catalogs] from vialibri.net. Provides a list of union and other catalogs from Europe and the United States. Links to sources such as WorldCat, the KVK, and artlibraries.net. <br />
<br />
[http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/ Internet Shakespeare Editions]: information on Shakespeare's texts and life and times. Includes a performance database and the semi-annual online journal ''Scene''.<br />
<br />
[https://www.intoxicantsproject.org Intoxicants & Early Modernity: England, 1580-1714] explores the insight that the period between the introduction of tobacco in the 1570s and the ‘Gin Craze’ of the early eighteenth century was a formative phase in the production, traffic, consumption, and representation of intoxicants.<br />
<br />
===J=== <br />
<br />
[https://minstrels.library.utoronto.ca The JUBA Project: Early Blackface Minstrelsy in Britain 1842-1852], from the University of Toronto, draws together a range of documentation into a database that allows the visitor to access information on the individuals, troupes, and 'acts,' that toured in Britain during these crucial years. <br />
<br />
===K===<br />
<br />
[https://kitmarlowe.org/ The Kit Marlowe Project] created by undergraduate students to offer accessible resources for learning about one of Shakespeare’s most influential contemporaries and collaborators, Christopher Marlowe (Project Director: Kristen Abbott Bennett at Framingham University).<br />
<br />
===L===<br />
<br />
[https://www.layersoflondon.org/ Layers of London] is a map-based history website developed by the Institute of Historical Research.<br />
<br />
[http://www.leibniz-translations.com/index2.php Leibniz Translations] provides full-text translations of the work of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in English translation. <br />
<br />
[http://leme.library.utoronto.ca/ Lexicons of Early Modern English] searches and displays word-entries from monolingual English dictionaries, bilingual lexicons, technical vocabularies, and other encyclopedic-lexical works, 1480-1702. <br />
<br />
[https://www.loc.gov/collections/ Library of Congress Digital Collections]<br />
<br />
[https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/pages/open-access/ Liverpool University Press-Open Access] provides scholarly monographs offered via open-access from a pioneer in OA publishing.<br />
<br />
[https://londonstagedatabase.usu.edu London Stage database] is a searchable version of ''The London Stage'', a key reference work documenting theatrical performances from the reopening of the public playhouses following the English civil wars in 1660 to the end of the eighteenth century. This information has been compiled from the playbills, newspapers and theatrical diaries of the period. <br />
<br />
[http://www.luminarium.org/lumina.htm Luminarium] is an online anthology of English literature from the late Medieval period through the 18th century; texts from out-of-copyright editions.<br />
<br />
===M=== <br />
<br />
[https://manus.iccu.sbn.it/en/web/manus Manus Online] is a database containing catalogue descriptions and digital images of manuscripts, private papers and archives held by Italian public, private and ecclesiastical libraries. The census, launched in 1988, aims to list and catalogue manuscripts written in Latin alphabet from the Middle Ages to date, including private papers and literary archives. <br />
<br />
[https://www.manuscriptcookbookssurvey.org/ Manuscript Cookbooks Survey] includes a database of pre-1865 English-language manuscript cookbooks held in U. S. public institutions as well as a database of kitchen artifacts used at the time these manuscripts were written. <br />
<br />
[https://mpese.ac.uk/ Manuscript Pamphleteering in Early Stuart England]: Before the outbreak of Civil War in 1642, England developed a large, influential and often radical pamphlet literature. This project aims to survey the vast hidden archive of early Stuart England's manuscript pamphlets. Images and transcriptions of many early modern pamphlets are available, in addition to bibliographical descriptions. <br />
<br />
[https://dhil.lib.sfu.ca/mvm/ Manuscript Verse Miscellanies 1700-1820] is a searchable database describing hundreds of manuscript poetry books. Links to First Line Index where relevant, plus lots of metadata about the manuscripts.<br />
<br />
[https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/emwrn/digitalarchive Material Cultures of Early Modern Women's Writing Digital Archive] provides online editions of women's writing that circulated in a variety of forms in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This project draws from manuscript sources as well as print editions, and provides both images and transcriptions of these often multiform texts. <br />
<br />
[https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/ Map of Early Modern London (MoEML)] comprises a digital edition of the 1561 Agas woodcut map of London; an Encyclopedia and Descriptive Gazetteer of London people, places, topics, and terms; a Library of marked-up texts rich in London toponyms; and a versioned edition of John Stow’s Survey of London. <br />
<br />
[http://wroth.latrobe.edu.au/ Mary Wroth's Poetry: An Electronic Edition]: Edited by Paul Salzman, this electronic edition includes a textual introduction, a contextual bibliography, a critical introduction to the poetry of Mary Wroth, and full text of the poems. <br />
<br />
[http://www.medici.org/ The Medici Archive Project]: Documentary Sources for the Arts and Humanities in the Medici Granducal Archive, 1537-1743, is a fully searchable database describing hundreds of volumes of documents in the Medici Granducal Archive (Archivio Mediceo del Principato). <br />
<br />
[http://mdr-maa.org Medieval Digital Resources (MDR)]: The Medieval Academy of America has put together a curated database of peer-reviewed digital materials for the study of the Middle Ages. Users can browse an alphabetical list or search using controlled-vocabulary subject tags to find vetted online resources of many types. Please note that MDR does not include resources that are paywalled or require password access, although some resources may have restrictive use-licenses. <br />
<br />
[https://memorients.com/ Medieval and Early Modern Orients (MEMOs)] is an AHRC-funded project that seeks to further knowledge and understanding of the early interactions between England and the Islamic worlds.<br />
<br />
[https://globalshakespeares.mit.edu/ MIT Global Shakespeares] video and performance archive.<br />
<br />
[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary Middle English Compendium] contains three Middle English electronic resources: the Middle English Dictionary, a Bibliography of Middle English prose and verse, and a Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse. <br />
<br />
[https://digital.library.illinois.edu/collections/810eac30-e3fb-012f-c5b6-0019b9e633c5-e The Motley Collection of Theatre and Costume Design] at the University of Illinois has over 5000 items from more than 150 theatrical productions in England and the United States.<br />
<br />
===N===<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000140237 The National Union Catalog, pre-1956 imprints] are made available through HathiTrust. <br />
<br />
[https://shiplib.org The Nautical Archaeology Digital Library] includes artifact collections, mapping of shipwrecks, maritime exploration, shipbuilding and other resources for international history of sea travel.<br />
<br />
[https://digitalcollections.nypl.org New York Public Library Digital Collections] site provides access to digitized collection materials from the extensive NYPL holdings, touching on all areas within the Folger collecting scope.<br />
<br />
===O===<br />
<br />
[https://openlibrary.org/ Open Library] offers a platform to browse for and read thousands of books.<br />
<br />
[https://ota.ox.ac.uk/ Oxford Text Archive] collects, catalogues, preserves and distributes high-quality digital resources for research and teaching; they currently have thousands of texts in more than 25 languages (some restrictions). Includes a separate catalog of TCP (Text Creation Partnership) items.<br />
<br />
===P=== <br />
<br />
[[List of online resources for early modern English paleography]] was compiled to assist early modern scholars begin to learn to decipher, read, and interpret manuscript materials written in early handwriting. <br />
<br />
[http://ihl.enssib.fr/en/paper-and-watermarks-as-bibliographical-evidence Paper and Watermarks as Bibliographical Evidence] from the Institut d'histoire du livre is a bibliographical guide to texts and images relating to the history of paper and papermaking, mainly comprising the hand-papermaking period. <br />
<br />
[https://vpcp.chass.ncsu.edu/listen-ambient-sounds/ Virtual St. Paul's Cathedral Project/Ambient Noise] is a digital recreation of worship and preaching at St. Paul's Cathedral in early modern London. <br />
<br />
[http://pedagogy-toolkit.org/ Pedagogy Toolkit for English] provides a community-driven resources for digital pedagogy in composition, rhetoric, and literature. <br />
<br />
[https://www.pepysdiary.com/ The Diary of Samuel Pepys] chronicles the daily entries from the famous 17th century London diary. <br />
<br />
[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ Perseus Digital Library] and [https://scaife.perseus.org/library/ Scaife online reader] for classical through early modern literature and artifacts.<br />
<br />
[https://digital.library.illinois.edu/collections/81196b40-e3fb-012f-c5b6-0019b9e633c5-c Portraits of Actors] gathers studio portraits and actors posing in costume, 1720-1920.<br />
<br />
[https://pulterproject.northwestern.edu/ The Pulter Project: Poet in the Making], a "digital collaboration aims at allowing readers to engage with multiple, different representations and readings of Hester Pulter’s striking verse" (from the website).<br />
<br />
===R===<br />
<br />
[https://soundcloud.com/rarebookschool Rare Book School Lectures] are available via approximately 400 Soundcloud podcasts on a wide variety of bibliographical subjects that cover the entire history of books.<br />
<br />
[https://www.r18collective.org/ Re-Activating Restoration & 18th-Century Theatre for the 21st Century] includes video and audio resources and syllabus ideas aimed at assisting instructors. In the longer term, this research consortium will be working with professional theatre artists and companies in the US, Canada, and UK to encourage new productions and convening research workshops and focused conferences at the Newberry Library and Oxford University (open to graduate students and faculty). <br />
<br />
[https://ereed.library.utoronto.ca Records of Early English Drama (REED)] is an international scholarly project that is establishing for the first time the context from which the drama of Shakespeare and his contemporaries grew. Contains transcribed and edited historical documents containing evidence of drama, secular music, and other communal entertainment and ceremony from the Middle Ages until 1642.<br />
<br />
[https://reformation500.csl.edu/ Reformation 500] is an online resource for the commemoration of the Quincentenary of the Reformation in 2017 managed by Concordia Seminary, St. Louis. Here you will find information on important people and events of the Reformation, news and upcoming events, blog posts by a variety of authors offering different perspectives on the Reformation and its significance. <br />
<br />
[https://rekn.org/ Renaissance Knowledge Network] publications address a myriad of topics surrounding the creation of digital projects that display resources related to Renaissance and Early Modern studies. <br />
<br />
[http://myweb.ttu.edu/mkvanda/RPFsite/index.xml Restoration Printed Fiction] is a database from the English Department at Texas Tech University. Including 394 fictions printed between 1660 and 1700 (fiction has been defined broadly here), this database allows users to search for basic information, such as author, title, bookseller, printer, and date, as well as more detailed information, such as whether the text has paratexts like dedications or prefaces. <br />
<br />
[http://guides.library.harvard.edu/friendly.php?s=rinascimento&gid=4877 Rinascimento]: Harvard University's Research Guide for Renaissance Studies. Contains links to databases, websites, and other resources, divided and subdivided by general topical area. <br />
<br />
[https://www.americanheraldry.org/heraldry-in-the-usa/roll-of-early-american-arms A Roll of Early American Arms] from The American Heraldry Society provides descriptions and citations for coats of arms held by Americans before 1825.<br />
<br />
[http://www.itergateway.org/romeo_juliet/ Romeo and Juliet: Searchable Database for Prompt Books] contains information from approximately 170 prompt-books for productions of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. These productions range from the seventeenth century to the 1980s.<br />
<br />
===S=== <br />
<br />
[https://scholarlyediting.org/ Scholarly Editing] is an open-access journal committed to the development and advancement of all aspects of textual editing, including documentary editing. The content published in the journal includes essays, micro editions, reviews of print and digital editions, and teaching materials. The journal’s eclectic, multidisciplinary approach makes it an invaluable resource for anyone interested in the theory, practice, and pedagogy of scholarly editing, including educators, researchers, scholars, historians, archivists, editors, information professionals, and digital humanists.<br />
<br />
[https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/scriptorium Scriptorium: Medieval and Early Modern Manuscripts Online]: A digital archive of manuscript miscellanies and commonplace books from c. 1450-1720. <br />
<br />
[https://shakedsetc.org Shakedsetc.org] provides information and links to digital copies of Shakespeare's works, from the earliest quartos to 18th, 19th, and 20th century editions.<br />
<br />
[https://searchingforshakespeare.co.uk/ Searching for Shakespeare] "provide[s] the ability to view selected objects recovered from the excavations of New Place between 2010 and 2016. These objects are presently housed in the museum collections of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust and most are not readily available to be viewed by the public" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[https://shakeosphere.lib.uiowa.edu/ Shakeosphere] allows users to visualize, map, and explore these social networks in Shakespeare's England and beyond, from 1473-1800. <br />
<br />
[http://bsuva.org/bsuva/promptbook/ 17th Century Shakespearean Prompt Books] from the University of Virginia, with introductions to each book and descriptions of each annotation within the plays. <br />
<br />
[https://www.shakespearealbum.de/en/about.html Shakespeare Album] site presents ''Illustrating the History of Germany's Shakespeare Reception: the Birmingham Photo Album'' convened in 2016 by Academy of Sciences and Literature Mainz. A commemorative digital photo album was created with 109 portraits and autograph signatures of personalities meritorious for having communicated and maintained the interest for Shakespeare in Germany. Consult this resource in combination with German scholar [https://findingaids.folger.edu/dfoleo2002.xml Friedrich August Leo] materials and other [https://findingaids.folger.edu/dfogerman2002.xml German language manuscripts] held by the Folger.<br />
<br />
[https://shakespearecensus.org/ Shakespeare Census] attempts to locate and describe all extant copies of all editions of Shakespeare’s works through 1700, excluding the folios. It includes all items attributed to Shakespeare in print during the period, but not those attributed to him only by modern scholarship, and excludes the Restoration adaptations. <br />
<br />
[https://shakespeare.emory.edu/ Shakespeare and the Players] is an online exhibition and scholarly resource of nearly 1,000 postcards featuring many famous English and American actors who performed Shakespeare’s plays for late Victorian and Edwardian audiences, held at Emory University.<br />
<br />
[https://sharc.kcl.ac.uk Shakespeare in the Royal Collection] is a searchable online catalogue of Shakespeare-related objects in the Royal Collection and an online exhibition.<br />
<br />
[https://about.illinoisstate.edu/shakespeareinsheets/ Shakespeare in Sheets] project recreates the author's early plays and books in printable and foldable sheets of paper. <br />
<br />
[https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/shakespeare Shakespeare Train] is a portion of the [https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/# Ellen Terry and Edith Craig digital archive], available through the University of Essex. It provides a portal to Ellen Terry stage and lecture history and links to the main documentary archive and the [https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/star Search for Theatrical Ancestors] database.<br />
<br />
[https://euppublishing.com/journals/shakespearevirtualissue Shakespeare Virtual Issue (Edinburgh University Press)] is freely accessible and provides a list of hand-picked articles from across their catalogue of journals, dedicated to the Bard, his work and reception across both history and literary studies.<br />
<br />
[http://shalt.dmu.ac.uk/index.html ShaLT: Shakespearean London Theatres]: Histories of early modern theatres, with a map, guides, and films. A joint project of the De Montfort University and the Victoria and Albert Museum. <br />
<br />
[https://thesifter.org/ The Sifter]: A Tool for Food History Research.<br />
<br />
Statutes of the Realm: for statutes from the Magna Carta to 1761, the most efficient place to search is Owen Ruffhead's mid-18th century ''Statutes at Large''. This text can be found in ECCO, and freely available on the Internet Archive: [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef01grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 1: Magna Carta to Henry VI], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef02grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 2: Edward IV to Elizabeth I], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef03grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 3: James I to William and Mary], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef04grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 4: William and Mary to Anne], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef05grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 5: George I to George II], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef06grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 6: George II, con't], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef07grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 7: George II, con't more], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef08grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 8: George II to George III], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef09grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 9: George III con't plus Index]<br />
<br />
===T===<br />
<br />
[http://earlyamericansermons.org/about/ T.E.A.M.S.: Transcribing Early American Manuscript Sermons] is a collaborative scholarly effort to make the voluminous archival record of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century ecclesiastical worship more accessible to academic researchers, pastors, and the general public. This digital archive houses sermons transcribed from the papers of Baptist, Catholic, Congregational, Episcopalian, Presbyterian, and Unitarian ministers who preached up and down the Atlantic coast of North America; it includes the manuscript sermons of white, Native American, and African American preachers. <br />
<br />
[https://theatregoing.wordpress.com/ Theatregoing] is an ongoing survey reproducing eyewitness testimony of seeing theatrical productions, from the sixteenth century to the present day.<br />
<br />
===U===<br />
<br />
[http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/reading/UK/index.php UK RED] or "the Reading Experience Database" explores what United Kingdom residents and British subjects living or travelling abroad read between the invention of the printing press in 1450 and the end of the Second World War in 1945, how, and in what circumstances did they read.<br />
<br />
===V=== <br />
<br />
[http://shakespeareillustration.org/ The Victorian Illustrated Shakespeare Archive] contains over 3000 illustrations from four of the most significant illustrated editions of Shakespeare's works in the Victorian period. All images have been tagged bibliographically and iconographically. <br />
<br />
[https://graphics.cs.wisc.edu/WP/vep/ Visualizing English Print] (from the site) "Our mission is to scale humanist scholarship to ‘big data’ by removing several barriers to statistically analyzing digital Early Modern English texts, like those released by the Text Creation Partnership...This website equips you with the necessary tools to make your own corpora, visually explore them, and download preliminary metadata."<br />
<br />
===W===<br />
<br />
[https://hollar.library.utoronto.ca/ Wenceslaus Hollar Digital Collection]: Digital images from the Fisher Library Collection at the University of Toronto. <br />
<br />
[https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history Westminster Abbey|History] includes short essays on each feature of the Abbey, including entries on each burial or memorial site. <br />
<br />
[https://wwtn.history.qmul.ac.uk/about/ Who Were the Nuns?]: A prosopographical study of the English Convents in exile 1600-1800. Traces the membership of the English convents in exile, from the opening of the first institution in Brussels to the nuns’ return to England as a result of the French Revolution and associated violence. Database provides the membership, family trees, edited documents, maps and analysis of the nuns’ experiences<br />
<br />
[https://digitalprojects.wpi.art/auctions Wildenstein Plattner Institute] has made available digitized auction sales catalogues from pre-1945, numbering over 11,000.<br />
<br />
[https://www.womensbookhistory.org/ Women in Book History: A Bibliography] is a database of secondary sources on women's writing and labor.<br />
<br />
[https://www.uclpress.co.uk/products/211143 Women in the History of Science: A sourcebook] is an open access sourcebook that brings together primary sources that highlight women’s involvement in scientific knowledge production around the world. Time period is broad, covering 1200 BCE to the twenty-first century. Solid early modern content.<br />
<br />
==Subscription Resources Available Off-site== <br />
<br />
These resources, listed by database vendor, are available to registered Folger researchers, via their [https://request.folger.edu/ Online Request Account]. Instructions for accessing each resource may be found in the [[:media:Electronic resources help guide.pdf | Help Guide for Offsite Subscription Resource Access]]. <br />
<br />
'''ProQuest'''<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/264526?ln=en Cecil Papers] archive consists principally of the correspondence of William Cecil, Lord Burghley (1520-1598) and his son, Robert, the 1st Earl of Salisbury (1563-1612). <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/728535?ln=en Early English Books Online (EEBO)] provides digital facsimile page images of works printed in England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and British North America and works in English printed elsewhere from 1473-1700; full-text search of EEBO-TCP Phase 1 and Phase 2. For more information about EEBO, see [[History of Early English Books Online]]. <br />
:[http://proquest.libguides.com/eebopqp Early English Books Online ProQuest Guide]: ProQuest has put together a LibGuide (a help guide) related to the EEBO database, detailing the differences between the old Chadwick-Healey interface and the new ProQuest interface, which exact fields you can search, and other useful information. Please note that while access to this guide is unrestricted, the database itself requires an institutional subscription. <br />
<br />
'''Adam Matthew''' <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/544237?ln=en Early Modern England: Society, Culture & Everyday Life, 1500-1700] brings together documents and objects from seven different archives and libraries to offer insights into the lived experience in England from 1500-1700. Includes a wide range of materials including legal records, family correspondence, administrative records, wills, inventories and commonplace books among others.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/195102?ln=en Literary Manuscripts Online: 17th and 18th Century Poetry from the Brotherton Library, University of Leeds] provides manuscripts of 17th and 18th century English language verse, including first lines, last lines, attribution, author, title, date, length, verse form, content and bibliographic references for over 6,600 poems within the collection. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/356874?ln=en Literary Print Culture: The Stationers' Company Archive] provides documents sourced from the archive of The Worshipful Company of Stationers & Newspaper Makers, including the Stationers' Register, Membership Records, Court Records, and other Company administrative records. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/724714?ln=en Perdita Manuscripts: Women Writers, 1500-1700] features manuscripts written or compiled by women in the British Isles in the 16th and 17th centuries; also includes bibliographic sources. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/724715?ln=en Shakespeare in Performance] is a database from Adam Matthew Digital which features over 1000 fully digitized promptbooks from the Folger collection. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/356873?ln=en Shakespeare's Globe Archive: Theatres, Players, & Performance] documents the performance and construction history of the new Globe and the indoor theatre space of the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse. It includes prompt books, design materials, administrative records of the theatre, and more. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/219141?ln=en Virginia Company Archives] contains transcripts and images of the Ferrar Papers from Magdalene College, Cambridge, and the papers of the Virginia Company. Documents date from approximately 1540-1770. <br />
<br />
'''Gale''' <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/245640?ln=en British Literary Manuscripts Online, Part I: 1660-1990 & Part II: Medieval & Renaissance] facsimile images of literary manuscripts, including letters and diaries, drafts of poems, plays, novels, and other literary works, and similar materials; early 12th century through 1900. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/343865?ln=en British Theatre: Nineteenth Century Collections Online] features a wide range of primary sources related to the arts in the Victorian era, from playbills and scripts to operas and complete scores. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/340547?ln=en Burney Collection Newspapers] is a 17th-18th century collection that contains not only newspapers, but newsbooks, Acts of Parliament, broadsides, pamphlets and proclamations. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/263757?ln=en ECCO (Eighteenth Century Collections Online)] primarily focuses on publications from the British Isles, but does include material from Western Europe and Russia. Access to page images and some full-text search. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/352804?ln=en Nichols Newspapers Collection British Theatre, Music, and Literature: High and Popular Culture] features the newspapers, periodicals, pamphlets and broadsheets that form the Nichols newspaper collection held at the Bodleian library in Oxford, UK. The collection includes approximately 300 primary titles of newspapers and periodicals and 300 pamphlets and broadsheets, covering the period 1672-1737. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/263756?ln=en State Papers Online] provides access to the Calendars, transcript and document images for the Domestic and Foreign State Papers, and Registers of the Privy Council for 1509-1714. <br />
:An overview and general guide to using State Papers Online may be found here: [https://collation.folger.edu/2015/06/state-papers-online-tips-and-tricks-part-1/ Part 1] and [https://collation.folger.edu/2015/07/state-papers-online-tips-and-tricks-part-2/ Part 2] <br />
<br />
'''Cambridge'''<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/544901?ln=en The New Cambridge Shakespeare] provides access to Shakespeare's works together with a wealth of integrated reference material.<br />
<br />
'''Oxford''' <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/118159?ln=en American National Biography] is updated semi-annually with new articles and revisions of previously published entries; contains articles of notable Americans through the mid-twentieth century. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/543559?ln=en The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare] is a searchable, indexed version of the 2nd edition print resource.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/191521?ln=en Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online (DNB Online)] contains biographical information on men and women who have shaped British history and culture, worldwide, from the Romans to the 21st century; updated three time a year. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/113988?ln=en Oxford English Dictionary]<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/335520?ln=en Oxford Scholarly Editions Online] is an interlinked collection of authoritative Oxford editions of major works from the humanities. Our subscription includes early modern content. <br />
:Following subsets only ([https://www.oxfordscholarlyeditions.com/page/18/title-lists list of titles included in each subset]): <br />
::Early Seventeenth Century Drama<br />
::Early Seventeenth Seventeenth Century Poetry<br />
::Early Seventeenth Seventeenth Century Prose<br />
::Martin Wiggins and Catherine Richardson, British Drama 1533-1642: A Catalogue<br />
::Renaissance Drama<br />
::Renaissance Poetry<br />
::Renaissance Prose<br />
::Shakespeare<br />
<br />
'''BREPOLiS'''<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/232534?ln=en Bibliography of British and Irish History] contains 300,000 records on British and Irish history, including relations with the empire and Commonwealth.<br />
<br />
==Subscription Resources Available On-site== <br />
The following resources will remain on-site access only. Please email reference@folger.edu with questions. <br />
<br />
''American Book Prices Current'': records of books, manuscripts, autographs, maps and broadsides sold at auction, primarily US and UK <br />
<br />
''American Council of Learned Societies Humanities E-Book (HEB)'': E-book records are searchable in [http://hamnet.folger.edu/ Hamnet], with a link to ACLS full-text. All e-books are full-text searchable at ACLS site. <br />
<br />
''American and French Research on the Treasury of the French Language (ARTFL)'' contains French-language texts from the 12th to 20th century, Diderot and d'Alembert's late 18th century ''Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une Société de Gens de lettres'', digitized versions of many ''Bibliothèque Bleue de Troyes'' (17th to mid-19th c.), a searchable version of Montaigne's ''Essais'', and a different search interface for Tufts' Perseus Project (Greek & Latin texts). <br />
<br />
''Archive Grid'' is a service provided by OCLC brings together information about archives, special collections and other collections of manuscripts and papers. <br />
<br />
''Arkyves'': Access to the full Iconclass browser at Arkyves, containing all of the images from the British Book Illustrations project, as well as over 800,000 additional images from a number of institutions all over the world. <br />
<br />
''Bibliography of British and Irish History'' provides bibliographic data on historical writing dealing with the British Isles, and with the British Empire and Commonwealth, during all periods for which written documentation is available - from 55BC to the present. <br />
<br />
''Bibliography of English Women Writers 1500-1640'' currently indexes the works of around 740 female writers and translators. <br />
<br />
''British History Online'': Includes Calendars of State Papers, Domestic and the Calendars of State Papers for Scotland and Ireland, along with the Calendar of Close Rolls. <br />
<br />
''Burke's Peerage and Gentry'': genealogy and heraldry information for the Peerage of the United Kingdom, the historical families of Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations, and royal and distinguished families worldwide. <br />
<br />
''Early English Books Online - Text Creation Partnership (EEBO-TCP)'': encoded electronic text editions of many early print books in Early English Books Online, Eighteenth Century Collections Online, and Evans Early American Imprints. (Now included in the ProQuest version of EEBO.) <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/544899?ln=en Drama Online] Core Collection for Arden Shakespeare edition access.<br />
<br />
''FirstSearch: OCLC Databases'': Default database: WorldCat. Select the "Search in database" dropdown to select one of the following databases: ArticleFirst, ClasePeriodica, OCLC Ebooks, OCLC ECO, ERIC, GPO, MEDLINE, OAIster, PapersFirst, Proceedings, WorldAlmanac, WorldCat, WorldCatDissertations. <br />
<br />
''Iter Bibliography'' is a bibliography comprised of secondary source material pertaining to the Middle Ages and Renaissance (400-1700), including citations for books and journal material (articles, reviews, review articles, bibliographies, catalogues, abstracts and discographies), dissertation abstracts, and essays in books (including entries in conference proceedings, festschriften, encyclopedias and exhibition catalogues). <br />
<br />
''Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages & Renaissance'' brings together numerous database sources for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. Some are subscription access only, while others are freely available. <br />
<br />
''Iter Italicum'' is a finding list for Renaissance humanistic manuscripts in libraries and collections all over the world. <br />
<br />
''Loeb Classical Library'': Fourteen centuries of Greek and Latin literature with accurate, literate, English translations on facing pages. And a handy Greek keyboard pop-up. <br />
<br />
''John Milton: A Bibliography (MRTS Online Series)'' attempts to bring together all manuscripts and editions of John Milton's works and all studies and critical statements concerning his life and works, all allusions and quotations, and all significant imitations during the years 1624-1799. <br />
<br />
''Microfilms Database at the Folger Shakespeare Library'' provides an easy way to search the Folger's microfilm collection so that readers may have some form of access to restricted or fragile materials. <br />
<br />
''MLA International Bibliography'' provides citations to journal articles, books, dissertations, and scholarly websites, from 1921 to the present, in academic disciplines such as language, literature, folklore, linguistics, literary theory and criticism, and the dramatic arts. <br />
<br />
''The Newdigate newsletters, Numbers 1 through 2100 (13 January 1673/4 through 11 June 1692)'': thrice-weekly news releases issued by the Secretary of State's office, highlighting matters of interest to the Stuart court. <br />
<br />
''Shakespeare Quarterly (JSTOR)'': Back issues from 1950 through five years before the current issue. <br />
<br />
''Shakespeare Quarterly (Project Muse)'': Back issues for the most recent four years. <br />
<br />
''Understanding Shakespeare (Beta)'' connects Folger Digital Texts with peer-reviewed articles in JSTOR that cite specific plays, scenes, and lines in Shakespeare. <br />
<br />
''Women Writers Online'': a full-text collection of early women’s writing in English which includes full transcriptions of texts published between 1526 and 1850, focusing on materials that are rare or inaccessible. <br />
<br />
''World Shakespeare Bibliography'': indexes Shakespeare-related scholarship and theatrical productions published or produced worldwide since 1960.<br />
<br />
==Other Digital Resources== <br />
<br />
===Twitter Accounts=== <br />
<br />
[https://twitter.com/FolgerLibrary @FolgerLibrary] is the main twitter account for the Folger. <br />
<br />
[https://twitter.com/FolgerResearch @FolgerResearch] covers the research and collections aspects of the Folger. <br />
<br />
[https://twitter.com/FolgerED @FolgerED] is the twitter account for the Folger's Education Department. <br />
<br />
<br />
===Listservs=== <br />
<br />
:[[Folger Institute Commons listserv]] <br />
:[http://crrs.ca/library/resources/ficino-listserv/ Ficino]--An interdisciplinary Renaissance listserv. <br />
:[https://networks.h-net.org/h-albion H-Albion]--The H-Net discussion network for British and Irish history. <br />
:[https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~kcreamer/milton/ Milton-L] <br />
:[http://shaksper.net/ Shaksper]--The global electronic Shakespeare conference. <br />
:[http://www.sharpweb.org/sharp-l/ SHARP-L]--The electronic conference for the history of print culture. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Folger web archives === <br />
<br />
Read the article on [[Web archiving]] for an overview of the Folger's online web presence management. <br />
<br />
[https://archive-it.org/collections/2873 Folger Shakespeare Library Websites and Social Media] <br />
<br />
[https://archive-it.org/collections/2877 Shakespeare Festivals and Theatrical Companies] <br />
<br />
[https://archive-it.org/collections/4511 William Shakespeare's 450th Birthday: Celebrations & Commentary] <br />
<br />
[[Category: Research guides]] <br />
[[Category: Digital Folger]] <br />
[[Category: Reader orientation]] <br />
[[Category: Digital humanities]] <br />
[[Category: Bibliography]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=Accession_numbers&diff=37317Accession numbers2023-06-23T15:08:05Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* Approximate Dates of Accession numbers */</p>
<hr />
<div>Accession numbers are serial numbers assigned to collection material at the time it is formally added to the library's collection. The earliest accession numbers at the Folger are four digits. Currently, a six-digit serial number is used. Accession numbers were not used by Mr. and Mrs. Folger, though their [[case numbers]] serve a similar purpose, as do "temporary" [[ART Inv. numbers]].<br />
<br />
At the Folger, accession numbers are usually referred to as "acc" numbers (pronounced "ack"), a short form that sounds the same as "acq" (short for acquisitions, e.g. "Acq Night" and "the Acq Department"). Material is ''acquired'' when it becomes Folger property through gift, purchase, exchange, etc.; appropriate material is then ''accessioned'' (assigned the next accession number in sequence and added to the collection).<br />
<br />
==Four-digit accession numbers==<br />
[[File:1936 Accessions register page.jpg|alt=Handwritten list of 25 gifts and purchases|thumb|Page of four-digit accession numbers from October, 1936.]]<br />
This series begins with item number 3001 (October 20, 1930) and runs through item number 7029 (August 31, 1938). The numbering of blank lines continues through 7049, at the bottom of the page, along with the note "On September 27, 1938, the keeping of the accession book was discontinued by order of the Director, Dr. Joseph Q. Adams" signed "Roberta Harrison, Secretary in Charge of Accessions." No reason is given in the book, but perhaps this was a time-saving measure related to the purchase of the Harmsworth Collection that year.<br />
<br />
Numbering presumably began at 3001 to distinguish accession numbers from case numbers, which only went up to the 2000s. <br />
<br />
The numbers are recorded by hand in an unlabeled green binder<ref>The binder's boards were covered in off-white paper in 2017 to keep the red rot on the leather corners from getting all over everything.</ref> on pre-printed loose-leaf "Identification Sheets." Each entry gives a brief description of the item, its source ("G" for "gift" or a purchase order number, followed by a name), a date (apparently the date the item was received), the cost, and remarks, if any. <br />
<br />
[[Henry Neill Paul|Henry N. Paul]]'s gifts on September 3, 1937 (nos. 5921 through 6176) and June 6, 1938 (nos. 6735-6858) are the two largest single-source entries by far. There are also at least two entries for small batches from Paul: June 6, 1936 (nos. 4593-4596), and June 27, 1938 (nos. 6897 through 6900).<br />
<br />
==Date-based accession numbers==<br />
More information to come. This style of accession number is known to have existed between September 1937 and June 1948. Apparently based on date of acquisition or of processing with two-digit year, and a serial number by day, but sometimes yy-mm-dd and sometimes mm-dd-yy preceding the serial number. Unfortunately, the dots or hyphens dividing yy.mm.dd were often dropped when the cards were re-keyed into the online catalog, so what appear to be six-digit serial numbers are actually date-based accession numbers when they fall in the 37xxxx to 48xxxx range.<br />
<br />
==Format-based accession numbers==<br />
More information to come. Serial numbers based on order of accession, in separate series by format: MS Add, VCR, m.p., etc. until 2004, when six-digit numbers began to be used regardless of format.<br />
<br />
==Six-digit accession numbers==<br />
[[File:AccSlip.jpg|alt=Pink 3 x 5 inch paper slip with 6-digit number and purchase order information|thumb|Paper slip with a six-digit accession number.]]<br />
The six-digit series began July 9, 1948, with 125001 (because it was guessed the library already had about 125,000 things) but until 2004 the following material types instead received separate serial numbers: manuscripts (MS ADD), motion pictures (MP), video tapes (VCR), CDs (CD), CD-ROMs (CD-ROM), DVDs (DVD), phonograph records (p.r.), reel-to-reel tape recordings (t.r.), and cassette tape recordings (t.r.c.). When written on the item, the six-digit number is preceded by the letter "F" (for "Folger") to disambiguate it in case there are other numbers. The "F" is not considered part of the accession number, and is typically omitted when recording it elsewhere.<br />
<br />
Note that what appear to be six-digit serial numbers in the 37xxxx to 48xxxx range are actually date-based accession numbers where the dots or hyphens separating yy-mm-dd were omitted.<br />
<br />
Accession slips numbered lower than about 200000 were often typed based only on the title page, without regard for completeness or additional information (e.g., a colophon). <ref>Memo from Curator of Books and Exhibitions, 14 April 1995.</ref><br />
<br />
Six-digit accession numbers for [[sammelbands]] represent the physical object as a whole, not a specific item within it (which are referred to as item 1, item 2, item 3, etc. of that accession number). Until approximately 2015, individual titles within the volume ''did'' get unique accession numbers in the form of the six digits, a decimal point, then 1, 2, 3, etc. In most cases, .1 is the first title in the volume, .2 is the second, and so on. However there are early accession numbers (lower than about 200000?) where only the titles not already in the collection received an accession number and typed accession slip.<ref>Email from Curator of Books and Exhibitions, 7 February 1996.</ref> There are also examples where the decimal points assigned in acquisitions did not correspond to the number of bibliographic 'units' in the volume for cataloging purposes (e.g., where what looks like a "part 2" at first glance is actually a separate publication, or vice versa).<br />
<br />
There are gaps in the numbering thanks to numbers kept in reserve not being needed (e.g. 245001-245999 were reserved for the Massey collection, but only 245001-245326 were needed; the rest of the numbers remain unused, except for 245901 and 245902, which were assigned to non-Massey STC fragments by accident). <br />
<br />
<br />
These groups of six-digit numbers are known to be '''not unique''':<br />
*156481-156509 were used twice: second series has "[2d]" after the number.<br />
*207168-207226 were used twice: vault books have just the number, modern books have the number followed by "[2d]".<br />
*222701-222744 were used twice: second series has "[2d]" after the number (222701-222800 were reserved for the Colt collection, but there turned out to be more books than expected, so they re-used the first 44 numbers rather than jumping ahead to the next available number).<br />
*226884-226893 were used twice: vault books have just the number, modern books have the number followed by "a".<br />
:Note: accession slips are filed in two series; books on the shelf are interfiled.<br />
<br />
Until 2002 all Mazarinades received accession no. 134829 and all Knuttels received accession number 143966.<br />
<br />
Some open-stacks books no longer receive accession numbers (as of 2009?). E.g., YBP books with vendor-supplied cataloging and processing are considered "shelf ready."<br />
<br />
==Accession numbers that indicate former owners==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Accession number range !! Former owner<br />
|-<br />
| 4593-4596|| Henry N. Paul<br />
|-<br />
| 5921-6176 || Henry N. Paul<br />
|-<br />
|6735-6858 || Henry N. Paul<br />
|-<br />
| 6897-6900 || Henry N. Paul<br />
|-<br />
| 131500-131595 || Bridgewater<br />
|-<br />
| 131968-132743 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 132828-133891 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 133892-134394 || Shipdham Church<br />
|-<br />
| 134395-134456 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 134457-134483 || Shipdham Church<br />
|-<br />
| 134484-134500 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 134501-134514 || Shipdham Church<br />
|-<br />
| 134516-134520 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 134521-134530 || Shipdham Church<br />
|-<br />
| 136518-136640 || California University at Los Angeles William A. Clark Library<br />
|-<br />
| 136869-137241 || Huntington<br />
|-<br />
| 137401-137998 || McAlpin<br />
|- <br />
| 139067-139080 || McAlpin<br />
|-<br />
| 148001-150305 || Sir Thomas Phillips<br />
|-<br />
| 171014-171259 || Sir Thomas Phillips<br />
|-<br />
| 191601-191888 || Cashel Cathedral Library<br />
|}<br />
*Note: McAlpin duplicates were disposed of, and include the following numbers:<br />
:137452, 137459, 137462, 137466, 137483, 137494, 137505, 137528, 137567, 137566, 137600, 137631, 137679, 137691, 137700, 137711, 137778, 137875<br />
<br />
==Approximate Dates of Accession numbers==<br />
The below is a VERY incomplete list of anchor dates when trying to date an accession number.<br />
<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/171989?ln=en 148251] = acquired September 1954<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/174647?ln=en 151241] = bought April 1955<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/148964?ln=en 152251] = bought June 1955<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/174182?ln=en 159251] = bought September 1956<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/179873?ln=en 164241] = bought July 1957<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/176926?ln=en 174370] = bought Oct 1959<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/155985?ln=en 182251] = bought June 1961<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/140538?ln=en 184251] = bought July 1961<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/366965?ln=en 191142] = bought May 1964<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/366675?ln=en 191716] = accessioned January 1964<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/365870?ln=en 232204] = received Nov 1990, accessioned Dec 1990<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/366305?ln=en 232406] = received July 1990, accessioned March 1991<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/366371?ln=en 232561] = accessioned April 1991<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/193845?ln=en 261443] = 2006<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/246526?ln=en 267251] = bought July 2011<br />
<br />
==Accession numbers in Folger MARC records==<br />
<br />
The Folger started creating [[MARC]] records in the 1980s (in RLIN, to be printed out on cards), and in the years since, accession numbers have ended up in various fields and subfields. This is an attempt to list them all. Please add to the list as you discover them.<br />
<br />
'''Important''': numbers in these fields are not necessarily accession numbers.<br />
:Note: some 6-digit accession numbers are prefaced with "ac" or "F"; if you come across such a thing when editing a Hamnet record, delete the preface. Do not delete the "cs" that precedes case numbers.<br />
<br />
*050‡f<br />
*090‡f<br />
*099‡a<br />
*099‡f<br />
*541‡e ('''ought to be current practice, but we temporarily reverted all to 852‡j in 2022 for migration to a new system''')<br />
*852‡h (not really an accession number: catalogers construct "accession-based" [[Call numbers|call numbers"]] in the ‡h, converting the accession number to a call number by adding "hyphen space" in the middle, and a lowercase letter for shelving type at the end; sometimes "space hyphen" or just "hyphen" or "space hyphen space" was added instead, but these have since been normalized in the holdings record).<br />
*852‡j (discontinued in 2017: all 852‡j numbers in holdings records were moved by machine to a 541‡e; 852‡j in Bib records left untouched because they're only there to provide keyword searchability, and there's no automatic way to indicate which 541 goes with which book when there are multiple copies).<br />
*852‡x (as the first part of a non-displaying local note)<br />
*852‡z (as the first part of the local note)<br />
*876‡z (as the first part of the local note; as of August 2017 will only be found in bib records: all holdings 876s were converted to 852s)<br />
*950‡q<br />
*955‡q<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[[Category: Acquisitions]]<br />
[[Category: Cataloging]]<br />
[[Category: Staff policies and procedures]]<br />
<references /></div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=List_of_digital_resources_at_the_Folger&diff=37179List of digital resources at the Folger2023-05-09T12:54:04Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* F */ added FF link</p>
<hr />
<div>This article provides a curated list of digital resources—arranged (mostly) alphabetically. This list is alphabetized according to the idiosyncrasies of what the Folger community most commonly calls a resource. If you are having trouble finding a resource, use the search box at the top of the page or your browser's "Find" feature (usually control-F). <br />
<br />
The first sections, arranged alphabetically, contains freely available resources. The second section provides a list of subscription resources available to registered Folger researchers during the time our Reading Room is closed for renovation. The final section is a list of subscription resources that Folger staff will still have access to; please email reference@folger.edu to set up an appointment for access. <br />
<br />
==Folger-created and hosted resources==<br />
<br />
BBI: [https://britishbookillustrations.folger.edu/ British Book Illustrations: Extending Access to 17th-century Visual Culture] is a project of the Folger Shakespeare Library, funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), to digitize and index 10,000 woodcut and engraved illustrations in British and English-language books. <br />
<br />
[http://collation.folger.edu/ The Collation: a gathering of scholarship from the Folger Shakespeare Library] is a blog about Folger collections and resources written by Folger staff and readers. <br />
<br />
[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGERCM1~6~6 Digital Image Collections Database (LUNA)] contains high-quality, high-resolution images of a large number of Folger collection items, divided into six collections (listed below). Users have the ability to store their preferred images in media groups, create presentations, and export images.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~4~4 Bas Relief Image Collection] contains images of the nine bas reliefs that adorn the facade of the Folger Shakespeare Library.<br />
:[[Bindings image collection | Bindings Image Collection]] contains research-quality [https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/BINDINGS~1~1 images of bindings] of aesthetic or historical merit.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~2~2 British Book Illustrations Image Collection] contains the images and raw metadata from the "British Book Illustrations: Extending Access to 17th-century Visual Culture" project (first entry on this list).<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGERCM1~6~6 Digital Image Collection] contains the majority of digitized collection images in the database.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~3~3 Manuscript Transcriptions Collection] contains images from the Folger manuscript collection along with searchable, vetted semi-diplomatic transcriptions.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~1~1 First Folio Image Collection] contains cover-to-cover images with color card and ruler for a number of Folger First Folios.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~5~5 Reference Image Collection] contains cell-phone quality images taken by Folger librarians during the course of their work.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~6~6 Microfilm Image Collection] contains digitized microfilm of Folger materials. <br />
<br />
[https://emed.folger.edu/ EMED]: [[A Digital Anthology of Early Modern English Drama]]: a database of early modern plays ''not'' by Shakespeare, with thirty documentary editions.<br />
<br />
[https://emmo.folger.edu/ EMMO]: [[Early Modern Manuscripts Online]]: transcriptions, images, and metadata of manuscripts from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. <br />
<br />
[http://findingaids.folger.edu/ Finding Aids at the Folger Shakespeare Library] guides users through the extensive manuscript collections with descriptions and lists of items. <br />
<br />
[http://firstlines.folger.edu/ The Union First Line Index of English Verse] enables researchers to locate poems held in seven prestigious collections in the US and UK, including the Folger Shakespeare Library. The Index provides a database of over 224,000 first lines of manuscript and printed verse. [mailto:firstlines@folger.edu firstlines@folger.edu] <br />
<br />
[https://shakespeare.folger.edu/ The Folger SHAKESPEARE] shares the complete works of Shakespeare, edited for modern readers.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/ The Folger's online catalog] gives bibliographic information, copy-specific notes, and detailed information—often with links to images—of most of the items in the collection. <br />
<br />
[https://lostplays.folger.edu/Main_Page Lost Plays Database] is a wiki-style forum for scholars to share information about lost plays in England, 1570-1642. <br />
<br />
[http://findingaids.folger.edu/Hand-List_of_Microfilm_and_Selected_Microfiche_Sets.pdf Microfilms Hand-List at the Folger Shakespeare Library] (PDF) is an addition/supplementary list to the microfilm database. Readers are advised to check both places when searching for a microfilm. <br />
<br />
[[Picturing Shakespeare]] was an NEH-funded project to help the Folger digitize thousands of 18th-, 19th-, and early 20th-century images representing Shakespeare’s plays. <br />
<br />
[http://plre.folger.edu/ PLRE.Folger: Private Libraries in Renaissance England] complements the printed volumes of [http://shakespeare.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=56839 Private Libraries in Renaissance England] (PLRE), an ongoing editorial project that has published eight volumes since 1992 in the Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies (MRTS) series. <br />
<br />
[https://shakespearedocumented.folger.edu Shakespeare Documented] is the largest and most authoritative collection of primary-source materials documenting the life of William Shakespeare (1564-1616), bringing together all known manuscript and print references to Shakespeare, his works, and additional references to his family, in his lifetime and shortly thereafter.<br />
<br />
[https://www.folger.edu/shakespeare-unlimited Shakespeare Unlimited Podcast], a "no limits" tour of the connections between Shakespeare, his works, and our world.<br />
<br />
[https://tokenbooks.folger.edu/ The Token Books of St Saviour Southwark] is an in-progress resource developed by William Ingram, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Alan H. Nelson, The University of California, Berkeley. The site makes available information from this rare type of parish record, spanning approximately 1571-1643.<br />
<br />
==Instructional video series==<br />
In the [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkWyVPkA-aEdejPR6-KD5CzJ Folger How-tos: Hamnet Online Catalog] video series, learn valuable tips and tricks to make the most of Hamnet, the Folger online library catalog. <br />
<br />
The [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkW1MqgnonjgpnHOk-QZ3nyd Folger How-tos: Research Essentials] video series includes tips on how to navigate [https://shakespearedocumented.folger.edu/ Shakespeare Documented], use the digital image collections to their maximum potential, and access subscription databases through a research account.<br />
<br />
Watch the [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkVvJifK4yXVethkELPqPvXf State Papers Online] video series to learn navigation tips and tricks for this valuable, but sometimes complicated, online resource. ''Note: State Papers Online, 1509-1714 is made available through an institutional subscription onsite at the Folger Shakespeare Library or through the Folger researcher request system (through 2022). Check your institution’s e-resource subscriptions for local availability.''<br />
<br />
==Freely Available Electronic Resources== <br />
<br />
===A=== <br />
<br />
[http://www.1641.tcd.ie/index.php 1641 Depositions] From Trinity College Dublin (MSS 809-841) are witness testimonies mainly by Protestants, but also by some Catholics, from all social backgrounds, concerning their experiences of the 1641 Irish rebellion. Create a free account to view the depositions. <br />
<br />
[http://www.19thcenturyacts.com/ 19th Century Acts!] showcases different aspects of theatrical performance through mapping and current and historical digital images.<br />
<br />
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/12ptvF-YOhmRIb2OKqAy5l6w7zCscaK8P Association of College and Research Libraries online instruction guides] includes powerpoints, lesson plans, and other resources produced and compiled by [https://ischool.illinois.edu/people/melissa-wong Melissa Wong] of the School of Information Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.<br />
<br />
[https://americanarchive.org/ American Archive of Public Broadcasting]: Discover historic programs of publicly funded radio and television across America. Select Browse for subject browses of Literature, History, Theater and more.<br />
<br />
[http://www.annotatedbooksonline.com/ Annotated Books Online] is a virtual research environment for scholars and students interested in historical reading practices. Create a free account to contribute transcriptions and/or translations of annotations. <br />
<br />
[http://drc.usask.ca/projects/archbook/index.php ArchBook: Architectures of the Book] is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal focusing on specific design features of printed books.<br />
<br />
[https://atlas.lib.uiowa.edu/ Atlas of Early Printing] is an interactive site designed to be used as a tool for teaching the early history of printing in Europe during the second half of the fifteenth century. <br />
<br />
===B===<br />
<br />
[https://beforeshakespeare.com Before Shakespeare] is a project that explores the earliest days of the Elizabethan playhouses, focusing on the mid 16th century London commercial playhouses.<br />
<br />
[https://www.bessofhardwick.org/ Bess of Hardwick's Letters], which number almost 250 items of correspondence, bring to life her extraordinary story and allow us to eavesdrop on her world. Her letters allow us to reposition Bess as a complex woman of her times, immersed in the literacy and textual practices of everyday life, as her correspondence extends from servants, friends and family, to queens and officers of state. <br />
<br />
[http://bibsite.org/ The Bibliographical Society of America] list of resources compiles essays, lists, and other bibliographical materials in aid of bibliographical study. The resource features wide date ranges and ample geographical coverage. <br />
<br />
[https://bibsocamer.org/news/online-instruction-resources-digital-repositories-for-book-history-teaching-more/ The Bibliographic Society of America Online Instruction Resources: Digital Repositories for Book History Teaching, Research, & More] is a static resource that will be updated as new contributions come in.<br />
<br />
[https://www.sharpweb.org/book-history-unbound/category/issues/ Book History UNBOUND] provides supplemental digital humanities materials that supplement print articles in ''Book History'', the journal of the Society for the History of Authorship and Reading (SHARP).<br />
<br />
[https://bookowners.online/Main_Page Book Owners Online] is a directory of historical book owners, with information about their libraries, and signposts to further reference sources. It currently covers seventeenth-century English owners with the potential to be expanded. <br />
<br />
[http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=TR%2fPub%2f1 Bristol Old Vic Playbills]: collection of playbills from the Theatre Royal/Bristol Old Vic, digitized by the Bristol Archive. Covers some 18th century (earliest from 1768), primarily first half of 19th century (1810-1840).<br />
<br />
[https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Default.aspx?_ga=2.95202516.918721450.1602764813-573422282.1602764813 British Library Digitised Manuscripts] includes a wide selected of digital images from manuscripts in the British Library.<br />
<br />
[http://ballads.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ Broadside Ballad Archive] is maintained by the Bodleian Libraries and features the Bodleian's digital collections of ballads, with links to the English Broadside Ballad Archive’s digital presentations of pre-1800 ballads from other libraries, and to the folk song scholarship of the Roud Broadside Index, hosted by the English Folk Dance and Song Society (from the website).<br />
<br />
[https://jcblibrary.org/collection/digital-images The John Carter Brown Library Online Publications] features pdfs of out of print publications by and about The John Carter Brown Library collection. <br />
<br />
[[List of bindings resources]] <br />
<br />
[https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/bookbindings/ Database of Bookbindings: The British Library] <br />
<br />
[http://bookbindingdictionary.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page Bookbinding Dictionary (Multilingual)]: an international dictionary of bookbinding and conservation terms. <br />
<br />
[http://www.borrowers.uga.edu/ Borrowers and Lenders: The Journal of Shakespeare and Appropriation] <br />
<br />
[http://bbti.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/# British Book Trade Index:] The BBTI aims to include brief biographical and trade details of all those who worked in the English and Welsh book trades up to 1851. BBTI includes not only printers, publishers and booksellers but also other related trades, such as stationers, papermakers, engravers, auctioneers, ink-makers and sellers of medicines, so that the book trade can be studied in the context of allied trades. <br />
<br />
[http://www.bpi1700.org.uk/index.html British Printed Images to 1700 (bpi1700)] is a digital library of prints and book illustrations from early modern Britain. <br />
<br />
[http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/ British Universities Film and Video Council: Shakespeare] An International Database of Shakespeare on Film, Television and Radio.<br />
This authoritative online database of Shakespeare-related content in film, television, radio and video recordings is international in scope, is regularly updated and currently holds over 9,000 records dating from the 1890s to the present day.<br />
<br />
===C===<br />
<br />
[https://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/benjonson/ The Cambridge Works of Ben Jonson Online] provides a fully digitized and updated edition of Jonson's complete writings, with editorial and scholarly remarks throughout the texts. <br />
<br />
[https://casebooks.lib.cam.ac.uk The Casebooks Project]: In the decades around 1600, the astrologers Simon Forman and Richard Napier produced one of the largest surviving sets of medical records in history. The Casebooks Project, a team of scholars at the University of Cambridge, has transformed this paper archive into a digital archive. <br />
<br />
[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ Chronicling America] contains fully searchable American historic newspaper pages from 1789-1963. <br />
<br />
[https://theclergydatabase.org.uk Clergy of the Church of England Database 1540-1835] makes available and searchable the principal records of clerical careers from over 50 archives in England and Wales with the aim of providing coverage of as many clerical lives as possible from the Reformation to the mid-nineteenth century. <br />
<br />
[http://www.common-place.org/ Common-Place] is a destination for exploring and exchanging ideas about early American history and culture. A bit less formal than a scholarly journal, a bit more scholarly than a popular magazine, Commonplace speaks—and listens—to scholars, museum curators, teachers, hobbyists, and just about anyone interested in American history before 1900.<br />
<br />
[http://www.english.cam.ac.uk/ceres/ COPIA/CERES (Cambridge English Renaissance Electronic Service)] provides access to manuscripts related to Spenser and resources for early modern English handwriting. <br />
<br />
[http://humanities-research.exeter.ac.uk/womenswork/courtdepositions/ Court Depositions of South West England, 1500-1700] is a digital edition of 80 fully transcribed depositions relating to 20 cases heard in the church courts and Quarter Sessions between 1556 and 1694 across Devon, Hampshire, Somerset and Wiltshire. These depositions or witness statements relate to a range of crimes and offences tried in these two types of courts, from defamation to theft and are rich in detail of social, economic, political and religious life in early modern England. This digital edition has been prepared as part of the Leverhulme-funded project ''Women's Work in Rural England, 1500-1700'' undertaken at the University of Exeter between 2013 and 2018.<br />
<br />
===D=== <br />
<br />
[https://www.umass.edu/AdelphiTheatreCalendar/index.htm Daily Calendars of the Sans Pareil/Adelphi Theatre, 1806-1900]: came out of a project founded by Joseph Donohue (University of Massachusetts Amherst) and James Ellis (Mount Holyoke College), to organize and collect information about the variety of theatrical and theatre-related activities occurring in London 1800-1900.<br />
<br />
[http://www.treatiseonpainting.org/ Leonardo da Vinci and his Treatise on Painting]: website examining all of the different variations of this text that appeared throughout the centuries; includes extensive bibliography. <br />
<br />
[https://dex.itercommunity.org/ DEx: Database of Dramatic Extracts] DEx is an online, searchable database of dramatic extracts found in seventeenth-century manuscripts. DEx is published by Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages and Renaissance. <br />
<br />
[http://digitalcavendish.org/ Digital Cavendish], a scholarly collaborative, brings together original research, scholarly resources, digital editions, and teaching resources to fill out the world and works of Margaret Cavendish.<br />
<br />
[https://digitalrenaissance.uvic.ca/ Digital Renaissance Editions] "publishes electronic scholarly editions of early English drama and texts of related interest, from late medieval moralities and Tudor interludes, occasional entertainments and civic pageants, academic and closet drama, and the plays of the commercial London theaters, through to the drama of the Civil War and Interregnum." <br />
<br />
[https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php Discography of American Historical Recordings] "a database of master recordings made by American record companies during the 78rpm era. It is part of the American Discography Project (ADP)—an initiative of the University of California, Santa Barbara and the Packard Humanities Institute that is edited by a team of researchers based at the UCSB Library" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[http://deep.sas.upenn.edu/ DEEP (Database of Early English Playbooks)]: searchable bibliography of "every playbook produced in England, Scotland, and Ireland from the beginning of printing through 1660". <br />
<br />
[http://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_h.aspx Dictionary for Library and Information Sciences] is designed as a hypertext reference resource for library and information science professionals, university students and faculty, and users of all types of libraries.<br />
<br />
===E=== <br />
<br />
[http://eada.lib.umd.edu/introduction-to-the-archive/ Early Americas Digital Archive] is a collection of electronic texts and links to texts originally written in or about the Americas from 1492 to approximately 1820, supported by University of Maryland.<br />
<br />
[https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/980096/ Early Modern British Painters] dataset identifies all those men and women who have been identified as painters of any sort working in England, Wales, Scotland or Ireland between the years 1500 and 1640. Compiled by Robert Tittler, Distinguished Professor of History Emeritus at Concordia University, Montreal, and Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. <br />
<br />
[https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/emc/ Early Modern Culture] published works-in-progress by major scholars in early modern studies, along with a set of responses from readers. No longer publishing as of 2019.<br />
<br />
[https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/emdr Early Modern Digital Review] (EMDR) is an online, open-access, and refereed journal publishing high-quality reviews of digital projects related to early modern society and culture. It is committed to productive evaluation of both established digital resources and recent tools and projects. <br />
<br />
[https://extra.shu.ac.uk/emls/journal/index.php/emls Early Modern Literary Studies] is a refereed journal serving as a formal arena for scholarly discussion and as an academic resource for researchers in the areas of English literature, literary culture, and language during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.<br />
<br />
[https://emlot.library.utoronto.ca Early Modern London Theatres] (EMLoT): Information related to professional performance in purpose-built theatres and other permanent structures in the London area. <br />
<br />
[https://www.emlc-journal.org/issue/archive/ ''Early Modern Low Countries''] "a multidisciplinary open access journal dedicated to the study of the early modern Low Countries. We publish state-of-the-art scholarship on any aspect of the turbulent history and vibrant culture of the region from about 1500 to 1830 from a variety of perspectives" (from the website). EMLC appears in two installments annually.<br />
<br />
[https://www.ofpilcrows.com/resources-early-modern-plays-page-and-stage Early Modern Plays on Page & Stage: Online Resources] is a list of resources compiled by Claire M. L. Bourne, Assistant Professor of English at Penn State University.<br />
<br />
[https://earlyprint.org/lab/ Early Print: Text Mining Early Printed English] provides a range of tools for the computational exploration and analysis of English print culture before 1700. <br />
<br />
[http://www.earlyprintedbooks.com/resources/ Early Printed Books, by Sarah Werner] is a companion to her book, ''Studying Early Printed Books, 1450-1800: A Practical Guide''. Intended to be able to be used both alongside and separately from the book, the website is an open-access, freely available resource that can supplement anyone’s explorations of early printed books.<br />
<br />
[http://www.earlystuartlibels.net/htdocs/index.html Early Stuart Libels]: early 17th century English political poetry from the accession of King James I to the outbreak of the English Civil War. <br />
<br />
[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/did/ The Encyclopedia of Diderot & D'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project] provides translations to the famed encyclopedia along with search capabilities and teaching resources.<br />
<br />
[https://www.englandsimmigrants.com/ England's Immigrants] is a database of over 64,000 names of people known to have migrated to England in the period 1350-1550. The information is drawn from a variety of sources, such as taxation assessments, letters of denization and protection, and other licenses and grants. <br />
<br />
[http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ English Broadside Ballad Archive] from the University of California, Santa Barbara, provides access to images and transcriptions of English Broadside Ballads from the long 17th century. <br />
<br />
[http://estc.bl.uk/F/?func=file&file_name=login-bl-estc English Short-Title Catalogue (ESTC)] is a comprehensive, international union catalogue listing early books, serials, newspapers and selected ephemera printed before 1801. For more information on this resource please see [[English Short-Title Catalogue]]. <br />
<br />
[http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Main_Page EuroDocs: Primary Historical Documents from Western Europe] is a repository of links to freely available primary source documents on the web; organized by both geographic area and time period. <br />
<br />
[https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/yexm20/current Exemplaria] is an open access journal that reconsider the methods and aims of scholarship on the medieval and early modern periods, broadly conceived.<br />
<br />
===F=== <br />
<br />
[https://firstfolios.com First Folios Compared] is an open access site from Adam Matthew Digital that presents 53 fully digitized First Folios from 22 different institutions. <br />
<br />
[https://www.dhi.ac.uk/foxe/index.php John Foxe’s Book of Martyrs Variorum Edition (TAMO)]: browse and compare the unabridged texts of the four editions of this massive work published in John Foxe’s lifetime (1563, 1570, 1576, 1583).<br />
<br />
[https://library.culinary.edu/primarysources/digitalfoodhistory/ Food History Digital Primary Sources] guide from the Culinary Institute of America.<br />
<br />
===G=== <br />
<br />
[http://gemms.itercommunity.org/index.php GEMMS: Gateway to Early Modern Manuscript Sermons] is a group-sourced online bibliographic database of early modern (1530-1715) manuscript sermons from the UK, Ireland and North America. <br />
<br />
[http://globalmiddleages.org/ Global Middle Ages Project (G-MAP)] is a portal site for digital projects encompassing the Medieval and Early Modern worlds. <br />
<br />
[[Glossary of digital humanities terms]] aims to help both novices and more advanced users of digital tools and approaches understand common terms employed in the digital humanities. <br />
<br />
[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/glossary.asp Glossary of Illuminated Manuscripts:] reproduced and illustrated by the British Library from Michelle P. Brown, ''Understanding Illuminated Manuscripts: A Guide to Technical Terms'' (J. Paul Getty Museum: Malibu and British Library: London, 1994). <br />
<br />
[https://www.gravell.org/ Gravell (The Thomas L. Gravell Watermark Archive)] brings together more than 50,000 watermarks from America and Europe, including 7,500 images collected by American-watermark expert Thomas L. Gravell and about 45,000 unpublished marks documented by Charles-Moise Briquet. <br />
<br />
===H===<br />
<br />
[http://www.hamletworks.org/ Hamlet Works] is "everything you ever wanted to know about ''Hamlet''", a searchable databases of editions and criticism.<br />
<br />
[https://henslowe-alleyn.org.uk/ Henslowe-Alleyn Digitization Project] "has two aims and objectives: first, to protect and conserve these increasingly fragile manuscripts, and, second, to make their contents much more widely available in a free electronic archive and website, not only to specialist scholars but to all those interested in early modern English drama and theatre history, as well as social, economic, regional, architectural, and legal history, and paleography and manuscript studies" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[http://hpb.cerl.org Heritage of the Printed Book Database (HPB)] (formerly called the Hand Press Book Database) is a steadily growing collection of files of catalogue records from major European and North American research libraries covering items of European printing of the hand-press period (c.1455-c.1830) integrated into one file. This makes it possible for information to be retrieved in one single search across all files. (N.b. as of Summer 2016, Folger items are not yet integrated into this database) As of January 2018, this resource is freely available! <br />
<br />
[http://www.arc.id.au/Calendar.html Historical Calendar]: Multi-country historical calendar for the years 1100 to 2100. Allows automatic conversion between Old Style and New Style dates. <br />
<br />
[https://hob.gseis.ucla.edu/index.html History of the Book, by Johanna Drucker] is a networked resource focused on the production and reception of materials related to the history of the book and literacy technologies, broadly conceived.<br />
<br />
[http://historyofparliamentonline.org History of Parliament] is a research project creating a comprehensive account of parliamentary politics in England, then Britain, from their origins in the thirteenth century. It consists of detailed studies of elections and electoral politics in each constituency, and of closely researched accounts of the lives of everyone who was elected to Parliament in the period, together with surveys drawing out the themes and discoveries of the research and adding information on the operation of Parliament as an institution. Note: it is a work in progress, with some sections more complete than others. <br />
<br />
[http://www.history.ac.uk/history-online/ History On-Line] provides information for historians with details of university lecturers in the UK and the Republic of Ireland, current and past historical research, digital history projects, new books and journals from a range of leading publishers and sources of funding available for researchers in the UK. <br />
<br />
[http://english.nsms.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/ The Holinshed Project] parallel texts edition, furnished with links to each page of Early English Books Online (subscription required). Users can navigate using a variety of entry points. Project overview and history, as well as sample texts, can be found [http://www.cems.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/index.shtml here]. <br />
<br />
[http://www.hookesbooks.com/ Robert Hooke's Books] is an online source on the library of the 17th-century virtuoso Robert Hooke (1635-1703) is an on-going collaboration between Will Poole, Felicity Henderson, and Yelda Nasifoglu who are currently undertaking research on different aspects of Hooke’s work. As it is a work-in-progress, further research notes will be continually added to the database, and new editions of the editors’ Introduction are expected to be released. <br />
<br />
===I===<br />
<br />
[https://www.arts.kuleuven.be/nieuwetijd/english/odis/impressae-women-printers-in-early-modern-antwerp-leuven-and-douai Impressae: Women Printers in Early Modern Antwerp, Leuven, and Douai] reconstructs the lives and work of women printers in Antwerp, Leuven and Douai during two centuries (sixteenth through seventeenth). It contains information about kinship and commercial networks, printing houses and rare books. It contains linked data on more than 1 300 persons, almost 3 700 publications and more than 150 organisations.<br />
<br />
[https://www.vialibri.net/library_search.php International Library Catalogs] from vialibri.net. Provides a list of union and other catalogs from Europe and the United States. Links to sources such as WorldCat, the KVK, and artlibraries.net. <br />
<br />
[http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/ Internet Shakespeare Editions]: information on Shakespeare's texts and life and times. Includes a performance database and the semi-annual online journal ''Scene''.<br />
<br />
[https://www.intoxicantsproject.org Intoxicants & Early Modernity: England, 1580-1714] explores the insight that the period between the introduction of tobacco in the 1570s and the ‘Gin Craze’ of the early eighteenth century was a formative phase in the production, traffic, consumption, and representation of intoxicants.<br />
<br />
===J=== <br />
<br />
[https://minstrels.library.utoronto.ca The JUBA Project: Early Blackface Minstrelsy in Britain 1842-1852], from the University of Toronto, draws together a range of documentation into a database that allows the visitor to access information on the individuals, troupes, and 'acts,' that toured in Britain during these crucial years. <br />
<br />
===K===<br />
<br />
[https://kitmarlowe.org/ The Kit Marlowe Project] created by undergraduate students to offer accessible resources for learning about one of Shakespeare’s most influential contemporaries and collaborators, Christopher Marlowe (Project Director: Kristen Abbott Bennett at Framingham University).<br />
<br />
===L===<br />
<br />
[https://www.layersoflondon.org/ Layers of London] is a map-based history website developed by the Institute of Historical Research.<br />
<br />
[http://www.leibniz-translations.com/index2.php Leibniz Translations] provides full-text translations of the work of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in English translation. <br />
<br />
[http://leme.library.utoronto.ca/ Lexicons of Early Modern English] searches and displays word-entries from monolingual English dictionaries, bilingual lexicons, technical vocabularies, and other encyclopedic-lexical works, 1480-1702. <br />
<br />
[https://www.loc.gov/collections/ Library of Congress Digital Collections]<br />
<br />
[https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/pages/open-access/ Liverpool University Press-Open Access] provides scholarly monographs offered via open-access from a pioneer in OA publishing.<br />
<br />
[https://londonstagedatabase.usu.edu London Stage database] is a searchable version of ''The London Stage'', a key reference work documenting theatrical performances from the reopening of the public playhouses following the English civil wars in 1660 to the end of the eighteenth century. This information has been compiled from the playbills, newspapers and theatrical diaries of the period. <br />
<br />
[http://www.luminarium.org/lumina.htm Luminarium] is an online anthology of English literature from the late Medieval period through the 18th century; texts from out-of-copyright editions.<br />
<br />
===M=== <br />
<br />
[http://manus.iccu.sbn.it/index.php Manus Online] is a database containing catalogue descriptions and digital images of manuscripts, private papers and archives held by Italian public, private and ecclesiastical libraries. The census, launched in 1988, aims to list and catalogue manuscripts written in Latin alphabet from the Middle Ages to date, including private papers and literary archives. <br />
<br />
[https://www.manuscriptcookbookssurvey.org/ Manuscript Cookbooks Survey] includes a database of pre-1865 English-language manuscript cookbooks held in U. S. public institutions as well as a database of kitchen artifacts used at the time these manuscripts were written. <br />
<br />
[https://mpese.ac.uk/ Manuscript Pamphleteering in Early Stuart England]: Before the outbreak of Civil War in 1642, England developed a large, influential and often radical pamphlet literature. This project aims to survey the vast hidden archive of early Stuart England's manuscript pamphlets. Images and transcriptions of many early modern pamphlets are available, in addition to bibliographical descriptions. <br />
<br />
[https://dhil.lib.sfu.ca/mvm/ Manuscript Verse Miscellanies 1700-1820] is a searchable database describing hundreds of manuscript poetry books. Links to First Line Index where relevant, plus lots of metadata about the manuscripts.<br />
<br />
[https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/emwrn/digitalarchive Material Cultures of Early Modern Women's Writing Digital Archive] provides online editions of women's writing that circulated in a variety of forms in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This project draws from manuscript sources as well as print editions, and provides both images and transcriptions of these often multiform texts. <br />
<br />
[https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/ Map of Early Modern London (MoEML)] comprises a digital edition of the 1561 Agas woodcut map of London; an Encyclopedia and Descriptive Gazetteer of London people, places, topics, and terms; a Library of marked-up texts rich in London toponyms; and a versioned edition of John Stow’s Survey of London. <br />
<br />
[http://wroth.latrobe.edu.au/ Mary Wroth's Poetry: An Electronic Edition]: Edited by Paul Salzman, this electronic edition includes a textual introduction, a contextual bibliography, a critical introduction to the poetry of Mary Wroth, and full text of the poems. <br />
<br />
[http://www.medici.org/ The Medici Archive Project]: Documentary Sources for the Arts and Humanities in the Medici Granducal Archive, 1537-1743, is a fully searchable database describing hundreds of volumes of documents in the Medici Granducal Archive (Archivio Mediceo del Principato). <br />
<br />
[http://mdr-maa.org Medieval Digital Resources (MDR)]: The Medieval Academy of America has put together a curated database of peer-reviewed digital materials for the study of the Middle Ages. Users can browse an alphabetical list or search using controlled-vocabulary subject tags to find vetted online resources of many types. Please note that MDR does not include resources that are paywalled or require password access, although some resources may have restrictive use-licenses. <br />
<br />
[https://memorients.com/ Medieval and Early Modern Orients (MEMOs)] is an AHRC-funded project that seeks to further knowledge and understanding of the early interactions between England and the Islamic worlds.<br />
<br />
[https://globalshakespeares.mit.edu/ MIT Global Shakespeares] video and performance archive.<br />
<br />
[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary Middle English Compendium] contains three Middle English electronic resources: the Middle English Dictionary, a Bibliography of Middle English prose and verse, and a Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse. <br />
<br />
[https://digital.library.illinois.edu/collections/810eac30-e3fb-012f-c5b6-0019b9e633c5-e The Motley Collection of Theatre and Costume Design] at the University of Illinois has over 5000 items from more than 150 theatrical productions in England and the United States.<br />
<br />
===N===<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000140237 The National Union Catalog, pre-1956 imprints] are made available through HathiTrust. <br />
<br />
[https://shiplib.org The Nautical Archaeology Digital Library] includes artifact collections, mapping of shipwrecks, maritime exploration, shipbuilding and other resources for international history of sea travel.<br />
<br />
[https://digitalcollections.nypl.org New York Public Library Digital Collections] site provides access to digitized collection materials from the extensive NYPL holdings, touching on all areas within the Folger collecting scope.<br />
<br />
===O===<br />
<br />
[https://openlibrary.org/ Open Library] offers a platform to browse for and read thousands of books.<br />
<br />
[https://ota.ox.ac.uk/ Oxford Text Archive] collects, catalogues, preserves and distributes high-quality digital resources for research and teaching; they currently have thousands of texts in more than 25 languages (some restrictions). Includes a separate catalog of TCP (Text Creation Partnership) items.<br />
<br />
===P=== <br />
<br />
[[List of online resources for early modern English paleography]] was compiled to assist early modern scholars begin to learn to decipher, read, and interpret manuscript materials written in early handwriting. <br />
<br />
[http://ihl.enssib.fr/en/paper-and-watermarks-as-bibliographical-evidence Paper and Watermarks as Bibliographical Evidence] from the Institut d'histoire du livre is a bibliographical guide to texts and images relating to the history of paper and papermaking, mainly comprising the hand-papermaking period. <br />
<br />
[https://vpcp.chass.ncsu.edu/listen-ambient-sounds/ Virtual St. Paul's Cathedral Project/Ambient Noise] is a digital recreation of worship and preaching at St. Paul's Cathedral in early modern London. <br />
<br />
[http://pedagogy-toolkit.org/ Pedagogy Toolkit for English] provides a community-driven resources for digital pedagogy in composition, rhetoric, and literature. <br />
<br />
[https://www.pepysdiary.com/ The Diary of Samuel Pepys] chronicles the daily entries from the famous 17th century London diary. <br />
<br />
[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ Perseus Digital Library] and [https://scaife.perseus.org/library/ Scaife online reader] for classical through early modern literature and artifacts.<br />
<br />
[https://digital.library.illinois.edu/collections/81196b40-e3fb-012f-c5b6-0019b9e633c5-c Portraits of Actors] gathers studio portraits and actors posing in costume, 1720-1920.<br />
<br />
[https://pulterproject.northwestern.edu/ The Pulter Project: Poet in the Making], a "digital collaboration aims at allowing readers to engage with multiple, different representations and readings of Hester Pulter’s striking verse" (from the website).<br />
<br />
===R===<br />
<br />
[https://soundcloud.com/rarebookschool Rare Book School Lectures] are available via approximately 400 Soundcloud podcasts on a wide variety of bibliographical subjects that cover the entire history of books.<br />
<br />
[https://www.r18collective.org/ Re-Activating Restoration & 18th-Century Theatre for the 21st Century] includes video and audio resources and syllabus ideas aimed at assisting instructors. In the longer term, this research consortium will be working with professional theatre artists and companies in the US, Canada, and UK to encourage new productions and convening research workshops and focused conferences at the Newberry Library and Oxford University (open to graduate students and faculty). <br />
<br />
[https://ereed.library.utoronto.ca Records of Early English Drama (REED)] is an international scholarly project that is establishing for the first time the context from which the drama of Shakespeare and his contemporaries grew. Contains transcribed and edited historical documents containing evidence of drama, secular music, and other communal entertainment and ceremony from the Middle Ages until 1642.<br />
<br />
[https://reformation500.csl.edu/ Reformation 500] is an online resource for the commemoration of the Quincentenary of the Reformation in 2017 managed by Concordia Seminary, St. Louis. Here you will find information on important people and events of the Reformation, news and upcoming events, blog posts by a variety of authors offering different perspectives on the Reformation and its significance. <br />
<br />
[https://rekn.org/ Renaissance Knowledge Network] publications address a myriad of topics surrounding the creation of digital projects that display resources related to Renaissance and Early Modern studies. <br />
<br />
[http://myweb.ttu.edu/mkvanda/RPFsite/index.xml Restoration Printed Fiction] is a database from the English Department at Texas Tech University. Including 394 fictions printed between 1660 and 1700 (fiction has been defined broadly here), this database allows users to search for basic information, such as author, title, bookseller, printer, and date, as well as more detailed information, such as whether the text has paratexts like dedications or prefaces. <br />
<br />
[http://guides.library.harvard.edu/friendly.php?s=rinascimento&gid=4877 Rinascimento]: Harvard University's Research Guide for Renaissance Studies. Contains links to databases, websites, and other resources, divided and subdivided by general topical area. <br />
<br />
[https://www.americanheraldry.org/heraldry-in-the-usa/roll-of-early-american-arms A Roll of Early American Arms] from The American Heraldry Society provides descriptions and citations for coats of arms held by Americans before 1825.<br />
<br />
[http://www.itergateway.org/romeo_juliet/ Romeo and Juliet: Searchable Database for Prompt Books] contains information from approximately 170 prompt-books for productions of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. These productions range from the seventeenth century to the 1980s.<br />
<br />
===S=== <br />
<br />
[https://scholarlyediting.org/ Scholarly Editing] is an open-access journal committed to the development and advancement of all aspects of textual editing, including documentary editing. The content published in the journal includes essays, micro editions, reviews of print and digital editions, and teaching materials. The journal’s eclectic, multidisciplinary approach makes it an invaluable resource for anyone interested in the theory, practice, and pedagogy of scholarly editing, including educators, researchers, scholars, historians, archivists, editors, information professionals, and digital humanists.<br />
<br />
[https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/scriptorium Scriptorium: Medieval and Early Modern Manuscripts Online]: A digital archive of manuscript miscellanies and commonplace books from c. 1450-1720. <br />
<br />
[https://shakedsetc.org Shakedsetc.org] provides information and links to digital copies of Shakespeare's works, from the earliest quartos to 18th, 19th, and 20th century editions.<br />
<br />
[https://searchingforshakespeare.co.uk/ Searching for Shakespeare] "provide[s] the ability to view selected objects recovered from the excavations of New Place between 2010 and 2016. These objects are presently housed in the museum collections of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust and most are not readily available to be viewed by the public" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[https://shakeosphere.lib.uiowa.edu/ Shakeosphere] allows users to visualize, map, and explore these social networks in Shakespeare's England and beyond, from 1473-1800. <br />
<br />
[http://bsuva.org/bsuva/promptbook/ 17th Century Shakespearean Prompt Books] from the University of Virginia, with introductions to each book and descriptions of each annotation within the plays. <br />
<br />
[https://www.shakespearealbum.de/en/about.html Shakespeare Album] site presents ''Illustrating the History of Germany's Shakespeare Reception: the Birmingham Photo Album'' convened in 2016 by Academy of Sciences and Literature Mainz. A commemorative digital photo album was created with 109 portraits and autograph signatures of personalities meritorious for having communicated and maintained the interest for Shakespeare in Germany. Consult this resource in combination with German scholar [https://findingaids.folger.edu/dfoleo2002.xml Friedrich August Leo] materials and other [https://findingaids.folger.edu/dfogerman2002.xml German language manuscripts] held by the Folger.<br />
<br />
[https://shakespearecensus.org/ Shakespeare Census] attempts to locate and describe all extant copies of all editions of Shakespeare’s works through 1700, excluding the folios. It includes all items attributed to Shakespeare in print during the period, but not those attributed to him only by modern scholarship, and excludes the Restoration adaptations. <br />
<br />
[https://shakespeare.emory.edu/ Shakespeare and the Players] is an online exhibition and scholarly resource of nearly 1,000 postcards featuring many famous English and American actors who performed Shakespeare’s plays for late Victorian and Edwardian audiences, held at Emory University.<br />
<br />
[https://sharc.kcl.ac.uk Shakespeare in the Royal Collection] is a searchable online catalogue of Shakespeare-related objects in the Royal Collection and an online exhibition.<br />
<br />
[https://about.illinoisstate.edu/shakespeareinsheets/ Shakespeare in Sheets] project recreates the author's early plays and books in printable and foldable sheets of paper. <br />
<br />
[https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/shakespeare Shakespeare Train] is a portion of the [https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/# Ellen Terry and Edith Craig digital archive], available through the University of Essex. It provides a portal to Ellen Terry stage and lecture history and links to the main documentary archive and the [https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/star Search for Theatrical Ancestors] database.<br />
<br />
[https://euppublishing.com/journals/shakespearevirtualissue Shakespeare Virtual Issue (Edinburgh University Press)] is freely accessible and provides a list of hand-picked articles from across their catalogue of journals, dedicated to the Bard, his work and reception across both history and literary studies.<br />
<br />
[http://shalt.dmu.ac.uk/index.html ShaLT: Shakespearean London Theatres]: Histories of early modern theatres, with a map, guides, and films. A joint project of the De Montfort University and the Victoria and Albert Museum. <br />
<br />
[https://thesifter.org/ The Sifter]: A Tool for Food History Research.<br />
<br />
Statutes of the Realm: for statutes from the Magna Carta to 1761, the most efficient place to search is Owen Ruffhead's mid-18th century ''Statutes at Large''. This text can be found in ECCO, and freely available on the Internet Archive: [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef01grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 1: Magna Carta to Henry VI], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef02grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 2: Edward IV to Elizabeth I], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef03grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 3: James I to William and Mary], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef04grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 4: William and Mary to Anne], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef05grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 5: George I to George II], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef06grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 6: George II, con't], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef07grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 7: George II, con't more], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef08grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 8: George II to George III], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef09grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 9: George III con't plus Index]<br />
<br />
===T===<br />
<br />
[http://earlyamericansermons.org/about/ T.E.A.M.S.: Transcribing Early American Manuscript Sermons] is a collaborative scholarly effort to make the voluminous archival record of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century ecclesiastical worship more accessible to academic researchers, pastors, and the general public. This digital archive houses sermons transcribed from the papers of Baptist, Catholic, Congregational, Episcopalian, Presbyterian, and Unitarian ministers who preached up and down the Atlantic coast of North America; it includes the manuscript sermons of white, Native American, and African American preachers. <br />
<br />
[https://theatregoing.wordpress.com/ Theatregoing] is an ongoing survey reproducing eyewitness testimony of seeing theatrical productions, from the sixteenth century to the present day.<br />
<br />
===U===<br />
<br />
[http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/reading/UK/index.php UK RED] or "the Reading Experience Database" explores what United Kingdom residents and British subjects living or travelling abroad read between the invention of the printing press in 1450 and the end of the Second World War in 1945, how, and in what circumstances did they read.<br />
<br />
===V=== <br />
<br />
[http://shakespeareillustration.org/ The Victorian Illustrated Shakespeare Archive] contains over 3000 illustrations from four of the most significant illustrated editions of Shakespeare's works in the Victorian period. All images have been tagged bibliographically and iconographically. <br />
<br />
[https://graphics.cs.wisc.edu/WP/vep/ Visualizing English Print] (from the site) "Our mission is to scale humanist scholarship to ‘big data’ by removing several barriers to statistically analyzing digital Early Modern English texts, like those released by the Text Creation Partnership...This website equips you with the necessary tools to make your own corpora, visually explore them, and download preliminary metadata."<br />
<br />
===W===<br />
<br />
[https://hollar.library.utoronto.ca/ Wenceslaus Hollar Digital Collection]: Digital images from the Fisher Library Collection at the University of Toronto. <br />
<br />
[https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history Westminster Abbey|History] includes short essays on each feature of the Abbey, including entries on each burial or memorial site. <br />
<br />
[https://wwtn.history.qmul.ac.uk/about/ Who Were the Nuns?]: A prosopographical study of the English Convents in exile 1600-1800. Traces the membership of the English convents in exile, from the opening of the first institution in Brussels to the nuns’ return to England as a result of the French Revolution and associated violence. Database provides the membership, family trees, edited documents, maps and analysis of the nuns’ experiences<br />
<br />
[https://digitalprojects.wpi.art/auctions Wildenstein Plattner Institute] has made available digitized auction sales catalogues from pre-1945, numbering over 11,000.<br />
<br />
[https://www.womensbookhistory.org/ Women in Book History: A Bibliography] is a database of secondary sources on women's writing and labor.<br />
<br />
[https://www.uclpress.co.uk/products/211143 Women in the History of Science: A sourcebook] is an open access sourcebook that brings together primary sources that highlight women’s involvement in scientific knowledge production around the world. Time period is broad, covering 1200 BCE to the twenty-first century. Solid early modern content.<br />
<br />
==Subscription Resources Available Off-site== <br />
<br />
These resources, listed by database vendor, are available to registered Folger researchers, via their [https://request.folger.edu/ Online Request Account]. Instructions for accessing each resource may be found in the [[:media:Electronic resources help guide.pdf | Help Guide for Offsite Subscription Resource Access]]. <br />
<br />
'''ProQuest'''<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/264526?ln=en Cecil Papers] archive consists principally of the correspondence of William Cecil, Lord Burghley (1520-1598) and his son, Robert, the 1st Earl of Salisbury (1563-1612). <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/728535?ln=en Early English Books Online (EEBO)] provides digital facsimile page images of works printed in England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and British North America and works in English printed elsewhere from 1473-1700; full-text search of EEBO-TCP Phase 1 and Phase 2. For more information about EEBO, see [[History of Early English Books Online]]. <br />
:[http://proquest.libguides.com/eebopqp Early English Books Online ProQuest Guide]: ProQuest has put together a LibGuide (a help guide) related to the EEBO database, detailing the differences between the old Chadwick-Healey interface and the new ProQuest interface, which exact fields you can search, and other useful information. Please note that while access to this guide is unrestricted, the database itself requires an institutional subscription. <br />
<br />
'''Adam Matthew''' <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/544237?ln=en Early Modern England: Society, Culture & Everyday Life, 1500-1700] brings together documents and objects from seven different archives and libraries to offer insights into the lived experience in England from 1500-1700. Includes a wide range of materials including legal records, family correspondence, administrative records, wills, inventories and commonplace books among others.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/195102?ln=en Literary Manuscripts Online: 17th and 18th Century Poetry from the Brotherton Library, University of Leeds] provides manuscripts of 17th and 18th century English language verse, including first lines, last lines, attribution, author, title, date, length, verse form, content and bibliographic references for over 6,600 poems within the collection. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/356874?ln=en Literary Print Culture: The Stationers' Company Archive] provides documents sourced from the archive of The Worshipful Company of Stationers & Newspaper Makers, including the Stationers' Register, Membership Records, Court Records, and other Company administrative records. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/724714?ln=en Perdita Manuscripts: Women Writers, 1500-1700] features manuscripts written or compiled by women in the British Isles in the 16th and 17th centuries; also includes bibliographic sources. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/724715?ln=en Shakespeare in Performance] is a database from Adam Matthew Digital which features over 1000 fully digitized promptbooks from the Folger collection. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/356873?ln=en Shakespeare's Globe Archive: Theatres, Players, & Performance] documents the performance and construction history of the new Globe and the indoor theatre space of the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse. It includes prompt books, design materials, administrative records of the theatre, and more. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/219141?ln=en Virginia Company Archives] contains transcripts and images of the Ferrar Papers from Magdalene College, Cambridge, and the papers of the Virginia Company. Documents date from approximately 1540-1770. <br />
<br />
'''Gale''' <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/245640?ln=en British Literary Manuscripts Online, Part I: 1660-1990 & Part II: Medieval & Renaissance] facsimile images of literary manuscripts, including letters and diaries, drafts of poems, plays, novels, and other literary works, and similar materials; early 12th century through 1900. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/343865?ln=en British Theatre: Nineteenth Century Collections Online] features a wide range of primary sources related to the arts in the Victorian era, from playbills and scripts to operas and complete scores. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/340547?ln=en Burney Collection Newspapers] is a 17th-18th century collection that contains not only newspapers, but newsbooks, Acts of Parliament, broadsides, pamphlets and proclamations. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/263757?ln=en ECCO (Eighteenth Century Collections Online)] primarily focuses on publications from the British Isles, but does include material from Western Europe and Russia. Access to page images and some full-text search. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/352804?ln=en Nichols Newspapers Collection British Theatre, Music, and Literature: High and Popular Culture] features the newspapers, periodicals, pamphlets and broadsheets that form the Nichols newspaper collection held at the Bodleian library in Oxford, UK. The collection includes approximately 300 primary titles of newspapers and periodicals and 300 pamphlets and broadsheets, covering the period 1672-1737. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/263756?ln=en State Papers Online] provides access to the Calendars, transcript and document images for the Domestic and Foreign State Papers, and Registers of the Privy Council for 1509-1714. <br />
:An overview and general guide to using State Papers Online may be found here: [https://collation.folger.edu/2015/06/state-papers-online-tips-and-tricks-part-1/ Part 1] and [https://collation.folger.edu/2015/07/state-papers-online-tips-and-tricks-part-2/ Part 2] <br />
<br />
'''Cambridge'''<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/544901?ln=en The New Cambridge Shakespeare] provides access to Shakespeare's works together with a wealth of integrated reference material.<br />
<br />
'''Oxford''' <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/118159?ln=en American National Biography] is updated semi-annually with new articles and revisions of previously published entries; contains articles of notable Americans through the mid-twentieth century. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/543559?ln=en The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare] is a searchable, indexed version of the 2nd edition print resource.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/191521?ln=en Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online (DNB Online)] contains biographical information on men and women who have shaped British history and culture, worldwide, from the Romans to the 21st century; updated three time a year. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/113988?ln=en Oxford English Dictionary]<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/335520?ln=en Oxford Scholarly Editions Online] is an interlinked collection of authoritative Oxford editions of major works from the humanities. Our subscription includes early modern content. <br />
:Following subsets only ([https://www.oxfordscholarlyeditions.com/page/18/title-lists list of titles included in each subset]): <br />
::Early Seventeenth Century Drama<br />
::Early Seventeenth Seventeenth Century Poetry<br />
::Early Seventeenth Seventeenth Century Prose<br />
::Martin Wiggins and Catherine Richardson, British Drama 1533-1642: A Catalogue<br />
::Renaissance Drama<br />
::Renaissance Poetry<br />
::Renaissance Prose<br />
::Shakespeare<br />
<br />
'''BREPOLiS'''<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/232534?ln=en Bibliography of British and Irish History] contains 300,000 records on British and Irish history, including relations with the empire and Commonwealth.<br />
<br />
==Subscription Resources Available On-site== <br />
The following resources will remain on-site access only. Please email reference@folger.edu with questions. <br />
<br />
''American Book Prices Current'': records of books, manuscripts, autographs, maps and broadsides sold at auction, primarily US and UK <br />
<br />
''American Council of Learned Societies Humanities E-Book (HEB)'': E-book records are searchable in [http://hamnet.folger.edu/ Hamnet], with a link to ACLS full-text. All e-books are full-text searchable at ACLS site. <br />
<br />
''American and French Research on the Treasury of the French Language (ARTFL)'' contains French-language texts from the 12th to 20th century, Diderot and d'Alembert's late 18th century ''Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une Société de Gens de lettres'', digitized versions of many ''Bibliothèque Bleue de Troyes'' (17th to mid-19th c.), a searchable version of Montaigne's ''Essais'', and a different search interface for Tufts' Perseus Project (Greek & Latin texts). <br />
<br />
''Archive Grid'' is a service provided by OCLC brings together information about archives, special collections and other collections of manuscripts and papers. <br />
<br />
''Arkyves'': Access to the full Iconclass browser at Arkyves, containing all of the images from the British Book Illustrations project, as well as over 800,000 additional images from a number of institutions all over the world. <br />
<br />
''Bibliography of British and Irish History'' provides bibliographic data on historical writing dealing with the British Isles, and with the British Empire and Commonwealth, during all periods for which written documentation is available - from 55BC to the present. <br />
<br />
''Bibliography of English Women Writers 1500-1640'' currently indexes the works of around 740 female writers and translators. <br />
<br />
''British History Online'': Includes Calendars of State Papers, Domestic and the Calendars of State Papers for Scotland and Ireland, along with the Calendar of Close Rolls. <br />
<br />
''Burke's Peerage and Gentry'': genealogy and heraldry information for the Peerage of the United Kingdom, the historical families of Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations, and royal and distinguished families worldwide. <br />
<br />
''Early English Books Online - Text Creation Partnership (EEBO-TCP)'': encoded electronic text editions of many early print books in Early English Books Online, Eighteenth Century Collections Online, and Evans Early American Imprints. (Now included in the ProQuest version of EEBO.) <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/544899?ln=en Drama Online] Core Collection for Arden Shakespeare edition access.<br />
<br />
''FirstSearch: OCLC Databases'': Default database: WorldCat. Select the "Search in database" dropdown to select one of the following databases: ArticleFirst, ClasePeriodica, OCLC Ebooks, OCLC ECO, ERIC, GPO, MEDLINE, OAIster, PapersFirst, Proceedings, WorldAlmanac, WorldCat, WorldCatDissertations. <br />
<br />
''Iter Bibliography'' is a bibliography comprised of secondary source material pertaining to the Middle Ages and Renaissance (400-1700), including citations for books and journal material (articles, reviews, review articles, bibliographies, catalogues, abstracts and discographies), dissertation abstracts, and essays in books (including entries in conference proceedings, festschriften, encyclopedias and exhibition catalogues). <br />
<br />
''Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages & Renaissance'' brings together numerous database sources for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. Some are subscription access only, while others are freely available. <br />
<br />
''Iter Italicum'' is a finding list for Renaissance humanistic manuscripts in libraries and collections all over the world. <br />
<br />
''Loeb Classical Library'': Fourteen centuries of Greek and Latin literature with accurate, literate, English translations on facing pages. And a handy Greek keyboard pop-up. <br />
<br />
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[[Category: Bibliography]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=William_Thomas_Smedley&diff=37154William Thomas Smedley2023-04-25T19:00:14Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: correction to biography</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Incomplete}}<br />
William Thomas Smedley (1851-1930), a resident of London and Bath, was a noted bibliophile, collector of Elizabethaniana, and Baconian. In 1924, he sold a large portion of his library to [[Henry Clay Folger]]; the Folger Library collection today includes at least 1,460 volumes formerly owned by Smedley.<br />
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===Notable items now at the Folger===<br />
Full citations with links to Luna or Hamnet for exceptional items from the former owner's collection now at the Folger.<br />
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Items owned by Smedley can be found in [[Hamnet]] by searching for "Smedley former owner" in the Name Browse search.<br />
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===Smedley's bookplates===<br />
Smedley used at least two distinct bookplates in his collection: a plain text bookplate reading "Ex Libris W.T. Smedley," and a more elaborate illustrated bookplate, featuring a knight on a charging horse and three banners, reading, respectively, "Forward," "ACS," and "Ex Libris W.T. Smedley."<br />
<br />
[[File:Smedley_bookplate.JPG|200 px|Smedley's illustrated bookplate (from Folger item PA4021 .A2 1517 Cage)]]<br />
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This last category is particularly useful for indicating a former owner's association with a particular bookbinder, information found in the Folger's collection of sales catalogues, etc. <br />
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[[Category:Collection]]<br />
[[Category:Provenance]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=John_Ward%27s_Latin&diff=37147John Ward's Latin2023-04-21T12:57:56Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: </p>
<hr />
<div>This article features two glossaries of the Latin words and abbreviations in the diaries of [https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/vi0hc7 John Ward], Folger MS V.a.284 -299. The words are all associated with medical receipts. At the bottom of the article are links to a cribsheet for John Ward's handwriting, several sites that depict alchemical symbols, and a Greek keyboard. <br />
<br />
The first glossary was compiled by Dr. Robert Tallaksen, a reader and transcriber at the Folger Shakespeare Library. It is regularly updated with new words. Last update was April 20, 2022.<br />
<br />
The second glossary is the work of Callum Simms, a transcriber on [https://www.shakespearesworld.org/#/ Shakespeare's World] (a crowd-sourced project between the Folger Shakespeare Library, Zooniverse and the OED, sponsored by [[Early Modern Manuscripts Online (EMMO)|EMMO]]). Some of John Ward's diaries have been transcribed by volunteers on Shakespeare's World. On Shakespeare's World's talk feature, Callum Simms is known as @IntelVoid. <br />
<br />
John Ward was the vicar of Stratford-upon-Avon from 1662 to 1681. The [[Folger Shakespeare Library]] has 16 of his 17 diaries. More information on John Ward can be found in [https://folgerpedia.folger.edu/A_Semi-Diplomatic_Transcription_of_Selections_from_the_John_Ward_Diaries,_vol._9_(1662-1663),_V.a.292 A Semi-Diplomatic Transcription of Selections from the John Ward Diaries].<br />
<br />
<br />
=='''John Ward's Latin medical words and abbreviations (Dr. Robert Tallaksen, compiler)'''==<br />
<br />
==Instructions and Amounts==<br />
<br />
ā, āā, ān., ana = of each <br />
<br />
a. c., p. c., ante/post cibum = before or after a meal<br />
<br />
ad. grat. acid., ad gratem aciditatem = to an agreeable sourness<br />
<br />
ante pastum = before food<br />
<br />
ante/post prandium = before/after a meal (lunch)<br />
<br />
applic., applico -are = apply; e.g., applica ventre = apply to the abdomen<br />
<br />
bacill., bacillus -i = a small stick; e.g., bacill. glycirriz., a stick of licorice<br />
<br />
balneum -i = bath; e.g., BV, balneo vaporoso, in a steam bath; BM, balneo Mariae, in a bain-marie<br />
<br />
bib., bibo -ere = drink; bibit (she/he drinks), bibat (let her/him drink) or bibatur (let X be drunk ) <br />
<br />
bullio -ire = boil; bulliant, they should boil or let them boil<br />
<br />
calcino -are = to calcine; reduce by roasting or burning to a powder or friable substance; una calcinentur, let them be calcined together<br />
<br />
cap., capio -ere = cape, take; also capiat (let him/her take X) and capiatur (let X be taken)<br />
<br />
chartula -ae = a small piece of paper; specifically, such a piece of paper twisted or folded and containing a single dose of medicinal powder <br />
<br />
clarific., clarifico -are = clarify<br />
<br />
coch., cochleare = spoonful(s)<br />
<br />
colatus -a -um (also incolatus) = strained, filtered, purified (from colo -are = strain, filter) compos., compositus -a -um = adj., compound; composed, prepared<br />
<br />
cong., congius -i = gallon<br />
<br />
contund., contundo -ere = bruise, crush, beat<br />
<br />
contus., contusus -a -um = adj., bruised, crushed, beaten<br />
<br />
coq., coqu., coquo -ere = boil<br />
<br />
crebro = adv., frequently, repeatedly<br />
<br />
cum = with; very often abbreviated with macron: cū<br />
<br />
cuspis -idis cultelli = point of a knife; as much medicine as will lie on a knife point; a small but uncertain amount, likely a few grains<br />
<br />
d., da, datur detur = da, give; datur X, X is given; detur X, let X be given<br />
<br />
d., dos., dosis -is = dose<br />
<br />
decoq., decoquo -ere = boil down / reduce <br />
<br />
diluculi., diluculum -i = at daybreak; alternis diluculis, every other morning at dawn<br />
<br />
dulcorand., edulcorand., dulcorandus -a -um = sweetened; from dulcoro -are<br />
<br />
e, ex = out of / from <br />
<br />
ebull., ebullio -ire = boil <br />
<br />
epotus -a -um = swallowed, quaffed, drunk up<br />
<br />
erasus -a -um = scraped; see also rasus -a -um, below<br />
<br />
et = and <br />
<br />
exacin., exacinatus -a -um = with the seeds or stones removed; e.g. raisins<br />
<br />
excorticatus -a -um = peeled, skinned, stripped of outer covering<br />
<br />
f. (face), from facio -ere = make <br />
<br />
fiat X = let X be done/made<br />
<br />
foveo -ere = keep warm; foveatur, let her/him/it be kept warm<br />
<br />
frigid., frigidus -a -um = cold; e.g., capiat frigida, let it be taken cold<br />
<br />
gran., granum = grain (apothecary measure)* <br />
<br />
gt, gutt, gutta -ae = drop*<br />
<br />
h. s., hora somni, hora somnj = at bedtime<br />
<br />
in = in, into <br />
<br />
incid., incido -ere = cut open/into; incisus -a -um, incised, cut open<br />
<br />
(in)fund. - (in)fundo -ere = pour (in) <br />
<br />
insideat = let her/him sit (in a bath)<br />
<br />
inspissat., inspissatus -a -um = adj., thickened, condensed<br />
<br />
inung., inunguo -ere = rub on (e.g., salve, ointment)<br />
<br />
ieiuno or jejuno ventriculo = on a fasting (empty) stomach<br />
<br />
lambend., lambo -ere = lick/ lap up; sensim lambendus, to be licked up slowly<br />
<br />
lb, sometimes lib, or crossed, "℔" = pound; liquid measures often in pounds rather than volume<br />
<br />
lenitiv., lenitivus -a -um = adj., soothing, gently laxative<br />
<br />
m., misc., misceo -ere = mix; misceantur, let them (ingredients) be mixed<br />
<br />
m. f. = misce face/ misceat or misceant fiat, mix (the ingredients) and make X, or let (the ingredients) be mixed and X be made (e.g., pills, electuary)<br />
<br />
magistral., magistralis -e = related to magister -tri, a master or teacher; can refer to something that is a practitioner's own formulation (as opposed to officinalis -e, see below), or a remedy that is supremely effective<br />
<br />
mane (indecl.) = in the morning <br />
<br />
manica -ae hyppocratis = Hippocrates' sleeve, a kind of conical strainer made of linen or flannel; e.g., clarificentur per manicam hyppocratis, let them be clarified through a Hippocrates' sleeve<br />
<br />
mass., massa -ae = the compound out of which pills, etc., are formed<br />
<br />
matut., matutinus -a -um, matutine = in the (early) morning<br />
<br />
mortarium -i = mortar; tunde, or contunde in mortario, crush in a mortar<br />
<br />
mundat., mundatus -a -um = cleaned<br />
<br />
no. or no = numerus, for the number of things; e.g. succ. Limon. no (numero) ii, juice of two lemons (in the number of two)<br />
<br />
nocte = at night<br />
<br />
nodulo, nodulus -i = a little knot, from nodus -i; in nodulo ligat., tied in a little knot<br />
<br />
officin., officinalis -e = from officina -ae, a shop; any standard medicine or ingredient kept in apothecary shops <br />
<br />
ꝑreꝑ. or preꝑ.= preparatus -a -um (conjectured)<br />
<br />
paratur = it is prepared; e.g., paratur vnguent., an ointment is prepared<br />
<br />
parum = a little; e.g., ol(eum) Iasmini parum, a little oil of jasmine<br />
<br />
pauxill., pauxillatum = little by little<br />
<br />
permisceo -ere = mix thoroughly; permisceantur, let them (ingredients) be thoroughly mixed<br />
<br />
pisto -are = pound, stamp, crush; pistentur, let them be pounded<br />
<br />
pomeridiane = (adv.) in the afternoon<br />
<br />
pulveriz., pulverizatus -a -um = powdered <br />
<br />
purpureus -a -um = purple<br />
<br />
q. s., quantum satis or quantum sufficit = a sufficient quantity; q. s. ad = a sufficient amount for...<br />
<br />
q. s. m. f. = quantum satis misce face (or misceantur fiat), take a sufficient quantity of the last ingredient or ingredients named, mix, (and) make X; or let the ingredients be mixed and let X be made<br />
<br />
rament., ramenta -orum = (plural) scrapings, shavings<br />
<br />
ras., rasur., rasus -a -um or rasuratus -a -um = scraped or scrapings of<br />
<br />
redig., redige, redigo -ere = reduce (into); e.g., redig. in cataplasma, reduce to a poultice<br />
<br />
s. a., secundem artem = according to art/practice, in the usual way; connotation is that the method requires particular skill and/or experience<br />
<br />
s. or ss., semis = one half (see note below)<br />
<br />
saepe, sepe = often; saepius (comparative) = rather often, more often<br />
<br />
semicoch., semicochl., semicochleare = half a spoonful<br />
<br />
sensim = slowly, gradually, little by little<br />
<br />
sero = late; e.g., mane et sero, in the morning and late<br />
<br />
setaceum -i = sieve; per setaceum, through a sieve<br />
<br />
siccus -a -um = dry, dried<br />
<br />
singul., singulus -a -um = one at a time, individually, singly<br />
<br />
spatha -ae, spatula -ae = a flat piece of wood, a stirrer; diminutive is spatula -ae<br />
<br />
spong., spongiā, spongiis = with a sponge or sponges<br />
<br />
stillat., stillatim = drop by drop<br />
<br />
substituo -ere = substitute; X substituatur, X should/ought to be substituted; e.g., for a missing ingredient: in defectu vini graeci aliud vinum potens album substituatur, in the absence of Greek wine another strong white wine should/may be substituted<br />
<br />
subtilissime, subtilissimus -a -um = very fine(ly), minutely; e.g., face pulverem subtilissimam, make a very fine powder; contunde in mortario subtilissime, crush very finely in a mortar<br />
<br />
sumend., sumendus -a -um = to be or should be taken; e.g., mane et sero sumendum = to be taken early and late<br />
<br />
summo mane = very early in the morning<br />
<br />
superbib., superbibo -ere = drink after or upon another substance; superbibendus -a -um, it should be taken after something else<br />
<br />
ust., ustus -a -um = burnt <br />
<br />
vesperi = in the evening<br />
<br />
==Measurements==<br />
<br />
lb or ℔ = pound; NB the unit of weight, not of money <br />
<br />
M = handful<br />
<br />
p = pugil, the amount that can be picked up with the thumb and two fingers<br />
<br />
℥ = ounce (available on EMROC toolbar in Dromio)<br />
<br />
f℥ = fluid ounce, though the "f" is generally omitted<br />
<br />
ʒ = dram, drachm (available on EMROC toolbar in Dromio)<br />
<br />
℈ = scruple (available on EMROC toolbar in Dromio)<br />
<br />
Equivalents:<br />
*20 grains = 1 scruple<br />
*3 scruples = 1 dram<br />
*8 drams = 1 ounce<br />
<br />
Numerical amounts are most often given in minuscule Roman numerals; e.g., iiii. The last "i" is very often written as a "long i" or "j," e.g., iiij, but should be transcribed as a minuscule: iiii. <br />
<br />
When "s" or "ss" is used for one half, it follows the last character, thus:<br />
*℈s, 1/2 scruple<br />
*℥iiis = 3 1/2 ounces<br />
*ʒiss = 1 1/2 drams<br />
The "s" can look like a long "i" but will lack a dot.<br />
<br />
The abbreviations for grain, "gr," and guttae (drops), "gt," can look very similar; if so: <br />
*when the ingredient is a liquid, e.g., a syrup, suggest using "gt"<br />
*if a dry substance, e.g., saffron, use "gr."<br />
<br />
==Ingredients, descriptions, and types of receipts==<br />
<br />
===A===<br />
abrotan., abrotanum -i = artemisia or southernwood, Artemisia abrotanum<br />
<br />
absynth., absynthium -i = wormwood, Artemisia absinthium; sal absynthii = salt of absinth, impure potassium carbonate (K2CO3) obtained from wormwood ashes; see also vinum absinthites, below<br />
<br />
acetos., acetosa -ae = sorrel or sour dock, Rumex acetosa; fol. acetos., folia acetosae, leaves of this plant<br />
<br />
acet., acetum -i = vinegar; a. theriacale, treacle vinegar<br />
<br />
acori., acorus -i = sweet flag plant, Acorus calamus<br />
<br />
adamas or lapis -idis adamas = diamond; from α (not) + δάμαζω (conquer, break) because it cannot be broken<br />
<br />
adiant., adianth., adiantum -i = maidenhair fern, Adiantum capillus-veneris<br />
<br />
adonis -is or -nidis = the plant pheasant's eye, Adonis annua; its red flowers are said to have grown on Adonis' grave<br />
<br />
aes aeris = brass, copper; aes viride, verdigris; see also unguentum Egyptiacum, below<br />
<br />
aetites -ae = eagle stone (Pliny), "a hollow nodule or pebble of hydrated iron oxide containing a loose kernel that makes a noise when rattled" (OED); said to be helpful in avoiding miscarriage, in pregnancy generally, and in childbirth<br />
<br />
agalloc(h)um = see lignum aloes, below<br />
<br />
agaric., agaricus -i = originally the bracket fungus, Formitopsis officinalis, later any mushroom with a cap, various species including Agaricus cantharellus, the chanterelle<br />
<br />
agaricus -i Rudii = an unknown mushroom or fungus used by or otherwise associated with Eustachio Rudio (1551 - 1611), Italian physician, Latinized as Eustachius Rudius<br />
<br />
ageratum -i = sweet maudlin, sweet yarrow, or English mace, Achillea ageratum; flowering plant in the sunflower family<br />
<br />
agni cast., agni casti = Vitex agnus-castus; chaste tree, chasteberry, Abraham's balm, etc.<br />
agrimon., agrimonia -ae = common agrimony, Agrimonia eupatoria<br />
<br />
albedinem = accusative of albedo -inis, whiteness; occurs in the phrase ad albedinem calcinati, calcined to whiteness, in this case hart's horn<br />
<br />
alb., albus -a -um = white <br />
<br />
alb. graec., album graecum = the dry white excrement of a dog, hyena, or other bone-eating carnivore, esp. when used as an ingredient in medicinal preparations (OED)<br />
<br />
alcanna -ae = alkanet, Alkanna tinctoria, an herb in the borage family; the root yields a red dye; used for infections<br />
<br />
alchermes, alkermes (confectio -onis) = confection of kermes (pregnant female of the crimson insect Coccus ilicis), formerly supposed to be a berry; widely used as dye-stuff and in medicine<br />
<br />
alchymilla -ae = genus of herbaceous perennials in the rose family, esp. lady's mantle, Alchemilla mollis; the species used for the herbal tea used in gynecology was A. xanthochlora or A. vulgaris<br />
<br />
aleophanginae = see pilulae aleophanginae, below<br />
<br />
alexitericus -a -um = alexipharmic, a "medicine or treatment believed to protect against, counteract the effects of, or expel from the body a noxious or toxic substance... an antidote" (OED) <br />
<br />
alexiterium -i = an alexipharmic medicine, antidote; alexiterium D. Stephani, Stephanus's antidote, possibly from Stephanus Atheniensis (c. 550 - 630), Greek physician and commentator on Galen<br />
<br />
alezeteris = likely a misspelling for "alexiteris," see above entry <br />
<br />
alhandal = Arabic name for colocynth (q. v.); troches of alhandal also contained bdellium & gum tragacanth<br />
<br />
alipta -ae = see alyptae moschata, below<br />
<br />
alkakeng., alkekengi = winter cherry, Physalis alkekengi, a diuretic<br />
<br />
alleluia = same as lujula, see below<br />
<br />
allium -i = garlic, Allium sativum<br />
<br />
alnus -i = alder, a tree of genus Alnus; cort. alni nigri = black alder bark, from A. glutinosa<br />
<br />
aloe -es = aloe; esp. the true aloe, Aloe vera; more than 500 species; distinguish from lignum aloes, q.v.<br />
<br />
aloe -es depurata = extract made by boiling aloe with water and then concentrating the liquid; if the water was replaced with juice of violet flowers, "aloe violata;" if with juice of rose leaves, "aloe rosata"<br />
<br />
aloe -es lota = washed aloe; apparently dissolved in the juice of roses and then dried<br />
<br />
alsine = bog stichwort, Stellaria alsine<br />
<br />
alth., althe., althea/althaea -ae = mallow or marsh-mallow, Althea officinalis; also called malvaviscus<br />
<br />
alviducum -i = "opener of the belly;" i.e., a laxative<br />
<br />
alumin., alumina -ae, alumen -inis = alum; argil or argillaceous earth<br />
<br />
alypta -ae moschata = a compounded lozenge containing ladanum (q. v.), styrax calamita, red sytrax, aloe, ambra, camphor, nutmeg, and rosewater; for asthma and chest constriction<br />
<br />
amaracus -i = dittany of Crete, Dictamnus (Origanum) creticus<br />
<br />
ambra -ae = amber, or a balsam from Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum), or ambergris<br />
<br />
ambra -ae grisea = ambergris<br />
<br />
amethystus -i = amethyst; the semi-precious stone, "to which the ancients attributed the property of preventing drunkenness" (Dunglison's Medical Lexicon)<br />
<br />
ammi -ii = an umbelliferous plant, Ammi vulgare (maius), common bishop's weed <br />
<br />
ammoniac., ammoniacum -i = gum ammoniac, gum resin of Dorema ammoniacum<br />
<br />
amomi., amomum -i = genus of aromatic plants including black cardamom, Amomum sublatum<br />
<br />
amylum -i = white starch<br />
anagallis -idis = common or "scarlet" pimpernel, Anagallis arvensis<br />
<br />
anas -atis = duck, various birds of family Anatidae, genus Anas; genitive plural anatum, as in iecur anatum, liver of ducks<br />
<br />
aneth., anethum -i = dill, Anethum graveolens<br />
<br />
anis., anisum -i = anise, Pimpinella anisum; semina anisi, aniseed<br />
<br />
anodin., anodyn., anodynos -us = a pain reliever, anodyne<br />
<br />
anserin., anserinus -a -um = of, relating to, or obtained from a goose; adipes anserinus, goose fat<br />
<br />
antepileptic., antepilepticus -a -um = anti-epileptic; e.g., aqua antepileptica<br />
<br />
anthora -ae = anthora, yellow monkshood, or healing wolfsbane, Aconitum anthora<br />
<br />
anthos = rosemary flowers; anthosatus -a -um, infused with rosemary flowers; e.g., mel (honey) anthosatum<br />
<br />
antidotum -i or antidotus -i = an antidote or counterpoison <br />
<br />
antidotum -i haemagogum = "haemagogum" indicates that it promotes menstrual or hemorrhoidal discharge of blood; numerous ingredients including lupins, pepper, licorice, long birthwort, etc.; Culpeper says that it "provokes the Terms, brings away both birth and afterbirth"<br />
<br />
antidotus -i Matthioli = Matthiolus' Great Antidote, some recipes call for more than 300 ingredients; in the Pharmacopoiea Londinensis, William Salmon (1644 - 1713) terms it "one of the greatest Galli-maufries that ever I saw"<br />
aparine = cleavers, clivers, catchweed, sticky willy, or velcro plant, Galium aparine<br />
<br />
apium -i = smallage or any of several kinds of celery or parsley, esp. wild celery, Apium graveolens dulce; apium caulis, the stock or stem of one of these plants<br />
<br />
apozema -atis = an infusion or decoction; or concentration by boiling<br />
<br />
aq., aqua -ae = water; if an infusion, distillation, or decoction, with the name of the source in the genitive, e.g., aqua hordei, barley water<br />
<br />
aq. calc., aqua -ae calcis = lime water (whitewash)<br />
<br />
aqua -ae caponis = capon water; made by boiling a capon with raisins, pine nuts, licorice, and herbs, mixed with wine and other herbs, and distilled; a pectoral<br />
<br />
aqua -ae chrysulca = see aqua regia, below<br />
<br />
aqua fontis, aqua fontana = spring or well water <br />
<br />
aq. fort., aqua -ae fortis = nitric acid, HNO3; may also be called "spirit of niter"<br />
<br />
aq. histeric., aqu -ae histerica = anti-hysteric water; receipts vary<br />
<br />
aqua -ae imperialis = a drink made from water mixed with cream of tartar and lemon, and sweetened to taste<br />
<br />
aq. naphae, aqua -ae naphae = orange flower water<br />
<br />
aqua regia = a mixture of nitric (HNO3) and hydrocholoric (HCl) acids which can dissolve gold and platinum<br />
<br />
aq. vit., aqua vitae = distilled spirit<br />
<br />
aquilegia -ae = genus of perennial plants, including various species of columbine <br />
<br />
arc(h)onticon = see pulvis arconticon, below<br />
<br />
argentina -ae = genus of plants in the rose family, especially silverweed, Argentina anserina<br />
<br />
argentum -i = the element silver (Ag); argentum vivum ("alive") = mercury (Hg), see hydrargyrus, below<br />
<br />
argill., argilla -ae = argil, argillaceous earth, alumina <br />
<br />
arillus -i = seed/stone; uva passa detractis arillis, dried grapes with the seeds removed<br />
<br />
aristoloch., aristolochia -ae = many species, including birthwort, Aristolochia clematitis; JW also mentions A. rotunda, smearwort or round-leaved birthwort; see also serpentaria, below<br />
<br />
aromat. rosat., aromaticum rosatum = aromatic medicine containing roses<br />
<br />
artemis., artemisia -ae = mugwort, Artemisia vulgaris; also other species including southernwood, wormwood, tarragon<br />
<br />
artanit., artanita -ae = probably sow-bread, Cyclamen purpurascens <br />
<br />
arum -i = common arum or aron, Arum maculatum; also known as wake-robin, cuckoo-pint; a stimulant<br />
<br />
arundo -inis = genus of grasses; Arundo donax, giant cane; A. plinii, Pliny's reed; A. vallatoria, bankside reed; A. saccharina, sugar cane, now genus Saccharum<br />
<br />
asa dulcis = benzoe siamensis, a resin gum from Styrax tonkinensis, used for skin irritation; possibly also used as a purgative , diuretic, or antispasmodic, and identical to benzoin<br />
<br />
asar., asarum -i = asarabacca or hazelwort, Asarum europaeum; also known as nardus celticus<br />
<br />
asclepiadis = genitive of genus Asclepias; various species, including milkweed.; mentioned as radix asclepiadis, the root of such a plant<br />
<br />
aspalathus -i = genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae (beans), numerous species<br />
<br />
asphodel., asphodelus -i = genus of flowering plants mythologically connected with the underworld and said to cover the Elysian fields; the white asphodel, A. albus, is also known as King's spear<ref name="asphodel">"Quivering on amaranthine asphodel," W. S. Gilbert, ''Patience'', act 1</ref>; the roots were compounded into a cataplasm and applied to scrofulous ulcers<br />
<br />
asparag., asparagus -i = asparagus, Asparagus officinalis; the root was used as a diuretic<br />
<br />
asperula -ae odorata = sweet woodruff; also called Gallium odoratum<br />
<br />
asell., asellus -i = wood louse, Oniscus asellus; pulv. (onisc.) asell., powder of wood lice<br />
<br />
ass. foetid., assafoetida -ae = asafoetida, dried gum of root of Ferula foetida or F. assa-foetida<br />
<br />
assaireth = in pilulae Assaireth (Avicenna); pills containing hiera picra, mastich, myrobalans, etc.; a cholagogue<br />
<br />
athanasia -ae = genus of flowering plants in the daisy family; in ancient times a kind of antidote; "athanasia magna" was thought to be useful in dysentery and hemorrhages<br />
<br />
atriplex -icis (olida) = orache or arrach, an emmenogogue and used for disorders of the uterus generally; Culpeper defines A. olida as "stinking arrach"<br />
<br />
aurum -i = gold; appears in V.a.298 as "fol. auri," gold leaf; though possibly leaves of Aurus brasiliensis, also known as Calamus aromaticus asiaticus, Asian sweet-scented flag see also pillulae aurae below<br />
<br />
auriculus -i muris = mouse-ear or mouse-ear hawkweed, Pilosella officinarum<br />
<br />
aurum -i fulminans or volatile = fulminating (explosive) gold, a mixture of compounds of gold, ammonia, and chlorine; seems primarily to have been seen as a curiosity; Glauber used fumes produced by its detonation to gold-plate objects<br />
<br />
aurant., aurantior., aurantium -i = orange, Citrus aurantium; cortex aurantiorum, orange peel<br />
<br />
aurant. chinens., aurantium -i chinense = Chinese (sweet) orange, Citrus sinensis<br />
<br />
auripigment., auripigmentum -i = auripigment, arsenic trisulfide (As2S3), used by painters under the name of King's Yellow (OED); also appears as arsenicum auripigmentum<br />
<br />
avellan., avellanus -a -um = relating to hazel-nut or filbert; nux avellana, hazel-nut; from the name of the town Avellana in Campania, known for its fruit and nut trees<br />
<br />
aven., auenaceae, avena -ae = oats, Avena sativa; wild oats, A. fatua<br />
<br />
avenac., avenaceus -a -um = of or relating to oats; oaten<br />
<br />
axung., axungia -ae = lard or fat of an animal; e.g., axung. porcin., hog lard<br />
<br />
===B===<br />
bacc., bacca -ae = berry (any)<br />
<br />
bacill., bacillus -i = a small stick; e.g., bacill. glycirriz., a stick of licorice<br />
<br />
bacon., baco -onis = bacon<br />
<br />
balaust., balaustium -i = pomegranate flower<br />
<br />
balneum -i = bath; BV, balneum vaporosum, steam bath; BM, balneum mariae, bain-marie<br />
<br />
balsam., balsamum -i = balsam, balm, any strongly scented resin, many types; can be solid or liquid; e.g., balsam of Tolu, of Gilead (from tree Balsamodendron gileadense or B. opobalsamum<br />
<br />
barba -ae iovis = Jupiter's beard, Anthyllis barba-iovis; also known as silverbush<br />
<br />
bardana -ae = burdock; see lappa, below<br />
<br />
basilic. = see ung., vng. basilic. below<br />
<br />
bechicus -a -um, bechinus -a -um = for treatment of a cough<br />
<br />
bechion bechii = coltsfoot, Tussilago farfara<br />
<br />
bdell., bdellium -i = gum resin from shrubs of Balsamodendron species, used as pectoral (for diseases of the chest) and emmenagogue <br />
<br />
becabung., beccabunga -ae = water pimpernel, brooklime; Veronica beccabunga<br />
behen = uncertain identification because early herbalists used the name from Arabic sources, not knowing what plant it referred to; in England the name chiefly affixed to two types: white (bladder campion, Silene inflata) and red (sea lavender, Statice limonium)<br />
<br />
bellis -is = the common or English daisy, Bellis perennis; also known as woundwort or bruisewort<br />
<br />
bened. laxat., benedicta laxativa or benedictum laxativum = another name for rhubarb, or the laxative electuary made from it; or a compound of turbith, scammony and spurge<br />
<br />
benedict. = carduus benedictus, q. v.<br />
<br />
benzoes = benzoe siamensis; see asa dulcis, above<br />
<br />
benz., benzoin., belzuinum -i = benzoin, gum benzoin; gum obtained from Styrax benzoin<br />
<br />
berber., berberis -is = barberry tree, Berberis vulgaris, or the berry itself<br />
beta -ae = beetroot, Beta vulgaris; also appears as "rad. (radix) betae"<br />
beton., betonic., betonica -ae = betony, Stachys betonica<br />
<br />
betonica -ae Pauli = St. Paul's betony, Veronica serpyllifolia, a small species of speedwell <br />
<br />
bezoar (indecl.); bezoart., lapis bezoarticum -i = a stone or concretion found in animal intestines; eight types are described (including mineral, biliary, resinous, fibrous) and these may be described with an adjective, e.g., bezoart. minerale, animale; a particular type comes from the pazan (pasang), the wild or bezoar goat, Capra aegagrus<br />
<br />
bezoard., bezoardic., bezoardicus -a -um = relating to or in description of a bezoar<br />
<br />
bezoardicum -i ioviale = the Jovial bezoar or bezoar of Jupiter, a diaphoretic; butter of antimony (q.v.) and nitric acid, distilled; not related to "bezoar," above<br />
<br />
bezoarticum -i solare = the "solar" or "golden" bezoar; leaf gold, nitric acid or aqua regia, and butter of antimony (q.v.); a diaphoretic and treatment for syphilis; not related to "bezoar," above<br />
<br />
bezoarticum -i Mathioli = the bezoar of Pietro Andrea Mattioli (1501 - 77), Italian physican and naturalist, Latinized as Matthiolus; precise description of this bezoar unknown<br />
<br />
bismalv., bismalva -ae = althea, marshmallow; or related species Malva bismalva or M. moschata, musk-mallow<br />
<br />
bocheti, bochetum -i = a liquid thus produced: after a decoction of woods, roots, and/or barks, fresh water is added to the same ingredients to make a second decoction for ordinary drinking <br />
<br />
bol. armen., bolus -i Armeniae = Armenian bole, bole armoniac; an argillaceous earth<br />
<br />
bombac., bombax -acem = cotton, cotton-wool, stuffing<br />
<br />
borac., borax (-acis) = borax (sodium borate, disodium tetraborate), Sodae biboras <br />
<br />
botryos = Jerusalem oak, Dysphania botrys; also known as sticky goosefoot or feathered geranium <br />
<br />
brassica -ae = genus of numerous cruciferous plants, incl. cabbage, turnip, rape, etc.<br />
<br />
bryon., bryonia -ae = briony, Bryonia dioica, may also be denoted red or white; black bryony = lady's seal<br />
<br />
bubula -ae = beef; bubulus -a -um, derived from beef; medulla bubula, beef marrow<br />
<br />
bugloss., buglossa -ae = bugloss (various species of Anchusa, Echium, and others)<br />
<br />
bugul., bugula -ae = numerous herbaceous plants including common bugle, Ajuga reptans<br />
<br />
bupthalmi., bupthalmum -i = common ox-eye, Bupthalmum salicifolium; also "bupthalmus"<br />
<br />
butyr., butyron -i = butter; butryr. rancid., rancid butter; butyr. recens, recent. = fresh butter<br />
<br />
butyrum -i antimonii = "butter of antimony," antimony trichloride, SbCl3, thus called because it resembles a fatty mass<br />
<br />
buxus -i = common or European box, Buxus sempervivens, an evergreen shrub or small tree<br />
<br />
===C===<br />
calamint, calaminth., calamintha -ae = calamint; various species of Calamintha, e.g. officinalis, sylvatica, nepeta, montana<br />
<br />
calc. viv., calx calcis = lime, limestone, chalk; calx vivum, unslaked lime; see also unguentum de calce, below<br />
<br />
calendul., calendula -ae = garden or common marigold, Calendula officinalis<br />
<br />
caltha -ae = genus of perennial flowering plants in the buttercup family, with star-shaped flowers<br />
<br />
campan., campanula -ae = throat-wort, bell-flower; Campanula trachelium<br />
<br />
camphir., camphor., camphora -ae = camphor, from Laurus camphora or Dryobalanops camphora; camphoratus -a -um, camphorated<br />
<br />
cancror., cancer -eris = crab; cancrorum vivorum, (of) live crabs; see also "oculi cancri," below<br />
<br />
canell., canella -ae = canella tree; Canella alba, wild cinnamon<br />
<br />
cantharid., cantharis -idis = blistering fly or Spanish fly, Musca hispanica; decoction of the insects used externally and internally as powder or tincture; can be poisonous in overdose<br />
<br />
caphura -ae = camphor<br />
<br />
capill. vener., capillus veneris = maidenhair fern, Adiantum capillus-veneris<br />
<br />
cappar., capparis -is = caper, Capparis spinosa; ol., oleum capparibus, oil of capers <br />
<br />
capra -ae = she-goat; pinguedo caprae, she-goat fat<br />
<br />
caprifolium -a = Italianate woodbine or perfoliate honeysuckle, Lonicera caprifolium<br />
<br />
caput capitis cati = a cat's head; typically, it seems, a black cat's head burned to ashes<br />
<br />
carabe, carabes = likely a name for white amber (V.a. 298, f. 161r, receipt in Latin, "Carab. pulueriz.," followed by receipt in English, "the white amber powderd")<br />
<br />
caranna = an aromatic resin from the West Indian flowering tree Bursera acuminata and/or the South American trees Protium carana, P. altissimum, and Pachylobus hexandrus<br />
<br />
cardamantice = see iberis cardamantice, below<br />
<br />
cardiac., cardiacus -a -um = cordial, for stimulating, invigorating, or restoring the heart; aqua cardiaca, cordial water<br />
<br />
carduncellus -i = uncertain; either Carduncellus, a genus of flowering plants in the aster family; or Carthamus carduncellus, one of the distaff thistles, the best known of which is the safflower, C. tinctorius<br />
<br />
card., carduus -i = thistle (various species)<br />
<br />
card. ben., card. bened., card. benedict., carduus -i benedictus = holy or blessed thistle, Cnicus benedictus, widely used as an antidote<ref name="card ben">Shakespeare, ''Much Ado About Nothing'', 3, iv, 73-5: "Get you some of this distilled Carduus benedictus, and lay it to your heart: it is the only thing for a qualm."</ref><br />
<br />
cardam., cardamomum -i = cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum<br />
<br />
carellorum = plural genitive of the diminutive of carus -i, "little seed;" refers to the seed of hypericon, St. John's wort<br />
<br />
carduus -i Mariae = Marian, milk, or St. Mary's thistle, Silybum marianum<br />
<br />
caric., carica -ae = fig, Ficus carica; may be described as ficus pinguis, a fat or ripe fig<br />
<br />
carlin., carlina -ae = carline or silver thistle, Carlina vulgaris<br />
<br />
carminativus -a -um = serving to expel flatulence, as in "emplastrum carminativum"<br />
<br />
caro carnis = meat, flesh (any kind), with the source as an adjective or in the genitive; e.g., haedina, kid; vitulina, veal; perdicum, of partridges<br />
<br />
carthami., carthamus = saffron flower, Carthamus tinctorius<br />
<br />
carui., carvi., carum -i = caraway, Carum carui<br />
<br />
caryocost., caryostinum -i = caryocostinum, an electuary so called because it contains cloves and costus, Saussurea costus, also known as costus, kuth, and putchuk, a species of Indian thistle<br />
<br />
caryophill., caryophillus -i = clove, Caryophyllus aromaticus <br />
<br />
caseum -i = cheese (any kind)<br />
<br />
cass., cassia -ae = cassia (various species; e.g, Cassia fistula, purging cassia)<br />
<br />
cass. lign., cassia -ae lignum = cassia wood<br />
<br />
castanea -ae = chestnut or chestnut-tree, Castana vesca<br />
<br />
castoreum -i = castoreum; beaver musk<br />
<br />
cataplasm., cataplasma -is = poultice or plaster<br />
<br />
catapsoras = see unguentum catapsoras, below<br />
<br />
cataputia = the castor oil plant, Ricinus communis, also called palma Christi from the palmate shape of its leaves<br />
<br />
catholicon, catholicum -i = a universal purging electuary; see diacatholicon, below<br />
<br />
C.C. = cornu cervi (deer or hart's horn), a source of ammonia; not the plant (Plantago coronopus)<br />
<br />
cattaria -ae = catnip, Nepeta cataria<br />
<br />
cauda -ae equina = horsetail or mare's tail; various species of ancient genus Equisetum, e.g., E. arvense, common horsetail or the aquatic flowering plant Hippuris vulgaris; NB distinguish from cauda equina, the bundle of spinal nerves in the lower lumbar region that innervate the pelvic organs and lower extremities<br />
<br />
caulis -is = cabbage, or its stalk or stem; see also apium caulis, above<br />
<br />
centaur., centaurium -i = centaury, feverfew, or featherfew; the greater, Centaurea magnum or maius = C. erythraea; and the lesser, C. minus or C. parvum = Chironia centaurium (?); mention of centaurium utrumque, possibly directing the use of both maius and minus<br />
<br />
centinodii, centinodium -i = common knotgrass, birdweed, pigweed, or lowgrass, Polygonum aviculare; post-classical Latin "centinodia," Anglo-Norman "centinodie"<br />
<br />
cepa -ae = onion, Allium capa<br />
<br />
cera -ae = wax; cera alba or citrina = beeswax<br />
<br />
ceras. nigr., cerasum -i nigrum = black cherry, Cerasum nigrum; aq. cerasorum nigrorum, black cherry water; gummi cerasi, (black) cherry tree gum<br />
<br />
cerat., ceratio -onis = covering or smearing over of a portion of the body with wax<br />
<br />
ceratum -i = cerate, an unctuous material for external application, made of wax mixed with oil, lard, or similar, and other medicinal substances; consistency between ointment and plaster<br />
<br />
ceratum -i santalinum = cerate containing two or more of the santals or saunders<br />
<br />
ceratum -i stomachicum = a cerate for the abdomen made from roses, mastich, wormwood, spikenard, wax, and oil of roses (Mesue)<br />
<br />
ceratum -i oesypatum = cerate containing oesypus (unrefined lanolin), oil of chamomel and iris root, yellow wax and rosin (Galen)<br />
<br />
cerebrum -i = brain; e.g., cerebrum leporis (rabbit brain) for hair loss, cerebrum. passeris (sparrow) for "seed increasing"<br />
<br />
cerefolium -i = chervil, Anthriscus cerefolium<br />
<br />
cerevis., cerevisia -ae, cervis., cervisia -ae = beer or ale; cervisia tenuis, thin (i.e., weak or inferior), or small beer <br />
<br />
ceroma -ae = in CL, a mixture of oil, wax, and earth with which wrestlers rubbed themselves; apparently now synonymous with ceroneum, below<br />
<br />
ceroneum -i = emplastrum ceroneum; pitch, yellow wax, sagapenum, ammoniacum, turpentine, etc.; an emollient<br />
<br />
ceronia -ae = St. John's bread; fruit of the carob tree, Ceratonia siliqua<br />
<br />
ceruss., cerussa -ae = ceruse or white lead; a mixture of lead carbonate and hydrate<br />
<br />
cervin., cervinus -a -um = of or pertaining to a deer or stag<br />
<br />
ceterach. = spleenwort or rustyback fern, Asplenium ceterach<br />
<br />
chalcitis -idis = copper pyrite, chalcopyrite, CuFeS2; also synonym for colcothar, see below<br />
<br />
chalyb., chalybs chalybis = steel <br />
<br />
chamaelea = Microstachys chamaelea,"creeping sebastiana"<br />
<br />
chamamel., chamaemel., chamaemelum -i = chamomile, Anthemis nobilis<br />
<br />
chameleon -ontis = chamaeleontis albi, Carlina acaulis, carline thistle; chamaeleontis nigri, Carthami corymbosi (both in the genitive)<br />
<br />
chamaepit., chamaepitys, chaemeptytys -yos = common ground pine, Teucrium chamaepitys<br />
<br />
chamedr., chaemedr., chamaedrys = germander speedwell, Veronica chamaedrys, or wall germander, Teucrium chamaedrys <br />
<br />
chebula -ae = JW describes it as a type of myrobalan (q. v.) though it is a different genus<br />
<br />
chel. 69., chelae -arum cancri = crab's claws; for explanation of "69," see oculi cancri, below<br />
<br />
chelidon., chelidonium -i = common or greater celandine, Chelidonium magnus<br />
<br />
cheraefolium -i = chervil, Anthriscus cerefolium<br />
<br />
chio, chia., terebinth. chia = turpentine from the tree Pistacia terebinthus, also called Cyprus, Chio, or Chian turpentine<br />
<br />
chin., china -ae = china root, Smilax china, similar to sarsaparilla<br />
<br />
cholagog., cholagogum -i = cholagogue, a medication that promotes discharge of bile<br />
<br />
cicer -i = chickpea, Cicer aristinum; several varieties, including white (album), red (rubrum), and black (nigrum)<br />
<br />
cich., cichor., cichorium -i = wild chicory or succory, Cichorium intybus; C. endivia, endive<br />
<br />
cicuta -ae = various species of hemlock; e.g., water hemlock, Cicuta virosa or palustris; common greater hemlock, C. vulgaris major<br />
<br />
cinamomi., cinnamomum -i = true cinnamon, bark of Cinnamonum zeylanicum; wild cinnamon, Canella alba<br />
<br />
cinabrii., cinabrium -i = cinnabar or vermilion; mercuric sulfide, HgS<br />
<br />
ciner., cinis -eris = ashes (of anything)<br />
<br />
citrin., citrinula -ae = a small citron or lemon<br />
<br />
citrium -i = the citron tree, genus Citrium; species include C. vulgare, C. dulci medulla, and C. magno fructu<br />
<br />
citrullus - i = a genus of desert vines, including C. lanatus, watermelon, and colocynth<br />
<br />
clematis -idis daphnoides = periwinkle, Vinca minor<br />
<br />
clyster -eris = enema<br />
<br />
cnidium = spurge flax or mezereum, Daphne cnidium <br />
<br />
coccinel., cocinella -ae = cochineal; the red dye from the insect Coccus cacti, or the insect itself<br />
<br />
cochlear., cochlearia -ae = lemon scurvy-grass, Cochlearia hortensis or C. officinalis, or horseradish, C. armoracia; see also sal cochleariae, below; NB don't confuse with coch., cochleare -is, = spoonful<br />
<br />
coculus -i indi = India berries; from the tree Anamirta cocculus; source of picrotoxin<br />
<br />
colatura -ae = a substance which has been strained; adjective is colaturus -a -um<br />
<br />
colcothar = iron peroxide, jeweller's rouge, from ML calcatar; also called crocus martis<br />
<br />
collutio -onis = eye-wash<br />
<br />
colocynth., colocynthis -idis = bitter-apple (a purgative), Citrullus colocynthis<br />
<br />
colophon., colophonia -ae = resin obtained by distillation of turpentine with water<br />
<br />
columba -ae = dove, pigeon; a bird of the Columbidae family, containing 50 genera and over 300 species<br />
<br />
combustus- a -um (comburo -ere) = burnt up, reduced to ashes<br />
<br />
commun., communis -e = common; also expressed as vulgaris -e<br />
<br />
concha -ae = mussel, pearl-oyster <br />
<br />
cond., conditus -a -um = preserved; e.g., nuces juglandis conditae, preserved walnuts<br />
<br />
conf., confect., confectio -onis = compound of vegetable, fruit, etc., with sugar; same as conserva<br />
<br />
confectio -onis Hamech = named after an Arabian physician; contains myrobalan, violets, rhubarb, absinthe, etc., made up with honey <br />
<br />
confectio -onis Humain = to preserve sight; containing eyebright, fennel seeds, cinnamon, etc.<br />
<br />
confectio -onis hyacinthi = not from the flower, but an astringent containing many ingredients including zircon (called hyacinth from its color), red coral, bole armoniac, myrrh, alkermes, etc.<br />
confectio -onis liberans = name derives from its property of delivering the patient from the plague; as many as thirty ingredients including Armenian bole, terra sigillata, pearls, coral, &c.<br />
<br />
cons., conserv., conserva -ae = compound of vegetable, fruit, etc., with sugar; same as confectio<br />
<br />
consolid., rad. consolid., radix -icis consolidae = larkspur (root), Delphinium consolida<br />
<br />
consolida -ae saracenica = goldenrod, Virga aurea or Solidago virga-aurea, same as solidago saracenica, below; a vulnerary<br />
<br />
contrayerv., contrayerva -ae = contrayerva; the root stock and rhizome of Dorstenia contrayerva, D. brazilensis, or D. virginiana (= Aristolochia serpentaria); used as an antidote to snakebite<br />
<br />
convall., convallaria -ae = lily of the valley, Convallaria majalis; or Solomon's seal, C. polygonatum or Polygonatum solomonis<br />
<br />
cor., corium -i = leather <br />
<br />
coral., corallium -i = general name for coral; most commonly red (rubr.), also black and white<br />
<br />
coran. = currants or Corinthian raisins (uvae corinthiacae)<br />
<br />
cord., cordial -is = cordial; see also flores cordiales, below<br />
<br />
coriand., coriandrum -i = coriander, Coriandrum sativum<br />
<br />
cornus -us = the cornel cherry tree, Cornus mascula<br />
<br />
coronopus -i = either swinecress or wartcress, Lepidium coronopus, or buckshorn plaintain, Plantago coronopus<br />
<br />
cort., cortic., cortex -icis = bark of any tree; occasionally described as cortex medius or cortex interior, middle or inner bark, esp. of the ash tree, Fraxinus excelsior<br />
<br />
cort. winteran. = cortex -icis Winterani, Drimys winteri, antiscorbutic; named after a Captain Winter (or Wynter), who accompanied Sir Francis Drake in part of his voyage of 1577 - 80; Winter discovered the tree after rounding Cape Horn and before turning back <br />
<br />
coton. = cotton <br />
<br />
cotonaria -ae = cottonweed or cudweed, species of genus Gnaphalium<br />
<br />
cotul., cotula -ae = mayweed, stinking chamomile; Anthemis cotula<br />
<br />
crassula -ae = a genus of succulent plants, e.g., Crassula ovata, the jade plant, and C. aquatica, pigmyweed<br />
<br />
crem., cremor -oris tartari = cream of tartar, potassium bitartrate, KC4H5O6; Ward occasionally uses the alchemical symbol for tartar, a square or rectangle with a cross below it ( ); see Alchemical Symbols, below<br />
<br />
cret., creta -ae = chalk<br />
<br />
creticus -a -um = chalky<br />
<br />
cribratus -a -um = strained, sieved, sifted<br />
<br />
crithmus -i = probably samphire, otherwise sea or shoreline purslane, Crithmus indicus, C. maritimum, or Sesuvium portulacastrum<br />
<br />
croc., crocus -i = saffron, from the crocus flower, Crocus sativus; may be designated austriacus, i.e., from Austria<br />
<br />
croc. is = crocus Martis, "saffron of Mars," iron peroxide, colcothar, or jeweler's rouge <br />
<br />
croc. metall., crocus -i metallus -i = any of several preparations of metals; e.g., crocus antimonii (antimony), crocus veneris (copper), crocus martis (iron)<br />
<br />
crocatus -a -um = of a saffron-yellow color<br />
<br />
crocomagma -atis = dregs of the oil of saffron, or an ointment made with it; mentioned by Pliny as being useful for cataracts and stangury<br />
<br />
crud., crudus -a -um = raw, unrefined<br />
<br />
cubeba -ae = Java pepper, Piper cubeba; an antiseptic; useful in gonorrhea<br />
<br />
cucum., cucumer. agrest., cucumis -eris agrestis or c. asinius = wild cucumber, Momordica elaterium, a purgative<br />
<br />
cucurbita -ae = any of various gourds of genus Cucurbita; approximately 95 species, including pumpkins and various other squashes<br />
<br />
cumin., cuminum -i = cumin, Cumin cyminum <br />
<br />
cupressi., cupressus -i = cypress-tree; nux (pl. nuces) cupressi, the fruit or cone of the cypress<br />
<br />
cupul. gland., cupula -ae glandis = the cupule, or cap, of the acorn<br />
<br />
curcubitula -ae = small cupping glass<br />
<br />
cuscuta -ae = dodder, a parasitic twining plant; genus Cuscuta has more than 200 species<br />
<br />
cyanus -i = cornflower or bachelor's button, Centaurea cyanus<br />
<br />
cyclamen -inis = many species of genus Cyclamen; e.g., C. purpurascens (see artanita, above) and C. hederifolium, ivy-leaved cyclamen, also called sowbread<br />
<br />
cydon., cydonium -i = quince; Cydonium oblonga or C. malum; or Pyrus cydonia<br />
<br />
cydoniac., cydoniacus -a -um = of or relating to quince; consistentia cydonaci, the consistency of a quince <br />
<br />
cynoglossum -i = common hound's tongue, Cynoglossum officinale<br />
<br />
cynorrhod., cynorrhodon -i = cynorrhodon, the dog rose, Rosa canina; fructes cynorrh., rose hips<br />
<br />
cynosbat., cynosbati fructus = rose hips from Rosa canina<br />
<br />
cyperus -i = genus of endogenous plants with around 700 species; Cyperus longus, or sweet cyperus, also called galingale<br />
<br />
===D===<br />
dactyl., dactylus -i = date; fruit of the date palm, Phoenix dactylifera<br />
<br />
dauci, daucus -i = garden carrot, Daucus carota; D. sylvestris or D. vulgaris, wild carrot<br />
<br />
decoct., decoctio -onis = decoction; boiling in liquid to extract the soluble parts of a substance<br />
<br />
deliquium -i = a melting or flowing down; per deliquium is spontaneous liquification (deliquescence) of a solid by its dissolving in moisture absorbed from the air; e.g., ol. tart. per deliquium, oleum tartaris per deliquium, potassium carbonate (K2CO3) in aqueous solution from water so absorbed <br />
<br />
dens dentis leonis = "lion's tooth," dandelion; Taraxacum dens-leonis<br />
<br />
dessicativum -i rubrum = see unguentum dessicativum rubrum, below <br />
<br />
detract., detractus -a -um = removed; e.g., uva detractis arillis, grapes with the seeds removed; similar to enucleatus -a -um<br />
<br />
dia- = a preparation consisting of a main ingredient, usually alluded to in the name and tending to mean made, containing, or consisting of that ingredient, though receipts vary; the New Sydenham's Society's Lexicon names about eighty (OED); the ones mentioned by JW are included below<br />
<br />
diambra -ae = powder containing cinnamon, angelica, cloves, nutmeg, galangal, etc. used for nervous afflictions and aphrodisiac<br />
<br />
diabotanum = plaster of multiple herbs (Galen); resolvent (tissue softener) and suppurative <br />
<br />
diacalciteos = chalcitis (an iron oxide), with plantain and nightshade juice; for cancer<br />
<br />
diacarcinon = from crabs; antidote for rabies<br />
<br />
diacarthamum = containing safflower (bastard-saffron), hermodactyl, ginger, etc.; a purgative<br />
<br />
diachylon cum gummi or d. simplex = ointment containing juices of herbs<br />
<br />
diacass., diacassia = a purgative electuary with senna; or the confection of senna; may be designated "cum manna," q. v.<br />
<br />
diacatholicon or catholicon = purgative electuary containing senna, cassia, tamarinds, etc., named for its general usefulness<br />
<br />
diacorallium = trochisci diacorallium (Galen), containing bole-armoniac, red coral, terra lemnia, etc.; to stop blood, including the bloody flux and menstrual flow<br />
<br />
diacinamomum -i = a compound of cinnamon; an antidote<br />
<br />
diaclysma, plural diaclysmata = mouthwash; for toothache, cleaning the gums; diaclysma ad scorbutum, an antiscorbutic<br />
<br />
diacod., diacodium -i = electuary containing of poppy seeds or heads, used as an opiate<br />
<br />
diacorum = electuarium diacorum, electuary of calamus; likely Acorus calamus, sweet flag<br />
<br />
diacrocu = a dry collyrium in which saffron is an ingredient (New Sydenham Lexicon)<br />
<br />
diacrocuma = an electuary for the stomach, abnormalities of the kidneys and bladder; many ingredients including saffron, asarabacca, parsley, carrot, anise, and smallage seeds, etc.<br />
<br />
diacurcuma = numerous ingredients, including saffron (crocus), asarum, rhubarb, phu, etc.; used as an antidote and for cachexia, dropsy, and diseases of the liver and spleen<br />
<br />
diacydon. simpl., diacydonium -i simplex = conserve or marmalade of quinces (Cydonium oblonga)<br />
<br />
diagalanga -ae = confection of galanga with "hot spices," useful for the wind cholic<br />
<br />
diagrid., diagryd, diagrydium -i = electuary containing scammony, a purgative; also "diacrydium"<br />
<br />
diair., diaireos = an electuary that contained orris (iris) root; an antidote<br />
<br />
dialacca = electuary containing lacca, q. v.; an antidote<br />
<br />
dialthaea (cum gummis) = ointment containing marsh-mallow root and seeds boiled with olive oil, beeswax, gums, and resins; for gout and as a suppurative<br />
<br />
diamargarit. fr., diamargariton frigida = cooling powder of pearls, compound<br />
diamoron or d. abbatis = honey and mulberries, used as a gargle for throat diseases<br />
<br />
diamoschu(s) = musk, saffron, galangal, zedoary, lignum aloes; for conditions affecting the head and brain, e.g., vertigo, epilepsy, palsy, also for the stomach, lungs, liver, and spleen<br />
<br />
dianisum -i = a compound powder containing aniseed, licorice, mastick, caraway, fennel, mace, cinnamon, pepper, etc.; or an electuary made of the powder and honey<br />
<br />
diapalma = desiccating plaster containing palm oil or animal fat, litharge, and zinc sulfate<br />
<br />
diapampholigos = see unguentum diapampholigos, below<br />
<br />
diaphoenicon = electuary made from cooked and strained dates; a purgative<br />
<br />
diaprunum = electuary containing the pulp of damask prunes; a purgative <br />
<br />
diarrhod. = either diarrhodomeli (juice of roses, scammony, agaric, pepper, and honey) or diarrhodon (several powders which contain roses); the latter may be designated as being The Abbot's, diarrhodon abbatis, attributed to Abbas Curiae, chaplain to Roger, Duke of Apulia<br />
<br />
diascord., diascordium -i = an electuary made with scordium (Teucrium scordium) or germander leaves, roses, storax, cinnamon, etc.; named for Dioscorides, 1st c. Greek physician<br />
<br />
diaspoliticum -i = diaspoliticon; electuary containing rue, cumin, pepper, honey, and saltpeter<br />
<br />
diatrion., diatrium -i santalorum or santalon = an antidote made from three kinds of sandal-wood with other ingredients<br />
<br />
diaturbith = contained turpeth, root of East Indian jalap, Ipomoea turpethum; a purgative<br />
<br />
dictamn., dyctamn., dictamnus -i = dittany of Crete, Dictamnus (Origanum) creticus<br />
<br />
doronicum -i = a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family; leopard's bane<br />
<br />
dracontium -i = named thus because its roots were said to resemble a dragon's tail; a genus of flowering plants; also known as serpentaria and arum polyphyllum; a stimulant<br />
<br />
dypsacus -i = genus of plants including teasel; especially fuller's teasel, Dipsacus fullonum, and wild teasel, D. sylvestris; also spelled dipsacus<br />
<br />
===E===<br />
ebeni, ebenum -i = ebony (wood)<br />
<br />
ebul., ebulus -i = danewort, dwarf elder, Sambucus ebulus<br />
<br />
ebori., ebur -oris = ivory; ras. ebori, ivory shavings<br />
<br />
echium -i = a genus of plants in the borage family, e.g. Echium plantagineum, purple viper's-bugloss or Paterson's curse<br />
<br />
eclegma, ecligma -atis = medicine to be taken by letting it melt in the mouth<br />
<br />
elaeosaccharum -i flavedinis citri = "oil sugar" (German Ölzucker), made by grinding an essential oil with eight or ten times the weight of sugar and used for making distilled waters; this particular one would likely have been made with the zest (yellow, flavedo -inis) of a lemon<br />
<br />
elaterium -i = purgative made from seeds of the squirting or exploding cucumber, Ecballium elaterium<br />
<br />
elect., electuarium -i = electuary; a "medicinal conserve or paste, consisting of a powder or other ingredient mixed with honey, preserve, or syrup of some kind" (OED)<br />
<br />
elephang., pill. de elephang = see "pillulae elephanginae," below<br />
<br />
elescoph., elescophus -us = elescophus solidum, an electuary containing cloves, cinnamon, ginger, and nutmeg, said to be effective against colic and pains of gout; also known as the Bishop's Electuary, electuarium episcopi<br />
<br />
elix., elixir (indecl.) = many different preparations, mostly compound tinctures<br />
<br />
elix. proprietat., elixir proprietatis = elixir of special character; contained aloe, saffron, and myrrh <br />
<br />
emblicum -i = a type of myrobalan, apparently the same as the one called belliricum; mel emblicorum, honey from this plant<br />
<br />
embroc., embrocatio -onis = an embrocation; similar to a liniment but of a thinner consistency, many types; used for bathing or moistening any part, applied by rubbing<br />
<br />
emmenagogum -i = emmenagogue, to stimulate blood flow to the pelvis and uterus, esp. to promote menstruation <br />
<br />
empetron = from empetros -i, apparently a form of saxifrage (Pliny)<br />
<br />
empl., emplastrum -i = plaster; emplastrum Paracelsi (of Paracelsus) is one of many<br />
<br />
emplastrum -i Caesaris = red roses, roots of bistort, sanders, and mint, coriander seeds, etc.; for strengthening the back and relief of back pain<br />
<br />
emplastrum -i ceroneum = see ceroneum, above<br />
<br />
emplastrum -i e crusta panis = plaster of crust of bread; crust of bread toasted and steeped in red rose vinegar, with mastich, mints, spodium, red coral, all the sanders, etc.; to stopp vomiting and strengthen the brain (when applied to the head)<br />
<br />
emplastrum -i Cymino = cumin seeds, bay berries, yellow wax, pine resin; to "expel wind"<br />
<br />
emplastrum -i gratia dei = herbs boiled in wine, the liquid strained and mixed with olive oil, beeswax, litharge, ceruse, and verdigris; also called emplastrum divinum or manus dei<br />
<br />
emplastrum -i de janua = betony, plantain, smallage, with wax, pitch, rosin, and turpentine; for green wounds and ulcers<br />
<br />
emplastrum -i nostratibus = "plaster for our people;" described by Culpeper as being called flos unguentorum, the flower of ointments; containing rosin, perrosin, yellow wax, sheep suet, olibanum, turpentine, etc.<br />
<br />
emplastrum -i metroproptoticon = mastic, galbanum dissolved in red wine, cypress turpentine, nutmeg, musk, etc.; for looseness, vomiting, and fits of the mother (Culpeper)<br />
<br />
emplastrum -i stomachicum magistrale = mint, wormwood, stoechas, bay, marjoram, etc., mixed with resin, wax, and labdanum<br />
<br />
emplastrum -i triapharmacum = a plaster made of flour, water, and oil; may be designated triapharmacum Galeni<br />
<br />
emuls., emulsio -onis = emulsion<br />
<br />
ens ensis or ensis -is veneris = "essence" or "sword" of Venus; sal ammoniac with copper sulfate or "flores veneris," a copper oxide, used in cases of worms, rickets, and "vapors;" or flowers of steel, iron chloride, FeCl2, prepared by heating steel filings with sal ammoniac<br />
<br />
enucl., enucleatus -a -um = with the nut or kernel removed; similar to detractus -a -um<br />
<br />
enul., enul. campan., enula -ae = elecampane, Inula helenium or Enula campana<br />
<br />
emplastrum -i epispasticum = a blistering plaster; several receipts, all containing cantharides <br />
with other ingredients, such as melilot plaster, burgundy pitch, Venice turpentine, vinegar, etc.<br />
<br />
ephioglossum -i = misspelling for ophioglossum, q. v.<br />
<br />
epithema -ae = "Any kind of moist, or soft, external application" (OED)<br />
<br />
epithymi., epithymum -i = dodder of thyme or thyme dodder, Cuscuta epithymum<br />
<br />
equiset., equisetum -i = mare's tail, Hippurus vulgaris; see also cauda equina, above<br />
<br />
ering., eryngium -i = sea holly, Eryngium maritimum<br />
<br />
erisimi, erisimum -i, erysimum -i = "irio grain" (Pliny), or Erysimum cheiri, wallflower <br />
<br />
errhin., errhinum -i = errhine; medication to be applied into the nose to produce sneezing; sternutatory<br />
<br />
eruca -ae = colewort, Brassica oleracea; genus Brassica comprises many common vegetables, incl. cabbage, broccoli, &c.<br />
<br />
esula -ae = green or leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula<br />
<br />
eupator., eupatorium -i = agrimony or hemp agrimony, Eupatorium cannabinum<br />
<br />
euphorb., euphorbia -ae = spurge; a large genus of flowering plants, many of which have an acrid milky juice, used as a purge <br />
<br />
euphorbium -i = gum resin from Euphorbia antiquorum<br />
<br />
euphrasia -ae = eyebright, Euphrasia officinalis<br />
<br />
exicc., exiccatus -a -um = dried<br />
<br />
extract., extractum -i = extract<br />
<br />
extractum Rudii = see pilulae Rudii, below<br />
<br />
===F===<br />
fab., faba -ae = bean <br />
<br />
faeces, faecul., faecula -ae = sediment or dregs in general, e.g., wine dregs, or material that falls to the bottom of the vessel after grinding plant material in water, or from the infusion of vegetable substances; e.g., faecula A(a)ron, sediment of Arum plants<br />
<br />
faenic., faeniculum -i = fennel, Faeniculum vulgare<br />
<br />
faenugraec., faenugraecum -i = fenugreek, Trigonella foenum-graecum<br />
<br />
farin., farina -ae = flour, meal; farina tritici, wheat flour <br />
<br />
farfarus -i = colt's-foot, Tussilago farfara<br />
<br />
febrif., febrifugia -ae = feverfew, featherfew; common centaury, Centaurium erythraea<br />
<br />
feculae bryoniae = powdered dried bryony root, a purgative<br />
<br />
fel fellis = gall, bile; vesica -ae fellis, gallbladder<br />
<br />
ferment. acrioris, fermentum -i acrius -oris = a sharper or more bitter fermentation (of ...?)<br />
<br />
fic., ficus -i = fig, Ficus carica<br />
<br />
filex -icis = fern or bracken, likely Pteris aquilina<br />
<br />
filipendula -ae = meadowsweet, Filipendula ulmaria<br />
<br />
fim., fimi, fimus -i = dung, excrement<br />
<br />
flammula -ae Iovis = "little flames of Jupiter;" Clematis flammula, C. recta; in CL, periwinkle (Vinca species)<br />
<br />
flavedins, flavedius = likely misspellings for flavedinis; see elaeosaccharum flavedinis citri, above <br />
<br />
flor., flos floris = flower, with the plant name following in the genitive; e.g., flores nymphaeae, water lily flowers<br />
<br />
fl. cordial., flores -um cordiales = the four "cordial flowers:" borage, bugloss, roses, and violets<br />
<br />
fl., flos floris sulphuris = flowers of sulfur, sublimed sulfur; may appear in conjunction with alchemical symbol for sulfur, , as fl. is<br />
<br />
flores florum antimonii = flowers of antimony; antimony (III) oxide, Sb2O3, emetic and expectorant<br />
<br />
flores Schoenanthi = flowers presumably from the so-called herba Schoenanthi, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, camel-, fever-, or West Indian lemongrass <br />
<br />
fluviatilis -e = of a river or river-; e.g. cancri fluviatiles, river-crabs or freshwater crayfish, Astacus fluviatilis<br />
<br />
foeniculum -i = faeniculum, see above<br />
<br />
foetid., foetidus -a -um = stinking<br />
<br />
fol., folium -i = leaf or leaves (folia) of any plant<br />
<br />
fol. acetos., folia acetosae = leaves of common sorrel or sour dock<br />
<br />
follicul., follicula -ae = a pericarp or seed pod<br />
<br />
fomentum -i, fomentatio -onis = dressing, compress; usually with warm liquids (fomentation) and applied as a poultice or with a pad of material<br />
<br />
fontan., fontana (aqua) = spring (-water)<br />
<br />
formicar. volant., formica -ae volans -antis = flying ant; there is a receipt that includes oleum formicarum volantium, oil of flying ants (V.a.298, f. 129v)<br />
<br />
fotus -us = same as fomentum, above<br />
<br />
frag., fragar., fragaria -ae = strawberry, Fragaria vesca; roots (rad.), leaves (fol.) and fruit were used<br />
<br />
fraxin., fraxinus -i = ash-tree, Fraxinus excelsior<br />
<br />
fumar., fumaria -ae = fumitory, Fumaria officinalis <br />
<br />
===G===<br />
gagat., gagates -ae = jet, the hard black semi-precious stone<br />
<br />
galang., galing., galangala -ae = galangal, aromatic rhizome of plants of genera Alpinia and Kaempferia, of the ginger family; e.g. Alpinia galanga, greater galangal, A. officinarum, lesser galangal, and Kaempferia galanga; also spelled galingale<br />
<br />
galban., galbanum -i = gum resin from Ferula gummosa or F. rubrucaulis<br />
<br />
galega -ae = galega or goat's-rue, Galega officinalis<br />
<br />
galion -i, galium -i = large genus of herbaceous plants, over 600 species, known as bedstraw<br />
<br />
galla -ae = galls produced on the Chinese sumac or nutgall tree, Rhus chinensis, by sumac aphids, Melaphis chinensis<br />
<br />
gallia moschata = see trochisci gallia moschata, below<br />
<br />
gallinaceus -a -um = from or relating to poultry; adipes gallinaceus, chicken fat<br />
<br />
gallus -i = relating to a cock or rooster; testicula galli, rooster testes<br />
<br />
gargarisma -ae = a gargle, throat-wash<br />
<br />
genist., genista -ae = broom, genus Genista, many species<br />
<br />
gent., gentiana -ae = gentian, Gentiana lutea, officinal gentian; G. centaurium, lesser centaury<br />
<br />
geranium -i columbinum = long-stalked crane's-bill; may also be listed as G. dissectum<br />
<br />
gilla Theophrasti = sal vitrioli, i.e. zinc sulphate, ZnSO4; an emetic; origin of "gilla" unknown, but of itself signifies a solution of vitriol<br />
<br />
gland., glans glandis = acorn<br />
<br />
glicirriz., glycheriz., glycheryz., glychyrriza -ae = licorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra<br />
<br />
gram., gramin., gramen -inis = grass, or any kind of grass-like herb<br />
<br />
gramen -inis caninum = dog grass, also known as Triticium caninum, reputed to be eaten by dogs to produce vomiting (OED)<br />
<br />
gramen purpureum, purple grass or purplewort, Trifolium purpureum<br />
<br />
granatus -a -um = containing many seeds; see pomum granatum, below<br />
<br />
gratia dei = see emplastrum gratia dei, above<br />
<br />
guaiac., guaiacum -i = guaiac gum, guaiacum officinale; lignum guaiacum, guaiac wood <br />
<br />
gumm., gummi = [tree] gum <br />
<br />
gum. ammoniac., gummi ammoniacum = "gum of Ammon," from the herb Dorema ammoniacum<br />
<br />
gumm. anim., gummi anime = gum anime, resin of various tropical trees, e.g., Hymenaea courbaril<br />
<br />
gumm. arabic. = gum arabic or gum acacia, hardened sap of Acacia senegal or Vachellia seyal<br />
<br />
gumm. ceras. = gummi cerasi, gum of cherry tree (Prunus cerasus) or black cherry tree (Cerasum nigrum) <br />
<br />
gum., gummi elemi = a resin from the tree Amyris rumieri or gum elemi tree<br />
<br />
gummi gutta -ae, gummi de Gamandra, gummi gamba = gamboge or camboge, a gum resin from various trees of genus Garcinia; a purgative<br />
<br />
gumm. tragacanth., gummi tragacantha -ae = gum tragacanth, obtained from shrubs of genus Astragulus, esp. A. tragacantha<br />
<br />
===H===<br />
haeder., heder., hedera -ae = ivy; Hedera terrestris, ground ivy; H. arborea, tree-climbing ivy<br />
<br />
haedinus -a -um = of, relating to, or obtained from a kid<br />
<br />
haemagogum -i = antidotum haemagogum, a concoction of Nicholaus's, with numerous ingredients, including black pepper, licorice, birthwort, mugwort, cassia, pellitory of Spain, etc.; a purgative, emmenagogue, and abortifacient<br />
<br />
haematit., hematit., lap. hematit. = lapis haematites, hematite; iron oxide, Fe2O3<br />
<br />
hallelujah = same as lujula, see below<br />
<br />
hamech. = confectio hamech, purgative containing myrobalans, violets, colocynth, etc.<br />
<br />
haust., haustu., haustus -us = draught<br />
<br />
hedycroi = hedychroi, i.e., "pleasant colored;" see trochisci hedychroi, below<br />
<br />
heracleinus - a -um, heraclinus -a -um = relating to hazel-wood; oleum heracleinum, oil of hazelwood, from distillation of small pieces of the wood cut in spring or fall<br />
hedysarum -i = genus of annual or perennial herbaceous plants; H. alpinum is an antiscorbutic<br />
<br />
helenii., helenium -i, hinula -ae = elecampane, Inula helenium or Enula campana<br />
<br />
hellebor., helleborus -i = hellebore, genus Helleborus, around 20 species; may be white, albus; black, niger; stinking, foetidus<br />
<br />
helxine = Helxine soleirolii (Soleirolia soleirolii), a plant in the nettle family; many common names, including baby's tears, angel's tears, peace in home, Corsican creeper<br />
<br />
hepar -atis = the liver; with the animal source in the genitive; e.g. hepar anatis, duck liver<br />
<br />
hepatic., hepatica herba = liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha<br />
<br />
herb., herba -ae = herb; used to specify a plant when another substance has a similar name<br />
<br />
herba -ae inguinalis = or argemo, mentioned by Pliny; identified by Culpeper as garden star-wort, which, "the ancient writers commended against buboes and swellings in the groin;" in The General Practise of Physicke, C. Wirsung identifies four types<br />
<br />
herba -ae trinitatis = heartsease or wild pansy, Viola tricolor; so called because each flower has three colors<br />
<br />
herba -ae paris = Paris quadrifolia; named for the regularity (par paris) of its leaves and petals, not for the city in France nor the son of Priam<br />
<br />
herba -ae venti = rough-leaved phlomis, Phlomis herba venti<br />
<br />
hermodact., hermodactyl., hermodactylus -i = the bulbous root of an unknown plant, possibly Colchicum, used as an antiarthritic; the drug colchicine is derived from Colchicum spp. and is still used to treat gout<br />
<br />
herniar., herniaria -ae = rupturewort, Herniaria glabra <br />
<br />
hier. picr., hiera picra, or hiera/hierae = aloe powder made with honey into an electuary<br />
<br />
hiera diacolocynthidos = an electuary containing colocynth, agaric, germander, white horehound, stoechas, opopanax, etc.<br />
<br />
hiera Logaddi = an electuary containing numerous ingredients including colocynth, polypodium, euphorbium; among its virtues it "takes away by the roots daily evils coming of melancholly" (Culpeper)<br />
<br />
hippoglossum, hyppoglossum -i = spineless butcher's broom or mouse thor, Ruscus hypoglossum<br />
<br />
hircinus -a -um = relating to a goat; esp. hircin, a "peculiar substance existing in the fat of the goat (and in a less degreee, in that of the sheep) on which its strong odour depends" (OED); thus possibly describing goat suet<br />
<br />
hirundo -inis, gen. pl. hirundinum = passerine bird of genus Hirundo, especially H. rustica, the barn swallow, but many other species<br />
<br />
hollandic., hollandicus -a -um = Dutch; pulvis hollandicus, Dutch powder, apparently a purgative<br />
hord., hordeum -i = barley, Hordeum vulgare; French barley, H. spelticum; aq. hordei, barley water<br />
<br />
hormini., horminum -i = sage or clary sage, Salvia sclarea (Pliny); there is also a flowering plant, Horminum pyrenalcum, dragonmouth or Pyrenean dead-nettle, apparently not used in medicine<br />
<br />
hortensis -e = (adj.) relating to, from a garden, or grown in a garden; e.g., nasturtium hortense, garden nasturtium<br />
<br />
hipposelinum, hypposelinum -i = alexanders or allisanders (black lovage), Smyrnium olusatrum<br />
<br />
hydrarg., hydrargyrus -i = the element Mercury, Hg, in its liquid state<br />
<br />
hydropiper -eris = water pepper, marshpepper knotweed, or tade, Polygonum hydropiper; or arsesmart, Persicaria hydropiper<br />
<br />
hyoscyamus -i = henbane, Hyoscamus niger, or an extract or tincture of it<br />
<br />
hyperi = misspelling for hyperici, see next entry<br />
<br />
hyperici, hypericon, hypericum -i = St. John's wort, especially Hypericum perforatum; see also carellorum, above<br />
<br />
hypocistis = solidified juice of Cytinus hypocistis, a parasitic plant used to treat dysentery; JW describes it as "a very great binder"<br />
<br />
hyssop., hyssopus -i = hyssop, Hyssopus officinalis, for which H. montanus is a subspecies or an accepted synonym; also H. capitatus, wild thyme<br />
<br />
===I - J===<br />
ialap., jalap., jalapa -ae, jalapium -i = jalap, Ipomoea jalapa; a purgative; NB distinguish from iulap., see next entry<br />
<br />
iulapium -i = a mixture, often sweet, used as a vehicle for other medicines<br />
<br />
janua = see emplastrum de janua, above<br />
<br />
iberis -idis cardamantice = sciatica cress; one of several plants of the family Brassicaceae, the roots of which were supposed to be useful in sciatica when made into a plaster <br />
<br />
jejunus -a -um = fasting, abstinent, hungry; e.g., jejuno ventriculo, on a fasting (empty) stomach <br />
<br />
imperatoria -ae = master-wort, Peucedanum ostruthium; same as ostruthium<br />
<br />
inauratus -a -um = gilded; some pills were gilded, denoted pillulae inauratae<br />
<br />
incis., incisus -a -um = incised, cut into, cut open<br />
<br />
indica -ae = Tylophora indica, the "purging Indian plum" (Parkinson)<br />
<br />
infus., infusio -onis = infusion; steeping or dissolving of a substance in water or other liquid; cf. decoction<br />
<br />
inula -ae = elecampane, Inula helenium or Enula campana<br />
<br />
ireas., ireos., iridas = iris; probably from iris -idis = iris flower, Iris species; radix ireas, iris root or rhizome, also known as orris or orrice root<br />
<br />
isatis -is or -idis = genus of flowering plants including woad, Isatis tinctoria<br />
<br />
iugland., jugland., iuglans -andis = walnut; iuglandes virides, green walnuts<br />
<br />
jujuba -ae = jujube; or red or Chinese date, Ziziphus jujuba<br />
<br />
iuiubinus -a -um = of, from, or related to jujubes, e.g., syrupus jujubinus, jujube syrup; see Ziziphus below<br />
<br />
iuniper., juniper., iuniperus -i = juniper; granum juniperi, juniper berry (its seed cone)<br />
<br />
iusculum, jusculum -i = broth<br />
<br />
iuvenis -is -e = young, youthful<br />
<br />
<br />
===L===<br />
labdan., ladan(um -i)., labdanum = labdanum or ladanum, gum resin from plants of genus Cistus or Cystix, used in perfumes and for fumigation; NB distinguish from laudanum (q. v.)<br />
<br />
labrum -i veneris = Venus' lip; the wild or fuller's teasel, Dipsacus silvestris or D. fullonum<br />
<br />
lac., lact., lac lactis = milk; lac. rec. or recens (-entis), fresh milk, lac veterum, old milk<br />
<br />
lacca = ingredient in trocischi de lacca, which contain the dark red resinous substance produced as a protective coating by the lac insect, Kerria lacca, used to make shellac<br />
<br />
lact., lactuca -ae = lettuce, Lactuca sativa<br />
<br />
ladanum -i = labdanum, see above<br />
<br />
laevigatus -a -um = made smooth, pulverized<br />
<br />
lambatiuum, lambativum, lambitivum -i = same as linctus/lohoch, below<br />
<br />
lapat., lappath., lapathum -i = dock or sorrel; genus Lapathum now included in genus Rumex<br />
<br />
lapis -idis adamas = diamond; see adamas, above<br />
<br />
lap. bezoard., lapis -idis bezoardicus = bezoar stone; see bezoar, above<br />
<br />
lapis -idis bufonis = toadstone; a stone-like object found in the head of, or produced by, a toad (CL bufo); supposed to have antidotal or therapeutic virtues and worn as a jewel or amulet<ref name="lapis bufonis">Shakespeare, ''As You Like It'', 2, i, 12-14: "Sweet are the uses of adversity, which, like the toad, ugly and venemous, wears yet a precious jewel in his head."</ref> <br />
<br />
lapis -idis caelestis = artificial, Roman, or blue vitriol; copper sulfate, CuSo4<br />
<br />
lapis -idis calaminaris = calamine, a zinc ore; zinc carbonate or silicate; used as a component of a lotion to treat itchiness<br />
<br />
lapis -idis hirundinis = either a supposed stone from the stomach of a swallow, presumably something like a bezoar; or lapis icterias, the "jaundice stone" (Pliny) used for treating the same<br />
<br />
lapis -idis iaspis or jaspis = jasper, a semiprecious stone, red, green, or brown; a variety of silica<br />
<br />
lapis -idis nephriticus = nephrite, jade; semiprecious stone of various colors<br />
<br />
lapis -idis piperis = "pepper stone;" apparently the same as peppercorn; in V.a.286 44v JW states that it can cause sneezing (sufficit ad sternutationem)<br />
<br />
lapp., lappa -ae = burdock, Arctium lappa; also called lapp. maj., lappa major, greater burdock; also known as Bardana<br />
<br />
lard., lardum -i = lard, fat<br />
<br />
larid., laridum -i = bacon; larid. veter., laridum veterum, old bacon<br />
<br />
latericium -i philosophorum = see oleum philosophi, below<br />
<br />
lateritium -i = brick cap, cinnamon cap, or chestnut mushroom, Hypholoma lateritium<br />
<br />
laudan., laudanum -i = laudanum; alcoholic tincture of opium, also known as tinctura thebiaca; NB distinguish from ladanum, see "labdanum," above<br />
<br />
laudan. paracels., Paracelsi = Paracelsus' laudanum; opium and alcohol plus various other ingredients, incl. gold, amber, pearl, musk<br />
<br />
lauendul., lavendula -ae =lavender, Lavandula angustifolia (or Spica foemina, spike)<br />
<br />
lauri., laurus -i = genus of evergreen trees including the bay tree, Laurus nobilis; L. alexandrina, laurel of Alexandria, uncertain but Culpeper thought it might be the same as the hippoglossum described by Dioscorides<br />
<br />
lentiscus -i = the mastic tree, Pistacia lentiscus; mastic is the resin from this tree<br />
<br />
leon., leonurus -i = lion's tail; motherwort, Leonurus cardiaca<br />
<br />
leporinus -a -um = of or relating to a hare; pilus leporinus, hair of a hare, hare hair<br />
<br />
lepidium -i = plants of genus Lepidium, of the Brassicaceae family, including L. densi <br />
<br />
lepus -oris = hare; lepus combustus, hare ashes (in a receipt for treatment of urinary stone)<br />
<br />
leucoium -i, leucojum -i = genus of plants in the amaryllis family, including Leucojum aestivum and L. vernum; snowbell, dewdrop, St. Agnes' flower<br />
<br />
leuisticum, levisticum -i = lovage, Levisticum officinale <br />
<br />
lichen -enis arborum = tree lungwort, Sticta pulmonaria, known as lungs of oak; also a similar North American plant, Mertensia virginica<br />
<br />
lign., lignum -i = wood, with the name of the source in the genitive; e.g., lignum fraxini<br />
<br />
lignum -i aloes = a fragrant dark resinous wood, agarwood or aloeswood, from the heartwood of the aquilaria tree; genus Aquilaria, many species, esp. A. malaccensis, used in incense production; also known as xyloaloes or agaloc(h)um; distinguish from the succulent aloes plant, Aloe vera<br />
<br />
lign., lignum -i nephriticum = traditional diuretic derived from wood from narra (Pterocarpus indicus) and Mexican kidneywood (Eysenhardtia polystachya) trees<br />
<br />
lign. rhod., lignum -i rhodii = rosewood; rose-scented wood from Convolvulus floridus or C. scoparius <br />
<br />
lign. sanct., lignum -i sanctum = guiacaum, holy wood; Guiacum officinale<br />
<br />
lill., lillior., lilliorum., lilium -a = lily; flores/folia/radix liliorum, flowers/leaves/root of lilies<br />
<br />
limac., limacum, limax -acis = snail, slug; aqua. limacum, snail water<br />
<br />
limonium -i = genus of flowering plants known as sea-lavender, statice, caspia, or marsh-rosemary; over 100 species; also, any plant of genus Pyrola, esp. P. rotundifolia, wintergreen<br />
<br />
lin., linum -i = flax, Linum usitatissimum; semen or semina lini, flaxseed, linseed<br />
<br />
linaria -ae = toad-flax or wild flax, Linaria vulgaris<br />
<br />
linctus -a -um = medicine taken by licking (same as lohoch); past participle of lingo -ere<br />
<br />
liniment., linamentum -i = liniment; l. arcei, liniment of Arceus; l. elemi, see below under gummi<br />
<br />
linteus -a -um = relating to or made from linen<br />
<br />
liquirit., liquiritia -ae = licorice, Glychyrrhiza glabra<br />
<br />
liquor -oris = liquid, liquor (any)<br />
<br />
liquor possetic., posseticus -a -um = posset drink; milk curdled with treacle, wine, or any acid substance<br />
<br />
litharg., lytharg., lithargium -i, lithargyrum -i = litharge, lead oxide, PbO; may be white, a byproduct of separation of lead from silver ("litharge of silver") or colored with red lead ("litharge of gold")<br />
<br />
lithontribon -i (Lugdunensis) = urinary stone-breaking powder (of Lyon); spikenard, ginger, cinnamon, black pepper, cardamom, saxifrage, etc.<br />
<br />
lithontriptic., lythontriptic., lithontripticus -a -um = lithontriptic; having the property of breaking up bladder stones<br />
<br />
lixivium -i = water containing alkaline salts leached from wood ashes (OED), used to make soap<br />
<br />
lohoch = medicine taken by licking or by letting it melt in the mouth<br />
<br />
lohoch sanum = "the healing lohoch;" hyssop, calamint, jujubes, sebestens, raisins, dates etc.; succors the breast, lungs, throat, and trachea (Culpeper); may be titled lochoch sanum et expertum<br />
<br />
lot., lotus -a -um = washed<br />
<br />
lotus -i = various species of genus Lotus, e.g., L. urbana and L. sylvestris<br />
<br />
lucis majores = see pilulae lucis maiores, below<br />
<br />
lujul., lujula -ae = wood sorrel, Oxalis acetosella; also called alleluia or hallelujah because it flowers between Easter and Pentecost<br />
<br />
lumbricus -i = worm; either the common earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris, or intestinal, e.g., Ascaris lumbricoides<br />
<br />
lupinus -i = lupin, flowering plants of genus Lupinus; numerous species, including the bluebonnet <br />
<br />
lupul., lupulus -i = the hop plant, Humulus lupulus<br />
<br />
===M===<br />
mac., macis -idis = mace, the covering of the seed in the fruit of Myristica fragrans, the nutmeg tree <br />
<br />
macer -eris = the inner bark of the nutmeg tree, M. fragrans (Culpeper) <br />
<br />
macri = see pilulae macri, below<br />
<br />
magdaleones -um = masses of plaster, or of other composition, in cylindrical form<br />
<br />
majoran., majorana -ae = marjoram; see Origanum, below<br />
<br />
magistrantia -ae = masterwort, Astrantia maxima<br />
<br />
malabathrum or malobathrum -i = aromatic leaf of one of several oriental trees, e.g. Cinnamomum tamala, or the ointment prepared from it<br />
<br />
malicorii, malicorium -i = pomegranate rind<br />
<br />
malvatic., malvaticum (vinum) = Malmsey (wine of the Malvasia grape); Madeira/sack<br />
<br />
malva -ae = common, field, or wild mallow, Malva silvestris; also other species of genus Malva<br />
<br />
malv., malvavisc., malvaviscus -i = marshmallow, Althaea officinalis<br />
<br />
malus -i persica = peach tree, Malus persica<br />
<br />
man., manna -ae = condensed juice of the manna ash tree, Fraxinus ornus; a purgative<br />
<br />
margarit., margarita -ae = pearl; prepared pearl is a common ingredient<br />
<br />
marina ambra -ae grisea = ambergris<br />
<br />
marrub., marrubium -i = common horehound, Marrubium vulgare; other species also; may be designated nigrum (black) or foetidum (stinking)<br />
<br />
martiat., martiatus -a -um = pertaining to soldiers; unguentum martiatum, soldiers's ointment<br />
<br />
mastich., masticha = mastic, resin of Pistacia lentiscus<br />
<br />
matricar., matricaria -ae = feverfew, Matricaria or Tanacetum parthenium<br />
<br />
matrisilv., matrisylv., matrisylva -ae = woodruff, Asperula matrisylva or A. odorata<br />
<br />
Matt(h)iolus -i = relating to or invented by Pietro Andrea Mattioli (1501 - c. 1577), Italian physician and naturalist; e.g.unguentum Matthioli, leontopodium (edelweiss) Matthioli<br />
<br />
mechoach., mechoacan = root of a variety of morning glory, Ipomoea macrorhiza or I. jalapa, from Michoacán (Mexico); may be identified as black (nigr.)<br />
<br />
mecon., meconium -i = opium<br />
<br />
medull., medulla -ae = the pith or pulp of any vegetable; also bone marrow: medulla spinalis, spinal cord<br />
<br />
mel., mel mellis = honey; (e)dulcorandus melle, sweetened with honey; the name of the source plant may be mentioned in the genitive, e.g., mel emblicorum, or a descriptive adjective may be added, e.g. mel rosatum, "rosated" honey with addition of oil of roses<br />
<br />
melilot., melilotos -i = melilot, Trifolium melilotus officinalis<br />
<br />
meliss., melissa -ae = balm, esp. lemon balm, Melissa officinalis; several other species, also including common, field, & mountain calamint<br />
<br />
melissophyllum -i = bastard balm, Melittis melissophyllum<br />
<br />
merc. dulc., mercurius dulcis = mercurous chloride, Hg2Cl2; calomel; a purgative<br />
<br />
mercur., mercury = annual or French mercury, Mercurialis annua; used in clysters; NB don't confuse with the element Mercury (Hg) , usually referred to as hydrargyrus<br />
<br />
mespil., mespilus -i = medlar, fruit of medlar tree, Mespilus germanica; resembles a small apple<br />
<br />
metrenchyta -ae = an injection ("clyster") for the uterus<br />
<br />
metroproptoticon = see emplastrum metroproptoticon, above<br />
<br />
meum -i = spignel, Aethusa meum or Meum athamanticum<br />
<br />
mica -ae = crumb, morsel, grain; micae panis, crumbs of bread<br />
<br />
micleta -ae = an electuary for treatment of diarrhea or bloody flux; containing mirobalan bark, watercress, cumin, anise, fennel, ammi, etc.<br />
<br />
millefolium -i = common yarrow, Achillea millefolium, a flowering plant in the aster family<br />
<br />
milii., milium -i = millet seed, Panicum mileaceum; also P. italicum, Indian millet seed<br />
<br />
mill., milliped., millipes -pedis = pill-millipede or wood-louse; pulv. milliped., powdered millipede; also prepared by soaking in wine with or without crushing in a mortar; JW mentions a spiritus millipedum in V.a.288, presumably from distilling them <br />
<br />
minium -i = native vermilion, read lead; emplastrum de minio, plaster of red lead and olive oil<br />
<br />
mithridat., mithridatium -i = mithridate; complex and variable recipe, up to 60 ingredients, including opium<br />
<br />
miva -ae = listed (by JW and by Lovell) as miva vel gelatina, quince jelly<br />
<br />
mixae -arum, myxae -arum = sebesten plum (tree), Cordia myxa; see sebesten, below<br />
<br />
monach., rhab. monach., rhabarbarum -i monachorum = monk's rhubarb, Rumex patientia<br />
<br />
morum -i = mulberry; many species, including Mora nigra, black or common mulberry; also as "Celsus's," as in succus mororum Celsi, from Aulus Cornelius Celsus (C. 25 BCE - 50 CE)<br />
<br />
mosch., moschat., (nux) moschata = nutmeg; seed of Myristica fragrans<br />
<br />
moschelaeum -i = see oleum moschaelum, below<br />
<br />
mucilag., mucilago -inis = aqueous solution of gum; e.g., Mucilago arabaci gummi<br />
<br />
muscus -i = sphagnum; <br />
<br />
musc. pyxidat., muscus -i pyxidatus = a type of lichen (Lichen pyxidatus), used in a decoction for whooping cough<br />
<br />
must., mustum -i = must; pressed grapes before fermentation into wine; also mustum cervisiae, beer wort<br />
<br />
myristic., nux myristica, myristica -ae = nutmeg, Myristica moschata <br />
<br />
myrobalan., myrabalan., myrabalanum -i = myrobalan = Indian gooseberry, Phyllantus emblica; may be designated myrobalan omnium; chebulae refers to the so-called "black myrobalan," Terminalia chebula; indicae (q. v.) refers to a different plant<br />
<br />
myrtill., myrtillus -i = myrtle berry, black whortle berry, or bilberry; Vaccinium myrtillus<br />
<br />
myrtin., myrtinus -a -um = of or made from myrtle, myrtle-; e.g., syrupus myrtinus, myrtle-syrup<br />
<br />
===N===<br />
narcissus -i = any of numerous spring-flowering bulbous plant of genus Narcissus; esp. N. poeticus and N. tazetta; many uses, including emetic, emollient, and treatment for cough, baldness, dysentery, etc.<br />
<br />
nard, nardin., nardus -i , adj. nardinus -a -um = nard; or the ointment so named; or the plant from which the ointment was prepared, Nardostachys grandiflora, same as Indian spikenard, N. jatamansi; nardus celticus, same as asarabacca, Asarum europaeum<br />
<br />
nasturtium -i = genus of watercresses; JW mentions nasturtium aquaticum, probably common watercress, Nasturtium officinale, also known as Sisymbrium nasturtium, and nasturtium hortense, or gardencress, N. hortense<br />
<br />
nepetha -ae = genus of flowering plants; esp. catmint/catnip, N. cataria<br />
<br />
nervin., nervinus -a -um = pertaining to nerves; e.g., unguentum nervinum, nerve ointment<br />
<br />
nicotiana -ae = tobacco, genus Nicotiana; many uses, including unguentum nicotianae, see below <br />
<br />
nig., nigr., niger -gra -grum = black<br />
<br />
nubiae = granum nubiae; the seed of an unknown plant from Ethiopia, apparently a powerful poison<ref name="nubiae">V.a.286, 76r: "Granum nubiae inter decem homines divisum spatio quadrantis horae omnes interimit:" One grain of Nubia divided among ten persons kills them all in the space of a quarter hour.</ref> <br />
<br />
nuc., nucl., nucleus -i = nut<br />
<br />
nucleus -i pinei = pine nuts (pignoli), edible seeds of pine, various species of genus Pinus<br />
<br />
nummularia -ae = creeping jenny, moneywort, or herb twopence; Lysimachia nummularia<br />
<br />
nux nucis = nut; e.g., nux moschata, nutmeg; nux pinea, pine nut; nux avellana, hazelnut<br />
<br />
nymph., nymphaea -ae = water lily; Nymphaea alba, white; other species may have blue, red, or yellow flowers<br />
<br />
===O=== <br />
oculus -i = eye <br />
<br />
ocul., oculi cancri = crab's eyes; "A round concretion found in the stomach of crayfish and some other crustacea, consisting mainly of carbonate of lime; it has been used, finely powdered, as an absorbent and antacid" (OED), or possibly Abrus precatorius, the (poisonous) rosary pea. More likely the former, conclusion based on receipt in V.a. 298, f. 160r, calling for "ocul. 69" probably the same as "ocul. Cancri" on the same page, with "69" the astrological symbol for Cancer ( ) rotated 90° ( ); see illustration on last page<br />
<br />
ocymi., ocymum -i = basil, Ocimum basilicum<br />
<br />
ol., oleum -i = oil; many varieties, with the source in the genitive<br />
<br />
ol. dulc., oleum -i dulcis = sweet oil; usually olive or rapeseed<br />
<br />
oleum excestrense = oil of Exeter; contains wormwood, lesser centaury, eupatorium, fennel, hyssop, etc., infused in oil<br />
<br />
oleum -i lapivum = from Lapivum persicum or Cyclamen persicum, persian cyclamen<br />
<br />
ol. lumbric., oleum -i lumbricorum = oil of earthworms; from worms boiled in wine and oil and strained<br />
<br />
oleum -i moschaeleum = oil of musk, from secretions of a gland of various animals, esp. the male musk deer, Moscus moschiferus; plus nutmeg, mace, costus, styrax, other herbs, and oil; the animal source of the musk may be named in the genitive, e.g., moschelaeum vulpinum, oil of fox musk; for deafness, cold diseases of the heart, strangury, etc.<br />
<br />
ol., oleum -i Nicodemi = leaves of St. John's wort (species of Hypericum), turpentine, litharge, aloes, tutty, saffron, white wine, etc.<br />
<br />
ol. philosoph., oleum -i philosophi = philosopher's oil, made from distilling pieces of brick soaked in oil; same as latericium philosophorum<br />
<br />
ol. sulph., oleum -i sulphuris = oil of sulfur, various receipts; possibly sulfuric acid, H2SO4<br />
<br />
ol. vulpin., oleum -i vulpinum = fox oil; made from a skinned and gutted fox boiled with oil and herbs and pressed<br />
<br />
olilban., olibanum -i = aromatic resin from trees of genus Boswellia, esp. B. sacra; frankincense<br />
<br />
onon., ononis -idis (spinosa) = restharrow, Ononis repens<br />
<br />
ophalmicum = see unguentum ophalmicum, below; distinguish from ophthalmicum<br />
<br />
ophioglossum -i = adder's tongue fern; genus of about 50 species; used as an ointment on wounds and burns<br />
<br />
opiat., opiatus -a -um = opiated; any preparation containing opium; or other medicines that produce sleep but which may or may not contain opium<br />
<br />
opobalsamum -i = Mecca balsam, balm of Gilead; resin produced by the tree Commiphora opobalsamum<br />
<br />
opopanax -acis = the "fetid" (OED) gum resin from Opopanax chironium<br />
<br />
opt., optim., optimus -a -um = best <br />
<br />
origan., origanum -i = oregano; several species, incl. Origanum vulgare, common Mediterranean oregano or wild marjoram; O. creticum, (Spanish) oregano; O. marjorana, sweet marjoram; O. dictamnus, dittany of Crete<br />
<br />
os ossis = bone; oss. sep., ossa separata, separated bones, but precise definition uncertain<br />
<br />
ostrea -ae = oyster, mussel, sea-snail<br />
<br />
ostrutii., ostruthium -i = master-wort, Peucedanum ostruthium<br />
<br />
ovin., ovinus -a -um = relating to or belonging to sheep; e.g., sebum ovinum, sheep suet or tallow<br />
<br />
oxycrat., oxycratum -i = oxycrate (mixture of vinegar and water with a little honey)<br />
<br />
oxycroceum = as emplastrum oxycroceum, plaster made with saffron and vinegar<br />
<br />
oxylapathum -i = sharp-pointed dock; Lapathum acutum, or Rumex acutus<br />
<br />
oxymel = honey and vinegar boiled to a syrup<br />
<br />
oxymel Julianiz., oxymel Iulianizans = a syrup containing the above, with addition of caper root bark, iris root, fennel, rock parsley, endive, etc.<br />
<br />
===P===<br />
paeon., paeonia -ae = peony, P. officinalis; used by Galen for treatment of epilepsy <br />
<br />
palma Christi = see "cataputia," above<br />
<br />
pampholix -icis = crude zinc oxide, ZnO<br />
<br />
paludapium -i = another term for smallage or water-parlsey<br />
<br />
panacea -ae = an herb healing all diseases; specificially, an extract of opopanax (q.v.), allheal, woundwort, or various other herbs; e.g., betony, yarrow, mistletoe<br />
<br />
papav., papaver -eris = poppy; many species, including P. somniferum, opium poppy; P. rhoeas or P. erraticum, red corn poppy <br />
<br />
paralyseus -a -um = relating to the cowslip, Primula species; e.g., (take/use) flores paralyseos<br />
<br />
paralys., paralysis -is = cowslip, e.g., Paralysis fatua (Gerard); also in the usual sense of loss of function <br />
<br />
parietar., parietaria -ae = pellitory of the wall, Parietaria officinalis; may be designated "herb. parietar."<br />
<br />
part., pars partis = part, side <br />
<br />
passer -eris = sparrow, esp. the house sparrow Passer domesticus<br />
<br />
pastillus -i = a small flat tablet, may be coated with sugar; similar to a pill, troche, or lozenge<br />
<br />
passul., passula -ae = a small raisin; passulae enucleatae/exacinatae, stoned raisins; passulae solis, raisins of the sun; passula Corinthiaca, Corinthian raisin, alias uvae Corinthiacae, Corinthian grapes<br />
<br />
pastinac., pastinaca -ae = parsnip, Pastinaca sativa or P. sylvestris<br />
<br />
pectoral., pectoralis -is -e = a pectoral; for diseases of the chest<br />
<br />
penid., penidium -i = appears as in sacch(arum) penid(ium), a stick of boiled sugar used as a cold remedy<br />
<br />
pentaphyll., pentaphyllon, pentaphyllum -i = cinquefoil, Potentilla reptans; Pentaphyllum purpureum, purple cinquefoil, P. rubrum palustre, marsh cinquefoil, etc. (Gerard)<br />
<br />
peplium -i = peplion, a species of spurge, probably Euphorbia esula; a purge for bile and phlegm<br />
<br />
pepo -onis = pumpkin, Cucurbita pepo<br />
<br />
periclymenum -i = common honeysuckle, Lonicera periclymenum<br />
<br />
perlarum mater -tris = mother of pearl<br />
peru., peruvianus -a -um = Peruvian; e.g, Cortex peruviana (Cinchona), source of quinine<br />
<br />
persicaria -ae = spotted persicaria, a common weed; Persicaria maculosa<br />
<br />
pes pedis columbinus = dove's foot, Geranium molle; also some other species of cranesbill<br />
<br />
petasititid., petasites -idis = butterbur, Petasites fragrans<br />
<br />
peto, petum = the tobacco plant, see nicotiana, above <br />
<br />
petroselin., petroselinum -i = parsley, Apium petroselinum<br />
<br />
petroselin. macedonic., petroselinum -i macedonicum = Macedonian parsley, Bubon macedonicum<br />
<br />
peucedani, peucedanum -i = peucedanin, a "colourless crystalline compound... occur[ring] in the root of hog's fennel, Peucedanum officinale" (OED) <br />
<br />
philonium persicum = a compound medicine including opium, saffron, white pepper, pearls, and amber; named after Philo of Tarsus, 1st c. BCE Greek physician<br />
<br />
phu (indecl.) = "any of several species of valerian having rhizomes used medicinally" (OED); possibilities include Valeriana officinalis, V. dioscoridis, V. phu; mentioned by Pliny<br />
<br />
phyllit., phyllitis -is = hart's tongue fern, Scolopendrium vulgare<br />
<br />
pic., pix picis = pitch; pix Burgundia, Burgundy pitch, from Norway fir, Picea abies<br />
<br />
pilosella -ae = genus of flowering plants, numerous species, esp. Pilosella officinarum, mouse-ear hawkweed; same as auriculus muris<br />
<br />
pil., pill., pillul., pil[l]ula -ae = pill<br />
pilulae agregativae = aggregative pills, so called because they aggregated many effects; ingredients included aloes, turbith, scammony, rhubarb, myrabalans, agaric, etc.<br />
<br />
pilulae aleophanginae = aromatic pills of Mesue; contain aloes, cinnamon, cardamom, nutmeg, mace, etc.; similar to if not identical to pilulae elephanginae, below<br />
<br />
pilulae aurae = "golden pills," so called from their color; contained aloes, scammony, roses, smallage seed, etc., but no gold<br />
<br />
pilulae Barbaros(s)ae = an anti-syphilitic, containing mercury; apparently named after an Algerian king and not the Holy Roman Emperor<br />
<br />
pilulae cochiae = cochiae pills; may be denoted "majores," the greater cochiae pill (hiera picra, alhandal troches, diagrydium, turpentine), or "minores," the lesser cochiae pill (aloes, scammony, colocynth, syrup of buckthorn, oil of cloves)<br />
<br />
pill. elephang., pilulae elephanginae = an Arabic term; purging pills containing cinnamon, nutmeg, and other aromatics; also, according to JW (Va293, 71r), "of Diacrydium... a considerable quantitie"<br />
<br />
pilulae foetidae = "stinking pills;" containing asafoetida, galbanum, myrrh, confection of roses<br />
<br />
pilulae lucis majores = "pills of greater light;" roses, violets, wormwood, colocynth, turbith, cubebs, etc.; for poor vision (hence the name, presumably)<br />
<br />
pilulae Macri = Macer's (Aemilius Macer, 1st c. CE) pills, aloes, mastich, marjoram, salt of wormwood, etc.; the poem De viribus herbarum is probably a medieval invention attributed to him<br />
<br />
pill. palmarii = Palmarius' pills, or pilulae Cretae Palmarii; aloes, gentian, amber, aristolochia, myrrh, etc.; named after Pierre le Paulmier or Palmier (1568-1610)<br />
<br />
pilulae Rudii = black hellebore, colocynth, aloes, scammony, oil of cloves, sulfate of potash<br />
<br />
pilulae Scribonii = Scribonius Largus's pills; sagapenum, myrrh, opium, cardamom, castoreum, etc.; good for fluxes, dysentery, hemoptysis, gonorrhea, consumption, and many more afflictions<br />
<br />
pilulae sine quibus (esse nolo) = "pills without which (I do not wish to be);" a purgative containing aloe, myrobolans, rhubarb, senna, agaric, etc.<br />
<br />
pilulae e tribus = "pills of three things;" RCP Dispensatory lists seven ingredients including mastich, aloes, agaric, hiera picra, rhubarb, cinnamon, and syrup of chicory<br />
<br />
pimpinella -ae = burnet saxifrage, Pimpinella saxifraga, or great burnet, Sanguisorba officinalis<br />
<br />
pinear., pineus -a -um = of, from, or related to the pine; nuces pinearum, pine nuts<br />
<br />
pingued., pinguedin., pinguedo -inis = fat (noun); e.g. pinguedo vulpis, fox fat, pinguedo taxi, badger fat<br />
<br />
pingu., pinguis -is = fat (adjective); e.g. ficus pinguis, a fat (ripe) fig<br />
<br />
piper -eris = pepper; various species of genus Piper, e.g. Piper nigrum, black pepper, P. longum, long pepper, etc.<br />
<br />
plantag., plantago -inis = plantain; broad-leaved plantain, Plantago major<br />
<br />
pleres-archonticon = pulvis pleres-archonticon, called by Bates "The great Restorative Pouder;" containing cinnamon, cloves, galangal, nutmeg, ginger, red roses, Indian spikenard, etc.; also known as the Restorative of Nicholas<br />
<br />
plumbeus -a -um = made of or derived from lead<br />
<br />
plumbum -i = the element lead, Pb<br />
<br />
polii., polium -i = felty germander, Teucrium polium<br />
<br />
polyidae = see trochisci polyidae Andromachi, below<br />
<br />
polypod., polypodium -i = polypody, a genus of fern; e.g., polypody of the oak, Polypodium quercinum or P. vulgare, or polypody of the wall (P. murinum)<br />
<br />
polytrich., polytrichum -i = golden maidenhair, Polytrichum commune or Adiantum aureum<br />
<br />
polyurus -i = Christ's thorn or Jerusalem thorn, Paliurus spina-christi; JW reports it as being in the Physic Garden<br />
<br />
pompholix, pompholyx -ygis = zinc oxide, same as tutia (tutty)<br />
<br />
pom., pomum -i = apple, many species of genus Malum<br />
<br />
pomat., pomatus -a -um = of, containing, or relating to apples; see unguentum pomatum, below<br />
<br />
pomum -i alterans = see syrupus de pomis alterans, below<br />
<br />
pomum -i granatum = pomegranate, fruit of Punica granatum<br />
<br />
pomum -i purgans = a "purging apple," intended to purge phlegm; an apple stuffed with polypodium and agaric wrapped in a crust and baked; also known as pomum laxativum purgans<br />
<br />
pontic., ponticum = Roman wormwood, Artemisia ponticum<br />
<br />
popul., populus -i = poplar tree<br />
<br />
populeon, populneum = see unguentum populeon, below<br />
<br />
porcin., porcinus -a -um = of or relating to a hog or pig<br />
<br />
porrum -i = leek, Allium porrum<br />
<br />
portulaca -ae = garden purslane, Portulaca oleracea<br />
<br />
posset., possetum -i = posset, milk curdled with treacle, wind, or any acid substance; may also appear as liquor posseticus<br />
<br />
potio -onis = drink<br />
<br />
potus -us = drink<br />
<br />
praecipit., praecipitat., praecipitatum -i = precipitate; p. rubrum = red mercuric oxide (HgO); p. album = ammoniated mercury or mercuric amidochloride (HgH2ClN); p. opt., optimum, "the best;" unknown and possibly a description and not an ingredient per se<br />
<br />
prasius -i = prase, a green quartz<br />
<br />
prassium, -i = white horehound, Marubium vulgare or M. album; a syrup called syrupus de prassio is a pectoral (for chest ailments or as an expectorant) and vulnerary (for wound healing)<br />
<br />
priapus, pryapus -i cervi = a stag's penis<br />
<br />
primula -ae veris = cowslip (common cowslip, cowslip primrose)<br />
<br />
prunell., prunella -ae = self-heal or bugle, Prunella vulgaris<br />
<br />
prunum -i = plum; prunum coctum, cooked plum, possibly used as a sweetener<br />
<br />
prunus -i = genus of trees and shrubs, including plum, cherry, peach, nectarine, apricot, and almond<br />
<br />
prunus -i silvestris = blackthorn (Pliny)<br />
<br />
ptarmaca, ptarmica = leaves (folia) of sneezewort, Achillea ptarmaca<br />
<br />
ptisan., ptisana -ae = decoction of vegetable matters, e.g., barley, licorice, or raisins; a tisane<br />
<br />
puleg., pulegium -i = pennyroyal, also fleabane or fleawort, Mentha pulegium; or wild thyme, Thymus serpyllum; also known as puliol<br />
<br />
pulicaria -ae = fleabane, Pulicaria dysenterica<br />
<br />
pulm., pulmon. vulp., pulmones vulpis = fox lungs<br />
<br />
pulmonaria -ae = lungwort, Pulmonaria officinalis; distinguish from tree lungwort, Sticta pulmonaria<br />
<br />
pulpa -ae = pulp (of anything)<br />
<br />
pulv., pulvis -eris = powder<br />
<br />
pulvis -eris ad casum = a powder against inward bruises by falls (Bate); contained terra sigillata, sanguis draconis, mummy, spermaceti, rhubarb; casum from casus -us, a fall, falling down, accident<br />
<br />
pulvis -eris digestivus = a digestive powder of variable compsition<br />
<br />
pulvis -eris Haly = Haly's powder, named after 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi, or al-Masoudi (930 - 994), Latinized as Haly Abbas; white poppy seeds, gum arabic, starch, tragacanth, etc.<br />
<br />
pulvis -eris Iohannis de Vigo = Vigo's powder, mercuric oxide, HgO<br />
<br />
pulvis -eris laetificans Galeni = Galen's gladdening powder, apparently actually invented by Niccolò da Reggio (1280 - ?), a translator of Galen; multiple ingredients, including basil, cloves, saffron, zedoary, nutmeg, styrax, ivory shavings, etc. <br />
<br />
pulvis -eris odoratus = sweet, perfumed, or fragrant powder; iris root, rosewood, cloves, lemon peels, etc. (Bate); used as a moth deterrent<br />
<br />
pulvis -eris pleres-arc(h)onticon = "the great restorative powder" (Bate); numerous ingredients including cinnamon, cloves, xyloaloes, galangal, nutmeg, ginger, and many others<br />
<br />
pulv. sanct., pulvis -eris sanctus = holy powder; recipes vary but usually include senna and cream of tartar, with cloves, cinnamon, ginger, etc.<br />
<br />
pulvis -eris saxonicus = the Saxon powder, from its use as an antidote by Christian I, Elector of Saxony (1560 - 1591); angelica, swallow-wort, valerian, polipodium of the oak, marsh-mallow, etc., all steeped in vinegar, dried, and pulverized<br />
<br />
purg., purgatio -onis = a purge or laxative<br />
<br />
purpureus -a -um = purple<br />
<br />
pyra = probably pear, various trees of genus Pyrus; CL pirum -i, pl. pira<br />
<br />
pyrethr., pyrethrum -i (salivaris) = root of pellitory (of Spain), also known as Spanish chamomile, Anacyclus pyrethrum; or possibly masterwort, Peucedanum ostriuthum, or sneezewort, Achillea ptarmica<br />
<br />
pyrola -ae = round-leaved wintergreen, Pyrola rotundifolia<br />
<br />
===Q===<br />
quercin., quercinus -a -um = made/ derived from oak; e.g., folia quercina, oak leaves; viscus quercini = mistletoe; uvae quercinae, aggregation of galls on oak roots or at the junction of the roots and trunk produced by the oak gall wasp Cynips quercus radicis<br />
<br />
quercitanus -i = not an ingredient but a person's name; French physician Joseph du Chesne (c. 1544 - 1609), Latinized as Quercitanus<br />
<br />
quercus -us = oak, oak tree, various species of genus Quercus, including Q. suber, the cork oak<br />
quinquefolium -i = (creeping) cinquefoil, Potentilla reptans; tormentil (P. erecta) is a relative<br />
<br />
===R===<br />
rad., radic., radix -icis = root (of any plant)<br />
<br />
radices quinque = see syrupus de quinque radicibus, below<br />
<br />
ran., rana -ae = frog; ranarum, of frogs, e.g., sperma ranarum, frog spawn<br />
<br />
ranunculus -i = about 600 species including the buttercup or crowfoot; JW mentions Ranunculus arvorum, corn-buttercup or fallow-field crowfoot, same as R. arvensis or R.sylvestris<br />
<br />
rap., rapum -i = turnip or rape, Brassica rapa; plural genitive raporum, of turnips, e.g. raporum no 4, four (of) turnips<br />
<br />
raphan., raphanus -i = radish, Raphanus sativus<br />
<br />
ras., rasur., rasus -a -um or rasuratus -a -um = scraped or scrapings of; often found with licorice (glychyrriza or liquiritia), but also of other hard substances, e.g., ivory, hartshorn, boar's tooth, and even human skull (cran., cranium -i humani)<br />
<br />
rasp., raspatus -a -um = rasped, essentially the same as above<br />
<br />
recent., recens -entis = recent, fresh; e.g., lactis recentis, of fresh milk; cf. ueter., veterus -a -um<br />
<br />
reginae coloniens = electuarium reginae coloniens; saxifrage, gromwell, licorice juice, caraway, anise, etc., with sugar and dissolved in white wine; for the stone and wind colic; the name refers to a Queen of Colen, the supposed consort of one of the three kings in attendance at the Nativity and whose relics are said to be in Cologne (Colen) Cathedral<br />
<br />
requies -etis Nicholai = a strong sedative of uncertain composition, "Nicholas's relief;" mentioned by Burton in The Anatomy of Melancholy<br />
<br />
resin., resina -ae = resin (from any plant)<br />
<br />
rhab., rhabarbarum -i = rhubarb, Rheum rhabarbarum<br />
<br />
rhamnus -i catharticus = buckthorn, Rhamnus cathartica, also known as Spina cervina; a purgative but quite toxic<br />
<br />
rhaphon., rhapontic., rhaponticum -i = rhapontic rhubarb root, Rheum rhaponticum<br />
<br />
rhei., rheo, rheum -i = rhubarb, Rheum rhabarbarum<br />
<br />
rhead., rhoed., rhoead., rheados., rhoeas -adis = Papaver rhoeas, red corn or wild poppy; see tinctura rubra, below<br />
<br />
rhodia, rhodium -i = either rhodium wood (rhodium lignum), from rootstock of bindweed species Convolvulus floridus and C. scoparius; or oil of rhodium, made by distilling it; NB not the metal, which was discovered in 1803<br />
<br />
rob (indeclinable?) = inspissated fruit juice, sometimes with sugar added; said (in OED) to be a borrowing from Latin but not yet definitely identified<br />
<br />
rorismar., rorismarinus -i = rosemary, Rorismarinus officinalis<br />
<br />
ros., rosa -ae = rose, various species of genus Rosa<br />
<br />
ros. sol., rosa solis = rose of the sun, not a flower; altered from Latin ros solis, dew of the sun, a cordial originally made from the juice of the sundew plant (genus Drosera), later from spiced and flavored spirits; receipt in V.a.21, p. 183 (not JW)<br />
<br />
rosac., rosaceus -a -um = made of or from roses; oleum rosaceum, rose oil <br />
<br />
rosata -ae novella = an electuary of roses, containing rose leaves, sugar, licorice, cinnamon, cloves, ginger, honey, etc.<br />
<br />
rosatus -a -um = treated with oil of roses; e.g., aloe rosata, mel rosatum<br />
<br />
rosmarin., rosmarinus -i = rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis<br />
<br />
rubellum = vinum rubellum, reddish wine; "vomiting claret" (New London Dispensatory), an emetic; contained antimony in powder, cloves, claret wine<br />
<br />
ruber -bra -brum = red<br />
<br />
rubus -i viticosus = sarsaparilla (q.v.)<br />
<br />
rumex -icis = dock, various species of genus Rumex; see folia acetosae, above<br />
<br />
ruta -ae = rue, Ruta graveolens and other species; see also vepris, below<br />
<br />
rutaceus -a -um = from or relating to rue<br />
<br />
rutaceum = acetum rutaceum, vinegar of rue<br />
<br />
===S===<br />
sabin., sabina -ae = savin or savin juniper, Juniperus sabina (a juniper species); an abortifacient<br />
<br />
sacchar., saccharum -i = sugar, any type, esp. cane sugar; also sacchar. cand., saccharum candidum, sugar candy; can be flavored, e.g., saccharum rosatum, sugar of roses made by melting sugar in rose water and adding juice of roses, or saccharum perlatum, sugar of roses<br />
<br />
sagapenum -i, sagapenon -eni = gum resin from Ferula persica; antispasmodic & emmenogogue <br />
<br />
sal X = salt (of) X, with X in the genitive; numerous examples, including table salt and other acid and alkali salts; may be prepared from various plants by boiling, straining, concentration, and crystallization, otherwise by calcination of the material, dissolving it in liquid, filtration, and coagulation<br />
<br />
sal absynthii = see under "absynthium," above <br />
<br />
sal -is chalybeatus = salt of steel, usually iron chloride, FeCl2, but also other salts of iron<br />
<br />
sal -s cochleariae = salt of scurvy-grass<br />
<br />
sal -is marini = sea salt<br />
<br />
sal. prunell., sal -is prunella = fused potassium nitrate (saltpeter) in balls, cakes, or sticks<br />
<br />
salicis, salix -icis = willow<br />
<br />
salv., salvia -ae = common sage, Salvia officinalis<br />
<br />
sambuc., sambucus -i = elder tree, Sambucus nigra<br />
<br />
sanal = a salve containing litharge of silver, red bole, balsam of Peru, etc.; but may be a misspelling for "santal," q.v.<br />
<br />
sandarach., sandaraca -ae = gum sandarac, from Iuniperus communis; may also refer to arsenic sulfide or realgar (red arsenic, red orpiment)<br />
<br />
satureia (satureja) -ae = genus of aromatic plants including Satureja hortensis, summer savory, and S. montana, winter savory; related to thyme and rosemary<br />
<br />
sangu. dracon., sanguis -is draconis = dragon's blood, a red resin made from various trees<br />
<br />
sanic., sanicula -ae = wood sanicle, Sanicula europaea; can be a synonym for saxifraga (q. v.)<br />
<br />
santal., santalum -i = sandalwood, saunders, various species of genus Santalum; red, white, and yellow varieties; may appear as lignum santalum<br />
<br />
santon., santonic., sem. santonic., semina santonica/ santonici = southernwood (Artemisia santonica) seeds or wormseeds (Absinthium santonicum)<br />
<br />
sanum = see lohoch sanum, above<br />
<br />
saphirus -i = sapphire; CL sapphirus -i<br />
<br />
sap., sapo -onis = soap; black soap, sapo niger, appears in some receipts<br />
<br />
sarcocolla -ae = gum resin or balsam from shrub Astragalus sarcocolla<br />
<br />
sars., sarsaparilla -ae = root of Smilax sarsaparilla, S. aspera, or Rubus viticosus<br />
<br />
satureia -ae = Satureia montana, winter savory or mountain savory<br />
<br />
sassaf., sassaphr., sassafras = bark of the sassafras tree, Sassafras officinale or Laurus sassafras<br />
<br />
satyrion satyrii maris = tuber or rhizome of the early purple orchid, Orchis mascula; may also refer to other orchids, the cuckoo-pint, Arum maculatum, or dragon arum, Dracunculus vulgaris<br />
<br />
saxifrag., saxifraga -ae = saxifrage, breakstone, Saxifraga species, esp. S. granulata; for treatment of urinary stones and as an antiseptic; related plants may be termed golden, burnet (rough), great, or meadow saxifrage; S. anglica, pepper saxifrage<br />
<br />
scabios., scabiosa -ae = common scabious, Scabiosa arvensis<br />
<br />
scariola -ae, seriola -ae = defined by JW as endive, but actually a genus of Asian plants in the daisy family<br />
<br />
schoenanthus -i = camel-, fever-, or West Indian lemongrass, Cymbopogon schoenanthus<br />
scill., scilla -ae = see squill, below <br />
<br />
scilliticus -a -um = derived from or containing squill<br />
<br />
scob., scobis -is = powder or dust produced by sawing, rasping, filing, etc.; e.g. scob. dent. apri, scobis dentis apri, powdered wild boar's tooth<br />
<br />
scolopend., scolopendria -ae = spleenwort, Asplenium ceterach<br />
<br />
scolopend., scolopendr., scolopendrium -i = hart's tongue fern, Scolopendrium vulgare; phyllitis<br />
<br />
scord., scordium -i = water germander, Teucrium scordium <br />
<br />
scoria -ae ferri = iron dross, impurities which float on the surface of or are dispersed in the molten metal; also found in other low-melting-point metals, e.g., tin, lead, zinc<br />
<br />
scorpion., scorpio -onis = the stinging arachnid, order Scorpiones; ol. scorpion., oleum scorpionum, oil of scorpions, appears to have been made by steeping scorpions in olive or other oil<br />
<br />
scorzon., scorzoner., scorzonera -ae = viper's grass, Scorzonera humilis, for treatment of any venomous bite<br />
<br />
scrophularia -ae = genus of herbaceous flowering plants, the figworts; named for their purported usefulness in scrofula (King's Evil, tuberculous cervical adenitis)<br />
<br />
seb., sebum -i = tallow, suet, grease <br />
<br />
sebest., sebesten = sebesten (or Assyrian) plum, from the tree Cordia myxa; used in a purging electuary and for "ruggedness of the throat" (Gerard)<br />
<br />
secalini., secale -is = a genus of grasses; e.g., rye<br />
<br />
sed., sedum -i = wall-pepper, stone-crop; Sedum majus = sempervivum, see below <br />
<br />
seif = see sief, below<br />
<br />
selinum -i = selinum, a genus of plants in the parsley family Apiaceae; see petroselinum, above<br />
<br />
sem., semen -inis, (plural) semina = seed(s) of any plant<br />
<br />
sem. frigid. maj., semina frigida majora = the four greater cold seeds: cucumber, melon, watermelon, and gourd or pumpkin<br />
<br />
sem. frigid. min., semina frigida minora = the four lesser cold seeds: endive, lettuce, purslane, and succory<br />
<br />
semperviv., sempervivum -i = houseleek, S. tectorum ("live forever," because it is always green)<br />
<br />
sen., sena, senna -ae = senna <br />
<br />
senecion., senecio -onis = groundsel, Senecio vulgaris, or S. iacobaea, Jacobaea (St. James' wort) or ragwort<br />
<br />
senella -ae = same as spina alba, see below; may refer to the haw, fruit of the common hawthorn<br />
<br />
serpentar., serpentaria -ae = snake-root; includes Aristolochia serpentaria and Serpentaria virginiana; rad. serpentar. = radix serpentariae<br />
<br />
ser., serum -i lactis = milk whey<br />
<br />
sericum -i crudum = raw silk in the form of cocoons<br />
<br />
serpillum, serpyllum -i = wild thyme, Thymus serpillum<br />
<br />
seselios, seseli -is = various umbelliferous plants of several genera including Tordylium, Laserpitum, Seseli, and Levisticum among others, >100 species; collectively called hartwort<br />
<br />
sief = a medication for disorders of the eye; may be described with an adjective, e.g. sief album, or with an indication of an ingredient, e.g., sief de plumbo<br />
<br />
sigill. Solom., sigillum -i Solomonis = Solomon's seal, Polygonatum multiflorum<br />
<br />
silic., silicea -ae = shell or carapace of sea animals, e.g., bivalves and crustaceans<br />
<br />
simpl., simplex -icis = a simple; a preparation with a single active ingredient, unblended, same as species<br />
<br />
sinap., sinapis -is = mustard; sem. sinap., semina sinapis, mustard seeds <br />
<br />
sine quibus = see pilulae sine quibus, above<br />
<br />
sisarum -i = skirret, Sium sisarum; a perennial umbelliferous plant, a species of water parsnip<br />
<br />
sisymbr., sisymbrium -i = watercress, Sisymbrium nasturtium<br />
<br />
smaragdus -i = emerald; can also refer to beryl or jasper<br />
<br />
smilax -acis = common smilax, rough bindweed, sarsaparilla; Smilax aspera<br />
<br />
smyrnium -i = species of flowering plants, family Apiaceae (carrots, anise, fennel, and many others); S. olusatrum, alexanders<br />
<br />
solea -ae = sole of a shoe, a sandal, or possibly the violet (the flowering plant); appears as "soleae veterementeriae ustae" in V.a.286, 58v<br />
<br />
solan., solanum -i = nightshade, Solanum nigrum; several other species, e.g., bitter-sweet, S. dulcamara, and the common tomato, S. lycopersicum<br />
<br />
soldanella -ae = species of bindweed, Convolvulus soldanella, or a primulaceous plant of genus Soldanella<br />
<br />
solidago -inis saracenica = goldenrod, same as Virga aurea or Solidago virga-aurea, as in consolida saracenica, above; a vulnerary<br />
<br />
sonchus -i = genus of flowering plants, including the common sowthistle, Sonchus oleraceus; JW mentions levis (S. levis, broad-leaved sowthistle) and asper (S. asper, spiny or prickly sowthistle)<br />
<br />
sophia -ae chirurgorum = "the wisdom of the surgeons," Descurainia sophia; also known as flixweed, herb-sophia, and tansy mustard; used for treatment of dysentery<br />
<br />
spatula -ae foetida = stinking iris, Iris foetidissima; also known as Gladwin iris or gladdon<br />
<br />
sp., spec., species = a simple, or single ingredient or element; i.e., uncompounded or unmixed<br />
<br />
species laetificans = see pulvis laetificans, above<br />
<br />
sp. ceti., spermaceti = from sperma + ceti (genitive of cetus -i); a fatty substance found in the head of the sperm whale, Physteter macrocephalus and used in various preparations<br />
<br />
spic., spica -ae = a spike or common stalk bearing numerous flowers; Spica foemina = lavender <br />
<br />
spica -ae nardi = spikenard; aromatic substance from Nardostachys jatamansi (India), or the plant itself; or sometimes lavender<br />
<br />
spin. alb., spina -ae alba = "white thorn;" precise identification uncertain, with several possibilities, incl. common hawthorn, Crategeus monogyna or C. oxyacantha, Our Lady's thistle, Carduus lacteus or C. mariae, various species of acacia, etc.<br />
<br />
sp. sal., spiritus -us salis = spirit of salt, muriatic (hydrochloric) acid, HCl<br />
<br />
sp. sulph., spiritus -us sulphuris = sulfurous acid, H2SO3<br />
<br />
sp. vin., sp. vini, spiritus -us vini = alcohol, rectified spirit; used as solvent for tinctures, &c.<br />
<br />
spod., spodium -i = a fine powder obtained from various substances by calcination (OED)<br />
<br />
spuma -ae maris = literally, sea-foam; likely powdered pumice, or the mineral meerschaum<br />
<br />
squill., squilla -ae = squill; the bulb or root of the sea-onion, Scilla (or Drima) maritima, used as diuretic and expectorant<br />
<br />
squillitic., squilliticus -a -um = of, treated with or derived from squill; e.g., acetum squilliticum<br />
<br />
staphid. agr., staphis -idis agria, staphisagria -ae = stavesacre, Delphinium staphisagria<br />
<br />
stoechad., stoechas -adis = French lavender, Lavandula stoechas<br />
<br />
stercor., stercus -oris = dung, excrement, feces, with the animal of origin in the genitive; e.g., of dog, canis; horse, equi; peacock, pavonis; also others<br />
<br />
stipul., stipula -ae = stalk, stem<br />
<br />
stomachicum magistrale = see emplastrum stomachicum magistrale, above<br />
<br />
stramen -inis = straw; e.g., stramen fabarum, bean straw<br />
<br />
sturionis, sturio -onis = European sea sturgeon, Acipenser sturio; ova sturionis, caviar<br />
<br />
styrac. calamit., styrax -acis calamita = storax, gum-resin from Styrax officinalis<br />
<br />
suber -is = the cork oak, Quercus suberis<br />
<br />
suc[c]in., suc[c]inum -i = amber <br />
<br />
succisa -ae = a genus of flowering plants, family Caprifoliaceae, including devil's bit scabious, Succisa pratensis<br />
<br />
succ., succus -i = juice of anything<br />
<br />
suillus -a -um = of, from, or related to pigs; adipes suillus, pig fat or lard<br />
<br />
summit., summitat., summitas -tatis = top or tops, with the name of the plant in the genitive; e.g., summitates absynthii, absinthe tops; summitates hyssopi, hyssop tops<br />
<br />
symphit., symphyt., symphitum -i = comfrey; Symphytum maius, greater comfrey <br />
<br />
syr., syrup., syrrup., sirup., sirupus, syrrupus -i = syrup<br />
<br />
sirrupus -i bizantinus, byzantinus = juices of endive, smallage, hops, and bugloss, with sugar, boiled to a syrup (Mesue); aniseed, roses, licorice, and other ingredients may be added<br />
<br />
syrrupus -i cardiacus = a cordial syrup; receipt in Pharmacopoiea Londinensis includes Rhenish wine, rose water, cloves, cinnamon, ginger, and sugar boiled together, with the addition of ambergris and musk<br />
<br />
syrupus -i de pomis alterans = apple juice and bugloss juice, violet leaves, rose water and sugar, boiled to a syrup<br />
<br />
syrupus de quinque radicibus = syrup of the five roots; celery (Apium graveolens), fennel (Foeniculum officinale), parsley (Petroselinum sativum), butcher's broom (Ruscus aculeatus) and asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) with sugar and water; a cholagogue and diuretic<br />
<br />
===T===<br />
tachamah., tacamahaca -ae = aromatic resin from Bursera (or Elaphrium) tomentosa<br />
<br />
tamarind., tamarindus -i = tamarind tree, Tamarindus indica; source of tamarind fruit, a purgative<br />
<br />
tamarisc., tamarix -icis or tamariscus -i = tamarisk tree, various species of genus Tamarix<br />
<br />
tanacetum -i = genus of flowering plants in the aster family; about 160 species, including Tanacetum vulgare (common tansy), T. balsamita (costmary), and T. parthenium (feverfew)<br />
<br />
tapsus -i barbatus = black mullein, Verbascum nigrum<br />
<br />
taraxicum -i = Taraxicum officinalis, dandelion; also as "herba taraxici" or "dens leonis," q.v.<br />
<br />
tartar., tartarus -i = tartar, potassium bitartrate, KC4H5O6; when purified forms white crytals and is referred to as cream of tartar; see cremor tartaris, above<br />
<br />
tax., taxus -i = yew tree (Taxus baccata); or badger, Taxidea taxus; pinguedo taxi, badger fat<br />
<br />
terebinth., terebinthina -ae = turpentine; terebinth. uenet. (Veneta), Venice turpentine; many others including terebinthina communis, Cypria, vulgaris; for Chio terebinth., see Chio, above<br />
terr., terra -ae = earth<br />
<br />
terr. Lemni., terra -ae Lemnia = Lemnian earth or clay, a medicinal clay originally obtained from the island of Lemnos <br />
<br />
terr. sigillat., terra sigillata = "sealed earth;" Lemnian clay shaped into tablets or cakes into which decorative seals were pressed; same as terra Lemnia <br />
<br />
test., testa -ae = shell of a molllusc, or the skin or coating of a seed<br />
<br />
testud., testudo -inis = tortoise, various species of genus Testudo<br />
<br />
thapsia -ae = genus of umbilliferous perennials; Thapsia garganica or T. villosa, deadly carrot<br />
<br />
thebaic., thebaica -ae = opium; thebaic tincture or extract = laudanum <br />
<br />
theriac., theriacal., theriaca -ae = antidote; treacle; e.g., Theriaca andromachi or T. veneta (of Venice), mithridatium (q. v.), T. coelestis, laudanum <br />
<br />
thur., thus thuris = frankincense or olibanum, aromatic resin from trees of genus Boswellia, esp. B. sacra<br />
<br />
thym., thymi., thymum -i = thyme, various species of genus Thymus, esp. T. vulgaris<br />
<br />
thymelaea = sparrow-wort, a genus of about 30 species of evergreen shrubs and herbs<br />
<br />
til., tilia -ae = lime-tree, linden, Tilia europaea; T. alba, white lime-tree <br />
<br />
tinct., tinctura -ae = a solution of anything in spirit of wine; very many types<br />
<br />
tinct. rub., tinctura -ae rubra = tincture of red corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas), similar to laudanum<br />
<br />
tinctura -ae thebiaca = laudanum, tincture of opium<br />
<br />
tithymalus -i = any of a number of plants of genus Euphorbia, q. v.<br />
<br />
tormentill. tormentilla -ae = upright septfoil, tormentil; Tormentilla (or Potentilla) erecta<br />
<br />
torrefact., torrefactus -a -um = dried of moisture by heat, scorched, roasted, toasted<br />
<br />
tostus -a -um = roasted, parched; past participle of torreo -ere, parch, roast, baked<br />
<br />
tragacanth., dragacanth., tragacanthum -i = gum tragacanth (q.v.) derived from shrubs of genus Astragalus or from trees of genus Sterculia<br />
<br />
tragea -ae = likely a powder of some kind<br />
<br />
triapharmacum = see emplastrum triapharmacum, above<br />
<br />
tripolium -i = sea or seashore aster, Tripolium pannonicum<br />
<br />
triphera, tryphera -ae major = triphera the greater, a mixture of various myrobalans, emblic, nutmeg, watercress seeds, asarabacca roots, etc.; for excessive menstruation in women and hemorrhoids in men, also weakness of the stomach; there is also a triphera solutiva, an electuary<br />
<br />
tritus -a -um = rubbed to pieces; ground up<br />
<br />
troch., trochisc., trochiscus -i = a pill, troche, tablet, or lozenge<br />
<br />
trochisci albi Rhasis = ceruse, sarcocolla, starch, gum arabic, tragacanth, and camphor; sometimes with added opium <br />
<br />
trochisci gallia moschata = aloes, amber, musk, gum tragacanth, rose-water<br />
<br />
trochisci hedychroi = "pleasantly colored lozenges;" marum leaves, marjoram leaves, yellow saunders, asarum roots, calamus aromaticus, etc.<br />
<br />
trochisci hysterici = lozenges made of castor, amber, powder of millipedes, etc.; used for treatment of palsy; also known as trochisci de mirrha<br />
<br />
trochisci polyidae andromachi = pomegranate flowers, white roach, frankincense, myrrh, bull's gall, aloes, etc.; for green wounds and ulcers; Culpeper says "I fancy them not"<br />
<br />
trochisci Ramich = perfumed troches of Rhasis; juice of sorrel, red roses, unripe grapes, myrtle berries, etc.; for diarrhea, including the bloody flux<br />
<br />
trochisci de vipera = trochisci de vipera ad theriacam, troches of vipers for treacle (Culpeper); viper flesh boiled with dill, made into lozenges with bread and oil of nutmeg or opobalsamum<br />
turbasis -is = starch made of wheat bran or cuckoo-pint (Arum maculatum) roots; for purging phlegm<br />
<br />
turbith., turbithum -i, turpethum -i = turbith or turpeth, from Convulvulus turpethum; a purgative<br />
<br />
tussilago -inis = a genus of plants in the aster family; T. farfara, colt's-foot, is the only recognized species<br />
<br />
tutia -ae = tutty; zinc oxide<br />
<br />
===U - V===<br />
valerian., valeriana -ae = wild valerian, Valeriana officinalis<br />
<br />
verbascum -i = genus of flowering plants, especially Verbascum thapsus, mullein<br />
<br />
vepris -is = genus of plants in the Rutaceae (rue) family; approximately 80 species<br />
<br />
verbena -ae = common vervain, Verbena officinalis, or other plants in genus Verbena<br />
<br />
verdigris = green substance from treatment of Copper with dilute acetic acid, or occurring naturally on copper or brass; may be an acetate, carbonate, or chloride<br />
<br />
veronic., veronica -ae = speedwell, Veronica officinalis<br />
<br />
ueter., veter., veterus -a -um = old; cf. recens, recent., recentis, new or fresh<br />
<br />
viciar., vicia -ae = vetch; JW mentions species "vulgaris," same as fava bean/ broad bean<br />
<br />
Vigo = Giovanni de Vigo (1460 - 1519); emplastrum Vigonis, Vigo's plaster (lead, wax, mercury, turpentine, various herbs)<br />
<br />
vincetoxicum -i = white swallow-wort, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria or officinale; a poison antidote<br />
<br />
vin., vinum -i = wine; vinum album, white wine; vinum rubrum/rubellum/roseum, red wine<br />
<br />
vinum -i Martiale = globuli martiales or Mars balls, consisting of potassium-iron tartrate (tartrate of potash and iron, C8H8FeK2O12), dissolved in wine<br />
<br />
vinum -i absinthites = vermouth; made from white wine and absinth; also as vinum florum absinthites, of absinth flowers<br />
<br />
viola -ae = violet, various species of genus Viola, esp. V. odorata; violarum, of violets<br />
<br />
viridis -e = green; e.g., ficus virides, green figs<br />
<br />
visc. querc., viscus -i quercinus = mistletoe, Viscum album<br />
<br />
vitell., vitellus -i = egg yolk; vitelli ovorum, yolks of eggs;<br />
<br />
vitis -is = vine; folia vitis, grape leaves<br />
<br />
vitriol., vitriolum -i = vitriol; various metallic sulfates, esp. iron sulfate ("green copperas," vitriolum martis) and vitr. album (zinc sulfate); oil of vitriol = sulfuric acid, H2SO4; the famous acronym "visite interiora terrae rectificando invenies occultum lapidem" is likely a spurious back formation; for "Roman vitriol," see lapis caelestis, above<br />
<br />
vitriolum -i camphoratum = camphorated vitriol or Captain Green's powder; for sores and sore eyes<br />
<br />
vitis -is vinifera = the common grape vine; the leaves "strongly bind," stop the bloody and other fluxes, stop vomiting, help heart-burning, etc. (Pharmacopoiea Londinensis)<br />
<br />
vitulinus -a -um = from or related to a calf (i.e., veal)<br />
<br />
ulmor., ulmorum, ulmus -i = elm tree<br />
<br />
umbilicus -i veneris = (Venus's) navelwort, Omphalodes linifolia<br />
<br />
ung., unguentum -i = any ointment or unguent, either with the origin or association in the genitive, or with a descriptive adjective<br />
<br />
unguentum Agrippae = an ointment containing briony roots, squill, iris root, dwarf elder, oil, and wax; so called because of a supposed association with Herod Agrippa<br />
<br />
ung., unguentum -i album = a drying ointment containing olive oil, white wax, and white lead<br />
<br />
unguentum Arragon = rosemary, marjoram, thyme, aron and cucumber roots, bay, sage and juniper leaves, etc.; also spelled "Aragon" and "Arregon"<br />
<br />
ung., vng. apostol., unguentum apostolorum = containing 12 ingredients (hence the name), incl. turpentine, resin, yellow wax, aristolochia, frankincense, etc.<br />
<br />
ung., vng. basilic., or just basilic., unguentum -i basilicum or basilicon = basilicum ointment; yellow, black, or green, each containing beeswax and rosin and other ingredients but not basil<br />
unguentum -i de calce = ointment of lime; contained slaked lime and rose oil<br />
<br />
ung., unguentum -i catapsoras = ointment containing cerussa, calamine, etc., with hog's grease, sublimated mercury, etc.<br />
<br />
ung., unguentum -i Comitissae = complex ointment containing many types of bark, berries, and roots boiled in plantaine water, then mixed with yellow wax and several powders; Culpeper terms it "a gallant binding Oyntment, composed neatly by a judicious brain"<br />
<br />
unguentum -i dessicativum rubrum = red drying ointment; contains litharge of gold, white lead, calamine, yellow wax, oil of roses, camphor, terra sigillata<br />
<br />
ung., unguentum -i diapampholigos = cited by Aristotle, who recommended it for what sounds like diaper rash; contains rose oil, white wax, monkshood juice, white lead, frankincense, etc.<br />
<br />
unguentum -i diapompholigos nihili = oil of roses, juice of nightshade, wax, ceruse, lead, pompholix, frankincense; significance of the word nihili, "of nothing" or "worthless," unknown<br />
<br />
unguentum Egyptiac., Egyptiacum, Ægyptiacum = ointment containing verdigris, honey, and vinegar <br />
<br />
unguentum -i nervinum = southernwood, marjoram, mint, pennyroyal, etc., with oils and suet<br />
<br />
unguentum -i e nicotiana or nicotianae = tobacco leaves from various species of genus Nicotiana (e.g. N. tabacum and N. rustica), steeped in wine then boiled in hog's grease, with addition of tobacco juice, aristolochia, rosin, new wax; Culpeper thought very highly of it: "It would ask a whole Summers day to write the particular vertues of this ointment, and my poor Genius is too weak to give it the hundredth part of its due praise..."<br />
<br />
unguentum -i nutritum = see unguentum triapharmacum, below<br />
<br />
unguentum -i ophalmicum = ointment of red mercury; cinnabar, HgS, or calomel, Hg2Cl2; NB distinguish from unguentum ophthalmicum, eye ointment<br />
<br />
ung., vng. pomat., unguentum pomatum = ointment containing pork fat, rose water, and apple pulp<br />
<br />
unguentum populeon or populneum = ointment containing poplar buds, pork fat, and leaves of black poppy, mandrake, madder, henbane, nightshade, etc.<br />
<br />
unguentum -i splanchnicum or splenicum = oil of capers and of white lilies, calomel, butter, juice of bryony and sowbread, etc.<br />
<br />
unguentum -i triapharmacum = litharge of gold, vinegar, and oil of roses; also called unguentum nutritum<br />
<br />
unicornu -us = when termed "at large," described by JW as "either ebonie, hartshorne, or bone of a stagg's heart"<br />
<br />
unicornu -us solare = solar unicorn, a compound and not an animal; Mynsicht (1662) terms it "efficacissimum & inaccessum remedium;" his ingredients include gold and hazelnuts<br />
<br />
unicornu -us fossile = defined by JW as "Lapis Ceratites," which is a fossilized ammonite, properly "cornu fossile;" if "unicornu," refers to fossil or excavated unicorn; one such having been calcined by order of King Christian IV of Denmark was thought by Thomas Bartholin to be a narwhal horn<br />
<br />
urtic., vrtic., urtica -ae = nettle, esp. the common nettle Urtica dioica; urtic. urent., Urtica urens (burning), dwarf/ annual/ dog nettle<br />
<br />
ung., ungula -ae = hoof, claw, talon; ung. caballin. (caballinus -a -um), horse's hoof<br />
<br />
usquebach = whisky<br />
<br />
ustus -a -um = burnt<br />
<br />
uter- utra- utrumque, (genitive) utriusque = either, each one, both, the one and the other; e.g., bryoniae utriusque, of both types of bryony, i.e., white and red<br />
<br />
vulgar., vulgaris -e = common, usual<br />
<br />
vulp., vulpes -is = wolf <br />
<br />
uva -ae = grape; uvae quercinae or oak grapes, see above under quercinus -a -um<br />
<br />
uva -ae crispa rubra = gooseberry, Ribes uva-crispa; rubra, red<br />
<br />
uva -ae lupina = monkshood, wolfsbane; Aconitum species, especially A. napellus<br />
<br />
uvae quercinae = see under quercinus -a -um, above<br />
<br />
===W===<br />
Winterani = occurs only in (Captain) Winter's bark; see under cortex winterani, above<br />
<br />
===X===<br />
xyloaloes = see lignum aloes, above<br />
<br />
===Z===<br />
zalap., zalapium, -i = same as ialap/jalap, q.v. <br />
<br />
zedoar., zedoaria -ae = zedoary, Curcuma zedoaria<br />
<br />
zibet., zibetha -ae = civet, civet musk; from several species, best known being the African civet, Civettictis civetta<br />
<br />
ziziphus -i = jujube; from Ziziphus species, e.g., Z. jujuba, the tree that produces the edible jujube fruit, resembling a small date <br />
<br />
zyth., zythum -i = zythos, unfermented Egyptian beer<br />
<br />
zythogala -ae = posset drink; see liquor posseticus, above<br />
<br />
zz or ZZ = zinziber = ginger, Zinziber officinale; sometimes indicates myrrh<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
==Alchemical Symbols and Other Abbreviations==<br />
<br />
Ward very occasionally used these, e.g., <br />
<br />
'''♀️''' symbol for tartar (symbol unicode &amp;#128831;); '''crem.♀️is''' = ''cremor tartaris'', cream of tartar <br />
<br />
'''♂️'''symbol for Mars; '''croc.♂️is''' = ''crocus Martis'' = "saffron of Mars," iron peroxide, colcothar, or jeweler's rouge) (symbol unicode &amp;#9794;)<br />
<br />
[add symbol] , symbol for sulfur (symbol unicode &amp;#128781;); flores is = "flowers of sulfur," powdered sulfur produced by sublimation as opposed to natural crystalline sulfur (i.e., brimstone)<br />
<br />
[add symbol], symbol for vitriol (symbol unicode &amp;#128790;)<br />
<br />
69: see above, "oculi cancri;" image from Zwinger, ''Theatri Praxeos Medicae'' (1710), p. 150<br />
<br />
[add thumbnail here] : Ocul''i'' ''cancri'' p''raeci''p''i''t''atum'' ana ʒss<br />
<br />
<sup>9</sup> (superscript 9) = "-us;" a common medieval contraction, as in "corp<sup>9</sup> "''='' corpus<br />
<br />
See various additional abbreviations in "John Ward's Alphabet."<br />
<br />
<br />
=='''Glossary of Latin terms by Callum Simms'''==<br />
<br />
===Ingredients===<br />
<br />
• absynth. - absynthium = 'wormwood'<br><br />
• acetos. - acetosa = 'sorrel'<br><br />
• acet. - acetum = 'vinegar'<br><br />
• agaric. - agaricum = 'tinder fungus'<br><br />
• alchermes (confectio) = confection of 'Kermes' (crimson 'berry' bug - like cochineal)<br><br />
• aloe optim. = 'agarwood'<br><br />
• alth. - althea = 'mallow'<br><br />
• ammoniac. - 'ammoniacum' = 'gum ammoniac'<br><br />
• argill. - argilla = '(white) potter's clay, argil'<br><br />
• aristoloch. - aristolochia = 'birthwort'<br><br />
• artemis. - artemisia = 'mugwort'<br><br />
• aven. - avena = 'oats'<br><br />
• bacon. - baco = 'bacon'<br><br />
• bezoardic. - bezoardicum = 'bezoar' (antimony salt)<br><br />
• borac. - borax = 'borax'<br><br />
• bryon. - bryonia = 'briony'<br><br />
• bugloss. - buglossa = 'bugloss'<br><br />
• calaminth. - calamintha = 'calamint'<br><br />
• camphor. - camphora = 'camphor'<br><br />
• cappar. - capparis = 'caper'<br><br />
• cardiac. - (aqua) cardiaca = 'toddy' (a beverage - palm wine?)<br><br />
• card. - carduus = 'thistle'<br><br />
• carlin. - carlina = 'carline/silver thistle'<br><br />
• carn. - caro = 'meat, flesh'<br><br />
• caryophill. - caryophillus = 'clove'<br><br />
• caseum = 'cheese'<br><br />
• cass. - cassia = 'cassia' (a type of cinnamon)<br><br />
• castoreum = 'castoreum' (beaver musk)<br><br />
• centaur. - centaurium = 'centaury'<br><br />
• cervis. - cervisa = 'beer'<br><br />
• chalyb. - chalybs = 'steel'<br><br />
• chamamel. - chamamelon = 'chamomile'<br><br />
• cichor. - cichoria = 'chicory, endive'<br><br />
• colcothar = 'colcothar, jeweller's rouge' (Ferric Oxide)<br><br />
• cor. - corium = 'leather'<br><br />
• coton. - cotone = 'cotton'<br><br />
• cret. - creta = 'chalk'<br><br />
• croc. - crocus = 'saffron, crocus flower'; (alchemical) 'liver' - crocus metallorum = liver of antimony<br><br />
• cumin. - cuminum = 'cumin'<br><br />
• dia-x = medicine containing x. Usually no other name than the Latin one.<br><br />
• dictamn. - dictamnus = 'dittany'<br><br />
• ebul. - ebulum = 'danewort'<br><br />
• eupator. - eupatoria = 'agrimony'<br><br />
• fab. - faba = 'broad bean' (= horse, fava)<br><br />
• faecul. - faecula = 'salt of tartar' (potassium carbonate)<br><br />
• farin. - farina = 'flour, meal'<br><br />
• fim. - fimus = 'dung'<br><br />
• fontan. - fontana (aqua) = 'spring' (-water)<br><br />
• fumar. - fumaria = 'fumitory'<br><br />
• gagat. - gagates = 'jet' (stone)<br><br />
• guaiac. - guaiacum (lignum) = 'guaiac' (wood)<br><br />
• gumm. - gummi = [tree] 'gum'<br><br />
• hermodactyl. - hermodactylus = 'hermodactyl' (meadow crocus / autumn saffron roots, not black iris)<br><br />
• herniar. - herniaria = 'rupturewort'<br><br />
• iuniper. - iuniperus = 'juniper'; granum juniperi = juniper berry (actually a seed cone)<br><br />
• jalap. - jalapa = 'jalap'<br><br />
• jugland. - juglans = 'walnut'<br><br />
• labdan. - labdanum = 'labdanum' (sticky brown resin from rock roses)<br><br />
• lappath. - lap(p)athum = 'dock, sorrel'; L. acutum = broad-leafed dock<br><br />
• laudan. - laudanum = 'laudanum'<br><br />
• lin. - linum = 'flax'<br><br />
• lujul. - lujula = 'wood sorrel'<br><br />
• mac. - macis = 'mace'<br><br />
• malvatic. - malvaticum (vinum) = 'Malmsey' (wine of the Malvasia grape) - Madeira/Sack<br><br />
• mastich. - masticha = 'mastic'<br><br />
• mecon. - meconium = poppy juice (opium)<br><br />
• meliss. - melissa = 'lemon balm'<br><br />
• mithridat. - mithridatum = 'Mithridate'<br><br />
• moschat. - moschata (nux) = 'nutmeg'<br><br />
• ovin. - ovinus (from ovis) = 'sheep'<br><br />
• oxycrat. - oxycratum = 'oxycrate' (mixture of vinegar and water)<br><br />
• papav. - papaver (erraticum) = '(common) poppy'<br><br />
• paralys. - paralysis = 'cowslip'<br><br />
• pastinac. - pastinaca = 'parsnip, carrot'<br><br />
• pentaphyll. - pentaphyllum = 'cinquefoil'<br><br />
• pinguedin. - pinguedo = 'fat'<br><br />
• polypod. - polypodium = 'polypody', rockcap fern<br><br />
• puleg. - pule(g)ium = 'pennyroyal' (/fleabane /fleawort)<br><br />
• resin. - resina = 'resin, rosin'<br><br />
• rhab. - rhabarbarum = 'rhubarb'<br><br />
• rosac. - rosaceum = 'rose oil'<br><br />
• rosmarin. - rosmarinus = 'rosemary'<br><br />
• sabin. - sabina = 'savin' (a juniper species)<br><br />
• sacchar. - saccharum = 'cane sugar'<br><br />
• santal. - santalum = 'sandalwood'; S. citrinum = citrine/yellow sandalwood<br><br />
• saxifrag. - saxifraga = 'saxifrage, rockfoil' ('breakstone' in Ward)<br><br />
• scord. - scordium = 'water germander'<br><br />
• seb./sev. - se(b/v)um = 'tallow, suet, grease'<br><br />
• sed. - sedum = 'houseleek'<br><br />
• semperviv. - sempervivum = 'houseleek' ('liveforever')<br><br />
• sen. - sena = 'senna'<br><br />
• ser. - serum = 'whey'<br><br />
• spic. - spica = 'lavender'<br><br />
• sucin. - sucinum = 'amber'<br><br />
• symphit. - symphitum (maius) = (greater) 'comfrey'<br><br />
• tax. - taxus = 'yew'; 'badger'<br><br />
• terebinth. - terebinthina = 'turpentine'<br><br />
• test. - testa = 'shell'<br><br />
• theriac. - theriaca = 'antidote', 'antivenom', 'treacle'<br><br />
• thur. - thus = 'frankincense'<br><br />
• zyth. - zythum = 'zythos' (Egyptian beer)<br><br />
The symbol (℞) is short for 'recipe' and means 'take' in Latin. This is still used for prescriptions today as Rx.<br><br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
<br><br />
• ā - for originally Greek 'ana' = 'of each' <br><br />
• bib. - bibo = 'drink' - 'bibat' or 'bibatur' ('let him drink', 'let X be drunk') <br><br />
• cap. - capio = 'take'<br><br />
• cum = 'with' - often Ward marks non-abbreviated words with an apostrophe<br><br />
• decoq. - decoquo = 'boil down / reduce'<br><br />
• e, ex = 'out of / from'<br><br />
• ebull. - ebullio = 'boil'<br><br />
• et = 'and'<br><br />
• f. - facio = 'make'<br><br />
• (in)fund. - (in)fundo = 'pour (in)'<br><br />
• in = 'in, into'<br><br />
• inung. - inunguo = 'salve, rub ointment on'<br><br />
• m. - misceo = 'mix'<br><br />
• mane = 'in the morning'<br><br />
• nocte = 'at night'<br><br />
in alphabetical order:<br><br />
• alb. - albus = 'white'<br><br />
• aq. - aqua = 'water'. 'Water of X' is a common ingredient that means water infused with X (c.f. rosewater).<br><br />
• bacc. - bacca = 'berry'<br><br />
• commun. - communis = 'common'<br><br />
• cortic. - cortex = 'bark'<br><br />
• decoct. - decoctio = 'decoction'<br><br />
• fol. - folium = 'leaf'<br><br />
• gran. - granum = 'kernel'<br><br />
• gutt. - gutta = 'drop'<br><br />
• haust. - haustus = 'draught'<br><br />
• lign. - lignum = 'wood'<br><br />
• liquor = 'liquid, liquor'<br><br />
• nigr. - niger = 'black'<br><br />
• nuc. - nux = 'nut'<br><br />
• nucl. - nucleus = 'nut'<br><br />
• officin. - officinalis = 'medicinal'<br><br />
• ol. - oleum = 'oil'<br><br />
• optim. - optimus = 'best'<br><br />
• part. - pars = 'part, side'<br><br />
• pulveriz. - pulverizatus = 'powdered'<br><br />
• radic. - radix = 'root'<br><br />
• semin. - semen = 'seed'<br><br />
• spec. - species = 'simple' - a 'simple' is a single-ingredient powder<br><br />
• sal = 'salt' - 'Salt of X' is the name of a number of alchemical products which nowadays have chemical formulae.<br><br />
• trochisc. - trochiscus - 'troche' (a lozenge)<br><br />
• ust. - ustus = 'burnt'<br><br />
• vulgar. - vulgaris = 'common'<br><br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
[https://www.getty.edu/research/exhibitions_events/exhibitions/alchemy/AoA_symbols.pdf Alchemical symbols, from Getty]<br />
<br />
[https://textcreationpartnership.org/docs/dox/alchem.html Alchemical symbols, from the Text Creation Partnership]<br />
<br />
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1F700.pdf Alchemical symbols character code table, from the Unicode Standard, version 13.0]<br />
<br />
[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Unicode/Alchemical_Symbols Alchemical symbols, from Wiktionary]<br />
<br />
[https://www.lexilogos.com/keyboard/greek_ancient.htm Ancient Greek keyboard, from Lexilogos]<br />
<br />
[https://folgerpedia.folger.edu/mediawiki/media/images_pedia_folgerpedia_mw/6/6a/JW_Alphabet_Revised_doc.pdf John Ward alphabet]<br />
<br />
--------------------------------------------------<br />
<br />
[[Category: Manuscripts]]<br />
[[Category: Transcriptions]]<br />
[[Category:John Ward]]<br />
[[EMMO]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=Accession_numbers&diff=37126Accession numbers2023-04-04T15:12:41Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* Approximate Dates of Accession numbers */</p>
<hr />
<div>Accession numbers are serial numbers assigned to collection material at the time it is formally added to the library's collection. The earliest accession numbers at the Folger are four digits. Currently, a six-digit serial number is used. Accession numbers were not used by Mr. and Mrs. Folger, though their [[case numbers]] serve a similar purpose, as do "temporary" [[ART Inv. numbers]].<br />
<br />
At the Folger, accession numbers are usually referred to as "acc" numbers (pronounced "ack"), a short form that sounds the same as "acq" (short for acquisitions, e.g. "Acq Night" and "the Acq Department"). Material is ''acquired'' when it becomes Folger property through gift, purchase, exchange, etc.; appropriate material is then ''accessioned'' (assigned the next accession number in sequence and added to the collection).<br />
<br />
==Four-digit accession numbers==<br />
[[File:1936 Accessions register page.jpg|alt=Handwritten list of 25 gifts and purchases|thumb|Page of four-digit accession numbers from October, 1936.]]<br />
This series begins with item number 3001 (October 20, 1930) and runs through item number 7029 (August 31, 1938). The numbering of blank lines continues through 7049, at the bottom of the page, along with the note "On September 27, 1938, the keeping of the accession book was discontinued by order of the Director, Dr. Joseph Q. Adams" signed "Roberta Harrison, Secretary in Charge of Accessions." No reason is given in the book, but perhaps this was a time-saving measure related to the purchase of the Harmsworth Collection that year.<br />
<br />
Numbering presumably began at 3001 to distinguish accession numbers from case numbers, which only went up to the 2000s. <br />
<br />
The numbers are recorded by hand in an unlabeled green binder<ref>The binder's boards were covered in off-white paper in 2017 to keep the red rot on the leather corners from getting all over everything.</ref> on pre-printed loose-leaf "Identification Sheets." Each entry gives a brief description of the item, its source ("G" for "gift" or a purchase order number, followed by a name), a date (apparently the date the item was received), the cost, and remarks, if any. <br />
<br />
[[Henry Neill Paul|Henry N. Paul]]'s gifts on September 3, 1937 (nos. 5921 through 6176) and June 6, 1938 (nos. 6735-6858) are the two largest single-source entries by far. There are also at least two entries for small batches from Paul: June 6, 1936 (nos. 4593-4596), and June 27, 1938 (nos. 6897 through 6900).<br />
<br />
==Date-based accession numbers==<br />
More information to come. This style of accession number is known to have existed between September 1937 and June 1948. Apparently based on date of acquisition or of processing with two-digit year, and a serial number by day, but sometimes yy-mm-dd and sometimes mm-dd-yy preceding the serial number. Unfortunately, the dots or hyphens dividing yy.mm.dd were often dropped when the cards were re-keyed into the online catalog, so what appear to be six-digit serial numbers are actually date-based accession numbers when they fall in the 37xxxx to 48xxxx range.<br />
<br />
==Format-based accession numbers==<br />
More information to come. Serial numbers based on order of accession, in separate series by format: MS Add, VCR, m.p., etc. until 2004, when six-digit numbers began to be used regardless of format.<br />
<br />
==Six-digit accession numbers==<br />
[[File:AccSlip.jpg|alt=Pink 3 x 5 inch paper slip with 6-digit number and purchase order information|thumb|Paper slip with a six-digit accession number.]]<br />
The six-digit series began July 9, 1948, with 125001 (because it was guessed the library already had about 125,000 things) but until 2004 the following material types instead received separate serial numbers: manuscripts (MS ADD), motion pictures (MP), video tapes (VCR), CDs (CD), CD-ROMs (CD-ROM), DVDs (DVD), phonograph records (p.r.), reel-to-reel tape recordings (t.r.), and cassette tape recordings (t.r.c.). When written on the item, the six-digit number is preceded by the letter "F" (for "Folger") to disambiguate it in case there are other numbers. The "F" is not considered part of the accession number, and is typically omitted when recording it elsewhere.<br />
<br />
Note that what appear to be six-digit serial numbers in the 37xxxx to 48xxxx range are actually date-based accession numbers where the dots or hyphens separating yy-mm-dd were omitted.<br />
<br />
Accession slips numbered lower than about 200000 were often typed based only on the title page, without regard for completeness or additional information (e.g., a colophon). <ref>Memo from Curator of Books and Exhibitions, 14 April 1995.</ref><br />
<br />
Six-digit accession numbers for [[sammelbands]] represent the physical object as a whole, not a specific item within it (which are referred to as item 1, item 2, item 3, etc. of that accession number). Until approximately 2015, individual titles within the volume ''did'' get unique accession numbers in the form of the six digits, a decimal point, then 1, 2, 3, etc. In most cases, .1 is the first title in the volume, .2 is the second, and so on. However there are early accession numbers (lower than about 200000?) where only the titles not already in the collection received an accession number and typed accession slip.<ref>Email from Curator of Books and Exhibitions, 7 February 1996.</ref> There are also examples where the decimal points assigned in acquisitions did not correspond to the number of bibliographic 'units' in the volume for cataloging purposes (e.g., where what looks like a "part 2" at first glance is actually a separate publication, or vice versa).<br />
<br />
There are gaps in the numbering thanks to numbers kept in reserve not being needed (e.g. 245001-245999 were reserved for the Massey collection, but only 245001-245326 were needed; the rest of the numbers remain unused, except for 245901 and 245902, which were assigned to non-Massey STC fragments by accident). <br />
<br />
<br />
These groups of six-digit numbers are known to be '''not unique''':<br />
*156481-156509 were used twice: second series has "[2d]" after the number.<br />
*207168-207226 were used twice: vault books have just the number, modern books have the number followed by "[2d]".<br />
*222701-222744 were used twice: second series has "[2d]" after the number (222701-222800 were reserved for the Colt collection, but there turned out to be more books than expected, so they re-used the first 44 numbers rather than jumping ahead to the next available number).<br />
*226884-226893 were used twice: vault books have just the number, modern books have the number followed by "a".<br />
:Note: accession slips are filed in two series; books on the shelf are interfiled.<br />
<br />
Until 2002 all Mazarinades received accession no. 134829 and all Knuttels received accession number 143966.<br />
<br />
Some open-stacks books no longer receive accession numbers (as of 2009?). E.g., YBP books with vendor-supplied cataloging and processing are considered "shelf ready."<br />
<br />
==Accession numbers that indicate former owners==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Accession number range !! Former owner<br />
|-<br />
| 4593-4596|| Henry N. Paul<br />
|-<br />
| 5921-6176 || Henry N. Paul<br />
|-<br />
|6735-6858 || Henry N. Paul<br />
|-<br />
| 6897-6900 || Henry N. Paul<br />
|-<br />
| 131500-131595 || Bridgewater<br />
|-<br />
| 131968-132743 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 132828-133891 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 133892-134394 || Shipdham Church<br />
|-<br />
| 134395-134456 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 134457-134483 || Shipdham Church<br />
|-<br />
| 134484-134500 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 134501-134514 || Shipdham Church<br />
|-<br />
| 134516-134520 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 134521-134530 || Shipdham Church<br />
|-<br />
| 136518-136640 || California University at Los Angeles William A. Clark Library<br />
|-<br />
| 136869-137241 || Huntington<br />
|-<br />
| 137401-137998 || McAlpin<br />
|- <br />
| 139067-139080 || McAlpin<br />
|-<br />
| 148001-150305 || Sir Thomas Phillips<br />
|-<br />
| 171014-171259 || Sir Thomas Phillips<br />
|-<br />
| 191601-191888 || Cashel Cathedral Library<br />
|}<br />
*Note: McAlpin duplicates were disposed of, and include the following numbers:<br />
:137452, 137459, 137462, 137466, 137483, 137494, 137505, 137528, 137567, 137566, 137600, 137631, 137679, 137691, 137700, 137711, 137778, 137875<br />
<br />
==Approximate Dates of Accession numbers==<br />
The below is a VERY incomplete list of anchor dates when trying to date an accession number.<br />
<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/171989?ln=en 148251] = acquired September 1954<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/174647?ln=en 151241] = bought April 1955<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/148964?ln=en 152251] = bought June 1955<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/174182?ln=en 159251] = bought September 1956<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/179873?ln=en 164241] = bought July 1957<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/176926?ln=en 174370] = bought Oct 1959<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/155985?ln=en 182251] = bought June 1961<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/140538?ln=en 184251] = bought July 1961<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/365870?ln=en 232204] = received Nov 1990, accessioned Dec 1990<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/366305?ln=en 232406] = received July 1990, accessioned March 1991<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/366371?ln=en 232561] = accessioned April 1991<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/193845?ln=en 261443] = 2006<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/246526?ln=en 267251] = bought July 2011<br />
<br />
==Accession numbers in Folger MARC records==<br />
<br />
The Folger started creating [[MARC]] records in the 1980s (in RLIN, to be printed out on cards), and in the years since, accession numbers have ended up in various fields and subfields. This is an attempt to list them all. Please add to the list as you discover them.<br />
<br />
'''Important''': numbers in these fields are not necessarily accession numbers.<br />
:Note: some 6-digit accession numbers are prefaced with "ac" or "F"; if you come across such a thing when editing a Hamnet record, delete the preface. Do not delete the "cs" that precedes case numbers.<br />
<br />
*050‡f<br />
*090‡f<br />
*099‡a<br />
*099‡f<br />
*541‡e ('''ought to be current practice, but we temporarily reverted all to 852‡j in 2022 for migration to a new system''')<br />
*852‡h (not really an accession number: catalogers construct "accession-based" [[Call numbers|call numbers"]] in the ‡h, converting the accession number to a call number by adding "hyphen space" in the middle, and a lowercase letter for shelving type at the end; sometimes "space hyphen" or just "hyphen" or "space hyphen space" was added instead, but these have since been normalized in the holdings record).<br />
*852‡j (discontinued in 2017: all 852‡j numbers in holdings records were moved by machine to a 541‡e; 852‡j in Bib records left untouched because they're only there to provide keyword searchability, and there's no automatic way to indicate which 541 goes with which book when there are multiple copies).<br />
*852‡x (as the first part of a non-displaying local note)<br />
*852‡z (as the first part of the local note)<br />
*876‡z (as the first part of the local note; as of August 2017 will only be found in bib records: all holdings 876s were converted to 852s)<br />
*950‡q<br />
*955‡q<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[[Category: Acquisitions]]<br />
[[Category: Cataloging]]<br />
[[Category: Staff policies and procedures]]<br />
<references /></div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=Accession_numbers&diff=37125Accession numbers2023-04-03T17:30:20Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* Approximate Dates of Accession numbers */</p>
<hr />
<div>Accession numbers are serial numbers assigned to collection material at the time it is formally added to the library's collection. The earliest accession numbers at the Folger are four digits. Currently, a six-digit serial number is used. Accession numbers were not used by Mr. and Mrs. Folger, though their [[case numbers]] serve a similar purpose, as do "temporary" [[ART Inv. numbers]].<br />
<br />
At the Folger, accession numbers are usually referred to as "acc" numbers (pronounced "ack"), a short form that sounds the same as "acq" (short for acquisitions, e.g. "Acq Night" and "the Acq Department"). Material is ''acquired'' when it becomes Folger property through gift, purchase, exchange, etc.; appropriate material is then ''accessioned'' (assigned the next accession number in sequence and added to the collection).<br />
<br />
==Four-digit accession numbers==<br />
[[File:1936 Accessions register page.jpg|alt=Handwritten list of 25 gifts and purchases|thumb|Page of four-digit accession numbers from October, 1936.]]<br />
This series begins with item number 3001 (October 20, 1930) and runs through item number 7029 (August 31, 1938). The numbering of blank lines continues through 7049, at the bottom of the page, along with the note "On September 27, 1938, the keeping of the accession book was discontinued by order of the Director, Dr. Joseph Q. Adams" signed "Roberta Harrison, Secretary in Charge of Accessions." No reason is given in the book, but perhaps this was a time-saving measure related to the purchase of the Harmsworth Collection that year.<br />
<br />
Numbering presumably began at 3001 to distinguish accession numbers from case numbers, which only went up to the 2000s. <br />
<br />
The numbers are recorded by hand in an unlabeled green binder<ref>The binder's boards were covered in off-white paper in 2017 to keep the red rot on the leather corners from getting all over everything.</ref> on pre-printed loose-leaf "Identification Sheets." Each entry gives a brief description of the item, its source ("G" for "gift" or a purchase order number, followed by a name), a date (apparently the date the item was received), the cost, and remarks, if any. <br />
<br />
[[Henry Neill Paul|Henry N. Paul]]'s gifts on September 3, 1937 (nos. 5921 through 6176) and June 6, 1938 (nos. 6735-6858) are the two largest single-source entries by far. There are also at least two entries for small batches from Paul: June 6, 1936 (nos. 4593-4596), and June 27, 1938 (nos. 6897 through 6900).<br />
<br />
==Date-based accession numbers==<br />
More information to come. This style of accession number is known to have existed between September 1937 and June 1948. Apparently based on date of acquisition or of processing with two-digit year, and a serial number by day, but sometimes yy-mm-dd and sometimes mm-dd-yy preceding the serial number. Unfortunately, the dots or hyphens dividing yy.mm.dd were often dropped when the cards were re-keyed into the online catalog, so what appear to be six-digit serial numbers are actually date-based accession numbers when they fall in the 37xxxx to 48xxxx range.<br />
<br />
==Format-based accession numbers==<br />
More information to come. Serial numbers based on order of accession, in separate series by format: MS Add, VCR, m.p., etc. until 2004, when six-digit numbers began to be used regardless of format.<br />
<br />
==Six-digit accession numbers==<br />
[[File:AccSlip.jpg|alt=Pink 3 x 5 inch paper slip with 6-digit number and purchase order information|thumb|Paper slip with a six-digit accession number.]]<br />
The six-digit series began July 9, 1948, with 125001 (because it was guessed the library already had about 125,000 things) but until 2004 the following material types instead received separate serial numbers: manuscripts (MS ADD), motion pictures (MP), video tapes (VCR), CDs (CD), CD-ROMs (CD-ROM), DVDs (DVD), phonograph records (p.r.), reel-to-reel tape recordings (t.r.), and cassette tape recordings (t.r.c.). When written on the item, the six-digit number is preceded by the letter "F" (for "Folger") to disambiguate it in case there are other numbers. The "F" is not considered part of the accession number, and is typically omitted when recording it elsewhere.<br />
<br />
Note that what appear to be six-digit serial numbers in the 37xxxx to 48xxxx range are actually date-based accession numbers where the dots or hyphens separating yy-mm-dd were omitted.<br />
<br />
Accession slips numbered lower than about 200000 were often typed based only on the title page, without regard for completeness or additional information (e.g., a colophon). <ref>Memo from Curator of Books and Exhibitions, 14 April 1995.</ref><br />
<br />
Six-digit accession numbers for [[sammelbands]] represent the physical object as a whole, not a specific item within it (which are referred to as item 1, item 2, item 3, etc. of that accession number). Until approximately 2015, individual titles within the volume ''did'' get unique accession numbers in the form of the six digits, a decimal point, then 1, 2, 3, etc. In most cases, .1 is the first title in the volume, .2 is the second, and so on. However there are early accession numbers (lower than about 200000?) where only the titles not already in the collection received an accession number and typed accession slip.<ref>Email from Curator of Books and Exhibitions, 7 February 1996.</ref> There are also examples where the decimal points assigned in acquisitions did not correspond to the number of bibliographic 'units' in the volume for cataloging purposes (e.g., where what looks like a "part 2" at first glance is actually a separate publication, or vice versa).<br />
<br />
There are gaps in the numbering thanks to numbers kept in reserve not being needed (e.g. 245001-245999 were reserved for the Massey collection, but only 245001-245326 were needed; the rest of the numbers remain unused, except for 245901 and 245902, which were assigned to non-Massey STC fragments by accident). <br />
<br />
<br />
These groups of six-digit numbers are known to be '''not unique''':<br />
*156481-156509 were used twice: second series has "[2d]" after the number.<br />
*207168-207226 were used twice: vault books have just the number, modern books have the number followed by "[2d]".<br />
*222701-222744 were used twice: second series has "[2d]" after the number (222701-222800 were reserved for the Colt collection, but there turned out to be more books than expected, so they re-used the first 44 numbers rather than jumping ahead to the next available number).<br />
*226884-226893 were used twice: vault books have just the number, modern books have the number followed by "a".<br />
:Note: accession slips are filed in two series; books on the shelf are interfiled.<br />
<br />
Until 2002 all Mazarinades received accession no. 134829 and all Knuttels received accession number 143966.<br />
<br />
Some open-stacks books no longer receive accession numbers (as of 2009?). E.g., YBP books with vendor-supplied cataloging and processing are considered "shelf ready."<br />
<br />
==Accession numbers that indicate former owners==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Accession number range !! Former owner<br />
|-<br />
| 4593-4596|| Henry N. Paul<br />
|-<br />
| 5921-6176 || Henry N. Paul<br />
|-<br />
|6735-6858 || Henry N. Paul<br />
|-<br />
| 6897-6900 || Henry N. Paul<br />
|-<br />
| 131500-131595 || Bridgewater<br />
|-<br />
| 131968-132743 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 132828-133891 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 133892-134394 || Shipdham Church<br />
|-<br />
| 134395-134456 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 134457-134483 || Shipdham Church<br />
|-<br />
| 134484-134500 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 134501-134514 || Shipdham Church<br />
|-<br />
| 134516-134520 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 134521-134530 || Shipdham Church<br />
|-<br />
| 136518-136640 || California University at Los Angeles William A. Clark Library<br />
|-<br />
| 136869-137241 || Huntington<br />
|-<br />
| 137401-137998 || McAlpin<br />
|- <br />
| 139067-139080 || McAlpin<br />
|-<br />
| 148001-150305 || Sir Thomas Phillips<br />
|-<br />
| 171014-171259 || Sir Thomas Phillips<br />
|-<br />
| 191601-191888 || Cashel Cathedral Library<br />
|}<br />
*Note: McAlpin duplicates were disposed of, and include the following numbers:<br />
:137452, 137459, 137462, 137466, 137483, 137494, 137505, 137528, 137567, 137566, 137600, 137631, 137679, 137691, 137700, 137711, 137778, 137875<br />
<br />
==Approximate Dates of Accession numbers==<br />
The below is a VERY incomplete list of anchor dates when trying to date an accession number.<br />
<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/171989?ln=en 148251] = acquired September 1954<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/174647?ln=en 151241] = bought April 1955<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/148964?ln=en 152251] = bought June 1955<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/174182?ln=en 159251] = bought September 1956<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/179873?ln=en 164241] = bought July 1957<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/155985?ln=en 182251] = bought June 1961<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/140538?ln=en 184251] = bought July 1961<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/365870?ln=en 232204] = received Nov 1990, accessioned Dec 1990<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/366305?ln=en 232406] = received July 1990, accessioned March 1991<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/366371?ln=en 232561] = accessioned April 1991<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/193845?ln=en 261443] = 2006<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/246526?ln=en 267251] = bought July 2011<br />
<br />
==Accession numbers in Folger MARC records==<br />
<br />
The Folger started creating [[MARC]] records in the 1980s (in RLIN, to be printed out on cards), and in the years since, accession numbers have ended up in various fields and subfields. This is an attempt to list them all. Please add to the list as you discover them.<br />
<br />
'''Important''': numbers in these fields are not necessarily accession numbers.<br />
:Note: some 6-digit accession numbers are prefaced with "ac" or "F"; if you come across such a thing when editing a Hamnet record, delete the preface. Do not delete the "cs" that precedes case numbers.<br />
<br />
*050‡f<br />
*090‡f<br />
*099‡a<br />
*099‡f<br />
*541‡e ('''ought to be current practice, but we temporarily reverted all to 852‡j in 2022 for migration to a new system''')<br />
*852‡h (not really an accession number: catalogers construct "accession-based" [[Call numbers|call numbers"]] in the ‡h, converting the accession number to a call number by adding "hyphen space" in the middle, and a lowercase letter for shelving type at the end; sometimes "space hyphen" or just "hyphen" or "space hyphen space" was added instead, but these have since been normalized in the holdings record).<br />
*852‡j (discontinued in 2017: all 852‡j numbers in holdings records were moved by machine to a 541‡e; 852‡j in Bib records left untouched because they're only there to provide keyword searchability, and there's no automatic way to indicate which 541 goes with which book when there are multiple copies).<br />
*852‡x (as the first part of a non-displaying local note)<br />
*852‡z (as the first part of the local note)<br />
*876‡z (as the first part of the local note; as of August 2017 will only be found in bib records: all holdings 876s were converted to 852s)<br />
*950‡q<br />
*955‡q<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[[Category: Acquisitions]]<br />
[[Category: Cataloging]]<br />
[[Category: Staff policies and procedures]]<br />
<references /></div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=Accession_numbers&diff=37124Accession numbers2023-04-03T16:52:06Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* Approximate Dates of Accession numbers */</p>
<hr />
<div>Accession numbers are serial numbers assigned to collection material at the time it is formally added to the library's collection. The earliest accession numbers at the Folger are four digits. Currently, a six-digit serial number is used. Accession numbers were not used by Mr. and Mrs. Folger, though their [[case numbers]] serve a similar purpose, as do "temporary" [[ART Inv. numbers]].<br />
<br />
At the Folger, accession numbers are usually referred to as "acc" numbers (pronounced "ack"), a short form that sounds the same as "acq" (short for acquisitions, e.g. "Acq Night" and "the Acq Department"). Material is ''acquired'' when it becomes Folger property through gift, purchase, exchange, etc.; appropriate material is then ''accessioned'' (assigned the next accession number in sequence and added to the collection).<br />
<br />
==Four-digit accession numbers==<br />
[[File:1936 Accessions register page.jpg|alt=Handwritten list of 25 gifts and purchases|thumb|Page of four-digit accession numbers from October, 1936.]]<br />
This series begins with item number 3001 (October 20, 1930) and runs through item number 7029 (August 31, 1938). The numbering of blank lines continues through 7049, at the bottom of the page, along with the note "On September 27, 1938, the keeping of the accession book was discontinued by order of the Director, Dr. Joseph Q. Adams" signed "Roberta Harrison, Secretary in Charge of Accessions." No reason is given in the book, but perhaps this was a time-saving measure related to the purchase of the Harmsworth Collection that year.<br />
<br />
Numbering presumably began at 3001 to distinguish accession numbers from case numbers, which only went up to the 2000s. <br />
<br />
The numbers are recorded by hand in an unlabeled green binder<ref>The binder's boards were covered in off-white paper in 2017 to keep the red rot on the leather corners from getting all over everything.</ref> on pre-printed loose-leaf "Identification Sheets." Each entry gives a brief description of the item, its source ("G" for "gift" or a purchase order number, followed by a name), a date (apparently the date the item was received), the cost, and remarks, if any. <br />
<br />
[[Henry Neill Paul|Henry N. Paul]]'s gifts on September 3, 1937 (nos. 5921 through 6176) and June 6, 1938 (nos. 6735-6858) are the two largest single-source entries by far. There are also at least two entries for small batches from Paul: June 6, 1936 (nos. 4593-4596), and June 27, 1938 (nos. 6897 through 6900).<br />
<br />
==Date-based accession numbers==<br />
More information to come. This style of accession number is known to have existed between September 1937 and June 1948. Apparently based on date of acquisition or of processing with two-digit year, and a serial number by day, but sometimes yy-mm-dd and sometimes mm-dd-yy preceding the serial number. Unfortunately, the dots or hyphens dividing yy.mm.dd were often dropped when the cards were re-keyed into the online catalog, so what appear to be six-digit serial numbers are actually date-based accession numbers when they fall in the 37xxxx to 48xxxx range.<br />
<br />
==Format-based accession numbers==<br />
More information to come. Serial numbers based on order of accession, in separate series by format: MS Add, VCR, m.p., etc. until 2004, when six-digit numbers began to be used regardless of format.<br />
<br />
==Six-digit accession numbers==<br />
[[File:AccSlip.jpg|alt=Pink 3 x 5 inch paper slip with 6-digit number and purchase order information|thumb|Paper slip with a six-digit accession number.]]<br />
The six-digit series began July 9, 1948, with 125001 (because it was guessed the library already had about 125,000 things) but until 2004 the following material types instead received separate serial numbers: manuscripts (MS ADD), motion pictures (MP), video tapes (VCR), CDs (CD), CD-ROMs (CD-ROM), DVDs (DVD), phonograph records (p.r.), reel-to-reel tape recordings (t.r.), and cassette tape recordings (t.r.c.). When written on the item, the six-digit number is preceded by the letter "F" (for "Folger") to disambiguate it in case there are other numbers. The "F" is not considered part of the accession number, and is typically omitted when recording it elsewhere.<br />
<br />
Note that what appear to be six-digit serial numbers in the 37xxxx to 48xxxx range are actually date-based accession numbers where the dots or hyphens separating yy-mm-dd were omitted.<br />
<br />
Accession slips numbered lower than about 200000 were often typed based only on the title page, without regard for completeness or additional information (e.g., a colophon). <ref>Memo from Curator of Books and Exhibitions, 14 April 1995.</ref><br />
<br />
Six-digit accession numbers for [[sammelbands]] represent the physical object as a whole, not a specific item within it (which are referred to as item 1, item 2, item 3, etc. of that accession number). Until approximately 2015, individual titles within the volume ''did'' get unique accession numbers in the form of the six digits, a decimal point, then 1, 2, 3, etc. In most cases, .1 is the first title in the volume, .2 is the second, and so on. However there are early accession numbers (lower than about 200000?) where only the titles not already in the collection received an accession number and typed accession slip.<ref>Email from Curator of Books and Exhibitions, 7 February 1996.</ref> There are also examples where the decimal points assigned in acquisitions did not correspond to the number of bibliographic 'units' in the volume for cataloging purposes (e.g., where what looks like a "part 2" at first glance is actually a separate publication, or vice versa).<br />
<br />
There are gaps in the numbering thanks to numbers kept in reserve not being needed (e.g. 245001-245999 were reserved for the Massey collection, but only 245001-245326 were needed; the rest of the numbers remain unused, except for 245901 and 245902, which were assigned to non-Massey STC fragments by accident). <br />
<br />
<br />
These groups of six-digit numbers are known to be '''not unique''':<br />
*156481-156509 were used twice: second series has "[2d]" after the number.<br />
*207168-207226 were used twice: vault books have just the number, modern books have the number followed by "[2d]".<br />
*222701-222744 were used twice: second series has "[2d]" after the number (222701-222800 were reserved for the Colt collection, but there turned out to be more books than expected, so they re-used the first 44 numbers rather than jumping ahead to the next available number).<br />
*226884-226893 were used twice: vault books have just the number, modern books have the number followed by "a".<br />
:Note: accession slips are filed in two series; books on the shelf are interfiled.<br />
<br />
Until 2002 all Mazarinades received accession no. 134829 and all Knuttels received accession number 143966.<br />
<br />
Some open-stacks books no longer receive accession numbers (as of 2009?). E.g., YBP books with vendor-supplied cataloging and processing are considered "shelf ready."<br />
<br />
==Accession numbers that indicate former owners==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Accession number range !! Former owner<br />
|-<br />
| 4593-4596|| Henry N. Paul<br />
|-<br />
| 5921-6176 || Henry N. Paul<br />
|-<br />
|6735-6858 || Henry N. Paul<br />
|-<br />
| 6897-6900 || Henry N. Paul<br />
|-<br />
| 131500-131595 || Bridgewater<br />
|-<br />
| 131968-132743 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 132828-133891 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 133892-134394 || Shipdham Church<br />
|-<br />
| 134395-134456 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 134457-134483 || Shipdham Church<br />
|-<br />
| 134484-134500 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 134501-134514 || Shipdham Church<br />
|-<br />
| 134516-134520 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 134521-134530 || Shipdham Church<br />
|-<br />
| 136518-136640 || California University at Los Angeles William A. Clark Library<br />
|-<br />
| 136869-137241 || Huntington<br />
|-<br />
| 137401-137998 || McAlpin<br />
|- <br />
| 139067-139080 || McAlpin<br />
|-<br />
| 148001-150305 || Sir Thomas Phillips<br />
|-<br />
| 171014-171259 || Sir Thomas Phillips<br />
|-<br />
| 191601-191888 || Cashel Cathedral Library<br />
|}<br />
*Note: McAlpin duplicates were disposed of, and include the following numbers:<br />
:137452, 137459, 137462, 137466, 137483, 137494, 137505, 137528, 137567, 137566, 137600, 137631, 137679, 137691, 137700, 137711, 137778, 137875<br />
<br />
==Approximate Dates of Accession numbers==<br />
The below is a VERY incomplete list of anchor dates when trying to date an accession number.<br />
<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/365870?ln=en 232204] = received Nov 1990, accessioned Dec 1990<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/366305?ln=en 232406] = received July 1990, accessioned March 1991<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/366371?ln=en 232561] = accessioned April 1991<br />
<br />
==Accession numbers in Folger MARC records==<br />
<br />
The Folger started creating [[MARC]] records in the 1980s (in RLIN, to be printed out on cards), and in the years since, accession numbers have ended up in various fields and subfields. This is an attempt to list them all. Please add to the list as you discover them.<br />
<br />
'''Important''': numbers in these fields are not necessarily accession numbers.<br />
:Note: some 6-digit accession numbers are prefaced with "ac" or "F"; if you come across such a thing when editing a Hamnet record, delete the preface. Do not delete the "cs" that precedes case numbers.<br />
<br />
*050‡f<br />
*090‡f<br />
*099‡a<br />
*099‡f<br />
*541‡e ('''ought to be current practice, but we temporarily reverted all to 852‡j in 2022 for migration to a new system''')<br />
*852‡h (not really an accession number: catalogers construct "accession-based" [[Call numbers|call numbers"]] in the ‡h, converting the accession number to a call number by adding "hyphen space" in the middle, and a lowercase letter for shelving type at the end; sometimes "space hyphen" or just "hyphen" or "space hyphen space" was added instead, but these have since been normalized in the holdings record).<br />
*852‡j (discontinued in 2017: all 852‡j numbers in holdings records were moved by machine to a 541‡e; 852‡j in Bib records left untouched because they're only there to provide keyword searchability, and there's no automatic way to indicate which 541 goes with which book when there are multiple copies).<br />
*852‡x (as the first part of a non-displaying local note)<br />
*852‡z (as the first part of the local note)<br />
*876‡z (as the first part of the local note; as of August 2017 will only be found in bib records: all holdings 876s were converted to 852s)<br />
*950‡q<br />
*955‡q<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[[Category: Acquisitions]]<br />
[[Category: Cataloging]]<br />
[[Category: Staff policies and procedures]]<br />
<references /></div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=Accession_numbers&diff=37123Accession numbers2023-04-03T16:46:23Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: added section on dates</p>
<hr />
<div>Accession numbers are serial numbers assigned to collection material at the time it is formally added to the library's collection. The earliest accession numbers at the Folger are four digits. Currently, a six-digit serial number is used. Accession numbers were not used by Mr. and Mrs. Folger, though their [[case numbers]] serve a similar purpose, as do "temporary" [[ART Inv. numbers]].<br />
<br />
At the Folger, accession numbers are usually referred to as "acc" numbers (pronounced "ack"), a short form that sounds the same as "acq" (short for acquisitions, e.g. "Acq Night" and "the Acq Department"). Material is ''acquired'' when it becomes Folger property through gift, purchase, exchange, etc.; appropriate material is then ''accessioned'' (assigned the next accession number in sequence and added to the collection).<br />
<br />
==Four-digit accession numbers==<br />
[[File:1936 Accessions register page.jpg|alt=Handwritten list of 25 gifts and purchases|thumb|Page of four-digit accession numbers from October, 1936.]]<br />
This series begins with item number 3001 (October 20, 1930) and runs through item number 7029 (August 31, 1938). The numbering of blank lines continues through 7049, at the bottom of the page, along with the note "On September 27, 1938, the keeping of the accession book was discontinued by order of the Director, Dr. Joseph Q. Adams" signed "Roberta Harrison, Secretary in Charge of Accessions." No reason is given in the book, but perhaps this was a time-saving measure related to the purchase of the Harmsworth Collection that year.<br />
<br />
Numbering presumably began at 3001 to distinguish accession numbers from case numbers, which only went up to the 2000s. <br />
<br />
The numbers are recorded by hand in an unlabeled green binder<ref>The binder's boards were covered in off-white paper in 2017 to keep the red rot on the leather corners from getting all over everything.</ref> on pre-printed loose-leaf "Identification Sheets." Each entry gives a brief description of the item, its source ("G" for "gift" or a purchase order number, followed by a name), a date (apparently the date the item was received), the cost, and remarks, if any. <br />
<br />
[[Henry Neill Paul|Henry N. Paul]]'s gifts on September 3, 1937 (nos. 5921 through 6176) and June 6, 1938 (nos. 6735-6858) are the two largest single-source entries by far. There are also at least two entries for small batches from Paul: June 6, 1936 (nos. 4593-4596), and June 27, 1938 (nos. 6897 through 6900).<br />
<br />
==Date-based accession numbers==<br />
More information to come. This style of accession number is known to have existed between September 1937 and June 1948. Apparently based on date of acquisition or of processing with two-digit year, and a serial number by day, but sometimes yy-mm-dd and sometimes mm-dd-yy preceding the serial number. Unfortunately, the dots or hyphens dividing yy.mm.dd were often dropped when the cards were re-keyed into the online catalog, so what appear to be six-digit serial numbers are actually date-based accession numbers when they fall in the 37xxxx to 48xxxx range.<br />
<br />
==Format-based accession numbers==<br />
More information to come. Serial numbers based on order of accession, in separate series by format: MS Add, VCR, m.p., etc. until 2004, when six-digit numbers began to be used regardless of format.<br />
<br />
==Six-digit accession numbers==<br />
[[File:AccSlip.jpg|alt=Pink 3 x 5 inch paper slip with 6-digit number and purchase order information|thumb|Paper slip with a six-digit accession number.]]<br />
The six-digit series began July 9, 1948, with 125001 (because it was guessed the library already had about 125,000 things) but until 2004 the following material types instead received separate serial numbers: manuscripts (MS ADD), motion pictures (MP), video tapes (VCR), CDs (CD), CD-ROMs (CD-ROM), DVDs (DVD), phonograph records (p.r.), reel-to-reel tape recordings (t.r.), and cassette tape recordings (t.r.c.). When written on the item, the six-digit number is preceded by the letter "F" (for "Folger") to disambiguate it in case there are other numbers. The "F" is not considered part of the accession number, and is typically omitted when recording it elsewhere.<br />
<br />
Note that what appear to be six-digit serial numbers in the 37xxxx to 48xxxx range are actually date-based accession numbers where the dots or hyphens separating yy-mm-dd were omitted.<br />
<br />
Accession slips numbered lower than about 200000 were often typed based only on the title page, without regard for completeness or additional information (e.g., a colophon). <ref>Memo from Curator of Books and Exhibitions, 14 April 1995.</ref><br />
<br />
Six-digit accession numbers for [[sammelbands]] represent the physical object as a whole, not a specific item within it (which are referred to as item 1, item 2, item 3, etc. of that accession number). Until approximately 2015, individual titles within the volume ''did'' get unique accession numbers in the form of the six digits, a decimal point, then 1, 2, 3, etc. In most cases, .1 is the first title in the volume, .2 is the second, and so on. However there are early accession numbers (lower than about 200000?) where only the titles not already in the collection received an accession number and typed accession slip.<ref>Email from Curator of Books and Exhibitions, 7 February 1996.</ref> There are also examples where the decimal points assigned in acquisitions did not correspond to the number of bibliographic 'units' in the volume for cataloging purposes (e.g., where what looks like a "part 2" at first glance is actually a separate publication, or vice versa).<br />
<br />
There are gaps in the numbering thanks to numbers kept in reserve not being needed (e.g. 245001-245999 were reserved for the Massey collection, but only 245001-245326 were needed; the rest of the numbers remain unused, except for 245901 and 245902, which were assigned to non-Massey STC fragments by accident). <br />
<br />
<br />
These groups of six-digit numbers are known to be '''not unique''':<br />
*156481-156509 were used twice: second series has "[2d]" after the number.<br />
*207168-207226 were used twice: vault books have just the number, modern books have the number followed by "[2d]".<br />
*222701-222744 were used twice: second series has "[2d]" after the number (222701-222800 were reserved for the Colt collection, but there turned out to be more books than expected, so they re-used the first 44 numbers rather than jumping ahead to the next available number).<br />
*226884-226893 were used twice: vault books have just the number, modern books have the number followed by "a".<br />
:Note: accession slips are filed in two series; books on the shelf are interfiled.<br />
<br />
Until 2002 all Mazarinades received accession no. 134829 and all Knuttels received accession number 143966.<br />
<br />
Some open-stacks books no longer receive accession numbers (as of 2009?). E.g., YBP books with vendor-supplied cataloging and processing are considered "shelf ready."<br />
<br />
==Accession numbers that indicate former owners==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Accession number range !! Former owner<br />
|-<br />
| 4593-4596|| Henry N. Paul<br />
|-<br />
| 5921-6176 || Henry N. Paul<br />
|-<br />
|6735-6858 || Henry N. Paul<br />
|-<br />
| 6897-6900 || Henry N. Paul<br />
|-<br />
| 131500-131595 || Bridgewater<br />
|-<br />
| 131968-132743 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 132828-133891 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 133892-134394 || Shipdham Church<br />
|-<br />
| 134395-134456 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 134457-134483 || Shipdham Church<br />
|-<br />
| 134484-134500 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 134501-134514 || Shipdham Church<br />
|-<br />
| 134516-134520 || Harmsworth<br />
|-<br />
| 134521-134530 || Shipdham Church<br />
|-<br />
| 136518-136640 || California University at Los Angeles William A. Clark Library<br />
|-<br />
| 136869-137241 || Huntington<br />
|-<br />
| 137401-137998 || McAlpin<br />
|- <br />
| 139067-139080 || McAlpin<br />
|-<br />
| 148001-150305 || Sir Thomas Phillips<br />
|-<br />
| 171014-171259 || Sir Thomas Phillips<br />
|-<br />
| 191601-191888 || Cashel Cathedral Library<br />
|}<br />
*Note: McAlpin duplicates were disposed of, and include the following numbers:<br />
:137452, 137459, 137462, 137466, 137483, 137494, 137505, 137528, 137567, 137566, 137600, 137631, 137679, 137691, 137700, 137711, 137778, 137875<br />
<br />
==Approximate Dates of Accession numbers==<br />
The below is a VERY incomplete list of anchor dates when trying to date an accession number.<br />
<br />
* [https://catalog.folger.edu/record/366700?ln=en 232040] = February 1990<br />
<br />
==Accession numbers in Folger MARC records==<br />
<br />
The Folger started creating [[MARC]] records in the 1980s (in RLIN, to be printed out on cards), and in the years since, accession numbers have ended up in various fields and subfields. This is an attempt to list them all. Please add to the list as you discover them.<br />
<br />
'''Important''': numbers in these fields are not necessarily accession numbers.<br />
:Note: some 6-digit accession numbers are prefaced with "ac" or "F"; if you come across such a thing when editing a Hamnet record, delete the preface. Do not delete the "cs" that precedes case numbers.<br />
<br />
*050‡f<br />
*090‡f<br />
*099‡a<br />
*099‡f<br />
*541‡e ('''ought to be current practice, but we temporarily reverted all to 852‡j in 2022 for migration to a new system''')<br />
*852‡h (not really an accession number: catalogers construct "accession-based" [[Call numbers|call numbers"]] in the ‡h, converting the accession number to a call number by adding "hyphen space" in the middle, and a lowercase letter for shelving type at the end; sometimes "space hyphen" or just "hyphen" or "space hyphen space" was added instead, but these have since been normalized in the holdings record).<br />
*852‡j (discontinued in 2017: all 852‡j numbers in holdings records were moved by machine to a 541‡e; 852‡j in Bib records left untouched because they're only there to provide keyword searchability, and there's no automatic way to indicate which 541 goes with which book when there are multiple copies).<br />
*852‡x (as the first part of a non-displaying local note)<br />
*852‡z (as the first part of the local note)<br />
*876‡z (as the first part of the local note; as of August 2017 will only be found in bib records: all holdings 876s were converted to 852s)<br />
*950‡q<br />
*955‡q<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[[Category: Acquisitions]]<br />
[[Category: Cataloging]]<br />
[[Category: Staff policies and procedures]]<br />
<references /></div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=List_of_digital_resources_at_the_Folger&diff=37105List of digital resources at the Folger2023-03-06T14:00:29Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* W */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article provides a curated list of digital resources—arranged (mostly) alphabetically. This list is alphabetized according to the idiosyncrasies of what the Folger community most commonly calls a resource. If you are having trouble finding a resource, use the search box at the top of the page or your browser's "Find" feature (usually control-F). <br />
<br />
The first sections, arranged alphabetically, contains freely available resources. The second section provides a list of subscription resources available to registered Folger researchers during the time our Reading Room is closed for renovation. The final section is a list of subscription resources that Folger staff will still have access to; please email reference@folger.edu to set up an appointment for access. <br />
<br />
==Folger-created and hosted resources==<br />
<br />
BBI: [https://britishbookillustrations.folger.edu/ British Book Illustrations: Extending Access to 17th-century Visual Culture] is a project of the Folger Shakespeare Library, funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), to digitize and index 10,000 woodcut and engraved illustrations in British and English-language books. <br />
<br />
[http://collation.folger.edu/ The Collation: a gathering of scholarship from the Folger Shakespeare Library] is a blog about Folger collections and resources written by Folger staff and readers. <br />
<br />
[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGERCM1~6~6 Digital Image Collections Database (LUNA)] contains high-quality, high-resolution images of a large number of Folger collection items, divided into six collections (listed below). Users have the ability to store their preferred images in media groups, create presentations, and export images.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~4~4 Bas Relief Image Collection] contains images of the nine bas reliefs that adorn the facade of the Folger Shakespeare Library.<br />
:[[Bindings image collection | Bindings Image Collection]] contains research-quality [https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/BINDINGS~1~1 images of bindings] of aesthetic or historical merit.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~2~2 British Book Illustrations Image Collection] contains the images and raw metadata from the "British Book Illustrations: Extending Access to 17th-century Visual Culture" project (first entry on this list).<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGERCM1~6~6 Digital Image Collection] contains the majority of digitized collection images in the database.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~3~3 Manuscript Transcriptions Collection] contains images from the Folger manuscript collection along with searchable, vetted semi-diplomatic transcriptions.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~1~1 First Folio Image Collection] contains cover-to-cover images with color card and ruler for a number of Folger First Folios.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~5~5 Reference Image Collection] contains cell-phone quality images taken by Folger librarians during the course of their work.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~6~6 Microfilm Image Collection] contains digitized microfilm of Folger materials. <br />
<br />
[https://emed.folger.edu/ EMED]: [[A Digital Anthology of Early Modern English Drama]]: a database of early modern plays ''not'' by Shakespeare, with thirty documentary editions.<br />
<br />
[https://emmo.folger.edu/ EMMO]: [[Early Modern Manuscripts Online]]: transcriptions, images, and metadata of manuscripts from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. <br />
<br />
[http://findingaids.folger.edu/ Finding Aids at the Folger Shakespeare Library] guides users through the extensive manuscript collections with descriptions and lists of items. <br />
<br />
[http://firstlines.folger.edu/ The Union First Line Index of English Verse] enables researchers to locate poems held in seven prestigious collections in the US and UK, including the Folger Shakespeare Library. The Index provides a database of over 224,000 first lines of manuscript and printed verse. [mailto:firstlines@folger.edu firstlines@folger.edu] <br />
<br />
[https://shakespeare.folger.edu/ The Folger SHAKESPEARE] shares the complete works of Shakespeare, edited for modern readers.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/ The Folger's online catalog] gives bibliographic information, copy-specific notes, and detailed information—often with links to images—of most of the items in the collection. <br />
<br />
[https://lostplays.folger.edu/Main_Page Lost Plays Database] is a wiki-style forum for scholars to share information about lost plays in England, 1570-1642. <br />
<br />
[http://findingaids.folger.edu/Hand-List_of_Microfilm_and_Selected_Microfiche_Sets.pdf Microfilms Hand-List at the Folger Shakespeare Library] (PDF) is an addition/supplementary list to the microfilm database. Readers are advised to check both places when searching for a microfilm. <br />
<br />
[[Picturing Shakespeare]] was an NEH-funded project to help the Folger digitize thousands of 18th-, 19th-, and early 20th-century images representing Shakespeare’s plays. <br />
<br />
[http://plre.folger.edu/ PLRE.Folger: Private Libraries in Renaissance England] complements the printed volumes of [http://shakespeare.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=56839 Private Libraries in Renaissance England] (PLRE), an ongoing editorial project that has published eight volumes since 1992 in the Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies (MRTS) series. <br />
<br />
[https://shakespearedocumented.folger.edu Shakespeare Documented] is the largest and most authoritative collection of primary-source materials documenting the life of William Shakespeare (1564-1616), bringing together all known manuscript and print references to Shakespeare, his works, and additional references to his family, in his lifetime and shortly thereafter.<br />
<br />
[https://www.folger.edu/shakespeare-unlimited Shakespeare Unlimited Podcast], a "no limits" tour of the connections between Shakespeare, his works, and our world.<br />
<br />
[https://tokenbooks.folger.edu/ The Token Books of St Saviour Southwark] is an in-progress resource developed by William Ingram, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Alan H. Nelson, The University of California, Berkeley. The site makes available information from this rare type of parish record, spanning approximately 1571-1643.<br />
<br />
==Instructional video series==<br />
In the [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkWyVPkA-aEdejPR6-KD5CzJ Folger How-tos: Hamnet Online Catalog] video series, learn valuable tips and tricks to make the most of Hamnet, the Folger online library catalog. <br />
<br />
The [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkW1MqgnonjgpnHOk-QZ3nyd Folger How-tos: Research Essentials] video series includes tips on how to navigate [https://shakespearedocumented.folger.edu/ Shakespeare Documented], use the digital image collections to their maximum potential, and access subscription databases through a research account.<br />
<br />
Watch the [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkVvJifK4yXVethkELPqPvXf State Papers Online] video series to learn navigation tips and tricks for this valuable, but sometimes complicated, online resource. ''Note: State Papers Online, 1509-1714 is made available through an institutional subscription onsite at the Folger Shakespeare Library or through the Folger researcher request system (through 2022). Check your institution’s e-resource subscriptions for local availability.''<br />
<br />
==Freely Available Electronic Resources== <br />
<br />
===A=== <br />
<br />
[http://www.1641.tcd.ie/index.php 1641 Depositions] From Trinity College Dublin (MSS 809-841) are witness testimonies mainly by Protestants, but also by some Catholics, from all social backgrounds, concerning their experiences of the 1641 Irish rebellion. Create a free account to view the depositions. <br />
<br />
[http://www.19thcenturyacts.com/ 19th Century Acts!] showcases different aspects of theatrical performance through mapping and current and historical digital images.<br />
<br />
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/12ptvF-YOhmRIb2OKqAy5l6w7zCscaK8P Association of College and Research Libraries online instruction guides] includes powerpoints, lesson plans, and other resources produced and compiled by [https://ischool.illinois.edu/people/melissa-wong Melissa Wong] of the School of Information Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.<br />
<br />
[https://americanarchive.org/ American Archive of Public Broadcasting]: Discover historic programs of publicly funded radio and television across America. Select Browse for subject browses of Literature, History, Theater and more.<br />
<br />
[http://www.annotatedbooksonline.com/ Annotated Books Online] is a virtual research environment for scholars and students interested in historical reading practices. Create a free account to contribute transcriptions and/or translations of annotations. <br />
<br />
[http://drc.usask.ca/projects/archbook/index.php ArchBook: Architectures of the Book] is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal focusing on specific design features of printed books.<br />
<br />
[https://atlas.lib.uiowa.edu/ Atlas of Early Printing] is an interactive site designed to be used as a tool for teaching the early history of printing in Europe during the second half of the fifteenth century. <br />
<br />
===B===<br />
<br />
[https://beforeshakespeare.com Before Shakespeare] is a project that explores the earliest days of the Elizabethan playhouses, focusing on the mid 16th century London commercial playhouses.<br />
<br />
[https://www.bessofhardwick.org/ Bess of Hardwick's Letters], which number almost 250 items of correspondence, bring to life her extraordinary story and allow us to eavesdrop on her world. Her letters allow us to reposition Bess as a complex woman of her times, immersed in the literacy and textual practices of everyday life, as her correspondence extends from servants, friends and family, to queens and officers of state. <br />
<br />
[http://bibsite.org/ The Bibliographical Society of America] list of resources compiles essays, lists, and other bibliographical materials in aid of bibliographical study. The resource features wide date ranges and ample geographical coverage. <br />
<br />
[https://bibsocamer.org/news/online-instruction-resources-digital-repositories-for-book-history-teaching-more/ The Bibliographic Society of America Online Instruction Resources: Digital Repositories for Book History Teaching, Research, & More] is a static resource that will be updated as new contributions come in.<br />
<br />
[https://www.sharpweb.org/book-history-unbound/category/issues/ Book History UNBOUND] provides supplemental digital humanities materials that supplement print articles in ''Book History'', the journal of the Society for the History of Authorship and Reading (SHARP).<br />
<br />
[https://bookowners.online/Main_Page Book Owners Online] is a directory of historical book owners, with information about their libraries, and signposts to further reference sources. It currently covers seventeenth-century English owners with the potential to be expanded. <br />
<br />
[http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=TR%2fPub%2f1 Bristol Old Vic Playbills]: collection of playbills from the Theatre Royal/Bristol Old Vic, digitized by the Bristol Archive. Covers some 18th century (earliest from 1768), primarily first half of 19th century (1810-1840).<br />
<br />
[https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Default.aspx?_ga=2.95202516.918721450.1602764813-573422282.1602764813 British Library Digitised Manuscripts] includes a wide selected of digital images from manuscripts in the British Library.<br />
<br />
[http://ballads.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ Broadside Ballad Archive] is maintained by the Bodleian Libraries and features the Bodleian's digital collections of ballads, with links to the English Broadside Ballad Archive’s digital presentations of pre-1800 ballads from other libraries, and to the folk song scholarship of the Roud Broadside Index, hosted by the English Folk Dance and Song Society (from the website).<br />
<br />
[https://jcblibrary.org/collection/digital-images The John Carter Brown Library Online Publications] features pdfs of out of print publications by and about The John Carter Brown Library collection. <br />
<br />
[[List of bindings resources]] <br />
<br />
[https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/bookbindings/ Database of Bookbindings: The British Library] <br />
<br />
[http://bookbindingdictionary.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page Bookbinding Dictionary (Multilingual)]: an international dictionary of bookbinding and conservation terms. <br />
<br />
[http://www.borrowers.uga.edu/ Borrowers and Lenders: The Journal of Shakespeare and Appropriation] <br />
<br />
[http://bbti.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/# British Book Trade Index:] The BBTI aims to include brief biographical and trade details of all those who worked in the English and Welsh book trades up to 1851. BBTI includes not only printers, publishers and booksellers but also other related trades, such as stationers, papermakers, engravers, auctioneers, ink-makers and sellers of medicines, so that the book trade can be studied in the context of allied trades. <br />
<br />
[http://www.bpi1700.org.uk/index.html British Printed Images to 1700 (bpi1700)] is a digital library of prints and book illustrations from early modern Britain. <br />
<br />
[http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/ British Universities Film and Video Council: Shakespeare] An International Database of Shakespeare on Film, Television and Radio.<br />
This authoritative online database of Shakespeare-related content in film, television, radio and video recordings is international in scope, is regularly updated and currently holds over 9,000 records dating from the 1890s to the present day.<br />
<br />
===C===<br />
<br />
[https://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/benjonson/ The Cambridge Works of Ben Jonson Online] provides a fully digitized and updated edition of Jonson's complete writings, with editorial and scholarly remarks throughout the texts. <br />
<br />
[https://casebooks.lib.cam.ac.uk The Casebooks Project]: In the decades around 1600, the astrologers Simon Forman and Richard Napier produced one of the largest surviving sets of medical records in history. The Casebooks Project, a team of scholars at the University of Cambridge, has transformed this paper archive into a digital archive. <br />
<br />
[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ Chronicling America] contains fully searchable American historic newspaper pages from 1789-1963. <br />
<br />
[https://theclergydatabase.org.uk Clergy of the Church of England Database 1540-1835] makes available and searchable the principal records of clerical careers from over 50 archives in England and Wales with the aim of providing coverage of as many clerical lives as possible from the Reformation to the mid-nineteenth century. <br />
<br />
[http://www.common-place.org/ Common-Place] is a destination for exploring and exchanging ideas about early American history and culture. A bit less formal than a scholarly journal, a bit more scholarly than a popular magazine, Commonplace speaks—and listens—to scholars, museum curators, teachers, hobbyists, and just about anyone interested in American history before 1900.<br />
<br />
[http://www.english.cam.ac.uk/ceres/ COPIA/CERES (Cambridge English Renaissance Electronic Service)] provides access to manuscripts related to Spenser and resources for early modern English handwriting. <br />
<br />
[http://humanities-research.exeter.ac.uk/womenswork/courtdepositions/ Court Depositions of South West England, 1500-1700] is a digital edition of 80 fully transcribed depositions relating to 20 cases heard in the church courts and Quarter Sessions between 1556 and 1694 across Devon, Hampshire, Somerset and Wiltshire. These depositions or witness statements relate to a range of crimes and offences tried in these two types of courts, from defamation to theft and are rich in detail of social, economic, political and religious life in early modern England. This digital edition has been prepared as part of the Leverhulme-funded project ''Women's Work in Rural England, 1500-1700'' undertaken at the University of Exeter between 2013 and 2018.<br />
<br />
===D=== <br />
<br />
[https://www.umass.edu/AdelphiTheatreCalendar/index.htm Daily Calendars of the Sans Pareil/Adelphi Theatre, 1806-1900]: came out of a project founded by Joseph Donohue (University of Massachusetts Amherst) and James Ellis (Mount Holyoke College), to organize and collect information about the variety of theatrical and theatre-related activities occurring in London 1800-1900.<br />
<br />
[http://www.treatiseonpainting.org/ Leonardo da Vinci and his Treatise on Painting]: website examining all of the different variations of this text that appeared throughout the centuries; includes extensive bibliography. <br />
<br />
[https://dex.itercommunity.org/ DEx: Database of Dramatic Extracts] DEx is an online, searchable database of dramatic extracts found in seventeenth-century manuscripts. DEx is published by Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages and Renaissance. <br />
<br />
[http://digitalcavendish.org/ Digital Cavendish], a scholarly collaborative, brings together original research, scholarly resources, digital editions, and teaching resources to fill out the world and works of Margaret Cavendish.<br />
<br />
[https://digitalrenaissance.uvic.ca/ Digital Renaissance Editions] "publishes electronic scholarly editions of early English drama and texts of related interest, from late medieval moralities and Tudor interludes, occasional entertainments and civic pageants, academic and closet drama, and the plays of the commercial London theaters, through to the drama of the Civil War and Interregnum." <br />
<br />
[https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php Discography of American Historical Recordings] "a database of master recordings made by American record companies during the 78rpm era. It is part of the American Discography Project (ADP)—an initiative of the University of California, Santa Barbara and the Packard Humanities Institute that is edited by a team of researchers based at the UCSB Library" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[http://deep.sas.upenn.edu/ DEEP (Database of Early English Playbooks)]: searchable bibliography of "every playbook produced in England, Scotland, and Ireland from the beginning of printing through 1660". <br />
<br />
[http://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_h.aspx Dictionary for Library and Information Sciences] is designed as a hypertext reference resource for library and information science professionals, university students and faculty, and users of all types of libraries.<br />
<br />
===E=== <br />
<br />
[http://eada.lib.umd.edu/introduction-to-the-archive/ Early Americas Digital Archive] is a collection of electronic texts and links to texts originally written in or about the Americas from 1492 to approximately 1820, supported by University of Maryland.<br />
<br />
[https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/980096/ Early Modern British Painters] dataset identifies all those men and women who have been identified as painters of any sort working in England, Wales, Scotland or Ireland between the years 1500 and 1640. Compiled by Robert Tittler, Distinguished Professor of History Emeritus at Concordia University, Montreal, and Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. <br />
<br />
[https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/emc/ Early Modern Culture] published works-in-progress by major scholars in early modern studies, along with a set of responses from readers. No longer publishing as of 2019.<br />
<br />
[https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/emdr Early Modern Digital Review] (EMDR) is an online, open-access, and refereed journal publishing high-quality reviews of digital projects related to early modern society and culture. It is committed to productive evaluation of both established digital resources and recent tools and projects. <br />
<br />
[https://extra.shu.ac.uk/emls/journal/index.php/emls Early Modern Literary Studies] is a refereed journal serving as a formal arena for scholarly discussion and as an academic resource for researchers in the areas of English literature, literary culture, and language during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.<br />
<br />
[https://emlot.library.utoronto.ca Early Modern London Theatres] (EMLoT): Information related to professional performance in purpose-built theatres and other permanent structures in the London area. <br />
<br />
[https://www.emlc-journal.org/issue/archive/ ''Early Modern Low Countries''] "a multidisciplinary open access journal dedicated to the study of the early modern Low Countries. We publish state-of-the-art scholarship on any aspect of the turbulent history and vibrant culture of the region from about 1500 to 1830 from a variety of perspectives" (from the website). EMLC appears in two installments annually.<br />
<br />
[https://www.ofpilcrows.com/resources-early-modern-plays-page-and-stage Early Modern Plays on Page & Stage: Online Resources] is a list of resources compiled by Claire M. L. Bourne, Assistant Professor of English at Penn State University.<br />
<br />
[https://earlyprint.org/lab/ Early Print: Text Mining Early Printed English] provides a range of tools for the computational exploration and analysis of English print culture before 1700. <br />
<br />
[http://www.earlyprintedbooks.com/resources/ Early Printed Books, by Sarah Werner] is a companion to her book, ''Studying Early Printed Books, 1450-1800: A Practical Guide''. Intended to be able to be used both alongside and separately from the book, the website is an open-access, freely available resource that can supplement anyone’s explorations of early printed books.<br />
<br />
[http://www.earlystuartlibels.net/htdocs/index.html Early Stuart Libels]: early 17th century English political poetry from the accession of King James I to the outbreak of the English Civil War. <br />
<br />
[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/did/ The Encyclopedia of Diderot & D'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project] provides translations to the famed encyclopedia along with search capabilities and teaching resources.<br />
<br />
[https://www.englandsimmigrants.com/ England's Immigrants] is a database of over 64,000 names of people known to have migrated to England in the period 1350-1550. The information is drawn from a variety of sources, such as taxation assessments, letters of denization and protection, and other licenses and grants. <br />
<br />
[http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ English Broadside Ballad Archive] from the University of California, Santa Barbara, provides access to images and transcriptions of English Broadside Ballads from the long 17th century. <br />
<br />
[http://estc.bl.uk/F/?func=file&file_name=login-bl-estc English Short-Title Catalogue (ESTC)] is a comprehensive, international union catalogue listing early books, serials, newspapers and selected ephemera printed before 1801. For more information on this resource please see [[English Short-Title Catalogue]]. <br />
<br />
[http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Main_Page EuroDocs: Primary Historical Documents from Western Europe] is a repository of links to freely available primary source documents on the web; organized by both geographic area and time period. <br />
<br />
[https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/yexm20/current Exemplaria] is an open access journal that reconsider the methods and aims of scholarship on the medieval and early modern periods, broadly conceived.<br />
<br />
===F=== <br />
<br />
[https://www.dhi.ac.uk/foxe/index.php John Foxe’s Book of Martyrs Variorum Edition (TAMO)]: browse and compare the unabridged texts of the four editions of this massive work published in John Foxe’s lifetime (1563, 1570, 1576, 1583).<br />
<br />
[https://library.culinary.edu/primarysources/digitalfoodhistory/ Food History Digital Primary Sources] guide from the Culinary Institute of America.<br />
<br />
===G=== <br />
<br />
[http://gemms.itercommunity.org/index.php GEMMS: Gateway to Early Modern Manuscript Sermons] is a group-sourced online bibliographic database of early modern (1530-1715) manuscript sermons from the UK, Ireland and North America. <br />
<br />
[http://globalmiddleages.org/ Global Middle Ages Project (G-MAP)] is a portal site for digital projects encompassing the Medieval and Early Modern worlds. <br />
<br />
[[Glossary of digital humanities terms]] aims to help both novices and more advanced users of digital tools and approaches understand common terms employed in the digital humanities. <br />
<br />
[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/glossary.asp Glossary of Illuminated Manuscripts:] reproduced and illustrated by the British Library from Michelle P. Brown, ''Understanding Illuminated Manuscripts: A Guide to Technical Terms'' (J. Paul Getty Museum: Malibu and British Library: London, 1994). <br />
<br />
[https://www.gravell.org/ Gravell (The Thomas L. Gravell Watermark Archive)] brings together more than 50,000 watermarks from America and Europe, including 7,500 images collected by American-watermark expert Thomas L. Gravell and about 45,000 unpublished marks documented by Charles-Moise Briquet. <br />
<br />
===H===<br />
<br />
[http://www.hamletworks.org/ Hamlet Works] is "everything you ever wanted to know about ''Hamlet''", a searchable databases of editions and criticism.<br />
<br />
[https://henslowe-alleyn.org.uk/ Henslowe-Alleyn Digitization Project] "has two aims and objectives: first, to protect and conserve these increasingly fragile manuscripts, and, second, to make their contents much more widely available in a free electronic archive and website, not only to specialist scholars but to all those interested in early modern English drama and theatre history, as well as social, economic, regional, architectural, and legal history, and paleography and manuscript studies" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[http://hpb.cerl.org Heritage of the Printed Book Database (HPB)] (formerly called the Hand Press Book Database) is a steadily growing collection of files of catalogue records from major European and North American research libraries covering items of European printing of the hand-press period (c.1455-c.1830) integrated into one file. This makes it possible for information to be retrieved in one single search across all files. (N.b. as of Summer 2016, Folger items are not yet integrated into this database) As of January 2018, this resource is freely available! <br />
<br />
[http://www.arc.id.au/Calendar.html Historical Calendar]: Multi-country historical calendar for the years 1100 to 2100. Allows automatic conversion between Old Style and New Style dates. <br />
<br />
[https://hob.gseis.ucla.edu/index.html History of the Book, by Johanna Drucker] is a networked resource focused on the production and reception of materials related to the history of the book and literacy technologies, broadly conceived.<br />
<br />
[http://historyofparliamentonline.org History of Parliament] is a research project creating a comprehensive account of parliamentary politics in England, then Britain, from their origins in the thirteenth century. It consists of detailed studies of elections and electoral politics in each constituency, and of closely researched accounts of the lives of everyone who was elected to Parliament in the period, together with surveys drawing out the themes and discoveries of the research and adding information on the operation of Parliament as an institution. Note: it is a work in progress, with some sections more complete than others. <br />
<br />
[http://www.history.ac.uk/history-online/ History On-Line] provides information for historians with details of university lecturers in the UK and the Republic of Ireland, current and past historical research, digital history projects, new books and journals from a range of leading publishers and sources of funding available for researchers in the UK. <br />
<br />
[http://english.nsms.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/ The Holinshed Project] parallel texts edition, furnished with links to each page of Early English Books Online (subscription required). Users can navigate using a variety of entry points. Project overview and history, as well as sample texts, can be found [http://www.cems.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/index.shtml here]. <br />
<br />
[http://www.hookesbooks.com/ Robert Hooke's Books] is an online source on the library of the 17th-century virtuoso Robert Hooke (1635-1703) is an on-going collaboration between Will Poole, Felicity Henderson, and Yelda Nasifoglu who are currently undertaking research on different aspects of Hooke’s work. As it is a work-in-progress, further research notes will be continually added to the database, and new editions of the editors’ Introduction are expected to be released. <br />
<br />
===I===<br />
<br />
[https://www.arts.kuleuven.be/nieuwetijd/english/odis/impressae-women-printers-in-early-modern-antwerp-leuven-and-douai Impressae: Women Printers in Early Modern Antwerp, Leuven, and Douai] reconstructs the lives and work of women printers in Antwerp, Leuven and Douai during two centuries (sixteenth through seventeenth). It contains information about kinship and commercial networks, printing houses and rare books. It contains linked data on more than 1 300 persons, almost 3 700 publications and more than 150 organisations.<br />
<br />
[https://www.vialibri.net/library_search.php International Library Catalogs] from vialibri.net. Provides a list of union and other catalogs from Europe and the United States. Links to sources such as WorldCat, the KVK, and artlibraries.net. <br />
<br />
[http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/ Internet Shakespeare Editions]: information on Shakespeare's texts and life and times. Includes a performance database and the semi-annual online journal ''Scene''.<br />
<br />
[https://www.intoxicantsproject.org Intoxicants & Early Modernity: England, 1580-1714] explores the insight that the period between the introduction of tobacco in the 1570s and the ‘Gin Craze’ of the early eighteenth century was a formative phase in the production, traffic, consumption, and representation of intoxicants.<br />
<br />
===J=== <br />
<br />
[https://minstrels.library.utoronto.ca The JUBA Project: Early Blackface Minstrelsy in Britain 1842-1852], from the University of Toronto, draws together a range of documentation into a database that allows the visitor to access information on the individuals, troupes, and 'acts,' that toured in Britain during these crucial years. <br />
<br />
===K===<br />
<br />
[https://kitmarlowe.org/ The Kit Marlowe Project] created by undergraduate students to offer accessible resources for learning about one of Shakespeare’s most influential contemporaries and collaborators, Christopher Marlowe (Project Director: Kristen Abbott Bennett at Framingham University).<br />
<br />
===L===<br />
<br />
[https://www.layersoflondon.org/ Layers of London] is a map-based history website developed by the Institute of Historical Research.<br />
<br />
[http://www.leibniz-translations.com/index2.php Leibniz Translations] provides full-text translations of the work of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in English translation. <br />
<br />
[http://leme.library.utoronto.ca/ Lexicons of Early Modern English] searches and displays word-entries from monolingual English dictionaries, bilingual lexicons, technical vocabularies, and other encyclopedic-lexical works, 1480-1702. <br />
<br />
[https://www.loc.gov/collections/ Library of Congress Digital Collections]<br />
<br />
[https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/pages/open-access/ Liverpool University Press-Open Access] provides scholarly monographs offered via open-access from a pioneer in OA publishing.<br />
<br />
[https://londonstagedatabase.usu.edu London Stage database] is a searchable version of ''The London Stage'', a key reference work documenting theatrical performances from the reopening of the public playhouses following the English civil wars in 1660 to the end of the eighteenth century. This information has been compiled from the playbills, newspapers and theatrical diaries of the period. <br />
<br />
[http://www.luminarium.org/lumina.htm Luminarium] is an online anthology of English literature from the late Medieval period through the 18th century; texts from out-of-copyright editions.<br />
<br />
===M=== <br />
<br />
[http://manus.iccu.sbn.it/index.php Manus Online] is a database containing catalogue descriptions and digital images of manuscripts, private papers and archives held by Italian public, private and ecclesiastical libraries. The census, launched in 1988, aims to list and catalogue manuscripts written in Latin alphabet from the Middle Ages to date, including private papers and literary archives. <br />
<br />
[https://www.manuscriptcookbookssurvey.org/ Manuscript Cookbooks Survey] includes a database of pre-1865 English-language manuscript cookbooks held in U. S. public institutions as well as a database of kitchen artifacts used at the time these manuscripts were written. <br />
<br />
[https://mpese.ac.uk/ Manuscript Pamphleteering in Early Stuart England]: Before the outbreak of Civil War in 1642, England developed a large, influential and often radical pamphlet literature. This project aims to survey the vast hidden archive of early Stuart England's manuscript pamphlets. Images and transcriptions of many early modern pamphlets are available, in addition to bibliographical descriptions. <br />
<br />
[https://dhil.lib.sfu.ca/mvm/ Manuscript Verse Miscellanies 1700-1820] is a searchable database describing hundreds of manuscript poetry books. Links to First Line Index where relevant, plus lots of metadata about the manuscripts.<br />
<br />
[https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/emwrn/digitalarchive Material Cultures of Early Modern Women's Writing Digital Archive] provides online editions of women's writing that circulated in a variety of forms in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This project draws from manuscript sources as well as print editions, and provides both images and transcriptions of these often multiform texts. <br />
<br />
[https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/ Map of Early Modern London (MoEML)] comprises a digital edition of the 1561 Agas woodcut map of London; an Encyclopedia and Descriptive Gazetteer of London people, places, topics, and terms; a Library of marked-up texts rich in London toponyms; and a versioned edition of John Stow’s Survey of London. <br />
<br />
[http://wroth.latrobe.edu.au/ Mary Wroth's Poetry: An Electronic Edition]: Edited by Paul Salzman, this electronic edition includes a textual introduction, a contextual bibliography, a critical introduction to the poetry of Mary Wroth, and full text of the poems. <br />
<br />
[http://www.medici.org/ The Medici Archive Project]: Documentary Sources for the Arts and Humanities in the Medici Granducal Archive, 1537-1743, is a fully searchable database describing hundreds of volumes of documents in the Medici Granducal Archive (Archivio Mediceo del Principato). <br />
<br />
[http://mdr-maa.org Medieval Digital Resources (MDR)]: The Medieval Academy of America has put together a curated database of peer-reviewed digital materials for the study of the Middle Ages. Users can browse an alphabetical list or search using controlled-vocabulary subject tags to find vetted online resources of many types. Please note that MDR does not include resources that are paywalled or require password access, although some resources may have restrictive use-licenses. <br />
<br />
[https://memorients.com/ Medieval and Early Modern Orients (MEMOs)] is an AHRC-funded project that seeks to further knowledge and understanding of the early interactions between England and the Islamic worlds.<br />
<br />
[https://globalshakespeares.mit.edu/ MIT Global Shakespeares] video and performance archive.<br />
<br />
[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary Middle English Compendium] contains three Middle English electronic resources: the Middle English Dictionary, a Bibliography of Middle English prose and verse, and a Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse. <br />
<br />
[https://digital.library.illinois.edu/collections/810eac30-e3fb-012f-c5b6-0019b9e633c5-e The Motley Collection of Theatre and Costume Design] at the University of Illinois has over 5000 items from more than 150 theatrical productions in England and the United States.<br />
<br />
===N===<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000140237 The National Union Catalog, pre-1956 imprints] are made available through HathiTrust. <br />
<br />
[https://shiplib.org The Nautical Archaeology Digital Library] includes artifact collections, mapping of shipwrecks, maritime exploration, shipbuilding and other resources for international history of sea travel.<br />
<br />
[https://digitalcollections.nypl.org New York Public Library Digital Collections] site provides access to digitized collection materials from the extensive NYPL holdings, touching on all areas within the Folger collecting scope.<br />
<br />
===O===<br />
<br />
[https://openlibrary.org/ Open Library] offers a platform to browse for and read thousands of books.<br />
<br />
[https://ota.ox.ac.uk/ Oxford Text Archive] collects, catalogues, preserves and distributes high-quality digital resources for research and teaching; they currently have thousands of texts in more than 25 languages (some restrictions). Includes a separate catalog of TCP (Text Creation Partnership) items.<br />
<br />
===P=== <br />
<br />
[[List of online resources for early modern English paleography]] was compiled to assist early modern scholars begin to learn to decipher, read, and interpret manuscript materials written in early handwriting. <br />
<br />
[http://ihl.enssib.fr/en/paper-and-watermarks-as-bibliographical-evidence Paper and Watermarks as Bibliographical Evidence] from the Institut d'histoire du livre is a bibliographical guide to texts and images relating to the history of paper and papermaking, mainly comprising the hand-papermaking period. <br />
<br />
[https://vpcp.chass.ncsu.edu/listen-ambient-sounds/ Virtual St. Paul's Cathedral Project/Ambient Noise] is a digital recreation of worship and preaching at St. Paul's Cathedral in early modern London. <br />
<br />
[http://pedagogy-toolkit.org/ Pedagogy Toolkit for English] provides a community-driven resources for digital pedagogy in composition, rhetoric, and literature. <br />
<br />
[https://www.pepysdiary.com/ The Diary of Samuel Pepys] chronicles the daily entries from the famous 17th century London diary. <br />
<br />
[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ Perseus Digital Library] and [https://scaife.perseus.org/library/ Scaife online reader] for classical through early modern literature and artifacts.<br />
<br />
[https://digital.library.illinois.edu/collections/81196b40-e3fb-012f-c5b6-0019b9e633c5-c Portraits of Actors] gathers studio portraits and actors posing in costume, 1720-1920.<br />
<br />
[https://pulterproject.northwestern.edu/ The Pulter Project: Poet in the Making], a "digital collaboration aims at allowing readers to engage with multiple, different representations and readings of Hester Pulter’s striking verse" (from the website).<br />
<br />
===R===<br />
<br />
[https://soundcloud.com/rarebookschool Rare Book School Lectures] are available via approximately 400 Soundcloud podcasts on a wide variety of bibliographical subjects that cover the entire history of books.<br />
<br />
[https://www.r18collective.org/ Re-Activating Restoration & 18th-Century Theatre for the 21st Century] includes video and audio resources and syllabus ideas aimed at assisting instructors. In the longer term, this research consortium will be working with professional theatre artists and companies in the US, Canada, and UK to encourage new productions and convening research workshops and focused conferences at the Newberry Library and Oxford University (open to graduate students and faculty). <br />
<br />
[https://ereed.library.utoronto.ca Records of Early English Drama (REED)] is an international scholarly project that is establishing for the first time the context from which the drama of Shakespeare and his contemporaries grew. Contains transcribed and edited historical documents containing evidence of drama, secular music, and other communal entertainment and ceremony from the Middle Ages until 1642.<br />
<br />
[https://reformation500.csl.edu/ Reformation 500] is an online resource for the commemoration of the Quincentenary of the Reformation in 2017 managed by Concordia Seminary, St. Louis. Here you will find information on important people and events of the Reformation, news and upcoming events, blog posts by a variety of authors offering different perspectives on the Reformation and its significance. <br />
<br />
[https://rekn.org/ Renaissance Knowledge Network] publications address a myriad of topics surrounding the creation of digital projects that display resources related to Renaissance and Early Modern studies. <br />
<br />
[http://myweb.ttu.edu/mkvanda/RPFsite/index.xml Restoration Printed Fiction] is a database from the English Department at Texas Tech University. Including 394 fictions printed between 1660 and 1700 (fiction has been defined broadly here), this database allows users to search for basic information, such as author, title, bookseller, printer, and date, as well as more detailed information, such as whether the text has paratexts like dedications or prefaces. <br />
<br />
[http://guides.library.harvard.edu/friendly.php?s=rinascimento&gid=4877 Rinascimento]: Harvard University's Research Guide for Renaissance Studies. Contains links to databases, websites, and other resources, divided and subdivided by general topical area. <br />
<br />
[https://www.americanheraldry.org/heraldry-in-the-usa/roll-of-early-american-arms A Roll of Early American Arms] from The American Heraldry Society provides descriptions and citations for coats of arms held by Americans before 1825.<br />
<br />
[http://www.itergateway.org/romeo_juliet/ Romeo and Juliet: Searchable Database for Prompt Books] contains information from approximately 170 prompt-books for productions of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. These productions range from the seventeenth century to the 1980s.<br />
<br />
===S=== <br />
<br />
[https://scholarlyediting.org/ Scholarly Editing] is an open-access journal committed to the development and advancement of all aspects of textual editing, including documentary editing. The content published in the journal includes essays, micro editions, reviews of print and digital editions, and teaching materials. The journal’s eclectic, multidisciplinary approach makes it an invaluable resource for anyone interested in the theory, practice, and pedagogy of scholarly editing, including educators, researchers, scholars, historians, archivists, editors, information professionals, and digital humanists.<br />
<br />
[https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/scriptorium Scriptorium: Medieval and Early Modern Manuscripts Online]: A digital archive of manuscript miscellanies and commonplace books from c. 1450-1720. <br />
<br />
[https://shakedsetc.org Shakedsetc.org] provides information and links to digital copies of Shakespeare's works, from the earliest quartos to 18th, 19th, and 20th century editions.<br />
<br />
[https://searchingforshakespeare.co.uk/ Searching for Shakespeare] "provide[s] the ability to view selected objects recovered from the excavations of New Place between 2010 and 2016. These objects are presently housed in the museum collections of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust and most are not readily available to be viewed by the public" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[https://shakeosphere.lib.uiowa.edu/ Shakeosphere] allows users to visualize, map, and explore these social networks in Shakespeare's England and beyond, from 1473-1800. <br />
<br />
[http://bsuva.org/bsuva/promptbook/ 17th Century Shakespearean Prompt Books] from the University of Virginia, with introductions to each book and descriptions of each annotation within the plays. <br />
<br />
[https://www.shakespearealbum.de/en/about.html Shakespeare Album] site presents ''Illustrating the History of Germany's Shakespeare Reception: the Birmingham Photo Album'' convened in 2016 by Academy of Sciences and Literature Mainz. A commemorative digital photo album was created with 109 portraits and autograph signatures of personalities meritorious for having communicated and maintained the interest for Shakespeare in Germany. Consult this resource in combination with German scholar [https://findingaids.folger.edu/dfoleo2002.xml Friedrich August Leo] materials and other [https://findingaids.folger.edu/dfogerman2002.xml German language manuscripts] held by the Folger.<br />
<br />
[https://shakespearecensus.org/ Shakespeare Census] attempts to locate and describe all extant copies of all editions of Shakespeare’s works through 1700, excluding the folios. It includes all items attributed to Shakespeare in print during the period, but not those attributed to him only by modern scholarship, and excludes the Restoration adaptations. <br />
<br />
[https://shakespeare.emory.edu/ Shakespeare and the Players] is an online exhibition and scholarly resource of nearly 1,000 postcards featuring many famous English and American actors who performed Shakespeare’s plays for late Victorian and Edwardian audiences, held at Emory University.<br />
<br />
[https://sharc.kcl.ac.uk Shakespeare in the Royal Collection] is a searchable online catalogue of Shakespeare-related objects in the Royal Collection and an online exhibition.<br />
<br />
[https://about.illinoisstate.edu/shakespeareinsheets/ Shakespeare in Sheets] project recreates the author's early plays and books in printable and foldable sheets of paper. <br />
<br />
[https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/shakespeare Shakespeare Train] is a portion of the [https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/# Ellen Terry and Edith Craig digital archive], available through the University of Essex. It provides a portal to Ellen Terry stage and lecture history and links to the main documentary archive and the [https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/star Search for Theatrical Ancestors] database.<br />
<br />
[https://euppublishing.com/journals/shakespearevirtualissue Shakespeare Virtual Issue (Edinburgh University Press)] is freely accessible and provides a list of hand-picked articles from across their catalogue of journals, dedicated to the Bard, his work and reception across both history and literary studies.<br />
<br />
[http://shalt.dmu.ac.uk/index.html ShaLT: Shakespearean London Theatres]: Histories of early modern theatres, with a map, guides, and films. A joint project of the De Montfort University and the Victoria and Albert Museum. <br />
<br />
[https://thesifter.org/ The Sifter]: A Tool for Food History Research.<br />
<br />
Statutes of the Realm: for statutes from the Magna Carta to 1761, the most efficient place to search is Owen Ruffhead's mid-18th century ''Statutes at Large''. This text can be found in ECCO, and freely available on the Internet Archive: [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef01grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 1: Magna Carta to Henry VI], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef02grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 2: Edward IV to Elizabeth I], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef03grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 3: James I to William and Mary], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef04grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 4: William and Mary to Anne], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef05grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 5: George I to George II], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef06grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 6: George II, con't], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef07grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 7: George II, con't more], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef08grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 8: George II to George III], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef09grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 9: George III con't plus Index]<br />
<br />
===T===<br />
<br />
[http://earlyamericansermons.org/about/ T.E.A.M.S.: Transcribing Early American Manuscript Sermons] is a collaborative scholarly effort to make the voluminous archival record of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century ecclesiastical worship more accessible to academic researchers, pastors, and the general public. This digital archive houses sermons transcribed from the papers of Baptist, Catholic, Congregational, Episcopalian, Presbyterian, and Unitarian ministers who preached up and down the Atlantic coast of North America; it includes the manuscript sermons of white, Native American, and African American preachers. <br />
<br />
[https://theatregoing.wordpress.com/ Theatregoing] is an ongoing survey reproducing eyewitness testimony of seeing theatrical productions, from the sixteenth century to the present day.<br />
<br />
===U===<br />
<br />
[http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/reading/UK/index.php UK RED] or "the Reading Experience Database" explores what United Kingdom residents and British subjects living or travelling abroad read between the invention of the printing press in 1450 and the end of the Second World War in 1945, how, and in what circumstances did they read.<br />
<br />
===V=== <br />
<br />
[http://shakespeareillustration.org/ The Victorian Illustrated Shakespeare Archive] contains over 3000 illustrations from four of the most significant illustrated editions of Shakespeare's works in the Victorian period. All images have been tagged bibliographically and iconographically. <br />
<br />
[https://graphics.cs.wisc.edu/WP/vep/ Visualizing English Print] (from the site) "Our mission is to scale humanist scholarship to ‘big data’ by removing several barriers to statistically analyzing digital Early Modern English texts, like those released by the Text Creation Partnership...This website equips you with the necessary tools to make your own corpora, visually explore them, and download preliminary metadata."<br />
<br />
===W===<br />
<br />
[https://hollar.library.utoronto.ca/ Wenceslaus Hollar Digital Collection]: Digital images from the Fisher Library Collection at the University of Toronto. <br />
<br />
[https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history Westminster Abbey|History] includes short essays on each feature of the Abbey, including entries on each burial or memorial site. <br />
<br />
[https://wwtn.history.qmul.ac.uk/about/ Who Were the Nuns?]: A prosopographical study of the English Convents in exile 1600-1800. Traces the membership of the English convents in exile, from the opening of the first institution in Brussels to the nuns’ return to England as a result of the French Revolution and associated violence. Database provides the membership, family trees, edited documents, maps and analysis of the nuns’ experiences<br />
<br />
[https://digitalprojects.wpi.art/auctions Wildenstein Plattner Institute] has made available digitized auction sales catalogues from pre-1945, numbering over 11,000.<br />
<br />
[https://www.womensbookhistory.org/ Women in Book History: A Bibliography] is a database of secondary sources on women's writing and labor.<br />
<br />
[https://www.uclpress.co.uk/products/211143 Women in the History of Science: A sourcebook] is an open access sourcebook that brings together primary sources that highlight women’s involvement in scientific knowledge production around the world. Time period is broad, covering 1200 BCE to the twenty-first century. Solid early modern content.<br />
<br />
==Subscription Resources Available Off-site== <br />
<br />
These resources, listed by database vendor, are available to registered Folger researchers, via their [https://request.folger.edu/ Online Request Account]. Instructions for accessing each resource may be found in the [[:media:Electronic resources help guide.pdf | Help Guide for Offsite Subscription Resource Access]]. <br />
<br />
'''ProQuest'''<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/264526?ln=en Cecil Papers] archive consists principally of the correspondence of William Cecil, Lord Burghley (1520-1598) and his son, Robert, the 1st Earl of Salisbury (1563-1612). <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/728535?ln=en Early English Books Online (EEBO)] provides digital facsimile page images of works printed in England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and British North America and works in English printed elsewhere from 1473-1700; full-text search of EEBO-TCP Phase 1 and Phase 2. For more information about EEBO, see [[History of Early English Books Online]]. <br />
:[http://proquest.libguides.com/eebopqp Early English Books Online ProQuest Guide]: ProQuest has put together a LibGuide (a help guide) related to the EEBO database, detailing the differences between the old Chadwick-Healey interface and the new ProQuest interface, which exact fields you can search, and other useful information. Please note that while access to this guide is unrestricted, the database itself requires an institutional subscription. <br />
<br />
'''Adam Matthew''' <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/544237?ln=en Early Modern England: Society, Culture & Everyday Life, 1500-1700] brings together documents and objects from seven different archives and libraries to offer insights into the lived experience in England from 1500-1700. Includes a wide range of materials including legal records, family correspondence, administrative records, wills, inventories and commonplace books among others.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/195102?ln=en Literary Manuscripts Online: 17th and 18th Century Poetry from the Brotherton Library, University of Leeds] provides manuscripts of 17th and 18th century English language verse, including first lines, last lines, attribution, author, title, date, length, verse form, content and bibliographic references for over 6,600 poems within the collection. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/356874?ln=en Literary Print Culture: The Stationers' Company Archive] provides documents sourced from the archive of The Worshipful Company of Stationers & Newspaper Makers, including the Stationers' Register, Membership Records, Court Records, and other Company administrative records. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/724714?ln=en Perdita Manuscripts: Women Writers, 1500-1700] features manuscripts written or compiled by women in the British Isles in the 16th and 17th centuries; also includes bibliographic sources. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/724715?ln=en Shakespeare in Performance] is a database from Adam Matthew Digital which features over 1000 fully digitized promptbooks from the Folger collection. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/356873?ln=en Shakespeare's Globe Archive: Theatres, Players, & Performance] documents the performance and construction history of the new Globe and the indoor theatre space of the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse. It includes prompt books, design materials, administrative records of the theatre, and more. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/219141?ln=en Virginia Company Archives] contains transcripts and images of the Ferrar Papers from Magdalene College, Cambridge, and the papers of the Virginia Company. Documents date from approximately 1540-1770. <br />
<br />
'''Gale''' <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/245640?ln=en British Literary Manuscripts Online, Part I: 1660-1990 & Part II: Medieval & Renaissance] facsimile images of literary manuscripts, including letters and diaries, drafts of poems, plays, novels, and other literary works, and similar materials; early 12th century through 1900. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/343865?ln=en British Theatre: Nineteenth Century Collections Online] features a wide range of primary sources related to the arts in the Victorian era, from playbills and scripts to operas and complete scores. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/340547?ln=en Burney Collection Newspapers] is a 17th-18th century collection that contains not only newspapers, but newsbooks, Acts of Parliament, broadsides, pamphlets and proclamations. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/263757?ln=en ECCO (Eighteenth Century Collections Online)] primarily focuses on publications from the British Isles, but does include material from Western Europe and Russia. Access to page images and some full-text search. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/352804?ln=en Nichols Newspapers Collection British Theatre, Music, and Literature: High and Popular Culture] features the newspapers, periodicals, pamphlets and broadsheets that form the Nichols newspaper collection held at the Bodleian library in Oxford, UK. The collection includes approximately 300 primary titles of newspapers and periodicals and 300 pamphlets and broadsheets, covering the period 1672-1737. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/263756?ln=en State Papers Online] provides access to the Calendars, transcript and document images for the Domestic and Foreign State Papers, and Registers of the Privy Council for 1509-1714. <br />
:An overview and general guide to using State Papers Online may be found here: [https://collation.folger.edu/2015/06/state-papers-online-tips-and-tricks-part-1/ Part 1] and [https://collation.folger.edu/2015/07/state-papers-online-tips-and-tricks-part-2/ Part 2] <br />
<br />
'''Cambridge'''<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/544901?ln=en The New Cambridge Shakespeare] provides access to Shakespeare's works together with a wealth of integrated reference material.<br />
<br />
'''Oxford''' <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/118159?ln=en American National Biography] is updated semi-annually with new articles and revisions of previously published entries; contains articles of notable Americans through the mid-twentieth century. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/543559?ln=en The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare] is a searchable, indexed version of the 2nd edition print resource.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/191521?ln=en Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online (DNB Online)] contains biographical information on men and women who have shaped British history and culture, worldwide, from the Romans to the 21st century; updated three time a year. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/113988?ln=en Oxford English Dictionary]<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/335520?ln=en Oxford Scholarly Editions Online] is an interlinked collection of authoritative Oxford editions of major works from the humanities. Our subscription includes early modern content. <br />
:Following subsets only ([https://www.oxfordscholarlyeditions.com/page/18/title-lists list of titles included in each subset]): <br />
::Early Seventeenth Century Drama<br />
::Early Seventeenth Seventeenth Century Poetry<br />
::Early Seventeenth Seventeenth Century Prose<br />
::Martin Wiggins and Catherine Richardson, British Drama 1533-1642: A Catalogue<br />
::Renaissance Drama<br />
::Renaissance Poetry<br />
::Renaissance Prose<br />
::Shakespeare<br />
<br />
'''BREPOLiS'''<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/232534?ln=en Bibliography of British and Irish History] contains 300,000 records on British and Irish history, including relations with the empire and Commonwealth.<br />
<br />
==Subscription Resources Available On-site== <br />
The following resources will remain on-site access only. Please email reference@folger.edu with questions. <br />
<br />
''American Book Prices Current'': records of books, manuscripts, autographs, maps and broadsides sold at auction, primarily US and UK <br />
<br />
''American Council of Learned Societies Humanities E-Book (HEB)'': E-book records are searchable in [http://hamnet.folger.edu/ Hamnet], with a link to ACLS full-text. All e-books are full-text searchable at ACLS site. <br />
<br />
''American and French Research on the Treasury of the French Language (ARTFL)'' contains French-language texts from the 12th to 20th century, Diderot and d'Alembert's late 18th century ''Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une Société de Gens de lettres'', digitized versions of many ''Bibliothèque Bleue de Troyes'' (17th to mid-19th c.), a searchable version of Montaigne's ''Essais'', and a different search interface for Tufts' Perseus Project (Greek & Latin texts). <br />
<br />
''Archive Grid'' is a service provided by OCLC brings together information about archives, special collections and other collections of manuscripts and papers. <br />
<br />
''Arkyves'': Access to the full Iconclass browser at Arkyves, containing all of the images from the British Book Illustrations project, as well as over 800,000 additional images from a number of institutions all over the world. <br />
<br />
''Bibliography of British and Irish History'' provides bibliographic data on historical writing dealing with the British Isles, and with the British Empire and Commonwealth, during all periods for which written documentation is available - from 55BC to the present. <br />
<br />
''Bibliography of English Women Writers 1500-1640'' currently indexes the works of around 740 female writers and translators. <br />
<br />
''British History Online'': Includes Calendars of State Papers, Domestic and the Calendars of State Papers for Scotland and Ireland, along with the Calendar of Close Rolls. <br />
<br />
''Burke's Peerage and Gentry'': genealogy and heraldry information for the Peerage of the United Kingdom, the historical families of Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations, and royal and distinguished families worldwide. <br />
<br />
''Early English Books Online - Text Creation Partnership (EEBO-TCP)'': encoded electronic text editions of many early print books in Early English Books Online, Eighteenth Century Collections Online, and Evans Early American Imprints. (Now included in the ProQuest version of EEBO.) <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/544899?ln=en Drama Online] Core Collection for Arden Shakespeare edition access.<br />
<br />
''FirstSearch: OCLC Databases'': Default database: WorldCat. Select the "Search in database" dropdown to select one of the following databases: ArticleFirst, ClasePeriodica, OCLC Ebooks, OCLC ECO, ERIC, GPO, MEDLINE, OAIster, PapersFirst, Proceedings, WorldAlmanac, WorldCat, WorldCatDissertations. <br />
<br />
''Iter Bibliography'' is a bibliography comprised of secondary source material pertaining to the Middle Ages and Renaissance (400-1700), including citations for books and journal material (articles, reviews, review articles, bibliographies, catalogues, abstracts and discographies), dissertation abstracts, and essays in books (including entries in conference proceedings, festschriften, encyclopedias and exhibition catalogues). <br />
<br />
''Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages & Renaissance'' brings together numerous database sources for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. Some are subscription access only, while others are freely available. <br />
<br />
''Iter Italicum'' is a finding list for Renaissance humanistic manuscripts in libraries and collections all over the world. <br />
<br />
''Loeb Classical Library'': Fourteen centuries of Greek and Latin literature with accurate, literate, English translations on facing pages. And a handy Greek keyboard pop-up. <br />
<br />
''John Milton: A Bibliography (MRTS Online Series)'' attempts to bring together all manuscripts and editions of John Milton's works and all studies and critical statements concerning his life and works, all allusions and quotations, and all significant imitations during the years 1624-1799. <br />
<br />
''Microfilms Database at the Folger Shakespeare Library'' provides an easy way to search the Folger's microfilm collection so that readers may have some form of access to restricted or fragile materials. <br />
<br />
''MLA International Bibliography'' provides citations to journal articles, books, dissertations, and scholarly websites, from 1921 to the present, in academic disciplines such as language, literature, folklore, linguistics, literary theory and criticism, and the dramatic arts. <br />
<br />
''The Newdigate newsletters, Numbers 1 through 2100 (13 January 1673/4 through 11 June 1692)'': thrice-weekly news releases issued by the Secretary of State's office, highlighting matters of interest to the Stuart court. <br />
<br />
''Shakespeare Quarterly (JSTOR)'': Back issues from 1950 through five years before the current issue. <br />
<br />
''Shakespeare Quarterly (Project Muse)'': Back issues for the most recent four years. <br />
<br />
''Understanding Shakespeare (Beta)'' connects Folger Digital Texts with peer-reviewed articles in JSTOR that cite specific plays, scenes, and lines in Shakespeare. <br />
<br />
''Women Writers Online'': a full-text collection of early women’s writing in English which includes full transcriptions of texts published between 1526 and 1850, focusing on materials that are rare or inaccessible. <br />
<br />
''World Shakespeare Bibliography'': indexes Shakespeare-related scholarship and theatrical productions published or produced worldwide since 1960.<br />
<br />
==Other Digital Resources== <br />
<br />
===Twitter Accounts=== <br />
<br />
[https://twitter.com/FolgerLibrary @FolgerLibrary] is the main twitter account for the Folger. <br />
<br />
[https://twitter.com/FolgerResearch @FolgerResearch] covers the research and collections aspects of the Folger. <br />
<br />
[https://twitter.com/FolgerED @FolgerED] is the twitter account for the Folger's Education Department. <br />
<br />
<br />
===Listservs=== <br />
<br />
:[[Folger Institute Commons listserv]] <br />
:[http://crrs.ca/library/resources/ficino-listserv/ Ficino]--An interdisciplinary Renaissance listserv. <br />
:[https://networks.h-net.org/h-albion H-Albion]--The H-Net discussion network for British and Irish history. <br />
:[https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~kcreamer/milton/ Milton-L] <br />
:[http://shaksper.net/ Shaksper]--The global electronic Shakespeare conference. <br />
:[http://www.sharpweb.org/sharp-l/ SHARP-L]--The electronic conference for the history of print culture. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Folger web archives === <br />
<br />
Read the article on [[Web archiving]] for an overview of the Folger's online web presence management. <br />
<br />
[https://archive-it.org/collections/2873 Folger Shakespeare Library Websites and Social Media] <br />
<br />
[https://archive-it.org/collections/2877 Shakespeare Festivals and Theatrical Companies] <br />
<br />
[https://archive-it.org/collections/4511 William Shakespeare's 450th Birthday: Celebrations & Commentary] <br />
<br />
[[Category: Research guides]] <br />
[[Category: Digital Folger]] <br />
[[Category: Reader orientation]] <br />
[[Category: Digital humanities]] <br />
[[Category: Bibliography]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=Don%27t_Rock_the_Cradle_Symposium:_Books_in_Exhibitions%E2%80%94Mounts,_Materials,_and_Economy_(2015)&diff=37104Don't Rock the Cradle Symposium: Books in Exhibitions—Mounts, Materials, and Economy (2015)2023-02-27T18:57:17Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Folger Shakespeare Library's [[The Werner Gundersheimer Conservation Laboratory|Werner Gundersheimer Conservation Department]] organized a three-day symposium from April 1 to April 3, 2015 on books in exhibitions focusing on book cradles and book supports.<br />
<br />
See [https://www.flickr.com/photos/folgershakespearelibrary/sets/72157651318120440/ photo gallery] from the symposium.<br />
<br />
This symposium was offered in collaboration with Hanka Gerhold, paper conservator at the “Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz,” Germany and Michaela Brand, book conservator at the “Stiftung Deutsches Historisches Museum,” Berlin, Germany, following up on their successful symposium on this topic “In die Wiege gelegt” held in Berlin in 2013. As that symposium was offered in German only, this symposium was a unique opportunity to discuss books in exhibitions and their supports.<br />
<br />
The symposium discussed the various types of available book cradles and book supports, both generic and custom-made, as well as the wide variety of techniques employed by different institutions to custom-build them.<br />
<br />
The main issues discussed in this symposium were:<br />
*How to safely display an opened book<br />
*What angle of presentation is the best compromise between exhibition and preservation<br />
*What types of supports or designs are available to display a book<br />
*Is the cradle intended to be a purely structural support or is it part of the visual design of the case and exhibition<br />
*What materials are safe, cost effective, and sustainable<br />
<br />
Colleagues were invited to share the designs of their book cradles and supports by sending in a sample which was on view for all participants. The Market Place, a temporary space set up across the street for casual conversations, lunches, breaks, and professional exchanges, contained a wide variety of cradles contributed by Hanka Gerhold, presenters, attendees, and various institutions across the country; these were available for inspection and inspiration for the duration of the symposium.<br />
<br />
Please see our [[media:Don't-Rock-Program.pdf|full program]] for a detailed list of presentations and the schedule. [[media:Don't-Rock-Abstracts.pdf|Abstracts]] for each presentation are available for those interested in more information, as are [[media:Dont-Rock-Speaker-Biographies.pdf|speaker biographies]].<br />
<br />
Download presentations:<br />
<br />
Brenna Campbell, University of Iowa Libraries: [[media:Campbell-Wundercradle-Custom-Exhibit-Mounts.pdf|Wundercradle: On-site Construction of Custom Exhibit Mounts]] (PDF)<br />
<br />
Mindell Dubansky, The Metropolitan Museum of Art:<br />
[[media:Dubanksy-Experiments-Book-Support.pdf|Experiments in Book Support]] (PDF)<br />
<br />
Maria Fredericks, Morgan Library & Museum:<br />
[[media:Fredericks-Book-Cradles-Access-Aesthetics-Preservation.pdf|Book Cradles for Exhibition—Access, Aesthetics and Preservation]] (PDF)<br />
<br />
Emily Klayman Jacobson, Freer | Sackler Galleries:<br />
[[media:Jacobson-Cradles-for-Bound-Japanese-Books.pdf|Cradles for Bound Japanese Books]] (PDF)<br />
<br />
Shan Linde, National Gallery of Art:<br />
[[media:Linde-Back-to-the-Basics.pdf|When All Else Fails, Go Back to the Basics]] (PDF)<br />
<br />
Nora Lockshin, Smithsonian Institution Archives:<br />
[[media:Lockshin-Magnets-in-Mounts.pdf|Opposites Attract: Magnets in Mounts]] (PDF)<br />
<br />
Nancy Turner, J. Paul Getty Museum:<br />
[[media:Turner-Cradles-for-Displaying-Illuminated-Manuscripts.pdf|Cradles for Displaying Illuminated Manuscripts: Collection Rotations versus Temporary Loan Exhibitions at the J. Paul Getty Museum]] (PDF)<br />
<br />
[[Category: Public programs]]<br />
[[Category: Talks and Screenings]]<br />
[[Category: Collection]]<br />
[[Category: Conservation]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=Don%27t_Rock_the_Cradle_Symposium:_Books_in_Exhibitions%E2%80%94Mounts,_Materials,_and_Economy_(2015)&diff=37103Don't Rock the Cradle Symposium: Books in Exhibitions—Mounts, Materials, and Economy (2015)2023-02-27T18:19:20Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Folger Shakespeare Library's [[The Werner Gundersheimer Conservation Laboratory|Werner Gundersheimer Conservation Department]] organized a three-day symposium from April 1 to April 3, 2015 on books in exhibitions focusing on book cradles and book supports.<br />
<br />
See [https://www.flickr.com/photos/folgershakespearelibrary/sets/72157651318120440/ photo gallery] from the symposium.<br />
<br />
This symposium was offered in collaboration with Hanka Gerhold, paper conservator at the “Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz,” Germany and Michaela Brand, book conservator at the “Stiftung Deutsches Historisches Museum,” Berlin, Germany, following up on their successful symposium on this topic “In die Wiege gelegt” held in Berlin in 2013. As that symposium was offered in German only, this symposium was a unique opportunity to discuss books in exhibitions and their supports.<br />
<br />
The symposium discussed the various types of available book cradles and book supports, both generic and custom-made, as well as the wide variety of techniques employed by different institutions to custom-build them.<br />
<br />
The main issues discussed in this symposium were:<br />
*How to safely display an opened book<br />
*What angle of presentation is the best compromise between exhibition and preservation<br />
*What types of supports or designs are available to display a book<br />
*Is the cradle intended to be a purely structural support or is it part of the visual design of the case and exhibition<br />
*What materials are safe, cost effective, and sustainable<br />
<br />
Colleagues were invited to share the designs of their book cradles and supports by sending in a sample which was on view for all participants. The Market Place, a temporary space set up across the street for casual conversations, lunches, breaks, and professional exchanges, contained a wide variety of cradles contributed by Hanka Gerhold, presenters, attendees, and various institutions across the country; these were available for inspection and inspiration for the duration of the symposium.<br />
<br />
Please see our [[media:Don't-Rock-Program.pdf|full program]] for a detailed list of presentations and the schedule. [[media:Don't-Rock-Abstracts.pdf|Abstracts]] for each presentation are available for those interested in more information, as are [[media:Dont-Rock-Speaker-Biographies.pdf|speaker biographies]].<br />
<br />
Download presentations:<br />
<br />
Brenna Campbell, University of Iowa Libraries: [[media:Campbell-Wundercradle-Custom-Exhibit-Mounts.pdf|Wundercradle: On-site Construction of Custom Exhibit Mounts]] (PDF)<br />
<br />
Mindell Dubanksy, The Metropolitan Museum of Art:<br />
[[media:Dubanksy-Experiments-Book-Support.pdf|Experiments in Book Support]] (PDF)<br />
<br />
Maria Fredericks, Morgan Library & Museum:<br />
[[media:Fredericks-Book-Cradles-Access-Aesthetics-Preservation.pdf|Book Cradles for Exhibition—Access, Aesthetics and Preservation]] (PDF)<br />
<br />
Emily Klayman Jacobson, Freer | Sackler Galleries:<br />
[[media:Jacobson-Cradles-for-Bound-Japanese-Books.pdf|Cradles for Bound Japanese Books]] (PDF)<br />
<br />
Shan Linde, National Gallery of Art:<br />
[[media:Linde-Back-to-the-Basics.pdf|When All Else Fails, Go Back to the Basics]] (PDF)<br />
<br />
Nora Lockshin, Smithsonian Institution Archives:<br />
[[media:Lockshin-Magnets-in-Mounts.pdf|Opposites Attract: Magnets in Mounts]] (PDF)<br />
<br />
Nancy Turner, J. Paul Getty Museum:<br />
[[media:Turner-Cradles-for-Displaying-Illuminated-Manuscripts.pdf|Cradles for Displaying Illuminated Manuscripts: Collection Rotations versus Temporary Loan Exhibitions at the J. Paul Getty Museum]] (PDF)<br />
<br />
[[Category: Public programs]]<br />
[[Category: Talks and Screenings]]<br />
[[Category: Collection]]<br />
[[Category: Conservation]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=Don%27t_Rock_the_Cradle_Symposium:_Books_in_Exhibitions%E2%80%94Mounts,_Materials,_and_Economy_(2015)&diff=37102Don't Rock the Cradle Symposium: Books in Exhibitions—Mounts, Materials, and Economy (2015)2023-02-27T18:18:33Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Folger Shakespeare Library's [[The Werner Gundersheimer Conservation Laboratory|Werner Gundersheimer Conservation Department]] organized a three-day symposium from April 1 to April 3, 2015 on books in exhibitions focusing on book cradles and book supports.<br />
<br />
See [https://www.flickr.com/photos/folgershakespearelibrary/sets/72157651318120440/ photo gallery] from the symposium.<br />
<br />
This symposium was offered in collaboration with Hanka Gerhold, paper conservator at the “Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz,” Germany and Michaela Brand, book conservator at the “Stiftung Deutsches Historisches Museum,” Berlin, Germany, following up on their successful symposium on this topic “In die Wiege gelegt” held in Berlin in 2013. As that symposium was offered in German only, this symposium was a unique opportunity to discuss books in exhibitions and their supports.<br />
<br />
The symposium discussed the various types of available book cradles and book supports, both generic and custom-made, as well as the wide variety of techniques employed by different institutions to custom-build them.<br />
<br />
The main issues discussed in this symposium were:<br />
*How to safely display an opened book<br />
*What angle of presentation is the best compromise between exhibition and preservation<br />
*What types of supports or designs are available to display a book<br />
*Is the cradle intended to be a purely structural support or is it part of the visual design of the case and exhibition<br />
*What materials are safe, cost effective, and sustainable<br />
<br />
Colleagues were invited to share the designs of their book cradles and supports by sending in a sample which was on view for all participants. The Market Place, a temporary space set up across the street for casual conversations, lunches, breaks, and professional exchanges, contained a wide variety of cradles contributed by Hanka Gerhold, presenters, attendees, and various institutions across the country; these were available for inspection and inspiration for the duration of the symposium.<br />
<br />
Please see our [[media:Don't-Rock-Program.pdf|full program]] for a detailed list of presentations and the schedule. [[media:Don't-Rock-Abstracts.pdf|Abstracts]] for each presentation are available for those interested in more information, as are [[media:Dont-Rock-Speaker-Biographies.pdf|speaker biographies]].<br />
<br />
Download presentations:<br />
<br />
Brenna Campbell, University of Iowa Libraries<br />
[[media:Campbell-Wundercradle-Custom-Exhibit-Mounts.pdf|Wundercradle: On-site Construction of Custom Exhibit Mounts]] (PDF)<br />
<br />
Mindell Dubanksy, The Metropolitan Museum of Art<br />
[[media:Dubanksy-Experiments-Book-Support.pdf|Experiments in Book Support]] (PDF)<br />
<br />
Maria Fredericks, Morgan Library & Museum<br />
[[media:Fredericks-Book-Cradles-Access-Aesthetics-Preservation.pdf|Book Cradles for Exhibition—Access, Aesthetics and Preservation]] (PDF)<br />
<br />
Emily Klayman Jacobson, Freer | Sackler Galleries<br />
[[media:Jacobson-Cradles-for-Bound-Japanese-Books.pdf|Cradles for Bound Japanese Books]] (PDF)<br />
<br />
Shan Linde, National Gallery of Art<br />
[[media:Linde-Back-to-the-Basics.pdf|When All Else Fails, Go Back to the Basics]] (PDF)<br />
<br />
Nora Lockshin, Smithsonian Institution Archives<br />
[[media:Lockshin-Magnets-in-Mounts.pdf|Opposites Attract: Magnets in Mounts]] (PDF)<br />
<br />
Nancy Turner, J. Paul Getty Museum<br />
[[media:Turner-Cradles-for-Displaying-Illuminated-Manuscripts.pdf|Cradles for Displaying Illuminated Manuscripts: Collection Rotations versus Temporary Loan Exhibitions at the J. Paul Getty Museum]] (PDF)<br />
<br />
[[Category: Public programs]]<br />
[[Category: Talks and Screenings]]<br />
[[Category: Collection]]<br />
[[Category: Conservation]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=File:Turner-Cradles-for-Displaying-Illuminated-Manuscripts.pdf&diff=37101File:Turner-Cradles-for-Displaying-Illuminated-Manuscripts.pdf2023-02-27T18:18:16Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=File:Lockshin-Magnets-in-Mounts.pdf&diff=37100File:Lockshin-Magnets-in-Mounts.pdf2023-02-27T18:17:43Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=File:Linde-Back-to-the-Basics.pdf&diff=37099File:Linde-Back-to-the-Basics.pdf2023-02-27T18:17:01Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=File:Jacobson-Cradles-for-Bound-Japanese-Books.pdf&diff=37098File:Jacobson-Cradles-for-Bound-Japanese-Books.pdf2023-02-27T18:16:23Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: </p>
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<div></div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=File:Fredericks-Book-Cradles-Access-Aesthetics-Preservation.pdf&diff=37097File:Fredericks-Book-Cradles-Access-Aesthetics-Preservation.pdf2023-02-27T18:15:39Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: </p>
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<div></div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=File:Dubanksy-Experiments-Book-Support.pdf&diff=37096File:Dubanksy-Experiments-Book-Support.pdf2023-02-27T18:14:56Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: </p>
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<div></div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=File:Campbell-Wundercradle-Custom-Exhibit-Mounts.pdf&diff=37095File:Campbell-Wundercradle-Custom-Exhibit-Mounts.pdf2023-02-27T18:14:11Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: </p>
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<div></div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=File:Dont-Rock-Speaker-Biographies.pdf&diff=37094File:Dont-Rock-Speaker-Biographies.pdf2023-02-27T18:13:18Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: Speaker biographies for the Don't Rock the Cradle symposium</p>
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<div>== Summary ==<br />
Speaker biographies for the Don't Rock the Cradle symposium</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=File:Don%27t-Rock-Abstracts.pdf&diff=37093File:Don't-Rock-Abstracts.pdf2023-02-27T18:12:04Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: Abstracts for the Don't Rock the Cradle symposium</p>
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<div>== Summary ==<br />
Abstracts for the Don't Rock the Cradle symposium</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=Don%27t_Rock_the_Cradle_Symposium:_Books_in_Exhibitions%E2%80%94Mounts,_Materials,_and_Economy_(2015)&diff=37092Don't Rock the Cradle Symposium: Books in Exhibitions—Mounts, Materials, and Economy (2015)2023-02-27T18:11:13Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: </p>
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<div>The Folger Shakespeare Library's [[The Werner Gundersheimer Conservation Laboratory|Werner Gundersheimer Conservation Department]] organized a three-day symposium from April 1 to April 3, 2015 on books in exhibitions focusing on book cradles and book supports.<br />
<br />
See [https://www.flickr.com/photos/folgershakespearelibrary/sets/72157651318120440/ photo gallery] from the symposium.<br />
<br />
This symposium was offered in collaboration with Hanka Gerhold, paper conservator at the “Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz,” Germany and Michaela Brand, book conservator at the “Stiftung Deutsches Historisches Museum,” Berlin, Germany, following up on their successful symposium on this topic “In die Wiege gelegt” held in Berlin in 2013. As that symposium was offered in German only, this symposium was a unique opportunity to discuss books in exhibitions and their supports.<br />
<br />
The symposium discussed the various types of available book cradles and book supports, both generic and custom-made, as well as the wide variety of techniques employed by different institutions to custom-build them.<br />
<br />
The main issues discussed in this symposium were:<br />
*How to safely display an opened book<br />
*What angle of presentation is the best compromise between exhibition and preservation<br />
*What types of supports or designs are available to display a book<br />
*Is the cradle intended to be a purely structural support or is it part of the visual design of the case and exhibition<br />
*What materials are safe, cost effective, and sustainable<br />
<br />
Colleagues were invited to share the designs of their book cradles and supports by sending in a sample which was on view for all participants. The Market Place, a temporary space set up across the street for casual conversations, lunches, breaks, and professional exchanges, contained a wide variety of cradles contributed by Hanka Gerhold, presenters, attendees, and various institutions across the country; these were available for inspection and inspiration for the duration of the symposium.<br />
<br />
Please see our [[media:Don't-Rock-Program.pdf|full program]] for a detailed list of presentations and the schedule. Abstracts for each presentation are available for those interested in more information, as are speaker biographies.<br />
<br />
Download presentations:<br />
<br />
Brenna Campbell, University of Iowa Libraries<br />
PDF icon Wundercradle: On-site Construction of Custom Exhibit Mounts (PDF)<br />
<br />
Mindell Dubanksy, The Metropolitan Museum of Art<br />
PDF icon Experiments in Book Support (PDF)<br />
<br />
Maria Fredericks, Morgan Library & Museum<br />
PDF icon Book Cradles for Exhibition—Access, Aesthetics and Preservation (PDF)<br />
<br />
Emily Klayman Jacobson, Freer | Sackler Galleries<br />
PDF icon Cradles for Bound Japanese Books (PDF)<br />
<br />
Shan Linde, National Gallery of Art<br />
PDF icon When All Else Fails, Go Back to the Basics (PDF)<br />
<br />
Nora Lockshin, Smithsonian Institution Archives<br />
PDF icon Opposites Attract: Magnets in Mounts (PDF)<br />
<br />
Nancy Turner, J. Paul Getty Museum<br />
PDF icon Cradles for Displaying Illuminated Manuscripts: Collection Rotations versus Temporary Loan Exhibitions at the J. Paul Getty Museum (PDF)<br />
<br />
[[Category: Public programs]]<br />
[[Category: Talks and Screenings]]<br />
[[Category: Collection]]<br />
[[Category: Conservation]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=File:Don%27t-Rock-Program.pdf&diff=37091File:Don't-Rock-Program.pdf2023-02-27T18:09:16Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: Program for the Don't Rock the Cradle symposium</p>
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<div>== Summary ==<br />
Program for the Don't Rock the Cradle symposium</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=Don%27t_Rock_the_Cradle_(symposium)&diff=37090Don't Rock the Cradle (symposium)2023-02-27T18:06:07Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: redirect to actual page</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Don%27t_Rock_the_Cradle_Symposium:_Books_in_Exhibitions—Mounts,_Materials,_and_Economy_(2015)]]<br />
<br />
[[Category: Conservation]]<br />
[[Category: Exhibitions]]<br />
[[Category: Symposium]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=List_of_digital_resources_at_the_Folger&diff=37000List of digital resources at the Folger2022-12-23T17:54:47Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* D */ added adelphi calendar link</p>
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<div>This article provides a curated list of digital resources—arranged (mostly) alphabetically. This list is alphabetized according to the idiosyncrasies of what the Folger community most commonly calls a resource. If you are having trouble finding a resource, use the search box at the top of the page or your browser's "Find" feature (usually control-F). <br />
<br />
The first sections, arranged alphabetically, contains freely available resources. The second section provides a list of subscription resources available to registered Folger researchers during the time our Reading Room is closed for renovation. The final section is a list of subscription resources that Folger staff will still have access to; please email reference@folger.edu to set up an appointment for access. <br />
<br />
==Folger-created and hosted resources==<br />
<br />
BBI: [https://britishbookillustrations.folger.edu/ British Book Illustrations: Extending Access to 17th-century Visual Culture] is a project of the Folger Shakespeare Library, funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), to digitize and index 10,000 woodcut and engraved illustrations in British and English-language books. <br />
<br />
[http://collation.folger.edu/ The Collation: a gathering of scholarship from the Folger Shakespeare Library] is a blog about Folger collections and resources written by Folger staff and readers. <br />
<br />
[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGERCM1~6~6 Digital Image Collections Database (LUNA)] contains high-quality, high-resolution images of a large number of Folger collection items, divided into six collections (listed below). Users have the ability to store their preferred images in media groups, create presentations, and export images.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~4~4 Bas Relief Image Collection] contains images of the nine bas reliefs that adorn the facade of the Folger Shakespeare Library.<br />
:[[Bindings image collection | Bindings Image Collection]] contains research-quality [https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/BINDINGS~1~1 images of bindings] of aesthetic or historical merit.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~2~2 British Book Illustrations Image Collection] contains the images and raw metadata from the "British Book Illustrations: Extending Access to 17th-century Visual Culture" project (first entry on this list).<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGERCM1~6~6 Digital Image Collection] contains the majority of digitized collection images in the database.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~3~3 Manuscript Transcriptions Collection] contains images from the Folger manuscript collection along with searchable, vetted semi-diplomatic transcriptions.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~1~1 First Folio Image Collection] contains cover-to-cover images with color card and ruler for a number of Folger First Folios.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~5~5 Reference Image Collection] contains cell-phone quality images taken by Folger librarians during the course of their work.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~6~6 Microfilm Image Collection] contains digitized microfilm of Folger materials. <br />
<br />
[https://emed.folger.edu/ EMED]: [[A Digital Anthology of Early Modern English Drama]]: a database of early modern plays ''not'' by Shakespeare, with thirty documentary editions.<br />
<br />
[https://emmo.folger.edu/ EMMO]: [[Early Modern Manuscripts Online]]: transcriptions, images, and metadata of manuscripts from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. <br />
<br />
[http://findingaids.folger.edu/ Finding Aids at the Folger Shakespeare Library] guides users through the extensive manuscript collections with descriptions and lists of items. <br />
<br />
[http://firstlines.folger.edu/ The Union First Line Index of English Verse] enables researchers to locate poems held in seven prestigious collections in the US and UK, including the Folger Shakespeare Library. The Index provides a database of over 224,000 first lines of manuscript and printed verse. [mailto:firstlines@folger.edu firstlines@folger.edu] <br />
<br />
[https://shakespeare.folger.edu/ The Folger SHAKESPEARE] shares the complete works of Shakespeare, edited for modern readers.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/ The Folger's online catalog] gives bibliographic information, copy-specific notes, and detailed information—often with links to images—of most of the items in the collection. <br />
<br />
[https://lostplays.folger.edu/Main_Page Lost Plays Database] is a wiki-style forum for scholars to share information about lost plays in England, 1570-1642. <br />
<br />
[http://findingaids.folger.edu/Hand-List_of_Microfilm_and_Selected_Microfiche_Sets.pdf Microfilms Hand-List at the Folger Shakespeare Library] (PDF) is an addition/supplementary list to the microfilm database. Readers are advised to check both places when searching for a microfilm. <br />
<br />
[[Picturing Shakespeare]] was an NEH-funded project to help the Folger digitize thousands of 18th-, 19th-, and early 20th-century images representing Shakespeare’s plays. <br />
<br />
[http://plre.folger.edu/ PLRE.Folger: Private Libraries in Renaissance England] complements the printed volumes of [http://shakespeare.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=56839 Private Libraries in Renaissance England] (PLRE), an ongoing editorial project that has published eight volumes since 1992 in the Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies (MRTS) series. <br />
<br />
[https://shakespearedocumented.folger.edu Shakespeare Documented] is the largest and most authoritative collection of primary-source materials documenting the life of William Shakespeare (1564-1616), bringing together all known manuscript and print references to Shakespeare, his works, and additional references to his family, in his lifetime and shortly thereafter.<br />
<br />
[https://www.folger.edu/shakespeare-unlimited Shakespeare Unlimited Podcast], a "no limits" tour of the connections between Shakespeare, his works, and our world.<br />
<br />
[https://tokenbooks.folger.edu/ The Token Books of St Saviour Southwark] is an in-progress resource developed by William Ingram, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Alan H. Nelson, The University of California, Berkeley. The site makes available information from this rare type of parish record, spanning approximately 1571-1643.<br />
<br />
==Instructional video series==<br />
In the [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkWyVPkA-aEdejPR6-KD5CzJ Folger How-tos: Hamnet Online Catalog] video series, learn valuable tips and tricks to make the most of Hamnet, the Folger online library catalog. <br />
<br />
The [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkW1MqgnonjgpnHOk-QZ3nyd Folger How-tos: Research Essentials] video series includes tips on how to navigate [https://shakespearedocumented.folger.edu/ Shakespeare Documented], use the digital image collections to their maximum potential, and access subscription databases through a research account.<br />
<br />
Watch the [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkVvJifK4yXVethkELPqPvXf State Papers Online] video series to learn navigation tips and tricks for this valuable, but sometimes complicated, online resource. ''Note: State Papers Online, 1509-1714 is made available through an institutional subscription onsite at the Folger Shakespeare Library or through the Folger researcher request system (through 2022). Check your institution’s e-resource subscriptions for local availability.''<br />
<br />
==Freely Available Electronic Resources== <br />
<br />
===A=== <br />
<br />
[http://www.1641.tcd.ie/index.php 1641 Depositions] From Trinity College Dublin (MSS 809-841) are witness testimonies mainly by Protestants, but also by some Catholics, from all social backgrounds, concerning their experiences of the 1641 Irish rebellion. Create a free account to view the depositions. <br />
<br />
[http://www.19thcenturyacts.com/ 19th Century Acts!] showcases different aspects of theatrical performance through mapping and current and historical digital images.<br />
<br />
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/12ptvF-YOhmRIb2OKqAy5l6w7zCscaK8P Association of College and Research Libraries online instruction guides] includes powerpoints, lesson plans, and other resources produced and compiled by [https://ischool.illinois.edu/people/melissa-wong Melissa Wong] of the School of Information Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.<br />
<br />
[https://americanarchive.org/ American Archive of Public Broadcasting]: Discover historic programs of publicly funded radio and television across America. Select Browse for subject browses of Literature, History, Theater and more.<br />
<br />
[http://www.annotatedbooksonline.com/ Annotated Books Online] is a virtual research environment for scholars and students interested in historical reading practices. Create a free account to contribute transcriptions and/or translations of annotations. <br />
<br />
[http://drc.usask.ca/projects/archbook/index.php ArchBook: Architectures of the Book] is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal focusing on specific design features of printed books.<br />
<br />
[https://atlas.lib.uiowa.edu/ Atlas of Early Printing] is an interactive site designed to be used as a tool for teaching the early history of printing in Europe during the second half of the fifteenth century. <br />
<br />
===B===<br />
<br />
[https://beforeshakespeare.com Before Shakespeare] is a project that explores the earliest days of the Elizabethan playhouses, focusing on the mid 16th century London commercial playhouses.<br />
<br />
[https://www.bessofhardwick.org/ Bess of Hardwick's Letters], which number almost 250 items of correspondence, bring to life her extraordinary story and allow us to eavesdrop on her world. Her letters allow us to reposition Bess as a complex woman of her times, immersed in the literacy and textual practices of everyday life, as her correspondence extends from servants, friends and family, to queens and officers of state. <br />
<br />
[http://bibsite.org/ The Bibliographical Society of America] list of resources compiles essays, lists, and other bibliographical materials in aid of bibliographical study. The resource features wide date ranges and ample geographical coverage. <br />
<br />
[https://bibsocamer.org/news/online-instruction-resources-digital-repositories-for-book-history-teaching-more/ The Bibliographic Society of America Online Instruction Resources: Digital Repositories for Book History Teaching, Research, & More] is a static resource that will be updated as new contributions come in.<br />
<br />
[https://www.sharpweb.org/book-history-unbound/category/issues/ Book History UNBOUND] provides supplemental digital humanities materials that supplement print articles in ''Book History'', the journal of the Society for the History of Authorship and Reading (SHARP).<br />
<br />
[https://bookowners.online/Main_Page Book Owners Online] is a directory of historical book owners, with information about their libraries, and signposts to further reference sources. It currently covers seventeenth-century English owners with the potential to be expanded. <br />
<br />
[http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=TR%2fPub%2f1 Bristol Old Vic Playbills]: collection of playbills from the Theatre Royal/Bristol Old Vic, digitized by the Bristol Archive. Covers some 18th century (earliest from 1768), primarily first half of 19th century (1810-1840).<br />
<br />
[https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Default.aspx?_ga=2.95202516.918721450.1602764813-573422282.1602764813 British Library Digitised Manuscripts] includes a wide selected of digital images from manuscripts in the British Library.<br />
<br />
[http://ballads.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ Broadside Ballad Archive] is maintained by the Bodleian Libraries and features the Bodleian's digital collections of ballads, with links to the English Broadside Ballad Archive’s digital presentations of pre-1800 ballads from other libraries, and to the folk song scholarship of the Roud Broadside Index, hosted by the English Folk Dance and Song Society (from the website).<br />
<br />
[https://jcblibrary.org/collection/digital-images The John Carter Brown Library Online Publications] features pdfs of out of print publications by and about The John Carter Brown Library collection. <br />
<br />
[[List of bindings resources]] <br />
<br />
[https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/bookbindings/ Database of Bookbindings: The British Library] <br />
<br />
[http://bookbindingdictionary.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page Bookbinding Dictionary (Multilingual)]: an international dictionary of bookbinding and conservation terms. <br />
<br />
[http://www.borrowers.uga.edu/ Borrowers and Lenders: The Journal of Shakespeare and Appropriation] <br />
<br />
[http://bbti.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/# British Book Trade Index:] The BBTI aims to include brief biographical and trade details of all those who worked in the English and Welsh book trades up to 1851. BBTI includes not only printers, publishers and booksellers but also other related trades, such as stationers, papermakers, engravers, auctioneers, ink-makers and sellers of medicines, so that the book trade can be studied in the context of allied trades. <br />
<br />
[http://www.bpi1700.org.uk/index.html British Printed Images to 1700 (bpi1700)] is a digital library of prints and book illustrations from early modern Britain. <br />
<br />
[http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/ British Universities Film and Video Council: Shakespeare] An International Database of Shakespeare on Film, Television and Radio.<br />
This authoritative online database of Shakespeare-related content in film, television, radio and video recordings is international in scope, is regularly updated and currently holds over 9,000 records dating from the 1890s to the present day.<br />
<br />
===C===<br />
<br />
[https://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/benjonson/ The Cambridge Works of Ben Jonson Online] provides a fully digitized and updated edition of Jonson's complete writings, with editorial and scholarly remarks throughout the texts. <br />
<br />
[https://casebooks.lib.cam.ac.uk The Casebooks Project]: In the decades around 1600, the astrologers Simon Forman and Richard Napier produced one of the largest surviving sets of medical records in history. The Casebooks Project, a team of scholars at the University of Cambridge, has transformed this paper archive into a digital archive. <br />
<br />
[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ Chronicling America] contains fully searchable American historic newspaper pages from 1789-1963. <br />
<br />
[https://theclergydatabase.org.uk Clergy of the Church of England Database 1540-1835] makes available and searchable the principal records of clerical careers from over 50 archives in England and Wales with the aim of providing coverage of as many clerical lives as possible from the Reformation to the mid-nineteenth century. <br />
<br />
[http://www.common-place.org/ Common-Place] is a destination for exploring and exchanging ideas about early American history and culture. A bit less formal than a scholarly journal, a bit more scholarly than a popular magazine, Commonplace speaks—and listens—to scholars, museum curators, teachers, hobbyists, and just about anyone interested in American history before 1900.<br />
<br />
[http://www.english.cam.ac.uk/ceres/ COPIA/CERES (Cambridge English Renaissance Electronic Service)] provides access to manuscripts related to Spenser and resources for early modern English handwriting. <br />
<br />
[http://humanities-research.exeter.ac.uk/womenswork/courtdepositions/ Court Depositions of South West England, 1500-1700] is a digital edition of 80 fully transcribed depositions relating to 20 cases heard in the church courts and Quarter Sessions between 1556 and 1694 across Devon, Hampshire, Somerset and Wiltshire. These depositions or witness statements relate to a range of crimes and offences tried in these two types of courts, from defamation to theft and are rich in detail of social, economic, political and religious life in early modern England. This digital edition has been prepared as part of the Leverhulme-funded project ''Women's Work in Rural England, 1500-1700'' undertaken at the University of Exeter between 2013 and 2018.<br />
<br />
===D=== <br />
<br />
[https://www.umass.edu/AdelphiTheatreCalendar/index.htm Daily Calendars of the Sans Pareil/Adelphi Theatre, 1806-1900]: came out of a project founded by Joseph Donohue (University of Massachusetts Amherst) and James Ellis (Mount Holyoke College), to organize and collect information about the variety of theatrical and theatre-related activities occurring in London 1800-1900.<br />
<br />
[http://www.treatiseonpainting.org/ Leonardo da Vinci and his Treatise on Painting]: website examining all of the different variations of this text that appeared throughout the centuries; includes extensive bibliography. <br />
<br />
[https://dex.itercommunity.org/ DEx: Database of Dramatic Extracts] DEx is an online, searchable database of dramatic extracts found in seventeenth-century manuscripts. DEx is published by Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages and Renaissance. <br />
<br />
[http://digitalcavendish.org/ Digital Cavendish], a scholarly collaborative, brings together original research, scholarly resources, digital editions, and teaching resources to fill out the world and works of Margaret Cavendish.<br />
<br />
[https://digitalrenaissance.uvic.ca/ Digital Renaissance Editions] "publishes electronic scholarly editions of early English drama and texts of related interest, from late medieval moralities and Tudor interludes, occasional entertainments and civic pageants, academic and closet drama, and the plays of the commercial London theaters, through to the drama of the Civil War and Interregnum." <br />
<br />
[https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php Discography of American Historical Recordings] "a database of master recordings made by American record companies during the 78rpm era. It is part of the American Discography Project (ADP)—an initiative of the University of California, Santa Barbara and the Packard Humanities Institute that is edited by a team of researchers based at the UCSB Library" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[http://deep.sas.upenn.edu/ DEEP (Database of Early English Playbooks)]: searchable bibliography of "every playbook produced in England, Scotland, and Ireland from the beginning of printing through 1660". <br />
<br />
[http://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_h.aspx Dictionary for Library and Information Sciences] is designed as a hypertext reference resource for library and information science professionals, university students and faculty, and users of all types of libraries.<br />
<br />
===E=== <br />
<br />
[http://eada.lib.umd.edu/introduction-to-the-archive/ Early Americas Digital Archive] is a collection of electronic texts and links to texts originally written in or about the Americas from 1492 to approximately 1820, supported by University of Maryland.<br />
<br />
[https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/980096/ Early Modern British Painters] dataset identifies all those men and women who have been identified as painters of any sort working in England, Wales, Scotland or Ireland between the years 1500 and 1640. Compiled by Robert Tittler, Distinguished Professor of History Emeritus at Concordia University, Montreal, and Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. <br />
<br />
[https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/emc/ Early Modern Culture] published works-in-progress by major scholars in early modern studies, along with a set of responses from readers. No longer publishing as of 2019.<br />
<br />
[https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/emdr Early Modern Digital Review] (EMDR) is an online, open-access, and refereed journal publishing high-quality reviews of digital projects related to early modern society and culture. It is committed to productive evaluation of both established digital resources and recent tools and projects. <br />
<br />
[https://extra.shu.ac.uk/emls/journal/index.php/emls Early Modern Literary Studies] is a refereed journal serving as a formal arena for scholarly discussion and as an academic resource for researchers in the areas of English literature, literary culture, and language during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.<br />
<br />
[https://emlot.library.utoronto.ca Early Modern London Theatres] (EMLoT): Information related to professional performance in purpose-built theatres and other permanent structures in the London area. <br />
<br />
[https://www.emlc-journal.org/issue/archive/ ''Early Modern Low Countries''] "a multidisciplinary open access journal dedicated to the study of the early modern Low Countries. We publish state-of-the-art scholarship on any aspect of the turbulent history and vibrant culture of the region from about 1500 to 1830 from a variety of perspectives" (from the website). EMLC appears in two installments annually.<br />
<br />
[https://www.ofpilcrows.com/resources-early-modern-plays-page-and-stage Early Modern Plays on Page & Stage: Online Resources] is a list of resources compiled by Claire M. L. Bourne, Assistant Professor of English at Penn State University.<br />
<br />
[https://earlyprint.org/lab/ Early Print: Text Mining Early Printed English] provides a range of tools for the computational exploration and analysis of English print culture before 1700. <br />
<br />
[http://www.earlyprintedbooks.com/resources/ Early Printed Books, by Sarah Werner] is a companion to her book, ''Studying Early Printed Books, 1450-1800: A Practical Guide''. Intended to be able to be used both alongside and separately from the book, the website is an open-access, freely available resource that can supplement anyone’s explorations of early printed books.<br />
<br />
[http://www.earlystuartlibels.net/htdocs/index.html Early Stuart Libels]: early 17th century English political poetry from the accession of King James I to the outbreak of the English Civil War. <br />
<br />
[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/did/ The Encyclopedia of Diderot & D'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project] provides translations to the famed encyclopedia along with search capabilities and teaching resources.<br />
<br />
[https://www.englandsimmigrants.com/ England's Immigrants] is a database of over 64,000 names of people known to have migrated to England in the period 1350-1550. The information is drawn from a variety of sources, such as taxation assessments, letters of denization and protection, and other licenses and grants. <br />
<br />
[http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ English Broadside Ballad Archive] from the University of California, Santa Barbara, provides access to images and transcriptions of English Broadside Ballads from the long 17th century. <br />
<br />
[http://estc.bl.uk/F/?func=file&file_name=login-bl-estc English Short-Title Catalogue (ESTC)] is a comprehensive, international union catalogue listing early books, serials, newspapers and selected ephemera printed before 1801. For more information on this resource please see [[English Short-Title Catalogue]]. <br />
<br />
[http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Main_Page EuroDocs: Primary Historical Documents from Western Europe] is a repository of links to freely available primary source documents on the web; organized by both geographic area and time period. <br />
<br />
[https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/yexm20/current Exemplaria] is an open access journal that reconsider the methods and aims of scholarship on the medieval and early modern periods, broadly conceived.<br />
<br />
===F=== <br />
<br />
[https://www.dhi.ac.uk/foxe/index.php John Foxe’s Book of Martyrs Variorum Edition (TAMO)]: browse and compare the unabridged texts of the four editions of this massive work published in John Foxe’s lifetime (1563, 1570, 1576, 1583).<br />
<br />
[https://library.culinary.edu/primarysources/digitalfoodhistory/ Food History Digital Primary Sources] guide from the Culinary Institute of America.<br />
<br />
===G=== <br />
<br />
[http://gemms.itercommunity.org/index.php GEMMS: Gateway to Early Modern Manuscript Sermons] is a group-sourced online bibliographic database of early modern (1530-1715) manuscript sermons from the UK, Ireland and North America. <br />
<br />
[http://globalmiddleages.org/ Global Middle Ages Project (G-MAP)] is a portal site for digital projects encompassing the Medieval and Early Modern worlds. <br />
<br />
[[Glossary of digital humanities terms]] aims to help both novices and more advanced users of digital tools and approaches understand common terms employed in the digital humanities. <br />
<br />
[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/glossary.asp Glossary of Illuminated Manuscripts:] reproduced and illustrated by the British Library from Michelle P. Brown, ''Understanding Illuminated Manuscripts: A Guide to Technical Terms'' (J. Paul Getty Museum: Malibu and British Library: London, 1994). <br />
<br />
[https://www.gravell.org/ Gravell (The Thomas L. Gravell Watermark Archive)] brings together more than 50,000 watermarks from America and Europe, including 7,500 images collected by American-watermark expert Thomas L. Gravell and about 45,000 unpublished marks documented by Charles-Moise Briquet. <br />
<br />
===H===<br />
<br />
[http://www.hamletworks.org/ Hamlet Works] is "everything you ever wanted to know about ''Hamlet''", a searchable databases of editions and criticism.<br />
<br />
[https://henslowe-alleyn.org.uk/ Henslowe-Alleyn Digitization Project] "has two aims and objectives: first, to protect and conserve these increasingly fragile manuscripts, and, second, to make their contents much more widely available in a free electronic archive and website, not only to specialist scholars but to all those interested in early modern English drama and theatre history, as well as social, economic, regional, architectural, and legal history, and paleography and manuscript studies" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[http://hpb.cerl.org Heritage of the Printed Book Database (HPB)] (formerly called the Hand Press Book Database) is a steadily growing collection of files of catalogue records from major European and North American research libraries covering items of European printing of the hand-press period (c.1455-c.1830) integrated into one file. This makes it possible for information to be retrieved in one single search across all files. (N.b. as of Summer 2016, Folger items are not yet integrated into this database) As of January 2018, this resource is freely available! <br />
<br />
[http://www.arc.id.au/Calendar.html Historical Calendar]: Multi-country historical calendar for the years 1100 to 2100. Allows automatic conversion between Old Style and New Style dates. <br />
<br />
[https://hob.gseis.ucla.edu/index.html History of the Book, by Johanna Drucker] is a networked resource focused on the production and reception of materials related to the history of the book and literacy technologies, broadly conceived.<br />
<br />
[http://historyofparliamentonline.org History of Parliament] is a research project creating a comprehensive account of parliamentary politics in England, then Britain, from their origins in the thirteenth century. It consists of detailed studies of elections and electoral politics in each constituency, and of closely researched accounts of the lives of everyone who was elected to Parliament in the period, together with surveys drawing out the themes and discoveries of the research and adding information on the operation of Parliament as an institution. Note: it is a work in progress, with some sections more complete than others. <br />
<br />
[http://www.history.ac.uk/history-online/ History On-Line] provides information for historians with details of university lecturers in the UK and the Republic of Ireland, current and past historical research, digital history projects, new books and journals from a range of leading publishers and sources of funding available for researchers in the UK. <br />
<br />
[http://english.nsms.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/ The Holinshed Project] parallel texts edition, furnished with links to each page of Early English Books Online (subscription required). Users can navigate using a variety of entry points. Project overview and history, as well as sample texts, can be found [http://www.cems.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/index.shtml here]. <br />
<br />
[http://www.hookesbooks.com/ Robert Hooke's Books] is an online source on the library of the 17th-century virtuoso Robert Hooke (1635-1703) is an on-going collaboration between Will Poole, Felicity Henderson, and Yelda Nasifoglu who are currently undertaking research on different aspects of Hooke’s work. As it is a work-in-progress, further research notes will be continually added to the database, and new editions of the editors’ Introduction are expected to be released. <br />
<br />
===I===<br />
<br />
[https://www.arts.kuleuven.be/nieuwetijd/english/odis/impressae-women-printers-in-early-modern-antwerp-leuven-and-douai Impressae: Women Printers in Early Modern Antwerp, Leuven, and Douai] reconstructs the lives and work of women printers in Antwerp, Leuven and Douai during two centuries (sixteenth through seventeenth). It contains information about kinship and commercial networks, printing houses and rare books. It contains linked data on more than 1 300 persons, almost 3 700 publications and more than 150 organisations.<br />
<br />
[https://www.vialibri.net/library_search.php International Library Catalogs] from vialibri.net. Provides a list of union and other catalogs from Europe and the United States. Links to sources such as WorldCat, the KVK, and artlibraries.net. <br />
<br />
[http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/ Internet Shakespeare Editions]: information on Shakespeare's texts and life and times. Includes a performance database and the semi-annual online journal ''Scene''.<br />
<br />
[https://www.intoxicantsproject.org Intoxicants & Early Modernity: England, 1580-1714] explores the insight that the period between the introduction of tobacco in the 1570s and the ‘Gin Craze’ of the early eighteenth century was a formative phase in the production, traffic, consumption, and representation of intoxicants.<br />
<br />
===J=== <br />
<br />
[https://minstrels.library.utoronto.ca The JUBA Project: Early Blackface Minstrelsy in Britain 1842-1852], from the University of Toronto, draws together a range of documentation into a database that allows the visitor to access information on the individuals, troupes, and 'acts,' that toured in Britain during these crucial years. <br />
<br />
===K===<br />
<br />
[https://kitmarlowe.org/ The Kit Marlowe Project] created by undergraduate students to offer accessible resources for learning about one of Shakespeare’s most influential contemporaries and collaborators, Christopher Marlowe (Project Director: Kristen Abbott Bennett at Framingham University).<br />
<br />
===L===<br />
<br />
[https://www.layersoflondon.org/ Layers of London] is a map-based history website developed by the Institute of Historical Research.<br />
<br />
[http://www.leibniz-translations.com/index2.php Leibniz Translations] provides full-text translations of the work of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in English translation. <br />
<br />
[http://leme.library.utoronto.ca/ Lexicons of Early Modern English] searches and displays word-entries from monolingual English dictionaries, bilingual lexicons, technical vocabularies, and other encyclopedic-lexical works, 1480-1702. <br />
<br />
[https://www.loc.gov/collections/ Library of Congress Digital Collections]<br />
<br />
[https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/pages/open-access/ Liverpool University Press-Open Access] provides scholarly monographs offered via open-access from a pioneer in OA publishing.<br />
<br />
[https://londonstagedatabase.usu.edu London Stage database] is a searchable version of ''The London Stage'', a key reference work documenting theatrical performances from the reopening of the public playhouses following the English civil wars in 1660 to the end of the eighteenth century. This information has been compiled from the playbills, newspapers and theatrical diaries of the period. <br />
<br />
[http://www.luminarium.org/lumina.htm Luminarium] is an online anthology of English literature from the late Medieval period through the 18th century; texts from out-of-copyright editions.<br />
<br />
===M=== <br />
<br />
[http://manus.iccu.sbn.it/index.php Manus Online] is a database containing catalogue descriptions and digital images of manuscripts, private papers and archives held by Italian public, private and ecclesiastical libraries. The census, launched in 1988, aims to list and catalogue manuscripts written in Latin alphabet from the Middle Ages to date, including private papers and literary archives. <br />
<br />
[https://www.manuscriptcookbookssurvey.org/ Manuscript Cookbooks Survey] includes a database of pre-1865 English-language manuscript cookbooks held in U. S. public institutions as well as a database of kitchen artifacts used at the time these manuscripts were written. <br />
<br />
[https://mpese.ac.uk/ Manuscript Pamphleteering in Early Stuart England]: Before the outbreak of Civil War in 1642, England developed a large, influential and often radical pamphlet literature. This project aims to survey the vast hidden archive of early Stuart England's manuscript pamphlets. Images and transcriptions of many early modern pamphlets are available, in addition to bibliographical descriptions. <br />
<br />
[https://dhil.lib.sfu.ca/mvm/ Manuscript Verse Miscellanies 1700-1820] is a searchable database describing hundreds of manuscript poetry books. Links to First Line Index where relevant, plus lots of metadata about the manuscripts.<br />
<br />
[https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/emwrn/digitalarchive Material Cultures of Early Modern Women's Writing Digital Archive] provides online editions of women's writing that circulated in a variety of forms in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This project draws from manuscript sources as well as print editions, and provides both images and transcriptions of these often multiform texts. <br />
<br />
[https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/ Map of Early Modern London (MoEML)] comprises a digital edition of the 1561 Agas woodcut map of London; an Encyclopedia and Descriptive Gazetteer of London people, places, topics, and terms; a Library of marked-up texts rich in London toponyms; and a versioned edition of John Stow’s Survey of London. <br />
<br />
[http://wroth.latrobe.edu.au/ Mary Wroth's Poetry: An Electronic Edition]: Edited by Paul Salzman, this electronic edition includes a textual introduction, a contextual bibliography, a critical introduction to the poetry of Mary Wroth, and full text of the poems. <br />
<br />
[http://www.medici.org/ The Medici Archive Project]: Documentary Sources for the Arts and Humanities in the Medici Granducal Archive, 1537-1743, is a fully searchable database describing hundreds of volumes of documents in the Medici Granducal Archive (Archivio Mediceo del Principato). <br />
<br />
[http://mdr-maa.org Medieval Digital Resources (MDR)]: The Medieval Academy of America has put together a curated database of peer-reviewed digital materials for the study of the Middle Ages. Users can browse an alphabetical list or search using controlled-vocabulary subject tags to find vetted online resources of many types. Please note that MDR does not include resources that are paywalled or require password access, although some resources may have restrictive use-licenses. <br />
<br />
[https://memorients.com/ Medieval and Early Modern Orients (MEMOs)] is an AHRC-funded project that seeks to further knowledge and understanding of the early interactions between England and the Islamic worlds.<br />
<br />
[https://globalshakespeares.mit.edu/ MIT Global Shakespeares] video and performance archive.<br />
<br />
[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary Middle English Compendium] contains three Middle English electronic resources: the Middle English Dictionary, a Bibliography of Middle English prose and verse, and a Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse. <br />
<br />
[https://digital.library.illinois.edu/collections/810eac30-e3fb-012f-c5b6-0019b9e633c5-e The Motley Collection of Theatre and Costume Design] at the University of Illinois has over 5000 items from more than 150 theatrical productions in England and the United States.<br />
<br />
===N===<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000140237 The National Union Catalog, pre-1956 imprints] are made available through HathiTrust. <br />
<br />
[https://shiplib.org The Nautical Archaeology Digital Library] includes artifact collections, mapping of shipwrecks, maritime exploration, shipbuilding and other resources for international history of sea travel.<br />
<br />
[https://digitalcollections.nypl.org New York Public Library Digital Collections] site provides access to digitized collection materials from the extensive NYPL holdings, touching on all areas within the Folger collecting scope.<br />
<br />
===O===<br />
<br />
[https://openlibrary.org/ Open Library] offers a platform to browse for and read thousands of books.<br />
<br />
[https://ota.ox.ac.uk/ Oxford Text Archive] collects, catalogues, preserves and distributes high-quality digital resources for research and teaching; they currently have thousands of texts in more than 25 languages (some restrictions). Includes a separate catalog of TCP (Text Creation Partnership) items.<br />
<br />
===P=== <br />
<br />
[[List of online resources for early modern English paleography]] was compiled to assist early modern scholars begin to learn to decipher, read, and interpret manuscript materials written in early handwriting. <br />
<br />
[http://ihl.enssib.fr/en/paper-and-watermarks-as-bibliographical-evidence Paper and Watermarks as Bibliographical Evidence] from the Institut d'histoire du livre is a bibliographical guide to texts and images relating to the history of paper and papermaking, mainly comprising the hand-papermaking period. <br />
<br />
[https://vpcp.chass.ncsu.edu/listen-ambient-sounds/ Virtual St. Paul's Cathedral Project/Ambient Noise] is a digital recreation of worship and preaching at St. Paul's Cathedral in early modern London. <br />
<br />
[http://pedagogy-toolkit.org/ Pedagogy Toolkit for English] provides a community-driven resources for digital pedagogy in composition, rhetoric, and literature. <br />
<br />
[https://www.pepysdiary.com/ The Diary of Samuel Pepys] chronicles the daily entries from the famous 17th century London diary. <br />
<br />
[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ Perseus Digital Library] and [https://scaife.perseus.org/library/ Scaife online reader] for classical through early modern literature and artifacts.<br />
<br />
[https://digital.library.illinois.edu/collections/81196b40-e3fb-012f-c5b6-0019b9e633c5-c Portraits of Actors] gathers studio portraits and actors posing in costume, 1720-1920.<br />
<br />
[https://pulterproject.northwestern.edu/ The Pulter Project: Poet in the Making], a "digital collaboration aims at allowing readers to engage with multiple, different representations and readings of Hester Pulter’s striking verse" (from the website).<br />
<br />
===R===<br />
<br />
[https://soundcloud.com/rarebookschool Rare Book School Lectures] are available via approximately 400 Soundcloud podcasts on a wide variety of bibliographical subjects that cover the entire history of books.<br />
<br />
[https://www.r18collective.org/ Re-Activating Restoration & 18th-Century Theatre for the 21st Century] includes video and audio resources and syllabus ideas aimed at assisting instructors. In the longer term, this research consortium will be working with professional theatre artists and companies in the US, Canada, and UK to encourage new productions and convening research workshops and focused conferences at the Newberry Library and Oxford University (open to graduate students and faculty). <br />
<br />
[https://ereed.library.utoronto.ca Records of Early English Drama (REED)] is an international scholarly project that is establishing for the first time the context from which the drama of Shakespeare and his contemporaries grew. Contains transcribed and edited historical documents containing evidence of drama, secular music, and other communal entertainment and ceremony from the Middle Ages until 1642.<br />
<br />
[https://reformation500.csl.edu/ Reformation 500] is an online resource for the commemoration of the Quincentenary of the Reformation in 2017 managed by Concordia Seminary, St. Louis. Here you will find information on important people and events of the Reformation, news and upcoming events, blog posts by a variety of authors offering different perspectives on the Reformation and its significance. <br />
<br />
[https://rekn.org/ Renaissance Knowledge Network] publications address a myriad of topics surrounding the creation of digital projects that display resources related to Renaissance and Early Modern studies. <br />
<br />
[http://myweb.ttu.edu/mkvanda/RPFsite/index.xml Restoration Printed Fiction] is a database from the English Department at Texas Tech University. Including 394 fictions printed between 1660 and 1700 (fiction has been defined broadly here), this database allows users to search for basic information, such as author, title, bookseller, printer, and date, as well as more detailed information, such as whether the text has paratexts like dedications or prefaces. <br />
<br />
[http://guides.library.harvard.edu/friendly.php?s=rinascimento&gid=4877 Rinascimento]: Harvard University's Research Guide for Renaissance Studies. Contains links to databases, websites, and other resources, divided and subdivided by general topical area. <br />
<br />
[https://www.americanheraldry.org/heraldry-in-the-usa/roll-of-early-american-arms A Roll of Early American Arms] from The American Heraldry Society provides descriptions and citations for coats of arms held by Americans before 1825.<br />
<br />
[http://www.itergateway.org/romeo_juliet/ Romeo and Juliet: Searchable Database for Prompt Books] contains information from approximately 170 prompt-books for productions of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. These productions range from the seventeenth century to the 1980s.<br />
<br />
===S=== <br />
<br />
[https://scholarlyediting.org/ Scholarly Editing] is an open-access journal committed to the development and advancement of all aspects of textual editing, including documentary editing. The content published in the journal includes essays, micro editions, reviews of print and digital editions, and teaching materials. The journal’s eclectic, multidisciplinary approach makes it an invaluable resource for anyone interested in the theory, practice, and pedagogy of scholarly editing, including educators, researchers, scholars, historians, archivists, editors, information professionals, and digital humanists.<br />
<br />
[https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/scriptorium Scriptorium: Medieval and Early Modern Manuscripts Online]: A digital archive of manuscript miscellanies and commonplace books from c. 1450-1720. <br />
<br />
[https://shakedsetc.org Shakedsetc.org] provides information and links to digital copies of Shakespeare's works, from the earliest quartos to 18th, 19th, and 20th century editions.<br />
<br />
[https://searchingforshakespeare.co.uk/ Searching for Shakespeare] "provide[s] the ability to view selected objects recovered from the excavations of New Place between 2010 and 2016. These objects are presently housed in the museum collections of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust and most are not readily available to be viewed by the public" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[https://shakeosphere.lib.uiowa.edu/ Shakeosphere] allows users to visualize, map, and explore these social networks in Shakespeare's England and beyond, from 1473-1800. <br />
<br />
[http://bsuva.org/bsuva/promptbook/ 17th Century Shakespearean Prompt Books] from the University of Virginia, with introductions to each book and descriptions of each annotation within the plays. <br />
<br />
[https://www.shakespearealbum.de/en/about.html Shakespeare Album] site presents ''Illustrating the History of Germany's Shakespeare Reception: the Birmingham Photo Album'' convened in 2016 by Academy of Sciences and Literature Mainz. A commemorative digital photo album was created with 109 portraits and autograph signatures of personalities meritorious for having communicated and maintained the interest for Shakespeare in Germany. Consult this resource in combination with German scholar [https://findingaids.folger.edu/dfoleo2002.xml Friedrich August Leo] materials and other [https://findingaids.folger.edu/dfogerman2002.xml German language manuscripts] held by the Folger.<br />
<br />
[https://shakespearecensus.org/ Shakespeare Census] attempts to locate and describe all extant copies of all editions of Shakespeare’s works through 1700, excluding the folios. It includes all items attributed to Shakespeare in print during the period, but not those attributed to him only by modern scholarship, and excludes the Restoration adaptations. <br />
<br />
[https://shakespeare.emory.edu/ Shakespeare and the Players] is an online exhibition and scholarly resource of nearly 1,000 postcards featuring many famous English and American actors who performed Shakespeare’s plays for late Victorian and Edwardian audiences, held at Emory University.<br />
<br />
[https://sharc.kcl.ac.uk Shakespeare in the Royal Collection] is a searchable online catalogue of Shakespeare-related objects in the Royal Collection and an online exhibition.<br />
<br />
[https://about.illinoisstate.edu/shakespeareinsheets/ Shakespeare in Sheets] project recreates the author's early plays and books in printable and foldable sheets of paper. <br />
<br />
[https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/shakespeare Shakespeare Train] is a portion of the [https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/# Ellen Terry and Edith Craig digital archive], available through the University of Essex. It provides a portal to Ellen Terry stage and lecture history and links to the main documentary archive and the [https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/star Search for Theatrical Ancestors] database.<br />
<br />
[https://euppublishing.com/journals/shakespearevirtualissue Shakespeare Virtual Issue (Edinburgh University Press)] is freely accessible and provides a list of hand-picked articles from across their catalogue of journals, dedicated to the Bard, his work and reception across both history and literary studies.<br />
<br />
[http://shalt.dmu.ac.uk/index.html ShaLT: Shakespearean London Theatres]: Histories of early modern theatres, with a map, guides, and films. A joint project of the De Montfort University and the Victoria and Albert Museum. <br />
<br />
[https://thesifter.org/ The Sifter]: A Tool for Food History Research.<br />
<br />
Statutes of the Realm: for statutes from the Magna Carta to 1761, the most efficient place to search is Owen Ruffhead's mid-18th century ''Statutes at Large''. This text can be found in ECCO, and freely available on the Internet Archive: [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef01grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 1: Magna Carta to Henry VI], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef02grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 2: Edward IV to Elizabeth I], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef03grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 3: James I to William and Mary], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef04grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 4: William and Mary to Anne], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef05grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 5: George I to George II], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef06grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 6: George II, con't], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef07grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 7: George II, con't more], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef08grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 8: George II to George III], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef09grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 9: George III con't plus Index]<br />
<br />
===T===<br />
<br />
[http://earlyamericansermons.org/about/ T.E.A.M.S.: Transcribing Early American Manuscript Sermons] is a collaborative scholarly effort to make the voluminous archival record of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century ecclesiastical worship more accessible to academic researchers, pastors, and the general public. This digital archive houses sermons transcribed from the papers of Baptist, Catholic, Congregational, Episcopalian, Presbyterian, and Unitarian ministers who preached up and down the Atlantic coast of North America; it includes the manuscript sermons of white, Native American, and African American preachers. <br />
<br />
[https://theatregoing.wordpress.com/ Theatregoing] is an ongoing survey reproducing eyewitness testimony of seeing theatrical productions, from the sixteenth century to the present day.<br />
<br />
===U===<br />
<br />
[http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/reading/UK/index.php UK RED] or "the Reading Experience Database" explores what United Kingdom residents and British subjects living or travelling abroad read between the invention of the printing press in 1450 and the end of the Second World War in 1945, how, and in what circumstances did they read.<br />
<br />
===V=== <br />
<br />
[http://shakespeareillustration.org/ The Victorian Illustrated Shakespeare Archive] contains over 3000 illustrations from four of the most significant illustrated editions of Shakespeare's works in the Victorian period. All images have been tagged bibliographically and iconographically. <br />
<br />
[https://graphics.cs.wisc.edu/WP/vep/ Visualizing English Print] (from the site) "Our mission is to scale humanist scholarship to ‘big data’ by removing several barriers to statistically analyzing digital Early Modern English texts, like those released by the Text Creation Partnership...This website equips you with the necessary tools to make your own corpora, visually explore them, and download preliminary metadata."<br />
<br />
===W===<br />
<br />
[https://hollar.library.utoronto.ca/ Wenceslaus Hollar Digital Collection]: Digital images from the Fisher Library Collection at the University of Toronto. <br />
<br />
[https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history Westminster Abbey|History] includes short essays on each feature of the Abbey, including entries on each burial or memorial site. <br />
<br />
[https://wwtn.history.qmul.ac.uk/about/ Who Were the Nuns?]: A prosopographical study of the English Convents in exile 1600-1800. Traces the membership of the English convents in exile, from the opening of the first institution in Brussels to the nuns’ return to England as a result of the French Revolution and associated violence. Database provides the membership, family trees, edited documents, maps and analysis of the nuns’ experiences<br />
<br />
[https://digitalprojects.wpi.art/auctions Wildenstein Plattner Institute] has made available digitized auction sales catalogues from pre-1945, numbering over 11,000.<br />
<br />
[https://www.womensbookhistory.org/ Women in Book History: A Bibliography] is a database of secondary sources on women's writing and labor.<br />
<br />
==Subscription Resources Available Off-site== <br />
<br />
These resources, listed by database vendor, are available to registered Folger researchers, via their [https://request.folger.edu/ Online Request Account]. Instructions for accessing each resource may be found in the [[:media:Electronic resources help guide.pdf | Help Guide for Offsite Subscription Resource Access]]. <br />
<br />
'''ProQuest'''<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/264526?ln=en Cecil Papers] archive consists principally of the correspondence of William Cecil, Lord Burghley (1520-1598) and his son, Robert, the 1st Earl of Salisbury (1563-1612). <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/728535?ln=en Early English Books Online (EEBO)] provides digital facsimile page images of works printed in England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and British North America and works in English printed elsewhere from 1473-1700; full-text search of EEBO-TCP Phase 1 and Phase 2. For more information about EEBO, see [[History of Early English Books Online]]. <br />
:[http://proquest.libguides.com/eebopqp Early English Books Online ProQuest Guide]: ProQuest has put together a LibGuide (a help guide) related to the EEBO database, detailing the differences between the old Chadwick-Healey interface and the new ProQuest interface, which exact fields you can search, and other useful information. Please note that while access to this guide is unrestricted, the database itself requires an institutional subscription. <br />
<br />
'''Adam Matthew''' <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/544237?ln=en Early Modern England: Society, Culture & Everyday Life, 1500-1700] brings together documents and objects from seven different archives and libraries to offer insights into the lived experience in England from 1500-1700. Includes a wide range of materials including legal records, family correspondence, administrative records, wills, inventories and commonplace books among others.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/195102?ln=en Literary Manuscripts Online: 17th and 18th Century Poetry from the Brotherton Library, University of Leeds] provides manuscripts of 17th and 18th century English language verse, including first lines, last lines, attribution, author, title, date, length, verse form, content and bibliographic references for over 6,600 poems within the collection. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/356874?ln=en Literary Print Culture: The Stationers' Company Archive] provides documents sourced from the archive of The Worshipful Company of Stationers & Newspaper Makers, including the Stationers' Register, Membership Records, Court Records, and other Company administrative records. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/724714?ln=en Perdita Manuscripts: Women Writers, 1500-1700] features manuscripts written or compiled by women in the British Isles in the 16th and 17th centuries; also includes bibliographic sources. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/724715?ln=en Shakespeare in Performance] is a database from Adam Matthew Digital which features over 1000 fully digitized promptbooks from the Folger collection. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/356873?ln=en Shakespeare's Globe Archive: Theatres, Players, & Performance] documents the performance and construction history of the new Globe and the indoor theatre space of the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse. It includes prompt books, design materials, administrative records of the theatre, and more. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/219141?ln=en Virginia Company Archives] contains transcripts and images of the Ferrar Papers from Magdalene College, Cambridge, and the papers of the Virginia Company. Documents date from approximately 1540-1770. <br />
<br />
'''Gale''' <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/245640?ln=en British Literary Manuscripts Online, Part I: 1660-1990 & Part II: Medieval & Renaissance] facsimile images of literary manuscripts, including letters and diaries, drafts of poems, plays, novels, and other literary works, and similar materials; early 12th century through 1900. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/343865?ln=en British Theatre: Nineteenth Century Collections Online] features a wide range of primary sources related to the arts in the Victorian era, from playbills and scripts to operas and complete scores. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/340547?ln=en Burney Collection Newspapers] is a 17th-18th century collection that contains not only newspapers, but newsbooks, Acts of Parliament, broadsides, pamphlets and proclamations. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/263757?ln=en ECCO (Eighteenth Century Collections Online)] primarily focuses on publications from the British Isles, but does include material from Western Europe and Russia. Access to page images and some full-text search. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/352804?ln=en Nichols Newspapers Collection British Theatre, Music, and Literature: High and Popular Culture] features the newspapers, periodicals, pamphlets and broadsheets that form the Nichols newspaper collection held at the Bodleian library in Oxford, UK. The collection includes approximately 300 primary titles of newspapers and periodicals and 300 pamphlets and broadsheets, covering the period 1672-1737. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/263756?ln=en State Papers Online] provides access to the Calendars, transcript and document images for the Domestic and Foreign State Papers, and Registers of the Privy Council for 1509-1714. <br />
:An overview and general guide to using State Papers Online may be found here: [https://collation.folger.edu/2015/06/state-papers-online-tips-and-tricks-part-1/ Part 1] and [https://collation.folger.edu/2015/07/state-papers-online-tips-and-tricks-part-2/ Part 2] <br />
<br />
'''Cambridge'''<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/544901?ln=en The New Cambridge Shakespeare] provides access to Shakespeare's works together with a wealth of integrated reference material.<br />
<br />
'''Oxford''' <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/118159?ln=en American National Biography] is updated semi-annually with new articles and revisions of previously published entries; contains articles of notable Americans through the mid-twentieth century. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/543559?ln=en The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare] is a searchable, indexed version of the 2nd edition print resource.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/191521?ln=en Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online (DNB Online)] contains biographical information on men and women who have shaped British history and culture, worldwide, from the Romans to the 21st century; updated three time a year. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/113988?ln=en Oxford English Dictionary]<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/335520?ln=en Oxford Scholarly Editions Online] is an interlinked collection of authoritative Oxford editions of major works from the humanities. Our subscription includes early modern content. <br />
:Following subsets only ([https://www.oxfordscholarlyeditions.com/page/18/title-lists list of titles included in each subset]): <br />
::Early Seventeenth Century Drama<br />
::Early Seventeenth Seventeenth Century Poetry<br />
::Early Seventeenth Seventeenth Century Prose<br />
::Martin Wiggins and Catherine Richardson, British Drama 1533-1642: A Catalogue<br />
::Renaissance Drama<br />
::Renaissance Poetry<br />
::Renaissance Prose<br />
::Shakespeare<br />
<br />
'''BREPOLiS'''<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/232534?ln=en Bibliography of British and Irish History] contains 300,000 records on British and Irish history, including relations with the empire and Commonwealth.<br />
<br />
==Subscription Resources Available On-site== <br />
The following resources will remain on-site access only. Please email reference@folger.edu with questions. <br />
<br />
''American Book Prices Current'': records of books, manuscripts, autographs, maps and broadsides sold at auction, primarily US and UK <br />
<br />
''American Council of Learned Societies Humanities E-Book (HEB)'': E-book records are searchable in [http://hamnet.folger.edu/ Hamnet], with a link to ACLS full-text. All e-books are full-text searchable at ACLS site. <br />
<br />
''American and French Research on the Treasury of the French Language (ARTFL)'' contains French-language texts from the 12th to 20th century, Diderot and d'Alembert's late 18th century ''Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une Société de Gens de lettres'', digitized versions of many ''Bibliothèque Bleue de Troyes'' (17th to mid-19th c.), a searchable version of Montaigne's ''Essais'', and a different search interface for Tufts' Perseus Project (Greek & Latin texts). <br />
<br />
''Archive Grid'' is a service provided by OCLC brings together information about archives, special collections and other collections of manuscripts and papers. <br />
<br />
''Arkyves'': Access to the full Iconclass browser at Arkyves, containing all of the images from the British Book Illustrations project, as well as over 800,000 additional images from a number of institutions all over the world. <br />
<br />
''Bibliography of British and Irish History'' provides bibliographic data on historical writing dealing with the British Isles, and with the British Empire and Commonwealth, during all periods for which written documentation is available - from 55BC to the present. <br />
<br />
''Bibliography of English Women Writers 1500-1640'' currently indexes the works of around 740 female writers and translators. <br />
<br />
''British History Online'': Includes Calendars of State Papers, Domestic and the Calendars of State Papers for Scotland and Ireland, along with the Calendar of Close Rolls. <br />
<br />
''Burke's Peerage and Gentry'': genealogy and heraldry information for the Peerage of the United Kingdom, the historical families of Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations, and royal and distinguished families worldwide. <br />
<br />
''Early English Books Online - Text Creation Partnership (EEBO-TCP)'': encoded electronic text editions of many early print books in Early English Books Online, Eighteenth Century Collections Online, and Evans Early American Imprints. (Now included in the ProQuest version of EEBO.) <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/544899?ln=en Drama Online] Core Collection for Arden Shakespeare edition access.<br />
<br />
''FirstSearch: OCLC Databases'': Default database: WorldCat. Select the "Search in database" dropdown to select one of the following databases: ArticleFirst, ClasePeriodica, OCLC Ebooks, OCLC ECO, ERIC, GPO, MEDLINE, OAIster, PapersFirst, Proceedings, WorldAlmanac, WorldCat, WorldCatDissertations. <br />
<br />
''Iter Bibliography'' is a bibliography comprised of secondary source material pertaining to the Middle Ages and Renaissance (400-1700), including citations for books and journal material (articles, reviews, review articles, bibliographies, catalogues, abstracts and discographies), dissertation abstracts, and essays in books (including entries in conference proceedings, festschriften, encyclopedias and exhibition catalogues). <br />
<br />
''Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages & Renaissance'' brings together numerous database sources for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. Some are subscription access only, while others are freely available. <br />
<br />
''Iter Italicum'' is a finding list for Renaissance humanistic manuscripts in libraries and collections all over the world. <br />
<br />
''Loeb Classical Library'': Fourteen centuries of Greek and Latin literature with accurate, literate, English translations on facing pages. And a handy Greek keyboard pop-up. <br />
<br />
''John Milton: A Bibliography (MRTS Online Series)'' attempts to bring together all manuscripts and editions of John Milton's works and all studies and critical statements concerning his life and works, all allusions and quotations, and all significant imitations during the years 1624-1799. <br />
<br />
''Microfilms Database at the Folger Shakespeare Library'' provides an easy way to search the Folger's microfilm collection so that readers may have some form of access to restricted or fragile materials. <br />
<br />
''MLA International Bibliography'' provides citations to journal articles, books, dissertations, and scholarly websites, from 1921 to the present, in academic disciplines such as language, literature, folklore, linguistics, literary theory and criticism, and the dramatic arts. <br />
<br />
''The Newdigate newsletters, Numbers 1 through 2100 (13 January 1673/4 through 11 June 1692)'': thrice-weekly news releases issued by the Secretary of State's office, highlighting matters of interest to the Stuart court. <br />
<br />
''Shakespeare Quarterly (JSTOR)'': Back issues from 1950 through five years before the current issue. <br />
<br />
''Shakespeare Quarterly (Project Muse)'': Back issues for the most recent four years. <br />
<br />
''Understanding Shakespeare (Beta)'' connects Folger Digital Texts with peer-reviewed articles in JSTOR that cite specific plays, scenes, and lines in Shakespeare. <br />
<br />
''Women Writers Online'': a full-text collection of early women’s writing in English which includes full transcriptions of texts published between 1526 and 1850, focusing on materials that are rare or inaccessible. <br />
<br />
''World Shakespeare Bibliography'': indexes Shakespeare-related scholarship and theatrical productions published or produced worldwide since 1960.<br />
<br />
==Other Digital Resources== <br />
<br />
===Twitter Accounts=== <br />
<br />
[https://twitter.com/FolgerLibrary @FolgerLibrary] is the main twitter account for the Folger. <br />
<br />
[https://twitter.com/FolgerResearch @FolgerResearch] covers the research and collections aspects of the Folger. <br />
<br />
[https://twitter.com/FolgerED @FolgerED] is the twitter account for the Folger's Education Department. <br />
<br />
<br />
===Listservs=== <br />
<br />
:[[Folger Institute Commons listserv]] <br />
:[http://crrs.ca/library/resources/ficino-listserv/ Ficino]--An interdisciplinary Renaissance listserv. <br />
:[https://networks.h-net.org/h-albion H-Albion]--The H-Net discussion network for British and Irish history. <br />
:[https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~kcreamer/milton/ Milton-L] <br />
:[http://shaksper.net/ Shaksper]--The global electronic Shakespeare conference. <br />
:[http://www.sharpweb.org/sharp-l/ SHARP-L]--The electronic conference for the history of print culture. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Folger web archives === <br />
<br />
Read the article on [[Web archiving]] for an overview of the Folger's online web presence management. <br />
<br />
[https://archive-it.org/collections/2873 Folger Shakespeare Library Websites and Social Media] <br />
<br />
[https://archive-it.org/collections/2877 Shakespeare Festivals and Theatrical Companies] <br />
<br />
[https://archive-it.org/collections/4511 William Shakespeare's 450th Birthday: Celebrations & Commentary] <br />
<br />
[[Category: Research guides]] <br />
[[Category: Digital Folger]] <br />
[[Category: Reader orientation]] <br />
[[Category: Digital humanities]] <br />
[[Category: Bibliography]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=List_of_digital_resources_at_the_Folger&diff=36995List of digital resources at the Folger2022-12-07T14:32:08Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* Subscription Resources Available Off-site */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article provides a curated list of digital resources—arranged (mostly) alphabetically. This list is alphabetized according to the idiosyncrasies of what the Folger community most commonly calls a resource. If you are having trouble finding a resource, use the search box at the top of the page or your browser's "Find" feature (usually control-F). <br />
<br />
The first sections, arranged alphabetically, contains freely available resources. The second section provides a list of subscription resources available to registered Folger researchers during the time our Reading Room is closed for renovation. The final section is a list of subscription resources that Folger staff will still have access to; please email reference@folger.edu to set up an appointment for access. <br />
<br />
==Folger-created and hosted resources==<br />
<br />
BBI: [https://britishbookillustrations.folger.edu/ British Book Illustrations: Extending Access to 17th-century Visual Culture] is a project of the Folger Shakespeare Library, funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), to digitize and index 10,000 woodcut and engraved illustrations in British and English-language books. <br />
<br />
[http://collation.folger.edu/ The Collation: a gathering of scholarship from the Folger Shakespeare Library] is a blog about Folger collections and resources written by Folger staff and readers. <br />
<br />
[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGERCM1~6~6 Digital Image Collections Database (LUNA)] contains high-quality, high-resolution images of a large number of Folger collection items, divided into six collections (listed below). Users have the ability to store their preferred images in media groups, create presentations, and export images.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~4~4 Bas Relief Image Collection] contains images of the nine bas reliefs that adorn the facade of the Folger Shakespeare Library.<br />
:[[Bindings image collection | Bindings Image Collection]] contains research-quality [https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/BINDINGS~1~1 images of bindings] of aesthetic or historical merit.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~2~2 British Book Illustrations Image Collection] contains the images and raw metadata from the "British Book Illustrations: Extending Access to 17th-century Visual Culture" project (first entry on this list).<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGERCM1~6~6 Digital Image Collection] contains the majority of digitized collection images in the database.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~3~3 Manuscript Transcriptions Collection] contains images from the Folger manuscript collection along with searchable, vetted semi-diplomatic transcriptions.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~1~1 First Folio Image Collection] contains cover-to-cover images with color card and ruler for a number of Folger First Folios.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~5~5 Reference Image Collection] contains cell-phone quality images taken by Folger librarians during the course of their work.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~6~6 Microfilm Image Collection] contains digitized microfilm of Folger materials. <br />
<br />
[https://emed.folger.edu/ EMED]: [[A Digital Anthology of Early Modern English Drama]]: a database of early modern plays ''not'' by Shakespeare, with thirty documentary editions.<br />
<br />
[https://emmo.folger.edu/ EMMO]: [[Early Modern Manuscripts Online]]: transcriptions, images, and metadata of manuscripts from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. <br />
<br />
[http://findingaids.folger.edu/ Finding Aids at the Folger Shakespeare Library] guides users through the extensive manuscript collections with descriptions and lists of items. <br />
<br />
[http://firstlines.folger.edu/ The Union First Line Index of English Verse] enables researchers to locate poems held in seven prestigious collections in the US and UK, including the Folger Shakespeare Library. The Index provides a database of over 224,000 first lines of manuscript and printed verse. [mailto:firstlines@folger.edu firstlines@folger.edu] <br />
<br />
[https://shakespeare.folger.edu/ The Folger SHAKESPEARE] shares the complete works of Shakespeare, edited for modern readers.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/ The Folger's online catalog] gives bibliographic information, copy-specific notes, and detailed information—often with links to images—of most of the items in the collection. <br />
<br />
[https://lostplays.folger.edu/Main_Page Lost Plays Database] is a wiki-style forum for scholars to share information about lost plays in England, 1570-1642. <br />
<br />
[http://findingaids.folger.edu/Hand-List_of_Microfilm_and_Selected_Microfiche_Sets.pdf Microfilms Hand-List at the Folger Shakespeare Library] (PDF) is an addition/supplementary list to the microfilm database. Readers are advised to check both places when searching for a microfilm. <br />
<br />
[[Picturing Shakespeare]] was an NEH-funded project to help the Folger digitize thousands of 18th-, 19th-, and early 20th-century images representing Shakespeare’s plays. <br />
<br />
[http://plre.folger.edu/ PLRE.Folger: Private Libraries in Renaissance England] complements the printed volumes of [http://shakespeare.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=56839 Private Libraries in Renaissance England] (PLRE), an ongoing editorial project that has published eight volumes since 1992 in the Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies (MRTS) series. <br />
<br />
[https://shakespearedocumented.folger.edu Shakespeare Documented] is the largest and most authoritative collection of primary-source materials documenting the life of William Shakespeare (1564-1616), bringing together all known manuscript and print references to Shakespeare, his works, and additional references to his family, in his lifetime and shortly thereafter.<br />
<br />
[https://www.folger.edu/shakespeare-unlimited Shakespeare Unlimited Podcast], a "no limits" tour of the connections between Shakespeare, his works, and our world.<br />
<br />
[https://tokenbooks.folger.edu/ The Token Books of St Saviour Southwark] is an in-progress resource developed by William Ingram, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Alan H. Nelson, The University of California, Berkeley. The site makes available information from this rare type of parish record, spanning approximately 1571-1643.<br />
<br />
==Instructional video series==<br />
In the [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkWyVPkA-aEdejPR6-KD5CzJ Folger How-tos: Hamnet Online Catalog] video series, learn valuable tips and tricks to make the most of Hamnet, the Folger online library catalog. <br />
<br />
The [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkW1MqgnonjgpnHOk-QZ3nyd Folger How-tos: Research Essentials] video series includes tips on how to navigate [https://shakespearedocumented.folger.edu/ Shakespeare Documented], use the digital image collections to their maximum potential, and access subscription databases through a research account.<br />
<br />
Watch the [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkVvJifK4yXVethkELPqPvXf State Papers Online] video series to learn navigation tips and tricks for this valuable, but sometimes complicated, online resource. ''Note: State Papers Online, 1509-1714 is made available through an institutional subscription onsite at the Folger Shakespeare Library or through the Folger researcher request system (through 2022). Check your institution’s e-resource subscriptions for local availability.''<br />
<br />
==Freely Available Electronic Resources== <br />
<br />
===A=== <br />
<br />
[http://www.1641.tcd.ie/index.php 1641 Depositions] From Trinity College Dublin (MSS 809-841) are witness testimonies mainly by Protestants, but also by some Catholics, from all social backgrounds, concerning their experiences of the 1641 Irish rebellion. Create a free account to view the depositions. <br />
<br />
[http://www.19thcenturyacts.com/ 19th Century Acts!] showcases different aspects of theatrical performance through mapping and current and historical digital images.<br />
<br />
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/12ptvF-YOhmRIb2OKqAy5l6w7zCscaK8P Association of College and Research Libraries online instruction guides] includes powerpoints, lesson plans, and other resources produced and compiled by [https://ischool.illinois.edu/people/melissa-wong Melissa Wong] of the School of Information Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.<br />
<br />
[https://americanarchive.org/ American Archive of Public Broadcasting]: Discover historic programs of publicly funded radio and television across America. Select Browse for subject browses of Literature, History, Theater and more.<br />
<br />
[http://www.annotatedbooksonline.com/ Annotated Books Online] is a virtual research environment for scholars and students interested in historical reading practices. Create a free account to contribute transcriptions and/or translations of annotations. <br />
<br />
[http://drc.usask.ca/projects/archbook/index.php ArchBook: Architectures of the Book] is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal focusing on specific design features of printed books.<br />
<br />
[https://atlas.lib.uiowa.edu/ Atlas of Early Printing] is an interactive site designed to be used as a tool for teaching the early history of printing in Europe during the second half of the fifteenth century. <br />
<br />
===B===<br />
<br />
[https://beforeshakespeare.com Before Shakespeare] is a project that explores the earliest days of the Elizabethan playhouses, focusing on the mid 16th century London commercial playhouses.<br />
<br />
[https://www.bessofhardwick.org/ Bess of Hardwick's Letters], which number almost 250 items of correspondence, bring to life her extraordinary story and allow us to eavesdrop on her world. Her letters allow us to reposition Bess as a complex woman of her times, immersed in the literacy and textual practices of everyday life, as her correspondence extends from servants, friends and family, to queens and officers of state. <br />
<br />
[http://bibsite.org/ The Bibliographical Society of America] list of resources compiles essays, lists, and other bibliographical materials in aid of bibliographical study. The resource features wide date ranges and ample geographical coverage. <br />
<br />
[https://bibsocamer.org/news/online-instruction-resources-digital-repositories-for-book-history-teaching-more/ The Bibliographic Society of America Online Instruction Resources: Digital Repositories for Book History Teaching, Research, & More] is a static resource that will be updated as new contributions come in.<br />
<br />
[https://www.sharpweb.org/book-history-unbound/category/issues/ Book History UNBOUND] provides supplemental digital humanities materials that supplement print articles in ''Book History'', the journal of the Society for the History of Authorship and Reading (SHARP).<br />
<br />
[https://bookowners.online/Main_Page Book Owners Online] is a directory of historical book owners, with information about their libraries, and signposts to further reference sources. It currently covers seventeenth-century English owners with the potential to be expanded. <br />
<br />
[http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=TR%2fPub%2f1 Bristol Old Vic Playbills]: collection of playbills from the Theatre Royal/Bristol Old Vic, digitized by the Bristol Archive. Covers some 18th century (earliest from 1768), primarily first half of 19th century (1810-1840).<br />
<br />
[https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Default.aspx?_ga=2.95202516.918721450.1602764813-573422282.1602764813 British Library Digitised Manuscripts] includes a wide selected of digital images from manuscripts in the British Library.<br />
<br />
[http://ballads.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ Broadside Ballad Archive] is maintained by the Bodleian Libraries and features the Bodleian's digital collections of ballads, with links to the English Broadside Ballad Archive’s digital presentations of pre-1800 ballads from other libraries, and to the folk song scholarship of the Roud Broadside Index, hosted by the English Folk Dance and Song Society (from the website).<br />
<br />
[https://jcblibrary.org/collection/digital-images The John Carter Brown Library Online Publications] features pdfs of out of print publications by and about The John Carter Brown Library collection. <br />
<br />
[[List of bindings resources]] <br />
<br />
[https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/bookbindings/ Database of Bookbindings: The British Library] <br />
<br />
[http://bookbindingdictionary.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page Bookbinding Dictionary (Multilingual)]: an international dictionary of bookbinding and conservation terms. <br />
<br />
[http://www.borrowers.uga.edu/ Borrowers and Lenders: The Journal of Shakespeare and Appropriation] <br />
<br />
[http://bbti.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/# British Book Trade Index:] The BBTI aims to include brief biographical and trade details of all those who worked in the English and Welsh book trades up to 1851. BBTI includes not only printers, publishers and booksellers but also other related trades, such as stationers, papermakers, engravers, auctioneers, ink-makers and sellers of medicines, so that the book trade can be studied in the context of allied trades. <br />
<br />
[http://www.bpi1700.org.uk/index.html British Printed Images to 1700 (bpi1700)] is a digital library of prints and book illustrations from early modern Britain. <br />
<br />
[http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/ British Universities Film and Video Council: Shakespeare] An International Database of Shakespeare on Film, Television and Radio.<br />
This authoritative online database of Shakespeare-related content in film, television, radio and video recordings is international in scope, is regularly updated and currently holds over 9,000 records dating from the 1890s to the present day.<br />
<br />
===C===<br />
<br />
[https://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/benjonson/ The Cambridge Works of Ben Jonson Online] provides a fully digitized and updated edition of Jonson's complete writings, with editorial and scholarly remarks throughout the texts. <br />
<br />
[https://casebooks.lib.cam.ac.uk The Casebooks Project]: In the decades around 1600, the astrologers Simon Forman and Richard Napier produced one of the largest surviving sets of medical records in history. The Casebooks Project, a team of scholars at the University of Cambridge, has transformed this paper archive into a digital archive. <br />
<br />
[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ Chronicling America] contains fully searchable American historic newspaper pages from 1789-1963. <br />
<br />
[https://theclergydatabase.org.uk Clergy of the Church of England Database 1540-1835] makes available and searchable the principal records of clerical careers from over 50 archives in England and Wales with the aim of providing coverage of as many clerical lives as possible from the Reformation to the mid-nineteenth century. <br />
<br />
[http://www.common-place.org/ Common-Place] is a destination for exploring and exchanging ideas about early American history and culture. A bit less formal than a scholarly journal, a bit more scholarly than a popular magazine, Commonplace speaks—and listens—to scholars, museum curators, teachers, hobbyists, and just about anyone interested in American history before 1900.<br />
<br />
[http://www.english.cam.ac.uk/ceres/ COPIA/CERES (Cambridge English Renaissance Electronic Service)] provides access to manuscripts related to Spenser and resources for early modern English handwriting. <br />
<br />
[http://humanities-research.exeter.ac.uk/womenswork/courtdepositions/ Court Depositions of South West England, 1500-1700] is a digital edition of 80 fully transcribed depositions relating to 20 cases heard in the church courts and Quarter Sessions between 1556 and 1694 across Devon, Hampshire, Somerset and Wiltshire. These depositions or witness statements relate to a range of crimes and offences tried in these two types of courts, from defamation to theft and are rich in detail of social, economic, political and religious life in early modern England. This digital edition has been prepared as part of the Leverhulme-funded project ''Women's Work in Rural England, 1500-1700'' undertaken at the University of Exeter between 2013 and 2018.<br />
<br />
===D=== <br />
<br />
[http://www.treatiseonpainting.org/ Leonardo da Vinci and his Treatise on Painting]: website examining all of the different variations of this text that appeared throughout the centuries; includes extensive bibliography. <br />
<br />
[https://dex.itercommunity.org/ DEx: Database of Dramatic Extracts] DEx is an online, searchable database of dramatic extracts found in seventeenth-century manuscripts. DEx is published by Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages and Renaissance. <br />
<br />
[http://digitalcavendish.org/ Digital Cavendish], a scholarly collaborative, brings together original research, scholarly resources, digital editions, and teaching resources to fill out the world and works of Margaret Cavendish.<br />
<br />
[https://digitalrenaissance.uvic.ca/ Digital Renaissance Editions] "publishes electronic scholarly editions of early English drama and texts of related interest, from late medieval moralities and Tudor interludes, occasional entertainments and civic pageants, academic and closet drama, and the plays of the commercial London theaters, through to the drama of the Civil War and Interregnum." <br />
<br />
[https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php Discography of American Historical Recordings] "a database of master recordings made by American record companies during the 78rpm era. It is part of the American Discography Project (ADP)—an initiative of the University of California, Santa Barbara and the Packard Humanities Institute that is edited by a team of researchers based at the UCSB Library" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[http://deep.sas.upenn.edu/ DEEP (Database of Early English Playbooks)]: searchable bibliography of "every playbook produced in England, Scotland, and Ireland from the beginning of printing through 1660". <br />
<br />
[http://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_h.aspx Dictionary for Library and Information Sciences] is designed as a hypertext reference resource for library and information science professionals, university students and faculty, and users of all types of libraries.<br />
<br />
===E=== <br />
<br />
[http://eada.lib.umd.edu/introduction-to-the-archive/ Early Americas Digital Archive] is a collection of electronic texts and links to texts originally written in or about the Americas from 1492 to approximately 1820, supported by University of Maryland.<br />
<br />
[https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/980096/ Early Modern British Painters] dataset identifies all those men and women who have been identified as painters of any sort working in England, Wales, Scotland or Ireland between the years 1500 and 1640. Compiled by Robert Tittler, Distinguished Professor of History Emeritus at Concordia University, Montreal, and Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. <br />
<br />
[https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/emc/ Early Modern Culture] published works-in-progress by major scholars in early modern studies, along with a set of responses from readers. No longer publishing as of 2019.<br />
<br />
[https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/emdr Early Modern Digital Review] (EMDR) is an online, open-access, and refereed journal publishing high-quality reviews of digital projects related to early modern society and culture. It is committed to productive evaluation of both established digital resources and recent tools and projects. <br />
<br />
[https://extra.shu.ac.uk/emls/journal/index.php/emls Early Modern Literary Studies] is a refereed journal serving as a formal arena for scholarly discussion and as an academic resource for researchers in the areas of English literature, literary culture, and language during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.<br />
<br />
[https://emlot.library.utoronto.ca Early Modern London Theatres] (EMLoT): Information related to professional performance in purpose-built theatres and other permanent structures in the London area. <br />
<br />
[https://www.emlc-journal.org/issue/archive/ ''Early Modern Low Countries''] "a multidisciplinary open access journal dedicated to the study of the early modern Low Countries. We publish state-of-the-art scholarship on any aspect of the turbulent history and vibrant culture of the region from about 1500 to 1830 from a variety of perspectives" (from the website). EMLC appears in two installments annually.<br />
<br />
[https://www.ofpilcrows.com/resources-early-modern-plays-page-and-stage Early Modern Plays on Page & Stage: Online Resources] is a list of resources compiled by Claire M. L. Bourne, Assistant Professor of English at Penn State University.<br />
<br />
[https://earlyprint.org/lab/ Early Print: Text Mining Early Printed English] provides a range of tools for the computational exploration and analysis of English print culture before 1700. <br />
<br />
[http://www.earlyprintedbooks.com/resources/ Early Printed Books, by Sarah Werner] is a companion to her book, ''Studying Early Printed Books, 1450-1800: A Practical Guide''. Intended to be able to be used both alongside and separately from the book, the website is an open-access, freely available resource that can supplement anyone’s explorations of early printed books.<br />
<br />
[http://www.earlystuartlibels.net/htdocs/index.html Early Stuart Libels]: early 17th century English political poetry from the accession of King James I to the outbreak of the English Civil War. <br />
<br />
[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/did/ The Encyclopedia of Diderot & D'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project] provides translations to the famed encyclopedia along with search capabilities and teaching resources.<br />
<br />
[https://www.englandsimmigrants.com/ England's Immigrants] is a database of over 64,000 names of people known to have migrated to England in the period 1350-1550. The information is drawn from a variety of sources, such as taxation assessments, letters of denization and protection, and other licenses and grants. <br />
<br />
[http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ English Broadside Ballad Archive] from the University of California, Santa Barbara, provides access to images and transcriptions of English Broadside Ballads from the long 17th century. <br />
<br />
[http://estc.bl.uk/F/?func=file&file_name=login-bl-estc English Short-Title Catalogue (ESTC)] is a comprehensive, international union catalogue listing early books, serials, newspapers and selected ephemera printed before 1801. For more information on this resource please see [[English Short-Title Catalogue]]. <br />
<br />
[http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Main_Page EuroDocs: Primary Historical Documents from Western Europe] is a repository of links to freely available primary source documents on the web; organized by both geographic area and time period. <br />
<br />
[https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/yexm20/current Exemplaria] is an open access journal that reconsider the methods and aims of scholarship on the medieval and early modern periods, broadly conceived.<br />
<br />
===F=== <br />
<br />
[https://www.dhi.ac.uk/foxe/index.php John Foxe’s Book of Martyrs Variorum Edition (TAMO)]: browse and compare the unabridged texts of the four editions of this massive work published in John Foxe’s lifetime (1563, 1570, 1576, 1583).<br />
<br />
[https://library.culinary.edu/primarysources/digitalfoodhistory/ Food History Digital Primary Sources] guide from the Culinary Institute of America.<br />
<br />
===G=== <br />
<br />
[http://gemms.itercommunity.org/index.php GEMMS: Gateway to Early Modern Manuscript Sermons] is a group-sourced online bibliographic database of early modern (1530-1715) manuscript sermons from the UK, Ireland and North America. <br />
<br />
[http://globalmiddleages.org/ Global Middle Ages Project (G-MAP)] is a portal site for digital projects encompassing the Medieval and Early Modern worlds. <br />
<br />
[[Glossary of digital humanities terms]] aims to help both novices and more advanced users of digital tools and approaches understand common terms employed in the digital humanities. <br />
<br />
[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/glossary.asp Glossary of Illuminated Manuscripts:] reproduced and illustrated by the British Library from Michelle P. Brown, ''Understanding Illuminated Manuscripts: A Guide to Technical Terms'' (J. Paul Getty Museum: Malibu and British Library: London, 1994). <br />
<br />
[https://www.gravell.org/ Gravell (The Thomas L. Gravell Watermark Archive)] brings together more than 50,000 watermarks from America and Europe, including 7,500 images collected by American-watermark expert Thomas L. Gravell and about 45,000 unpublished marks documented by Charles-Moise Briquet. <br />
<br />
===H===<br />
<br />
[http://www.hamletworks.org/ Hamlet Works] is "everything you ever wanted to know about ''Hamlet''", a searchable databases of editions and criticism.<br />
<br />
[https://henslowe-alleyn.org.uk/ Henslowe-Alleyn Digitization Project] "has two aims and objectives: first, to protect and conserve these increasingly fragile manuscripts, and, second, to make their contents much more widely available in a free electronic archive and website, not only to specialist scholars but to all those interested in early modern English drama and theatre history, as well as social, economic, regional, architectural, and legal history, and paleography and manuscript studies" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[http://hpb.cerl.org Heritage of the Printed Book Database (HPB)] (formerly called the Hand Press Book Database) is a steadily growing collection of files of catalogue records from major European and North American research libraries covering items of European printing of the hand-press period (c.1455-c.1830) integrated into one file. This makes it possible for information to be retrieved in one single search across all files. (N.b. as of Summer 2016, Folger items are not yet integrated into this database) As of January 2018, this resource is freely available! <br />
<br />
[http://www.arc.id.au/Calendar.html Historical Calendar]: Multi-country historical calendar for the years 1100 to 2100. Allows automatic conversion between Old Style and New Style dates. <br />
<br />
[https://hob.gseis.ucla.edu/index.html History of the Book, by Johanna Drucker] is a networked resource focused on the production and reception of materials related to the history of the book and literacy technologies, broadly conceived.<br />
<br />
[http://historyofparliamentonline.org History of Parliament] is a research project creating a comprehensive account of parliamentary politics in England, then Britain, from their origins in the thirteenth century. It consists of detailed studies of elections and electoral politics in each constituency, and of closely researched accounts of the lives of everyone who was elected to Parliament in the period, together with surveys drawing out the themes and discoveries of the research and adding information on the operation of Parliament as an institution. Note: it is a work in progress, with some sections more complete than others. <br />
<br />
[http://www.history.ac.uk/history-online/ History On-Line] provides information for historians with details of university lecturers in the UK and the Republic of Ireland, current and past historical research, digital history projects, new books and journals from a range of leading publishers and sources of funding available for researchers in the UK. <br />
<br />
[http://english.nsms.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/ The Holinshed Project] parallel texts edition, furnished with links to each page of Early English Books Online (subscription required). Users can navigate using a variety of entry points. Project overview and history, as well as sample texts, can be found [http://www.cems.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/index.shtml here]. <br />
<br />
[http://www.hookesbooks.com/ Robert Hooke's Books] is an online source on the library of the 17th-century virtuoso Robert Hooke (1635-1703) is an on-going collaboration between Will Poole, Felicity Henderson, and Yelda Nasifoglu who are currently undertaking research on different aspects of Hooke’s work. As it is a work-in-progress, further research notes will be continually added to the database, and new editions of the editors’ Introduction are expected to be released. <br />
<br />
===I===<br />
<br />
[https://www.arts.kuleuven.be/nieuwetijd/english/odis/impressae-women-printers-in-early-modern-antwerp-leuven-and-douai Impressae: Women Printers in Early Modern Antwerp, Leuven, and Douai] reconstructs the lives and work of women printers in Antwerp, Leuven and Douai during two centuries (sixteenth through seventeenth). It contains information about kinship and commercial networks, printing houses and rare books. It contains linked data on more than 1 300 persons, almost 3 700 publications and more than 150 organisations.<br />
<br />
[https://www.vialibri.net/library_search.php International Library Catalogs] from vialibri.net. Provides a list of union and other catalogs from Europe and the United States. Links to sources such as WorldCat, the KVK, and artlibraries.net. <br />
<br />
[http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/ Internet Shakespeare Editions]: information on Shakespeare's texts and life and times. Includes a performance database and the semi-annual online journal ''Scene''.<br />
<br />
[https://www.intoxicantsproject.org Intoxicants & Early Modernity: England, 1580-1714] explores the insight that the period between the introduction of tobacco in the 1570s and the ‘Gin Craze’ of the early eighteenth century was a formative phase in the production, traffic, consumption, and representation of intoxicants.<br />
<br />
===J=== <br />
<br />
[https://minstrels.library.utoronto.ca The JUBA Project: Early Blackface Minstrelsy in Britain 1842-1852], from the University of Toronto, draws together a range of documentation into a database that allows the visitor to access information on the individuals, troupes, and 'acts,' that toured in Britain during these crucial years. <br />
<br />
===K===<br />
<br />
[https://kitmarlowe.org/ The Kit Marlowe Project] created by undergraduate students to offer accessible resources for learning about one of Shakespeare’s most influential contemporaries and collaborators, Christopher Marlowe (Project Director: Kristen Abbott Bennett at Framingham University).<br />
<br />
===L===<br />
<br />
[https://www.layersoflondon.org/ Layers of London] is a map-based history website developed by the Institute of Historical Research.<br />
<br />
[http://www.leibniz-translations.com/index2.php Leibniz Translations] provides full-text translations of the work of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in English translation. <br />
<br />
[http://leme.library.utoronto.ca/ Lexicons of Early Modern English] searches and displays word-entries from monolingual English dictionaries, bilingual lexicons, technical vocabularies, and other encyclopedic-lexical works, 1480-1702. <br />
<br />
[https://www.loc.gov/collections/ Library of Congress Digital Collections]<br />
<br />
[https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/pages/open-access/ Liverpool University Press-Open Access] provides scholarly monographs offered via open-access from a pioneer in OA publishing.<br />
<br />
[https://londonstagedatabase.usu.edu London Stage database] is a searchable version of ''The London Stage'', a key reference work documenting theatrical performances from the reopening of the public playhouses following the English civil wars in 1660 to the end of the eighteenth century. This information has been compiled from the playbills, newspapers and theatrical diaries of the period. <br />
<br />
[http://www.luminarium.org/lumina.htm Luminarium] is an online anthology of English literature from the late Medieval period through the 18th century; texts from out-of-copyright editions.<br />
<br />
===M=== <br />
<br />
[http://manus.iccu.sbn.it/index.php Manus Online] is a database containing catalogue descriptions and digital images of manuscripts, private papers and archives held by Italian public, private and ecclesiastical libraries. The census, launched in 1988, aims to list and catalogue manuscripts written in Latin alphabet from the Middle Ages to date, including private papers and literary archives. <br />
<br />
[https://www.manuscriptcookbookssurvey.org/ Manuscript Cookbooks Survey] includes a database of pre-1865 English-language manuscript cookbooks held in U. S. public institutions as well as a database of kitchen artifacts used at the time these manuscripts were written. <br />
<br />
[https://mpese.ac.uk/ Manuscript Pamphleteering in Early Stuart England]: Before the outbreak of Civil War in 1642, England developed a large, influential and often radical pamphlet literature. This project aims to survey the vast hidden archive of early Stuart England's manuscript pamphlets. Images and transcriptions of many early modern pamphlets are available, in addition to bibliographical descriptions. <br />
<br />
[https://dhil.lib.sfu.ca/mvm/ Manuscript Verse Miscellanies 1700-1820] is a searchable database describing hundreds of manuscript poetry books. Links to First Line Index where relevant, plus lots of metadata about the manuscripts.<br />
<br />
[https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/emwrn/digitalarchive Material Cultures of Early Modern Women's Writing Digital Archive] provides online editions of women's writing that circulated in a variety of forms in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This project draws from manuscript sources as well as print editions, and provides both images and transcriptions of these often multiform texts. <br />
<br />
[https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/ Map of Early Modern London (MoEML)] comprises a digital edition of the 1561 Agas woodcut map of London; an Encyclopedia and Descriptive Gazetteer of London people, places, topics, and terms; a Library of marked-up texts rich in London toponyms; and a versioned edition of John Stow’s Survey of London. <br />
<br />
[http://wroth.latrobe.edu.au/ Mary Wroth's Poetry: An Electronic Edition]: Edited by Paul Salzman, this electronic edition includes a textual introduction, a contextual bibliography, a critical introduction to the poetry of Mary Wroth, and full text of the poems. <br />
<br />
[http://www.medici.org/ The Medici Archive Project]: Documentary Sources for the Arts and Humanities in the Medici Granducal Archive, 1537-1743, is a fully searchable database describing hundreds of volumes of documents in the Medici Granducal Archive (Archivio Mediceo del Principato). <br />
<br />
[http://mdr-maa.org Medieval Digital Resources (MDR)]: The Medieval Academy of America has put together a curated database of peer-reviewed digital materials for the study of the Middle Ages. Users can browse an alphabetical list or search using controlled-vocabulary subject tags to find vetted online resources of many types. Please note that MDR does not include resources that are paywalled or require password access, although some resources may have restrictive use-licenses. <br />
<br />
[https://memorients.com/ Medieval and Early Modern Orients (MEMOs)] is an AHRC-funded project that seeks to further knowledge and understanding of the early interactions between England and the Islamic worlds.<br />
<br />
[https://globalshakespeares.mit.edu/ MIT Global Shakespeares] video and performance archive.<br />
<br />
[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary Middle English Compendium] contains three Middle English electronic resources: the Middle English Dictionary, a Bibliography of Middle English prose and verse, and a Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse. <br />
<br />
[https://digital.library.illinois.edu/collections/810eac30-e3fb-012f-c5b6-0019b9e633c5-e The Motley Collection of Theatre and Costume Design] at the University of Illinois has over 5000 items from more than 150 theatrical productions in England and the United States.<br />
<br />
===N===<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000140237 The National Union Catalog, pre-1956 imprints] are made available through HathiTrust. <br />
<br />
[https://shiplib.org The Nautical Archaeology Digital Library] includes artifact collections, mapping of shipwrecks, maritime exploration, shipbuilding and other resources for international history of sea travel.<br />
<br />
[https://digitalcollections.nypl.org New York Public Library Digital Collections] site provides access to digitized collection materials from the extensive NYPL holdings, touching on all areas within the Folger collecting scope.<br />
<br />
===O===<br />
<br />
[https://openlibrary.org/ Open Library] offers a platform to browse for and read thousands of books.<br />
<br />
[https://ota.ox.ac.uk/ Oxford Text Archive] collects, catalogues, preserves and distributes high-quality digital resources for research and teaching; they currently have thousands of texts in more than 25 languages (some restrictions). Includes a separate catalog of TCP (Text Creation Partnership) items.<br />
<br />
===P=== <br />
<br />
[[List of online resources for early modern English paleography]] was compiled to assist early modern scholars begin to learn to decipher, read, and interpret manuscript materials written in early handwriting. <br />
<br />
[http://ihl.enssib.fr/en/paper-and-watermarks-as-bibliographical-evidence Paper and Watermarks as Bibliographical Evidence] from the Institut d'histoire du livre is a bibliographical guide to texts and images relating to the history of paper and papermaking, mainly comprising the hand-papermaking period. <br />
<br />
[https://vpcp.chass.ncsu.edu/listen-ambient-sounds/ Virtual St. Paul's Cathedral Project/Ambient Noise] is a digital recreation of worship and preaching at St. Paul's Cathedral in early modern London. <br />
<br />
[http://pedagogy-toolkit.org/ Pedagogy Toolkit for English] provides a community-driven resources for digital pedagogy in composition, rhetoric, and literature. <br />
<br />
[https://www.pepysdiary.com/ The Diary of Samuel Pepys] chronicles the daily entries from the famous 17th century London diary. <br />
<br />
[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ Perseus Digital Library] and [https://scaife.perseus.org/library/ Scaife online reader] for classical through early modern literature and artifacts.<br />
<br />
[https://digital.library.illinois.edu/collections/81196b40-e3fb-012f-c5b6-0019b9e633c5-c Portraits of Actors] gathers studio portraits and actors posing in costume, 1720-1920.<br />
<br />
[https://pulterproject.northwestern.edu/ The Pulter Project: Poet in the Making], a "digital collaboration aims at allowing readers to engage with multiple, different representations and readings of Hester Pulter’s striking verse" (from the website).<br />
<br />
===R===<br />
<br />
[https://soundcloud.com/rarebookschool Rare Book School Lectures] are available via approximately 400 Soundcloud podcasts on a wide variety of bibliographical subjects that cover the entire history of books.<br />
<br />
[https://www.r18collective.org/ Re-Activating Restoration & 18th-Century Theatre for the 21st Century] includes video and audio resources and syllabus ideas aimed at assisting instructors. In the longer term, this research consortium will be working with professional theatre artists and companies in the US, Canada, and UK to encourage new productions and convening research workshops and focused conferences at the Newberry Library and Oxford University (open to graduate students and faculty). <br />
<br />
[https://ereed.library.utoronto.ca Records of Early English Drama (REED)] is an international scholarly project that is establishing for the first time the context from which the drama of Shakespeare and his contemporaries grew. Contains transcribed and edited historical documents containing evidence of drama, secular music, and other communal entertainment and ceremony from the Middle Ages until 1642.<br />
<br />
[https://reformation500.csl.edu/ Reformation 500] is an online resource for the commemoration of the Quincentenary of the Reformation in 2017 managed by Concordia Seminary, St. Louis. Here you will find information on important people and events of the Reformation, news and upcoming events, blog posts by a variety of authors offering different perspectives on the Reformation and its significance. <br />
<br />
[https://rekn.org/ Renaissance Knowledge Network] publications address a myriad of topics surrounding the creation of digital projects that display resources related to Renaissance and Early Modern studies. <br />
<br />
[http://myweb.ttu.edu/mkvanda/RPFsite/index.xml Restoration Printed Fiction] is a database from the English Department at Texas Tech University. Including 394 fictions printed between 1660 and 1700 (fiction has been defined broadly here), this database allows users to search for basic information, such as author, title, bookseller, printer, and date, as well as more detailed information, such as whether the text has paratexts like dedications or prefaces. <br />
<br />
[http://guides.library.harvard.edu/friendly.php?s=rinascimento&gid=4877 Rinascimento]: Harvard University's Research Guide for Renaissance Studies. Contains links to databases, websites, and other resources, divided and subdivided by general topical area. <br />
<br />
[https://www.americanheraldry.org/heraldry-in-the-usa/roll-of-early-american-arms A Roll of Early American Arms] from The American Heraldry Society provides descriptions and citations for coats of arms held by Americans before 1825.<br />
<br />
[http://www.itergateway.org/romeo_juliet/ Romeo and Juliet: Searchable Database for Prompt Books] contains information from approximately 170 prompt-books for productions of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. These productions range from the seventeenth century to the 1980s.<br />
<br />
===S=== <br />
<br />
[https://scholarlyediting.org/ Scholarly Editing] is an open-access journal committed to the development and advancement of all aspects of textual editing, including documentary editing. The content published in the journal includes essays, micro editions, reviews of print and digital editions, and teaching materials. The journal’s eclectic, multidisciplinary approach makes it an invaluable resource for anyone interested in the theory, practice, and pedagogy of scholarly editing, including educators, researchers, scholars, historians, archivists, editors, information professionals, and digital humanists.<br />
<br />
[https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/scriptorium Scriptorium: Medieval and Early Modern Manuscripts Online]: A digital archive of manuscript miscellanies and commonplace books from c. 1450-1720. <br />
<br />
[https://shakedsetc.org Shakedsetc.org] provides information and links to digital copies of Shakespeare's works, from the earliest quartos to 18th, 19th, and 20th century editions.<br />
<br />
[https://searchingforshakespeare.co.uk/ Searching for Shakespeare] "provide[s] the ability to view selected objects recovered from the excavations of New Place between 2010 and 2016. These objects are presently housed in the museum collections of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust and most are not readily available to be viewed by the public" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[https://shakeosphere.lib.uiowa.edu/ Shakeosphere] allows users to visualize, map, and explore these social networks in Shakespeare's England and beyond, from 1473-1800. <br />
<br />
[http://bsuva.org/bsuva/promptbook/ 17th Century Shakespearean Prompt Books] from the University of Virginia, with introductions to each book and descriptions of each annotation within the plays. <br />
<br />
[https://www.shakespearealbum.de/en/about.html Shakespeare Album] site presents ''Illustrating the History of Germany's Shakespeare Reception: the Birmingham Photo Album'' convened in 2016 by Academy of Sciences and Literature Mainz. A commemorative digital photo album was created with 109 portraits and autograph signatures of personalities meritorious for having communicated and maintained the interest for Shakespeare in Germany. Consult this resource in combination with German scholar [https://findingaids.folger.edu/dfoleo2002.xml Friedrich August Leo] materials and other [https://findingaids.folger.edu/dfogerman2002.xml German language manuscripts] held by the Folger.<br />
<br />
[https://shakespearecensus.org/ Shakespeare Census] attempts to locate and describe all extant copies of all editions of Shakespeare’s works through 1700, excluding the folios. It includes all items attributed to Shakespeare in print during the period, but not those attributed to him only by modern scholarship, and excludes the Restoration adaptations. <br />
<br />
[https://shakespeare.emory.edu/ Shakespeare and the Players] is an online exhibition and scholarly resource of nearly 1,000 postcards featuring many famous English and American actors who performed Shakespeare’s plays for late Victorian and Edwardian audiences, held at Emory University.<br />
<br />
[https://sharc.kcl.ac.uk Shakespeare in the Royal Collection] is a searchable online catalogue of Shakespeare-related objects in the Royal Collection and an online exhibition.<br />
<br />
[https://about.illinoisstate.edu/shakespeareinsheets/ Shakespeare in Sheets] project recreates the author's early plays and books in printable and foldable sheets of paper. <br />
<br />
[https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/shakespeare Shakespeare Train] is a portion of the [https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/# Ellen Terry and Edith Craig digital archive], available through the University of Essex. It provides a portal to Ellen Terry stage and lecture history and links to the main documentary archive and the [https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/star Search for Theatrical Ancestors] database.<br />
<br />
[https://euppublishing.com/journals/shakespearevirtualissue Shakespeare Virtual Issue (Edinburgh University Press)] is freely accessible and provides a list of hand-picked articles from across their catalogue of journals, dedicated to the Bard, his work and reception across both history and literary studies.<br />
<br />
[http://shalt.dmu.ac.uk/index.html ShaLT: Shakespearean London Theatres]: Histories of early modern theatres, with a map, guides, and films. A joint project of the De Montfort University and the Victoria and Albert Museum. <br />
<br />
[https://thesifter.org/ The Sifter]: A Tool for Food History Research.<br />
<br />
Statutes of the Realm: for statutes from the Magna Carta to 1761, the most efficient place to search is Owen Ruffhead's mid-18th century ''Statutes at Large''. This text can be found in ECCO, and freely available on the Internet Archive: [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef01grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 1: Magna Carta to Henry VI], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef02grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 2: Edward IV to Elizabeth I], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef03grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 3: James I to William and Mary], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef04grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 4: William and Mary to Anne], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef05grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 5: George I to George II], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef06grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 6: George II, con't], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef07grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 7: George II, con't more], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef08grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 8: George II to George III], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef09grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 9: George III con't plus Index]<br />
<br />
===T===<br />
<br />
[http://earlyamericansermons.org/about/ T.E.A.M.S.: Transcribing Early American Manuscript Sermons] is a collaborative scholarly effort to make the voluminous archival record of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century ecclesiastical worship more accessible to academic researchers, pastors, and the general public. This digital archive houses sermons transcribed from the papers of Baptist, Catholic, Congregational, Episcopalian, Presbyterian, and Unitarian ministers who preached up and down the Atlantic coast of North America; it includes the manuscript sermons of white, Native American, and African American preachers. <br />
<br />
[https://theatregoing.wordpress.com/ Theatregoing] is an ongoing survey reproducing eyewitness testimony of seeing theatrical productions, from the sixteenth century to the present day.<br />
<br />
===U===<br />
<br />
[http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/reading/UK/index.php UK RED] or "the Reading Experience Database" explores what United Kingdom residents and British subjects living or travelling abroad read between the invention of the printing press in 1450 and the end of the Second World War in 1945, how, and in what circumstances did they read.<br />
<br />
===V=== <br />
<br />
[http://shakespeareillustration.org/ The Victorian Illustrated Shakespeare Archive] contains over 3000 illustrations from four of the most significant illustrated editions of Shakespeare's works in the Victorian period. All images have been tagged bibliographically and iconographically. <br />
<br />
[https://graphics.cs.wisc.edu/WP/vep/ Visualizing English Print] (from the site) "Our mission is to scale humanist scholarship to ‘big data’ by removing several barriers to statistically analyzing digital Early Modern English texts, like those released by the Text Creation Partnership...This website equips you with the necessary tools to make your own corpora, visually explore them, and download preliminary metadata."<br />
<br />
===W===<br />
<br />
[https://hollar.library.utoronto.ca/ Wenceslaus Hollar Digital Collection]: Digital images from the Fisher Library Collection at the University of Toronto. <br />
<br />
[https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history Westminster Abbey|History] includes short essays on each feature of the Abbey, including entries on each burial or memorial site. <br />
<br />
[https://wwtn.history.qmul.ac.uk/about/ Who Were the Nuns?]: A prosopographical study of the English Convents in exile 1600-1800. Traces the membership of the English convents in exile, from the opening of the first institution in Brussels to the nuns’ return to England as a result of the French Revolution and associated violence. Database provides the membership, family trees, edited documents, maps and analysis of the nuns’ experiences<br />
<br />
[https://digitalprojects.wpi.art/auctions Wildenstein Plattner Institute] has made available digitized auction sales catalogues from pre-1945, numbering over 11,000.<br />
<br />
[https://www.womensbookhistory.org/ Women in Book History: A Bibliography] is a database of secondary sources on women's writing and labor.<br />
<br />
==Subscription Resources Available Off-site== <br />
<br />
These resources, listed by database vendor, are available to registered Folger researchers, via their [https://request.folger.edu/ Online Request Account]. Instructions for accessing each resource may be found in the [[:media:Electronic resources help guide.pdf | Help Guide for Offsite Subscription Resource Access]]. <br />
<br />
'''ProQuest'''<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/264526?ln=en Cecil Papers] archive consists principally of the correspondence of William Cecil, Lord Burghley (1520-1598) and his son, Robert, the 1st Earl of Salisbury (1563-1612). <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/728535?ln=en Early English Books Online (EEBO)] provides digital facsimile page images of works printed in England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and British North America and works in English printed elsewhere from 1473-1700; full-text search of EEBO-TCP Phase 1 and Phase 2. For more information about EEBO, see [[History of Early English Books Online]]. <br />
:[http://proquest.libguides.com/eebopqp Early English Books Online ProQuest Guide]: ProQuest has put together a LibGuide (a help guide) related to the EEBO database, detailing the differences between the old Chadwick-Healey interface and the new ProQuest interface, which exact fields you can search, and other useful information. Please note that while access to this guide is unrestricted, the database itself requires an institutional subscription. <br />
<br />
'''Adam Matthew''' <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/544237?ln=en Early Modern England: Society, Culture & Everyday Life, 1500-1700] brings together documents and objects from seven different archives and libraries to offer insights into the lived experience in England from 1500-1700. Includes a wide range of materials including legal records, family correspondence, administrative records, wills, inventories and commonplace books among others.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/195102?ln=en Literary Manuscripts Online: 17th and 18th Century Poetry from the Brotherton Library, University of Leeds] provides manuscripts of 17th and 18th century English language verse, including first lines, last lines, attribution, author, title, date, length, verse form, content and bibliographic references for over 6,600 poems within the collection. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/356874?ln=en Literary Print Culture: The Stationers' Company Archive] provides documents sourced from the archive of The Worshipful Company of Stationers & Newspaper Makers, including the Stationers' Register, Membership Records, Court Records, and other Company administrative records. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/724714?ln=en Perdita Manuscripts: Women Writers, 1500-1700] features manuscripts written or compiled by women in the British Isles in the 16th and 17th centuries; also includes bibliographic sources. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/724715?ln=en Shakespeare in Performance] is a database from Adam Matthew Digital which features over 1000 fully digitized promptbooks from the Folger collection. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/356873?ln=en Shakespeare's Globe Archive: Theatres, Players, & Performance] documents the performance and construction history of the new Globe and the indoor theatre space of the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse. It includes prompt books, design materials, administrative records of the theatre, and more. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/219141?ln=en Virginia Company Archives] contains transcripts and images of the Ferrar Papers from Magdalene College, Cambridge, and the papers of the Virginia Company. Documents date from approximately 1540-1770. <br />
<br />
'''Gale''' <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/245640?ln=en British Literary Manuscripts Online, Part I: 1660-1990 & Part II: Medieval & Renaissance] facsimile images of literary manuscripts, including letters and diaries, drafts of poems, plays, novels, and other literary works, and similar materials; early 12th century through 1900. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/343865?ln=en British Theatre: Nineteenth Century Collections Online] features a wide range of primary sources related to the arts in the Victorian era, from playbills and scripts to operas and complete scores. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/340547?ln=en Burney Collection Newspapers] is a 17th-18th century collection that contains not only newspapers, but newsbooks, Acts of Parliament, broadsides, pamphlets and proclamations. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/263757?ln=en ECCO (Eighteenth Century Collections Online)] primarily focuses on publications from the British Isles, but does include material from Western Europe and Russia. Access to page images and some full-text search. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/352804?ln=en Nichols Newspapers Collection British Theatre, Music, and Literature: High and Popular Culture] features the newspapers, periodicals, pamphlets and broadsheets that form the Nichols newspaper collection held at the Bodleian library in Oxford, UK. The collection includes approximately 300 primary titles of newspapers and periodicals and 300 pamphlets and broadsheets, covering the period 1672-1737. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/263756?ln=en State Papers Online] provides access to the Calendars, transcript and document images for the Domestic and Foreign State Papers, and Registers of the Privy Council for 1509-1714. <br />
:An overview and general guide to using State Papers Online may be found here: [https://collation.folger.edu/2015/06/state-papers-online-tips-and-tricks-part-1/ Part 1] and [https://collation.folger.edu/2015/07/state-papers-online-tips-and-tricks-part-2/ Part 2] <br />
<br />
'''Cambridge'''<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/544901?ln=en The New Cambridge Shakespeare] provides access to Shakespeare's works together with a wealth of integrated reference material.<br />
<br />
'''Oxford''' <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/118159?ln=en American National Biography] is updated semi-annually with new articles and revisions of previously published entries; contains articles of notable Americans through the mid-twentieth century. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/543559?ln=en The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare] is a searchable, indexed version of the 2nd edition print resource.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/191521?ln=en Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online (DNB Online)] contains biographical information on men and women who have shaped British history and culture, worldwide, from the Romans to the 21st century; updated three time a year. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/113988?ln=en Oxford English Dictionary]<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/335520?ln=en Oxford Scholarly Editions Online] is an interlinked collection of authoritative Oxford editions of major works from the humanities. Our subscription includes early modern content. <br />
:Following subsets only ([https://www.oxfordscholarlyeditions.com/page/18/title-lists list of titles included in each subset]): <br />
::Early Seventeenth Century Drama<br />
::Early Seventeenth Seventeenth Century Poetry<br />
::Early Seventeenth Seventeenth Century Prose<br />
::Martin Wiggins and Catherine Richardson, British Drama 1533-1642: A Catalogue<br />
::Renaissance Drama<br />
::Renaissance Poetry<br />
::Renaissance Prose<br />
::Shakespeare<br />
<br />
'''BREPOLiS'''<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/232534?ln=en Bibliography of British and Irish History] contains 300,000 records on British and Irish history, including relations with the empire and Commonwealth.<br />
<br />
==Subscription Resources Available On-site== <br />
The following resources will remain on-site access only. Please email reference@folger.edu with questions. <br />
<br />
''American Book Prices Current'': records of books, manuscripts, autographs, maps and broadsides sold at auction, primarily US and UK <br />
<br />
''American Council of Learned Societies Humanities E-Book (HEB)'': E-book records are searchable in [http://hamnet.folger.edu/ Hamnet], with a link to ACLS full-text. All e-books are full-text searchable at ACLS site. <br />
<br />
''American and French Research on the Treasury of the French Language (ARTFL)'' contains French-language texts from the 12th to 20th century, Diderot and d'Alembert's late 18th century ''Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une Société de Gens de lettres'', digitized versions of many ''Bibliothèque Bleue de Troyes'' (17th to mid-19th c.), a searchable version of Montaigne's ''Essais'', and a different search interface for Tufts' Perseus Project (Greek & Latin texts). <br />
<br />
''Archive Grid'' is a service provided by OCLC brings together information about archives, special collections and other collections of manuscripts and papers. <br />
<br />
''Arkyves'': Access to the full Iconclass browser at Arkyves, containing all of the images from the British Book Illustrations project, as well as over 800,000 additional images from a number of institutions all over the world. <br />
<br />
''Bibliography of British and Irish History'' provides bibliographic data on historical writing dealing with the British Isles, and with the British Empire and Commonwealth, during all periods for which written documentation is available - from 55BC to the present. <br />
<br />
''Bibliography of English Women Writers 1500-1640'' currently indexes the works of around 740 female writers and translators. <br />
<br />
''British History Online'': Includes Calendars of State Papers, Domestic and the Calendars of State Papers for Scotland and Ireland, along with the Calendar of Close Rolls. <br />
<br />
''Burke's Peerage and Gentry'': genealogy and heraldry information for the Peerage of the United Kingdom, the historical families of Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations, and royal and distinguished families worldwide. <br />
<br />
''Early English Books Online - Text Creation Partnership (EEBO-TCP)'': encoded electronic text editions of many early print books in Early English Books Online, Eighteenth Century Collections Online, and Evans Early American Imprints. (Now included in the ProQuest version of EEBO.) <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/544899?ln=en Drama Online] Core Collection for Arden Shakespeare edition access.<br />
<br />
''FirstSearch: OCLC Databases'': Default database: WorldCat. Select the "Search in database" dropdown to select one of the following databases: ArticleFirst, ClasePeriodica, OCLC Ebooks, OCLC ECO, ERIC, GPO, MEDLINE, OAIster, PapersFirst, Proceedings, WorldAlmanac, WorldCat, WorldCatDissertations. <br />
<br />
''Iter Bibliography'' is a bibliography comprised of secondary source material pertaining to the Middle Ages and Renaissance (400-1700), including citations for books and journal material (articles, reviews, review articles, bibliographies, catalogues, abstracts and discographies), dissertation abstracts, and essays in books (including entries in conference proceedings, festschriften, encyclopedias and exhibition catalogues). <br />
<br />
''Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages & Renaissance'' brings together numerous database sources for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. Some are subscription access only, while others are freely available. <br />
<br />
''Iter Italicum'' is a finding list for Renaissance humanistic manuscripts in libraries and collections all over the world. <br />
<br />
''Loeb Classical Library'': Fourteen centuries of Greek and Latin literature with accurate, literate, English translations on facing pages. And a handy Greek keyboard pop-up. <br />
<br />
''John Milton: A Bibliography (MRTS Online Series)'' attempts to bring together all manuscripts and editions of John Milton's works and all studies and critical statements concerning his life and works, all allusions and quotations, and all significant imitations during the years 1624-1799. <br />
<br />
''Microfilms Database at the Folger Shakespeare Library'' provides an easy way to search the Folger's microfilm collection so that readers may have some form of access to restricted or fragile materials. <br />
<br />
''MLA International Bibliography'' provides citations to journal articles, books, dissertations, and scholarly websites, from 1921 to the present, in academic disciplines such as language, literature, folklore, linguistics, literary theory and criticism, and the dramatic arts. <br />
<br />
''The Newdigate newsletters, Numbers 1 through 2100 (13 January 1673/4 through 11 June 1692)'': thrice-weekly news releases issued by the Secretary of State's office, highlighting matters of interest to the Stuart court. <br />
<br />
''Shakespeare Quarterly (JSTOR)'': Back issues from 1950 through five years before the current issue. <br />
<br />
''Shakespeare Quarterly (Project Muse)'': Back issues for the most recent four years. <br />
<br />
''Understanding Shakespeare (Beta)'' connects Folger Digital Texts with peer-reviewed articles in JSTOR that cite specific plays, scenes, and lines in Shakespeare. <br />
<br />
''Women Writers Online'': a full-text collection of early women’s writing in English which includes full transcriptions of texts published between 1526 and 1850, focusing on materials that are rare or inaccessible. <br />
<br />
''World Shakespeare Bibliography'': indexes Shakespeare-related scholarship and theatrical productions published or produced worldwide since 1960.<br />
<br />
==Other Digital Resources== <br />
<br />
===Twitter Accounts=== <br />
<br />
[https://twitter.com/FolgerLibrary @FolgerLibrary] is the main twitter account for the Folger. <br />
<br />
[https://twitter.com/FolgerResearch @FolgerResearch] covers the research and collections aspects of the Folger. <br />
<br />
[https://twitter.com/FolgerED @FolgerED] is the twitter account for the Folger's Education Department. <br />
<br />
<br />
===Listservs=== <br />
<br />
:[[Folger Institute Commons listserv]] <br />
:[http://crrs.ca/library/resources/ficino-listserv/ Ficino]--An interdisciplinary Renaissance listserv. <br />
:[https://networks.h-net.org/h-albion H-Albion]--The H-Net discussion network for British and Irish history. <br />
:[https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~kcreamer/milton/ Milton-L] <br />
:[http://shaksper.net/ Shaksper]--The global electronic Shakespeare conference. <br />
:[http://www.sharpweb.org/sharp-l/ SHARP-L]--The electronic conference for the history of print culture. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Folger web archives === <br />
<br />
Read the article on [[Web archiving]] for an overview of the Folger's online web presence management. <br />
<br />
[https://archive-it.org/collections/2873 Folger Shakespeare Library Websites and Social Media] <br />
<br />
[https://archive-it.org/collections/2877 Shakespeare Festivals and Theatrical Companies] <br />
<br />
[https://archive-it.org/collections/4511 William Shakespeare's 450th Birthday: Celebrations & Commentary] <br />
<br />
[[Category: Research guides]] <br />
[[Category: Digital Folger]] <br />
[[Category: Reader orientation]] <br />
[[Category: Digital humanities]] <br />
[[Category: Bibliography]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=List_of_Resources_on_Costumes_at_the_Folger&diff=36670List of Resources on Costumes at the Folger2022-09-20T18:48:30Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* Secondary Sources */</p>
<hr />
<div>===Secondary Sources===<br />
A number of secondary reference books on early modern English and European costume including modern editions of Alciati, Foillet, Vecellio, and pattern books for making reproductions of early dress; books on stage costume, etc.<br />
<br />
===Rare Books===<br />
Festival Books – large collection recording festivities at courts and in cities, many showing dress of the people as well as costumes on performers. Search ''festival books'' as SUBJECT in [http://hamnet.folger.edu Hamnet] – list is organized by country and date.<br />
<br />
Freyle, Diego de. ''Geometria y trace para el oficio de los sastres…'' Seville, 1588 '''TT575.F8 1588 Cage''' [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/4gp479 Digital Image]<br />
<br />
Le pompe di Minerva per le nobili, e virtuose donne . . . Pistoia, 1642 '''NK9105 P7 Cage''' (embroidery patterns)<br />
<br />
Ostaus, Giovanni. La Vera Perfettione del disegno . . . Venice, 1591 '''260-133q''' (ink sketches and scribbling; pin pricks)<br />
<br />
Parasole, Lucretia and Cesare Vecellio. ''Ornamento Nobile, per ogni gentil matrona . . .'' Venice, 1620 '''265774'''<br />
<br />
Vecellio, Cesare. ''Corona delle nobili et virtuose donne . . .'' Venice, 1601 '''NK9405 V4 1601 Cage'''<br />
<br />
Vecellio, Cesare. ''Habiti antichi et moderni . . .'' (editions from 1590,1598) '''GT509 V4 1590a Cage; GT509 V4 1590b Cage; GT 509 V4 1598 Cage''' (2 copies)<br />
<br />
===Engravings, Photographs, and Paintings===<br />
Royal, military and court costumes from the period of James I '''ART Vol. c91''' [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/f02a1p Digital Image] (watercolor, 17th century)<br />
<br />
Wenceslaus Hollar – large collection of engravings, including a number of women in various kinds of dress, as well as details of lace, fur, etc. See the substantial but incomplete list of Folger [Wenceslaus Hollar] holdings. Also check the [http://luna.folger.edu LUNA] image database, searching under Hollar.<br />
<br />
Engravings by Abraham Bosse, Adriaen Collaert, van de Passe family, Jan Sadeler and others in the 17th century. Advanced Search in Hamnet for ''engraver’s name'' as NAME [example: Passe] and ''graphic'' as MATERIAL TYPE<br />
<br />
Many 18th century prints of actors and actresses. Advanced Search in Hamnet for ''actor’s name'' [example: Siddons] as SUBJECT and ''graphic'' as MATERIAL TYPE<br />
<br />
Photographs of late 19th and early 20th century actors. Advanced Search in Hamnet for ''actor’s name'' [example Rehan] as SUBJECT and ''photo'' as KEYWORD (You can also search on ''graphic'' as MATERIAL TYPE with actor’s name as SUBJECT– that will return photographs as well as other media.)<br />
<br />
====Paintings - Portraits from the 17th century====<br />
Elizabeth I <br />
George Gower, 1596: [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/b44o95 Digital Image]<br />
After Jan de Critz, after 1620: [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9wk1vw Digital Image]<br />
<br />
Elizabeth of Bohemia<br />
After Michiel van Miereveld, after 1623: '''FPb54''' [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/p7by63 Digital Image]<br />
<br />
James I<br />
Nicholas Hilliard, ca.1620: '''FPm11''' [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/o4i5l4 Digital Image]<br />
<br />
Queen Anne, consort of James I <br />
ca. 1620: '''FPm12''' [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/5q4047 Digital Image]<br />
<br />
Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales<br />
Peter Oliver, ca. 1610: '''FPm 13''' [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/uyl0ph Digital Image]<br />
<br />
Philip Herbert, 4th earl of Pembroke<br />
Isaac Oliver, 1611: '''FPm10''' [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/fmsvmg Digital Image]<br />
<br />
Lettice Knowles, Countess of Leicester<br />
Nicholas Hilliard, ca. 1590-95: '''FPm9''' [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/70kcah Digital Image]<br />
<br />
Henry Wriothesley, Third Earl of Southampton<br />
After Daniel Mytens, after 1620: '''FPb55''' [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/dy95bu Digital Image]<br />
<br />
Elizabeth Wriothesley, Countess of Southampton<br />
After Daniel Mytens, after 1620: '''FPb56''' [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/3archj Digital Image]<br />
<br />
===Manuscripts===<br />
Thomas Trevilian. Trevelyon miscellany, 1608. Contains 296 leaves including many embroidery patterns. '''V.b.232''' Original restricted. Available in full on [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9treb2 LUNA] and also as a modern facsimile with separate Index: '''Flat PN6245 .T74 2007 copy 1 R.R.'''<br />
<br />
====Family Papers====<br />
These large collections have finding aids and many of the papers have been fully digitized in LUNA – it’s worth searching some of the other collections besides those mentioned below.<br />
<br />
Bagot Family Papers, 1428-1671. References to cloth and clothing. Search the [http://findingaids.folger.edu/dfobagot.xml finding aid].<br />
<br />
Cavendish-Talbot Papers; letters between Sir Anthony and Elizabeth Wingfield, and the latter and Elizabeth, Countess of Shrewsbury, concerning the making of a cloak as a New Year’s gift for Elizabeth I (1576/77). These are all digitized on LUNA.<br />
'''X.d.428 (127), X.d.428 (128), X.d.428 (129), X.d.428 (130)'''<br />
<br />
Ferrers Family of Tamworth Castle Papers, 1371-1804. Contains many instances of purchasing cloth. Search the [http://findingaids.folger.edu/dfoferrers.xml finding aid].<br />
<br />
(Elizabeth I). Inventory of robes, apparel and garments in Her Majesty’s wardrobe, 1600 July. '''V.b.72'''<br />
See transcription by Janet Arnold in ''Queen Elizabeth’s Wardrobe Unlock’d'' (1988).<br />
<br />
====Theatrical Manuscripts====<br />
Covent Garden Theatre. Copy of the inventory of the wardrobe . . . 1715. [actually refers to inventory from Lincoln’s Inn Fields Theatre] '''W.b.492, no. 34'''<br />
<br />
Drury Lane and Covent Garden Theatres. Records, 1714-1880. Includes pay books and records of the wardrobe keepers. See the [http://findingaids.folger.edu/dfodrury.xml finding aid].<br />
<br />
Loseley Collection, 1489-1682. Includes papers from the Offices of the Tents and of the Revels under Sir Thomas Cawarden (d.1559) with some information on costumes. See the [http://findingaids.folger.edu/dfoloseley2002.xml finding aid].<br />
<br />
====Theatrical Microfiche Sets====<br />
University of Bristol Theatre Collection including sets, models and costume designs (Pt.1, 30 fiches) Microfiches 29-34<br />
Royal Shakespeare Company, including set and costume designs (Pt. 1, 19 fiches) – Microfiches 27-28, 37<br />
Victoria and Albert Museum, costume design – Microfiche 35 (38 fiches)<br />
<br />
[[Category: Research guides]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=Account_Books_Transcribathons&diff=36575Account Books Transcribathons2022-08-30T19:54:12Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* Z.d. 20, Part II (Fall 2022) */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page lists past and upcoming transcribathons centered around account books.<br />
<br />
==Transcribathons==<br />
===Z.d.20, Part II (Fall 2022)===<br />
Join the Folger Shakespeare Library on '''September 14, 2022''' to continue transcribing a [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=230573 weekly account book for London House] (March 1612-March 1614) using [https://fromthepage.com/folger/early-modern-account-books/zd20 FromThePage]. The writer of the manuscript, a Lady, is not named but was a friend of Lady Townshend and of Lord Stanhope. <br />
<br />
We’ll be transcribing the weekly entries for the quantities of food and drink coming in and being consumed along with their costs and the quarterly summaries of the accounts. Event participants will be helping to make the account book keyword searchable (along with Folger’s corpus of manuscript recipe books) and to develop conventions for transcribing account books in FromThePage. <br />
<br />
This event is open to all transcribers— NO EXPERIENCE NECESSARY. Drop in anytime – before, during, or after the event – and transcribe as long as you like! For anyone who wants to transcribe together, the Zoom room will be open from 10 a.m.-4 p.m. ET. <br />
<br />
[https://folgerlibrary-my.sharepoint.com/:x:/g/personal/ewahl_folger_edu/EQPQjq9AbVBKs-X2oHkujSIB6M3YOZU3tfz3Gyehw50w-w?e=boo1dk Sign up to transcribe a page here] and join us on zoom or dive in on your own. <br />
<br />
Guides will be available to help transcribers with the coding and some of the special abbreviations in the manuscript and Folger staff will host introductions to working in FromThePage at 10 a.m. and 1 p.m. and will be available all day to answer questions. You can also participate on social media using #FolgerTranscribes.<br />
<br />
===Z.d.20, Part I (Spring 2022)===<br />
Join the Folger Shakespeare Library on '''May 26, 2022''' to transcribe a [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=230573 weekly account book for London House] (March 1612-March 1614) using [https://fromthepage.com/folger/early-modern-account-books/zd20 FromThePage]. The writer of the manuscript, a Lady, is not named but was a friend of Lady Townshend and of Lord Stanhope. <br />
<br />
We’ll be transcribing the weekly entries for the quantities of food and drink coming in and being consumed along with their costs and the quarterly summaries of the accounts. Event participants will be helping to make the account book keyword searchable (along with Folger’s corpus of manuscript recipe books) and to develop conventions for transcribing account books in FromThePage. <br />
<br />
This event is open to all transcribers— NO EXPERIENCE NECESSARY. Drop in anytime – before, during, or after the event – and transcribe as long as you like! For anyone who wants to transcribe together, the Zoom room will be open from 10 a.m.-4 p.m. ET. <br />
<br />
[https://folgerlibrary-my.sharepoint.com/:x:/g/personal/ewahl_folger_edu/EQPQjq9AbVBKs-X2oHkujSIB6M3YOZU3tfz3Gyehw50w-w?e=boo1dk Sign up to transcribe a page here] and join us on zoom or dive in on your own. <br />
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Guides will be available to help transcribers with the coding and some of the special abbreviations in the manuscript and Folger staff will host introductions to working in FromThePage at 10 a.m. and 1 p.m. and will be available all day to answer questions. You can also participate on social media using #FolgerTranscribes.<br />
<br />
==Transcription Aids and Useful Links==<br />
<br />
[[FromThePage transcription conventions]]<br />
<br />
[[Guide to Z.d.20]]<br />
<br />
[https://folgerlibrary-my.sharepoint.com/:x:/g/personal/ewahl_folger_edu/EQPQjq9AbVBKs-X2oHkujSIB6M3YOZU3tfz3Gyehw50w-w?e=boo1dk Z.d.20 Sign-up sheet]<br />
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[https://fromthepage.com/folger/early-modern-account-books/zd20/display/32165788 Sample transcription]<br />
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[https://fromthepage.com/folger/ FromThePage - Folger dashboard]<br />
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[https://fromthepage.com/folger/early-modern-account-books FromThePage - Folger account books collection]<br />
<br />
==Account Books Resources==<br />
[Unlocking An Early Modern Account Book https://collation.folger.edu/2016/05/early-modern-account-book/ Unlocking An Early Modern Account Book https://collation.folger.edu/2016/05/early-modern-account-book/]<br />
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[https://history.exeter.ac.uk/research/economicandsocialhistory/blogdiscussiontimetable202021/balancingthebookshouseholdaccountinginearlymodernengland/ Balancing the Books; Household Accounting in Early Modern England]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=List_of_digital_resources_at_the_Folger&diff=36537List of digital resources at the Folger2022-08-09T14:39:51Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* Folger-created and hosted resources */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article provides a curated list of digital resources—arranged (mostly) alphabetically. This list is alphabetized according to the idiosyncrasies of what the Folger community most commonly calls a resource. If you are having trouble finding a resource, use the search box at the top of the page or your browser's "Find" feature (usually control-F). <br />
<br />
The first sections, arranged alphabetically, contains freely available resources. The second section provides a list of subscription resources available to registered Folger researchers during the time our Reading Room is closed for renovation. The final section is a list of subscription resources that Folger staff will still have access to; please email reference@folger.edu to set up an appointment for access. <br />
<br />
==Folger-created and hosted resources==<br />
<br />
BBI: [https://britishbookillustrations.folger.edu/ British Book Illustrations: Extending Access to 17th-century Visual Culture] is a project of the Folger Shakespeare Library, funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), to digitize and index 10,000 woodcut and engraved illustrations in British and English-language books. <br />
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[http://collation.folger.edu/ The Collation: a gathering of scholarship from the Folger Shakespeare Library] is a blog about Folger collections and resources written by Folger staff and readers. <br />
<br />
[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGERCM1~6~6 Digital Image Collections Database (LUNA)] contains high-quality, high-resolution images of a large number of Folger collection items, divided into six collections (listed below). Users have the ability to store their preferred images in media groups, create presentations, and export images.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~4~4 Bas Relief Image Collection] contains images of the nine bas reliefs that adorn the facade of the Folger Shakespeare Library.<br />
:[[Bindings image collection | Bindings Image Collection]] contains research-quality [https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/BINDINGS~1~1 images of bindings] of aesthetic or historical merit.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~2~2 British Book Illustrations Image Collection] contains the images and raw metadata from the "British Book Illustrations: Extending Access to 17th-century Visual Culture" project (first entry on this list).<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGERCM1~6~6 Digital Image Collection] contains the majority of digitized collection images in the database.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~3~3 Manuscript Transcriptions Collection] contains images from the Folger manuscript collection along with searchable, vetted semi-diplomatic transcriptions.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~1~1 First Folio Image Collection] contains cover-to-cover images with color card and ruler for a number of Folger First Folios.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~5~5 Reference Image Collection] contains cell-phone quality images taken by Folger librarians during the course of their work.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~6~6 Microfilm Image Collection] contains digitized microfilm of Folger materials. <br />
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[https://emed.folger.edu/ EMED]: [[A Digital Anthology of Early Modern English Drama]]: a database of early modern plays ''not'' by Shakespeare, with thirty documentary editions.<br />
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[https://emmo.folger.edu/ EMMO]: [[Early Modern Manuscripts Online]]: transcriptions, images, and metadata of manuscripts from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. <br />
<br />
[http://findingaids.folger.edu/ Finding Aids at the Folger Shakespeare Library] guides users through the extensive manuscript collections with descriptions and lists of items. <br />
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[http://firstlines.folger.edu/ The Union First Line Index of English Verse] enables researchers to locate poems held in seven prestigious collections in the US and UK, including the Folger Shakespeare Library. The Index provides a database of over 224,000 first lines of manuscript and printed verse. [mailto:firstlines@folger.edu firstlines@folger.edu] <br />
<br />
[https://shakespeare.folger.edu/ The Folger SHAKESPEARE] shares the complete works of Shakespeare, edited for modern readers.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/ The Folger's online catalog] gives bibliographic information, copy-specific notes, and detailed information—often with links to images—of most of the items in the collection. <br />
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[https://lostplays.folger.edu/Main_Page Lost Plays Database] is a wiki-style forum for scholars to share information about lost plays in England, 1570-1642. <br />
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[http://findingaids.folger.edu/Hand-List_of_Microfilm_and_Selected_Microfiche_Sets.pdf Microfilms Hand-List at the Folger Shakespeare Library] (PDF) is an addition/supplementary list to the microfilm database. Readers are advised to check both places when searching for a microfilm. <br />
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[[Picturing Shakespeare]] was an NEH-funded project to help the Folger digitize thousands of 18th-, 19th-, and early 20th-century images representing Shakespeare’s plays. <br />
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[http://plre.folger.edu/ PLRE.Folger: Private Libraries in Renaissance England] complements the printed volumes of [http://shakespeare.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=56839 Private Libraries in Renaissance England] (PLRE), an ongoing editorial project that has published eight volumes since 1992 in the Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies (MRTS) series. <br />
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[https://shakespearedocumented.folger.edu Shakespeare Documented] is the largest and most authoritative collection of primary-source materials documenting the life of William Shakespeare (1564-1616), bringing together all known manuscript and print references to Shakespeare, his works, and additional references to his family, in his lifetime and shortly thereafter.<br />
<br />
[https://www.folger.edu/shakespeare-unlimited Shakespeare Unlimited Podcast], a "no limits" tour of the connections between Shakespeare, his works, and our world.<br />
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[https://tokenbooks.folger.edu/ The Token Books of St Saviour Southwark] is an in-progress resource developed by William Ingram, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Alan H. Nelson, The University of California, Berkeley. The site makes available information from this rare type of parish record, spanning approximately 1571-1643.<br />
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==Instructional video series==<br />
In the [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkWyVPkA-aEdejPR6-KD5CzJ Folger How-tos: Hamnet Online Catalog] video series, learn valuable tips and tricks to make the most of Hamnet, the Folger online library catalog. <br />
<br />
The [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkW1MqgnonjgpnHOk-QZ3nyd Folger How-tos: Research Essentials] video series includes tips on how to navigate [https://shakespearedocumented.folger.edu/ Shakespeare Documented], use the digital image collections to their maximum potential, and access subscription databases through a research account.<br />
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Watch the [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkVvJifK4yXVethkELPqPvXf State Papers Online] video series to learn navigation tips and tricks for this valuable, but sometimes complicated, online resource. ''Note: State Papers Online, 1509-1714 is made available through an institutional subscription onsite at the Folger Shakespeare Library or through the Folger researcher request system (through 2022). Check your institution’s e-resource subscriptions for local availability.''<br />
<br />
==Freely Available Electronic Resources== <br />
<br />
===A=== <br />
<br />
[http://www.1641.tcd.ie/index.php 1641 Depositions] From Trinity College Dublin (MSS 809-841) are witness testimonies mainly by Protestants, but also by some Catholics, from all social backgrounds, concerning their experiences of the 1641 Irish rebellion. Create a free account to view the depositions. <br />
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[http://www.19thcenturyacts.com/ 19th Century Acts!] showcases different aspects of theatrical performance through mapping and current and historical digital images.<br />
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[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/12ptvF-YOhmRIb2OKqAy5l6w7zCscaK8P Association of College and Research Libraries online instruction guides] includes powerpoints, lesson plans, and other resources produced and compiled by [https://ischool.illinois.edu/people/melissa-wong Melissa Wong] of the School of Information Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.<br />
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[https://americanarchive.org/ American Archive of Public Broadcasting]: Discover historic programs of publicly funded radio and television across America. Select Browse for subject browses of Literature, History, Theater and more.<br />
<br />
[http://www.annotatedbooksonline.com/ Annotated Books Online] is a virtual research environment for scholars and students interested in historical reading practices. Create a free account to contribute transcriptions and/or translations of annotations. <br />
<br />
[http://drc.usask.ca/projects/archbook/index.php ArchBook: Architectures of the Book] is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal focusing on specific design features of printed books.<br />
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[https://atlas.lib.uiowa.edu/ Atlas of Early Printing] is an interactive site designed to be used as a tool for teaching the early history of printing in Europe during the second half of the fifteenth century. <br />
<br />
===B===<br />
<br />
[https://beforeshakespeare.com Before Shakespeare] is a project that explores the earliest days of the Elizabethan playhouses, focusing on the mid 16th century London commercial playhouses.<br />
<br />
[https://www.bessofhardwick.org/ Bess of Hardwick's Letters], which number almost 250 items of correspondence, bring to life her extraordinary story and allow us to eavesdrop on her world. Her letters allow us to reposition Bess as a complex woman of her times, immersed in the literacy and textual practices of everyday life, as her correspondence extends from servants, friends and family, to queens and officers of state. <br />
<br />
[http://bibsite.org/ The Bibliographical Society of America] list of resources compiles essays, lists, and other bibliographical materials in aid of bibliographical study. The resource features wide date ranges and ample geographical coverage. <br />
<br />
[https://bibsocamer.org/news/online-instruction-resources-digital-repositories-for-book-history-teaching-more/ The Bibliographic Society of America Online Instruction Resources: Digital Repositories for Book History Teaching, Research, & More] is a static resource that will be updated as new contributions come in.<br />
<br />
[https://www.sharpweb.org/book-history-unbound/category/issues/ Book History UNBOUND] provides supplemental digital humanities materials that supplement print articles in ''Book History'', the journal of the Society for the History of Authorship and Reading (SHARP).<br />
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[https://bookowners.online/Main_Page Book Owners Online] is a directory of historical book owners, with information about their libraries, and signposts to further reference sources. It currently covers seventeenth-century English owners with the potential to be expanded. <br />
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[http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=TR%2fPub%2f1 Bristol Old Vic Playbills]: collection of playbills from the Theatre Royal/Bristol Old Vic, digitized by the Bristol Archive. Covers some 18th century (earliest from 1768), primarily first half of 19th century (1810-1840).<br />
<br />
[https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Default.aspx?_ga=2.95202516.918721450.1602764813-573422282.1602764813 British Library Digitised Manuscripts] includes a wide selected of digital images from manuscripts in the British Library.<br />
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[http://ballads.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ Broadside Ballad Archive] is maintained by the Bodleian Libraries and features the Bodleian's digital collections of ballads, with links to the English Broadside Ballad Archive’s digital presentations of pre-1800 ballads from other libraries, and to the folk song scholarship of the Roud Broadside Index, hosted by the English Folk Dance and Song Society (from the website).<br />
<br />
[https://jcblibrary.org/collection/digital-images The John Carter Brown Library Online Publications] features pdfs of out of print publications by and about The John Carter Brown Library collection. <br />
<br />
[[List of bindings resources]] <br />
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[https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/bookbindings/ Database of Bookbindings: The British Library] <br />
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[http://bookbindingdictionary.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page Bookbinding Dictionary (Multilingual)]: an international dictionary of bookbinding and conservation terms. <br />
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[http://www.borrowers.uga.edu/ Borrowers and Lenders: The Journal of Shakespeare and Appropriation] <br />
<br />
[http://bbti.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/# British Book Trade Index:] The BBTI aims to include brief biographical and trade details of all those who worked in the English and Welsh book trades up to 1851. BBTI includes not only printers, publishers and booksellers but also other related trades, such as stationers, papermakers, engravers, auctioneers, ink-makers and sellers of medicines, so that the book trade can be studied in the context of allied trades. <br />
<br />
[http://www.bpi1700.org.uk/index.html British Printed Images to 1700 (bpi1700)] is a digital library of prints and book illustrations from early modern Britain. <br />
<br />
[http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/ British Universities Film and Video Council: Shakespeare] An International Database of Shakespeare on Film, Television and Radio.<br />
This authoritative online database of Shakespeare-related content in film, television, radio and video recordings is international in scope, is regularly updated and currently holds over 9,000 records dating from the 1890s to the present day.<br />
<br />
===C===<br />
<br />
[https://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/benjonson/ The Cambridge Works of Ben Jonson Online] provides a fully digitized and updated edition of Jonson's complete writings, with editorial and scholarly remarks throughout the texts. <br />
<br />
[https://casebooks.lib.cam.ac.uk The Casebooks Project]: In the decades around 1600, the astrologers Simon Forman and Richard Napier produced one of the largest surviving sets of medical records in history. The Casebooks Project, a team of scholars at the University of Cambridge, has transformed this paper archive into a digital archive. <br />
<br />
[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ Chronicling America] contains fully searchable American historic newspaper pages from 1789-1963. <br />
<br />
[https://theclergydatabase.org.uk Clergy of the Church of England Database 1540-1835] makes available and searchable the principal records of clerical careers from over 50 archives in England and Wales with the aim of providing coverage of as many clerical lives as possible from the Reformation to the mid-nineteenth century. <br />
<br />
[http://www.common-place.org/ Common-Place] is a destination for exploring and exchanging ideas about early American history and culture. A bit less formal than a scholarly journal, a bit more scholarly than a popular magazine, Commonplace speaks—and listens—to scholars, museum curators, teachers, hobbyists, and just about anyone interested in American history before 1900.<br />
<br />
[http://www.english.cam.ac.uk/ceres/ COPIA/CERES (Cambridge English Renaissance Electronic Service)] provides access to manuscripts related to Spenser and resources for early modern English handwriting. <br />
<br />
[http://humanities-research.exeter.ac.uk/womenswork/courtdepositions/ Court Depositions of South West England, 1500-1700] is a digital edition of 80 fully transcribed depositions relating to 20 cases heard in the church courts and Quarter Sessions between 1556 and 1694 across Devon, Hampshire, Somerset and Wiltshire. These depositions or witness statements relate to a range of crimes and offences tried in these two types of courts, from defamation to theft and are rich in detail of social, economic, political and religious life in early modern England. This digital edition has been prepared as part of the Leverhulme-funded project ''Women's Work in Rural England, 1500-1700'' undertaken at the University of Exeter between 2013 and 2018.<br />
<br />
===D=== <br />
<br />
[http://www.treatiseonpainting.org/ Leonardo da Vinci and his Treatise on Painting]: website examining all of the different variations of this text that appeared throughout the centuries; includes extensive bibliography. <br />
<br />
[https://dex.itercommunity.org/ DEx: Database of Dramatic Extracts] DEx is an online, searchable database of dramatic extracts found in seventeenth-century manuscripts. DEx is published by Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages and Renaissance. <br />
<br />
[http://digitalcavendish.org/ Digital Cavendish], a scholarly collaborative, brings together original research, scholarly resources, digital editions, and teaching resources to fill out the world and works of Margaret Cavendish.<br />
<br />
[https://digitalrenaissance.uvic.ca/ Digital Renaissance Editions] "publishes electronic scholarly editions of early English drama and texts of related interest, from late medieval moralities and Tudor interludes, occasional entertainments and civic pageants, academic and closet drama, and the plays of the commercial London theaters, through to the drama of the Civil War and Interregnum." <br />
<br />
[https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php Discography of American Historical Recordings] "a database of master recordings made by American record companies during the 78rpm era. It is part of the American Discography Project (ADP)—an initiative of the University of California, Santa Barbara and the Packard Humanities Institute that is edited by a team of researchers based at the UCSB Library" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[http://deep.sas.upenn.edu/ DEEP (Database of Early English Playbooks)]: searchable bibliography of "every playbook produced in England, Scotland, and Ireland from the beginning of printing through 1660". <br />
<br />
[http://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_h.aspx Dictionary for Library and Information Sciences] is designed as a hypertext reference resource for library and information science professionals, university students and faculty, and users of all types of libraries.<br />
<br />
===E=== <br />
<br />
[http://eada.lib.umd.edu/introduction-to-the-archive/ Early Americas Digital Archive] is a collection of electronic texts and links to texts originally written in or about the Americas from 1492 to approximately 1820, supported by University of Maryland.<br />
<br />
[https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/980096/ Early Modern British Painters] dataset identifies all those men and women who have been identified as painters of any sort working in England, Wales, Scotland or Ireland between the years 1500 and 1640. Compiled by Robert Tittler, Distinguished Professor of History Emeritus at Concordia University, Montreal, and Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. <br />
<br />
[https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/emc/ Early Modern Culture] published works-in-progress by major scholars in early modern studies, along with a set of responses from readers. No longer publishing as of 2019.<br />
<br />
[https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/emdr Early Modern Digital Review] (EMDR) is an online, open-access, and refereed journal publishing high-quality reviews of digital projects related to early modern society and culture. It is committed to productive evaluation of both established digital resources and recent tools and projects. <br />
<br />
[https://extra.shu.ac.uk/emls/journal/index.php/emls Early Modern Literary Studies] is a refereed journal serving as a formal arena for scholarly discussion and as an academic resource for researchers in the areas of English literature, literary culture, and language during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.<br />
<br />
[https://emlot.library.utoronto.ca Early Modern London Theatres] (EMLoT): Information related to professional performance in purpose-built theatres and other permanent structures in the London area. <br />
<br />
[https://www.emlc-journal.org/issue/archive/ ''Early Modern Low Countries''] "a multidisciplinary open access journal dedicated to the study of the early modern Low Countries. We publish state-of-the-art scholarship on any aspect of the turbulent history and vibrant culture of the region from about 1500 to 1830 from a variety of perspectives" (from the website). EMLC appears in two installments annually.<br />
<br />
[https://www.ofpilcrows.com/resources-early-modern-plays-page-and-stage Early Modern Plays on Page & Stage: Online Resources] is a list of resources compiled by Claire M. L. Bourne, Assistant Professor of English at Penn State University.<br />
<br />
[https://earlyprint.org/lab/ Early Print: Text Mining Early Printed English] provides a range of tools for the computational exploration and analysis of English print culture before 1700. <br />
<br />
[http://www.earlyprintedbooks.com/resources/ Early Printed Books, by Sarah Werner] is a companion to her book, ''Studying Early Printed Books, 1450-1800: A Practical Guide''. Intended to be able to be used both alongside and separately from the book, the website is an open-access, freely available resource that can supplement anyone’s explorations of early printed books.<br />
<br />
[http://www.earlystuartlibels.net/htdocs/index.html Early Stuart Libels]: early 17th century English political poetry from the accession of King James I to the outbreak of the English Civil War. <br />
<br />
[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/did/ The Encyclopedia of Diderot & D'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project] provides translations to the famed encyclopedia along with search capabilities and teaching resources.<br />
<br />
[https://www.englandsimmigrants.com/ England's Immigrants] is a database of over 64,000 names of people known to have migrated to England in the period 1350-1550. The information is drawn from a variety of sources, such as taxation assessments, letters of denization and protection, and other licenses and grants. <br />
<br />
[http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ English Broadside Ballad Archive] from the University of California, Santa Barbara, provides access to images and transcriptions of English Broadside Ballads from the long 17th century. <br />
<br />
[http://estc.bl.uk/F/?func=file&file_name=login-bl-estc English Short-Title Catalogue (ESTC)] is a comprehensive, international union catalogue listing early books, serials, newspapers and selected ephemera printed before 1801. For more information on this resource please see [[English Short-Title Catalogue]]. <br />
<br />
[http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Main_Page EuroDocs: Primary Historical Documents from Western Europe] is a repository of links to freely available primary source documents on the web; organized by both geographic area and time period. <br />
<br />
[https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/yexm20/current Exemplaria] is an open access journal that reconsider the methods and aims of scholarship on the medieval and early modern periods, broadly conceived.<br />
<br />
===F=== <br />
<br />
[http://www.johnfoxe.org/ John Foxe’s Book of Martyrs Variorum Edition (TAMO)]: browse and compare the unabridged texts of the four editions of this massive work published in John Foxe’s lifetime (1563, 1570, 1576, 1583).<br />
<br />
[https://library.culinary.edu/primarysources/digitalfoodhistory/ Food History Digital Primary Sources] guide from the Culinary Institute of America.<br />
<br />
===G=== <br />
<br />
[http://gemms.itercommunity.org/index.php GEMMS: Gateway to Early Modern Manuscript Sermons] is a group-sourced online bibliographic database of early modern (1530-1715) manuscript sermons from the UK, Ireland and North America. <br />
<br />
[http://globalmiddleages.org/ Global Middle Ages Project (G-MAP)] is a portal site for digital projects encompassing the Medieval and Early Modern worlds. <br />
<br />
[[Glossary of digital humanities terms]] aims to help both novices and more advanced users of digital tools and approaches understand common terms employed in the digital humanities. <br />
<br />
[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/glossary.asp Glossary of Illuminated Manuscripts:] reproduced and illustrated by the British Library from Michelle P. Brown, ''Understanding Illuminated Manuscripts: A Guide to Technical Terms'' (J. Paul Getty Museum: Malibu and British Library: London, 1994). <br />
<br />
[https://www.gravell.org/ Gravell (The Thomas L. Gravell Watermark Archive)] brings together more than 50,000 watermarks from America and Europe, including 7,500 images collected by American-watermark expert Thomas L. Gravell and about 45,000 unpublished marks documented by Charles-Moise Briquet. <br />
<br />
===H===<br />
<br />
[http://www.hamletworks.org/ Hamlet Works] is "everything you ever wanted to know about ''Hamlet''", a searchable databases of editions and criticism.<br />
<br />
[https://henslowe-alleyn.org.uk/ Henslowe-Alleyn Digitization Project] "has two aims and objectives: first, to protect and conserve these increasingly fragile manuscripts, and, second, to make their contents much more widely available in a free electronic archive and website, not only to specialist scholars but to all those interested in early modern English drama and theatre history, as well as social, economic, regional, architectural, and legal history, and paleography and manuscript studies" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[http://hpb.cerl.org Heritage of the Printed Book Database (HPB)] (formerly called the Hand Press Book Database) is a steadily growing collection of files of catalogue records from major European and North American research libraries covering items of European printing of the hand-press period (c.1455-c.1830) integrated into one file. This makes it possible for information to be retrieved in one single search across all files. (N.b. as of Summer 2016, Folger items are not yet integrated into this database) As of January 2018, this resource is freely available! <br />
<br />
[http://www.arc.id.au/Calendar.html Historical Calendar]: Multi-country historical calendar for the years 1100 to 2100. Allows automatic conversion between Old Style and New Style dates. <br />
<br />
[https://hob.gseis.ucla.edu/index.html History of the Book, by Johanna Drucker] is a networked resource focused on the production and reception of materials related to the history of the book and literacy technologies, broadly conceived.<br />
<br />
[http://historyofparliamentonline.org History of Parliament] is a research project creating a comprehensive account of parliamentary politics in England, then Britain, from their origins in the thirteenth century. It consists of detailed studies of elections and electoral politics in each constituency, and of closely researched accounts of the lives of everyone who was elected to Parliament in the period, together with surveys drawing out the themes and discoveries of the research and adding information on the operation of Parliament as an institution. Note: it is a work in progress, with some sections more complete than others. <br />
<br />
[http://www.history.ac.uk/history-online/ History On-Line] provides information for historians with details of university lecturers in the UK and the Republic of Ireland, current and past historical research, digital history projects, new books and journals from a range of leading publishers and sources of funding available for researchers in the UK. <br />
<br />
[http://english.nsms.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/ The Holinshed Project] parallel texts edition, furnished with links to each page of Early English Books Online (subscription required). Users can navigate using a variety of entry points. Project overview and history, as well as sample texts, can be found [http://www.cems.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/index.shtml here]. <br />
<br />
[http://www.hookesbooks.com/ Robert Hooke's Books] is an online source on the library of the 17th-century virtuoso Robert Hooke (1635-1703) is an on-going collaboration between Will Poole, Felicity Henderson, and Yelda Nasifoglu who are currently undertaking research on different aspects of Hooke’s work. As it is a work-in-progress, further research notes will be continually added to the database, and new editions of the editors’ Introduction are expected to be released. <br />
<br />
===I===<br />
<br />
[https://www.arts.kuleuven.be/nieuwetijd/english/odis/impressae-women-printers-in-early-modern-antwerp-leuven-and-douai Impressae: Women Printers in Early Modern Antwerp, Leuven, and Douai] reconstructs the lives and work of women printers in Antwerp, Leuven and Douai during two centuries (sixteenth through seventeenth). It contains information about kinship and commercial networks, printing houses and rare books. It contains linked data on more than 1 300 persons, almost 3 700 publications and more than 150 organisations.<br />
<br />
[https://www.vialibri.net/library_search.php International Library Catalogs] from vialibri.net. Provides a list of union and other catalogs from Europe and the United States. Links to sources such as WorldCat, the KVK, and artlibraries.net. <br />
<br />
[http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/ Internet Shakespeare Editions]: information on Shakespeare's texts and life and times. Includes a performance database and the semi-annual online journal ''Scene''.<br />
<br />
[https://www.intoxicantsproject.org Intoxicants & Early Modernity: England, 1580-1714] explores the insight that the period between the introduction of tobacco in the 1570s and the ‘Gin Craze’ of the early eighteenth century was a formative phase in the production, traffic, consumption, and representation of intoxicants.<br />
<br />
===J=== <br />
<br />
[https://minstrels.library.utoronto.ca The JUBA Project: Early Blackface Minstrelsy in Britain 1842-1852], from the University of Toronto, draws together a range of documentation into a database that allows the visitor to access information on the individuals, troupes, and 'acts,' that toured in Britain during these crucial years. <br />
<br />
===K===<br />
<br />
[https://kitmarlowe.org/ The Kit Marlowe Project] created by undergraduate students to offer accessible resources for learning about one of Shakespeare’s most influential contemporaries and collaborators, Christopher Marlowe (Project Director: Kristen Abbott Bennett at Framingham University).<br />
<br />
===L===<br />
<br />
[https://www.layersoflondon.org/ Layers of London] is a map-based history website developed by the Institute of Historical Research.<br />
<br />
[http://www.leibniz-translations.com/index2.php Leibniz Translations] provides full-text translations of the work of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in English translation. <br />
<br />
[http://leme.library.utoronto.ca/ Lexicons of Early Modern English] searches and displays word-entries from monolingual English dictionaries, bilingual lexicons, technical vocabularies, and other encyclopedic-lexical works, 1480-1702. <br />
<br />
[https://www.loc.gov/collections/ Library of Congress Digital Collections]<br />
<br />
[https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/pages/open-access/ Liverpool University Press-Open Access] provides scholarly monographs offered via open-access from a pioneer in OA publishing.<br />
<br />
[https://londonstagedatabase.usu.edu London Stage database] is a searchable version of ''The London Stage'', a key reference work documenting theatrical performances from the reopening of the public playhouses following the English civil wars in 1660 to the end of the eighteenth century. This information has been compiled from the playbills, newspapers and theatrical diaries of the period. <br />
<br />
[http://www.luminarium.org/lumina.htm Luminarium] is an online anthology of English literature from the late Medieval period through the 18th century; texts from out-of-copyright editions.<br />
<br />
===M=== <br />
<br />
[http://manus.iccu.sbn.it/index.php Manus Online] is a database containing catalogue descriptions and digital images of manuscripts, private papers and archives held by Italian public, private and ecclesiastical libraries. The census, launched in 1988, aims to list and catalogue manuscripts written in Latin alphabet from the Middle Ages to date, including private papers and literary archives. <br />
<br />
[https://www.manuscriptcookbookssurvey.org/ Manuscript Cookbooks Survey] includes a database of pre-1865 English-language manuscript cookbooks held in U. S. public institutions as well as a database of kitchen artifacts used at the time these manuscripts were written. <br />
<br />
[https://mpese.ac.uk/ Manuscript Pamphleteering in Early Stuart England]: Before the outbreak of Civil War in 1642, England developed a large, influential and often radical pamphlet literature. This project aims to survey the vast hidden archive of early Stuart England's manuscript pamphlets. Images and transcriptions of many early modern pamphlets are available, in addition to bibliographical descriptions. <br />
<br />
[https://dhil.lib.sfu.ca/mvm/ Manuscript Verse Miscellanies 1700-1820] is a searchable database describing hundreds of manuscript poetry books. Links to First Line Index where relevant, plus lots of metadata about the manuscripts.<br />
<br />
[https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/emwrn/digitalarchive Material Cultures of Early Modern Women's Writing Digital Archive] provides online editions of women's writing that circulated in a variety of forms in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This project draws from manuscript sources as well as print editions, and provides both images and transcriptions of these often multiform texts. <br />
<br />
[https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/ Map of Early Modern London (MoEML)] comprises a digital edition of the 1561 Agas woodcut map of London; an Encyclopedia and Descriptive Gazetteer of London people, places, topics, and terms; a Library of marked-up texts rich in London toponyms; and a versioned edition of John Stow’s Survey of London. <br />
<br />
[http://wroth.latrobe.edu.au/ Mary Wroth's Poetry: An Electronic Edition]: Edited by Paul Salzman, this electronic edition includes a textual introduction, a contextual bibliography, a critical introduction to the poetry of Mary Wroth, and full text of the poems. <br />
<br />
[http://www.medici.org/ The Medici Archive Project]: Documentary Sources for the Arts and Humanities in the Medici Granducal Archive, 1537-1743, is a fully searchable database describing hundreds of volumes of documents in the Medici Granducal Archive (Archivio Mediceo del Principato). <br />
<br />
[http://mdr-maa.org Medieval Digital Resources (MDR)]: The Medieval Academy of America has put together a curated database of peer-reviewed digital materials for the study of the Middle Ages. Users can browse an alphabetical list or search using controlled-vocabulary subject tags to find vetted online resources of many types. Please note that MDR does not include resources that are paywalled or require password access, although some resources may have restrictive use-licenses. <br />
<br />
[https://memorients.com/ Medieval and Early Modern Orients (MEMOs)] is an AHRC-funded project that seeks to further knowledge and understanding of the early interactions between England and the Islamic worlds.<br />
<br />
[https://globalshakespeares.mit.edu/ MIT Global Shakespeares] video and performance archive.<br />
<br />
[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary Middle English Compendium] contains three Middle English electronic resources: the Middle English Dictionary, a Bibliography of Middle English prose and verse, and a Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse. <br />
<br />
[https://digital.library.illinois.edu/collections/810eac30-e3fb-012f-c5b6-0019b9e633c5-e The Motley Collection of Theatre and Costume Design] at the University of Illinois has over 5000 items from more than 150 theatrical productions in England and the United States.<br />
<br />
===N===<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000140237 The National Union Catalog, pre-1956 imprints] are made available through HathiTrust. <br />
<br />
[https://shiplib.org The Nautical Archaeology Digital Library] includes artifact collections, mapping of shipwrecks, maritime exploration, shipbuilding and other resources for international history of sea travel.<br />
<br />
[https://digitalcollections.nypl.org New York Public Library Digital Collections] site provides access to digitized collection materials from the extensive NYPL holdings, touching on all areas within the Folger collecting scope.<br />
<br />
===O===<br />
<br />
[https://openlibrary.org/ Open Library] offers a platform to browse for and read thousands of books.<br />
<br />
[https://ota.ox.ac.uk/ Oxford Text Archive] collects, catalogues, preserves and distributes high-quality digital resources for research and teaching; they currently have thousands of texts in more than 25 languages (some restrictions). Includes a separate catalog of TCP (Text Creation Partnership) items.<br />
<br />
===P=== <br />
<br />
[[List of online resources for early modern English paleography]] was compiled to assist early modern scholars begin to learn to decipher, read, and interpret manuscript materials written in early handwriting. <br />
<br />
[http://ihl.enssib.fr/en/paper-and-watermarks-as-bibliographical-evidence Paper and Watermarks as Bibliographical Evidence] from the Institut d'histoire du livre is a bibliographical guide to texts and images relating to the history of paper and papermaking, mainly comprising the hand-papermaking period. <br />
<br />
[https://vpcp.chass.ncsu.edu/listen-ambient-sounds/ Virtual St. Paul's Cathedral Project/Ambient Noise] is a digital recreation of worship and preaching at St. Paul's Cathedral in early modern London. <br />
<br />
[http://pedagogy-toolkit.org/ Pedagogy Toolkit for English] provides a community-driven resources for digital pedagogy in composition, rhetoric, and literature. <br />
<br />
[https://www.pepysdiary.com/ The Diary of Samuel Pepys] chronicles the daily entries from the famous 17th century London diary. <br />
<br />
[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ Perseus Digital Library] and [https://scaife.perseus.org/library/ Scaife online reader] for classical through early modern literature and artifacts.<br />
<br />
[https://digital.library.illinois.edu/collections/81196b40-e3fb-012f-c5b6-0019b9e633c5-c Portraits of Actors] gathers studio portraits and actors posing in costume, 1720-1920.<br />
<br />
[https://pulterproject.northwestern.edu/ The Pulter Project: Poet in the Making], a "digital collaboration aims at allowing readers to engage with multiple, different representations and readings of Hester Pulter’s striking verse" (from the website).<br />
<br />
===R===<br />
<br />
[https://soundcloud.com/rarebookschool Rare Book School Lectures] are available via approximately 400 Soundcloud podcasts on a wide variety of bibliographical subjects that cover the entire history of books.<br />
<br />
[https://www.r18collective.org/ Re-Activating Restoration & 18th-Century Theatre for the 21st Century] includes video and audio resources and syllabus ideas aimed at assisting instructors. In the longer term, this research consortium will be working with professional theatre artists and companies in the US, Canada, and UK to encourage new productions and convening research workshops and focused conferences at the Newberry Library and Oxford University (open to graduate students and faculty). <br />
<br />
[https://ereed.library.utoronto.ca Records of Early English Drama (REED)] is an international scholarly project that is establishing for the first time the context from which the drama of Shakespeare and his contemporaries grew. Contains transcribed and edited historical documents containing evidence of drama, secular music, and other communal entertainment and ceremony from the Middle Ages until 1642.<br />
<br />
[https://reformation500.csl.edu/ Reformation 500] is an online resource for the commemoration of the Quincentenary of the Reformation in 2017 managed by Concordia Seminary, St. Louis. Here you will find information on important people and events of the Reformation, news and upcoming events, blog posts by a variety of authors offering different perspectives on the Reformation and its significance. <br />
<br />
[https://rekn.org/ Renaissance Knowledge Network] publications address a myriad of topics surrounding the creation of digital projects that display resources related to Renaissance and Early Modern studies. <br />
<br />
[http://myweb.ttu.edu/mkvanda/RPFsite/index.xml Restoration Printed Fiction] is a database from the English Department at Texas Tech University. Including 394 fictions printed between 1660 and 1700 (fiction has been defined broadly here), this database allows users to search for basic information, such as author, title, bookseller, printer, and date, as well as more detailed information, such as whether the text has paratexts like dedications or prefaces. <br />
<br />
[http://guides.library.harvard.edu/friendly.php?s=rinascimento&gid=4877 Rinascimento]: Harvard University's Research Guide for Renaissance Studies. Contains links to databases, websites, and other resources, divided and subdivided by general topical area. <br />
<br />
[https://www.americanheraldry.org/heraldry-in-the-usa/roll-of-early-american-arms A Roll of Early American Arms] from The American Heraldry Society provides descriptions and citations for coats of arms held by Americans before 1825.<br />
<br />
[http://www.itergateway.org/romeo_juliet/ Romeo and Juliet: Searchable Database for Prompt Books] contains information from approximately 170 prompt-books for productions of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. These productions range from the seventeenth century to the 1980s.<br />
<br />
===S=== <br />
<br />
[https://scholarlyediting.org/ Scholarly Editing] is an open-access journal committed to the development and advancement of all aspects of textual editing, including documentary editing. The content published in the journal includes essays, micro editions, reviews of print and digital editions, and teaching materials. The journal’s eclectic, multidisciplinary approach makes it an invaluable resource for anyone interested in the theory, practice, and pedagogy of scholarly editing, including educators, researchers, scholars, historians, archivists, editors, information professionals, and digital humanists.<br />
<br />
[https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/scriptorium Scriptorium: Medieval and Early Modern Manuscripts Online]: A digital archive of manuscript miscellanies and commonplace books from c. 1450-1720. <br />
<br />
[https://shakedsetc.org Shakedsetc.org] provides information and links to digital copies of Shakespeare's works, from the earliest quartos to 18th, 19th, and 20th century editions.<br />
<br />
[https://searchingforshakespeare.co.uk/ Searching for Shakespeare] "provide[s] the ability to view selected objects recovered from the excavations of New Place between 2010 and 2016. These objects are presently housed in the museum collections of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust and most are not readily available to be viewed by the public" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[https://shakeosphere.lib.uiowa.edu/ Shakeosphere] allows users to visualize, map, and explore these social networks in Shakespeare's England and beyond, from 1473-1800. <br />
<br />
[http://bsuva.org/bsuva/promptbook/ 17th Century Shakespearean Prompt Books] from the University of Virginia, with introductions to each book and descriptions of each annotation within the plays. <br />
<br />
[https://www.shakespearealbum.de/en/about.html Shakespeare Album] site presents ''Illustrating the History of Germany's Shakespeare Reception: the Birmingham Photo Album'' convened in 2016 by Academy of Sciences and Literature Mainz. A commemorative digital photo album was created with 109 portraits and autograph signatures of personalities meritorious for having communicated and maintained the interest for Shakespeare in Germany. Consult this resource in combination with German scholar [https://findingaids.folger.edu/dfoleo2002.xml Friedrich August Leo] materials and other [https://findingaids.folger.edu/dfogerman2002.xml German language manuscripts] held by the Folger.<br />
<br />
[https://shakespearecensus.org/ Shakespeare Census] attempts to locate and describe all extant copies of all editions of Shakespeare’s works through 1700, excluding the folios. It includes all items attributed to Shakespeare in print during the period, but not those attributed to him only by modern scholarship, and excludes the Restoration adaptations. <br />
<br />
[https://shakespeare.emory.edu/ Shakespeare and the Players] is an online exhibition and scholarly resource of nearly 1,000 postcards featuring many famous English and American actors who performed Shakespeare’s plays for late Victorian and Edwardian audiences, held at Emory University.<br />
<br />
[https://sharc.kcl.ac.uk Shakespeare in the Royal Collection] is a searchable online catalogue of Shakespeare-related objects in the Royal Collection and an online exhibition.<br />
<br />
[https://about.illinoisstate.edu/shakespeareinsheets/ Shakespeare in Sheets] project recreates the author's early plays and books in printable and foldable sheets of paper. <br />
<br />
[https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/shakespeare Shakespeare Train] is a portion of the [https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/# Ellen Terry and Edith Craig digital archive], available through the University of Essex. It provides a portal to Ellen Terry stage and lecture history and links to the main documentary archive and the [https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/star Search for Theatrical Ancestors] database.<br />
<br />
[https://euppublishing.com/journals/shakespearevirtualissue Shakespeare Virtual Issue (Edinburgh University Press)] is freely accessible and provides a list of hand-picked articles from across their catalogue of journals, dedicated to the Bard, his work and reception across both history and literary studies.<br />
<br />
[http://shalt.dmu.ac.uk/index.html ShaLT: Shakespearean London Theatres]: Histories of early modern theatres, with a map, guides, and films. A joint project of the De Montfort University and the Victoria and Albert Museum. <br />
<br />
[https://thesifter.org/ The Sifter]: A Tool for Food History Research.<br />
<br />
Statutes of the Realm: for statutes from the Magna Carta to 1761, the most efficient place to search is Owen Ruffhead's mid-18th century ''Statutes at Large''. This text can be found in ECCO, and freely available on the Internet Archive: [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef01grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 1: Magna Carta to Henry VI], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef02grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 2: Edward IV to Elizabeth I], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef03grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 3: James I to William and Mary], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef04grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 4: William and Mary to Anne], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef05grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 5: George I to George II], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef06grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 6: George II, con't], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef07grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 7: George II, con't more], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef08grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 8: George II to George III], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef09grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 9: George III con't plus Index]<br />
<br />
===T===<br />
<br />
[http://earlyamericansermons.org/about/ T.E.A.M.S.: Transcribing Early American Manuscript Sermons] is a collaborative scholarly effort to make the voluminous archival record of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century ecclesiastical worship more accessible to academic researchers, pastors, and the general public. This digital archive houses sermons transcribed from the papers of Baptist, Catholic, Congregational, Episcopalian, Presbyterian, and Unitarian ministers who preached up and down the Atlantic coast of North America; it includes the manuscript sermons of white, Native American, and African American preachers. <br />
<br />
[https://theatregoing.wordpress.com/ Theatregoing] is an ongoing survey reproducing eyewitness testimony of seeing theatrical productions, from the sixteenth century to the present day.<br />
<br />
===U===<br />
<br />
[http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/reading/UK/index.php UK RED] or "the Reading Experience Database" explores what United Kingdom residents and British subjects living or travelling abroad read between the invention of the printing press in 1450 and the end of the Second World War in 1945, how, and in what circumstances did they read.<br />
<br />
===V=== <br />
<br />
[http://shakespeareillustration.org/ The Victorian Illustrated Shakespeare Archive] contains over 3000 illustrations from four of the most significant illustrated editions of Shakespeare's works in the Victorian period. All images have been tagged bibliographically and iconographically. <br />
<br />
[https://graphics.cs.wisc.edu/WP/vep/ Visualizing English Print] (from the site) "Our mission is to scale humanist scholarship to ‘big data’ by removing several barriers to statistically analyzing digital Early Modern English texts, like those released by the Text Creation Partnership...This website equips you with the necessary tools to make your own corpora, visually explore them, and download preliminary metadata."<br />
<br />
===W===<br />
<br />
[https://hollar.library.utoronto.ca/ Wenceslaus Hollar Digital Collection]: Digital images from the Fisher Library Collection at the University of Toronto. <br />
<br />
[https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history Westminster Abbey|History] includes short essays on each feature of the Abbey, including entries on each burial or memorial site. <br />
<br />
[https://wwtn.history.qmul.ac.uk/about/ Who Were the Nuns?]: A prosopographical study of the English Convents in exile 1600-1800. Traces the membership of the English convents in exile, from the opening of the first institution in Brussels to the nuns’ return to England as a result of the French Revolution and associated violence. Database provides the membership, family trees, edited documents, maps and analysis of the nuns’ experiences<br />
<br />
[https://digitalprojects.wpi.art/auctions Wildenstein Plattner Institute] has made available digitized auction sales catalogues from pre-1945, numbering over 11,000.<br />
<br />
[https://www.womensbookhistory.org/ Women in Book History: A Bibliography] is a database of secondary sources on women's writing and labor.<br />
<br />
==Subscription Resources Available Off-site== <br />
<br />
These resources, listed by database vendor, are available to registered Folger researchers, via their [https://request.folger.edu/ Online Request Account]. Instructions for accessing each resource may be found in the [[:media:Electronic resources help guide.pdf | Help Guide for Offsite Subscription Resource Access]]. <br />
<br />
'''ProQuest'''<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/264526?ln=en Cecil Papers] archive consists principally of the correspondence of William Cecil, Lord Burghley (1520-1598) and his son, Robert, the 1st Earl of Salisbury (1563-1612). <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/724716?ln=en Early English Books Online (EEBO)] provides digital facsimile page images of works printed in England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and British North America and works in English printed elsewhere from 1473-1700; full-text search of EEBO-TCP Phase 1 and Phase 2. For more information about EEBO, see [[History of Early English Books Online]]. <br />
:[http://proquest.libguides.com/eebopqp Early English Books Online ProQuest Guide]: ProQuest has put together a LibGuide (a help guide) related to the EEBO database, detailing the differences between the old Chadwick-Healey interface and the new ProQuest interface, which exact fields you can search, and other useful information. Please note that while access to this guide is unrestricted, the database itself requires an institutional subscription. <br />
<br />
'''Adam Matthew''' <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/544237?ln=en Early Modern England: Society, Culture & Everyday Life, 1500-1700] brings together documents and objects from seven different archives and libraries to offer insights into the lived experience in England from 1500-1700. Includes a wide range of materials including legal records, family correspondence, administrative records, wills, inventories and commonplace books among others.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/195102?ln=en Literary Manuscripts Online: 17th and 18th Century Poetry from the Brotherton Library, University of Leeds] provides manuscripts of 17th and 18th century English language verse, including first lines, last lines, attribution, author, title, date, length, verse form, content and bibliographic references for over 6,600 poems within the collection. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/356874?ln=en Literary Print Culture: The Stationers' Company Archive] provides documents sourced from the archive of The Worshipful Company of Stationers & Newspaper Makers, including the Stationers' Register, Membership Records, Court Records, and other Company administrative records. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/724714?ln=en Perdita Manuscripts: Women Writers, 1500-1700] features manuscripts written or compiled by women in the British Isles in the 16th and 17th centuries; also includes bibliographic sources. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/724715?ln=en Shakespeare in Performance] is a database from Adam Matthew Digital which features over 1000 fully digitized promptbooks from the Folger collection. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/356873?ln=en Shakespeare's Globe Archive: Theatres, Players, & Performance] documents the performance and construction history of the new Globe and the indoor theatre space of the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse. It includes prompt books, design materials, administrative records of the theatre, and more. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/219141?ln=en Virginia Company Archives] contains transcripts and images of the Ferrar Papers from Magdalene College, Cambridge, and the papers of the Virginia Company. Documents date from approximately 1540-1770. <br />
<br />
'''Gale''' <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/245640?ln=en British Literary Manuscripts Online, Part I: 1660-1990 & Part II: Medieval & Renaissance] facsimile images of literary manuscripts, including letters and diaries, drafts of poems, plays, novels, and other literary works, and similar materials; early 12th century through 1900. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/343865?ln=en British Theatre: Nineteenth Century Collections Online] features a wide range of primary sources related to the arts in the Victorian era, from playbills and scripts to operas and complete scores. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/340547?ln=en Burney Collection Newspapers] is a 17th-18th century collection that contains not only newspapers, but newsbooks, Acts of Parliament, broadsides, pamphlets and proclamations. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/263757?ln=en ECCO (Eighteenth Century Collections Online)] primarily focuses on publications from the British Isles, but does include material from Western Europe and Russia. Access to page images and some full-text search. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/352804?ln=en Nichols Newspapers Collection British Theatre, Music, and Literature: High and Popular Culture] features the newspapers, periodicals, pamphlets and broadsheets that form the Nichols newspaper collection held at the Bodleian library in Oxford, UK. The collection includes approximately 300 primary titles of newspapers and periodicals and 300 pamphlets and broadsheets, covering the period 1672-1737. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/263756?ln=en State Papers Online] provides access to the Calendars, transcript and document images for the Domestic and Foreign State Papers, and Registers of the Privy Council for 1509-1714. <br />
:An overview and general guide to using State Papers Online may be found here: [https://collation.folger.edu/2015/06/state-papers-online-tips-and-tricks-part-1/ Part 1] and [https://collation.folger.edu/2015/07/state-papers-online-tips-and-tricks-part-2/ Part 2] <br />
<br />
'''Cambridge'''<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/544901?ln=en The New Cambridge Shakespeare] provides access to Shakespeare's works together with a wealth of integrated reference material.<br />
<br />
'''Oxford''' <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/118159?ln=en American National Biography] is updated semi-annually with new articles and revisions of previously published entries; contains articles of notable Americans through the mid-twentieth century. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/543559?ln=en The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare] is a searchable, indexed version of the 2nd edition print resource.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/191521?ln=en Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online (DNB Online)] contains biographical information on men and women who have shaped British history and culture, worldwide, from the Romans to the 21st century; updated three time a year. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/113988?ln=en Oxford English Dictionary]<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/335520?ln=en Oxford Scholarly Editions Online] is an interlinked collection of authoritative Oxford editions of major works from the humanities. Our subscription includes early modern content. <br />
:Following subsets only ([https://www.oxfordscholarlyeditions.com/page/18/title-lists list of titles included in each subset]): <br />
::Early Seventeenth Century Drama<br />
::Early Seventeenth Seventeenth Century Poetry<br />
::Early Seventeenth Seventeenth Century Prose<br />
::Martin Wiggins and Catherine Richardson, British Drama 1533-1642: A Catalogue<br />
::Renaissance Drama<br />
::Renaissance Poetry<br />
::Renaissance Prose<br />
::Shakespeare<br />
<br />
'''BREPOLiS'''<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/232534?ln=en Bibliography of British and Irish History] contains 300,000 records on British and Irish history, including relations with the empire and Commonwealth.<br />
<br />
==Subscription Resources Available On-site== <br />
The following resources will remain on-site access only. Please email reference@folger.edu with questions. <br />
<br />
''American Book Prices Current'': records of books, manuscripts, autographs, maps and broadsides sold at auction, primarily US and UK <br />
<br />
''American Council of Learned Societies Humanities E-Book (HEB)'': E-book records are searchable in [http://hamnet.folger.edu/ Hamnet], with a link to ACLS full-text. All e-books are full-text searchable at ACLS site. <br />
<br />
''American and French Research on the Treasury of the French Language (ARTFL)'' contains French-language texts from the 12th to 20th century, Diderot and d'Alembert's late 18th century ''Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une Société de Gens de lettres'', digitized versions of many ''Bibliothèque Bleue de Troyes'' (17th to mid-19th c.), a searchable version of Montaigne's ''Essais'', and a different search interface for Tufts' Perseus Project (Greek & Latin texts). <br />
<br />
''Archive Grid'' is a service provided by OCLC brings together information about archives, special collections and other collections of manuscripts and papers. <br />
<br />
''Arkyves'': Access to the full Iconclass browser at Arkyves, containing all of the images from the British Book Illustrations project, as well as over 800,000 additional images from a number of institutions all over the world. <br />
<br />
''Bibliography of British and Irish History'' provides bibliographic data on historical writing dealing with the British Isles, and with the British Empire and Commonwealth, during all periods for which written documentation is available - from 55BC to the present. <br />
<br />
''Bibliography of English Women Writers 1500-1640'' currently indexes the works of around 740 female writers and translators. <br />
<br />
''British History Online'': Includes Calendars of State Papers, Domestic and the Calendars of State Papers for Scotland and Ireland, along with the Calendar of Close Rolls. <br />
<br />
''Burke's Peerage and Gentry'': genealogy and heraldry information for the Peerage of the United Kingdom, the historical families of Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations, and royal and distinguished families worldwide. <br />
<br />
''Early English Books Online - Text Creation Partnership (EEBO-TCP)'': encoded electronic text editions of many early print books in Early English Books Online, Eighteenth Century Collections Online, and Evans Early American Imprints. (Now included in the ProQuest version of EEBO.) <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/544899?ln=en Drama Online] Core Collection for Arden Shakespeare edition access.<br />
<br />
''FirstSearch: OCLC Databases'': Default database: WorldCat. Select the "Search in database" dropdown to select one of the following databases: ArticleFirst, ClasePeriodica, OCLC Ebooks, OCLC ECO, ERIC, GPO, MEDLINE, OAIster, PapersFirst, Proceedings, WorldAlmanac, WorldCat, WorldCatDissertations. <br />
<br />
''Iter Bibliography'' is a bibliography comprised of secondary source material pertaining to the Middle Ages and Renaissance (400-1700), including citations for books and journal material (articles, reviews, review articles, bibliographies, catalogues, abstracts and discographies), dissertation abstracts, and essays in books (including entries in conference proceedings, festschriften, encyclopedias and exhibition catalogues). <br />
<br />
''Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages & Renaissance'' brings together numerous database sources for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. Some are subscription access only, while others are freely available. <br />
<br />
''Iter Italicum'' is a finding list for Renaissance humanistic manuscripts in libraries and collections all over the world. <br />
<br />
''Loeb Classical Library'': Fourteen centuries of Greek and Latin literature with accurate, literate, English translations on facing pages. And a handy Greek keyboard pop-up. <br />
<br />
''John Milton: A Bibliography (MRTS Online Series)'' attempts to bring together all manuscripts and editions of John Milton's works and all studies and critical statements concerning his life and works, all allusions and quotations, and all significant imitations during the years 1624-1799. <br />
<br />
''Microfilms Database at the Folger Shakespeare Library'' provides an easy way to search the Folger's microfilm collection so that readers may have some form of access to restricted or fragile materials. <br />
<br />
''MLA International Bibliography'' provides citations to journal articles, books, dissertations, and scholarly websites, from 1921 to the present, in academic disciplines such as language, literature, folklore, linguistics, literary theory and criticism, and the dramatic arts. <br />
<br />
''The Newdigate newsletters, Numbers 1 through 2100 (13 January 1673/4 through 11 June 1692)'': thrice-weekly news releases issued by the Secretary of State's office, highlighting matters of interest to the Stuart court. <br />
<br />
''Shakespeare Quarterly (JSTOR)'': Back issues from 1950 through five years before the current issue. <br />
<br />
''Shakespeare Quarterly (Project Muse)'': Back issues for the most recent four years. <br />
<br />
''Understanding Shakespeare (Beta)'' connects Folger Digital Texts with peer-reviewed articles in JSTOR that cite specific plays, scenes, and lines in Shakespeare. <br />
<br />
''Women Writers Online'': a full-text collection of early women’s writing in English which includes full transcriptions of texts published between 1526 and 1850, focusing on materials that are rare or inaccessible. <br />
<br />
''World Shakespeare Bibliography'': indexes Shakespeare-related scholarship and theatrical productions published or produced worldwide since 1960.<br />
<br />
==Other Digital Resources== <br />
<br />
===Twitter Accounts=== <br />
<br />
[https://twitter.com/FolgerLibrary @FolgerLibrary] is the main twitter account for the Folger. <br />
<br />
[https://twitter.com/FolgerResearch @FolgerResearch] covers the research and collections aspects of the Folger. <br />
<br />
[https://twitter.com/FolgerED @FolgerED] is the twitter account for the Folger's Education Department. <br />
<br />
<br />
===Listservs=== <br />
<br />
:[[Folger Institute Commons listserv]] <br />
:[http://crrs.ca/library/resources/ficino-listserv/ Ficino]--An interdisciplinary Renaissance listserv. <br />
:[https://networks.h-net.org/h-albion H-Albion]--The H-Net discussion network for British and Irish history. <br />
:[https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~kcreamer/milton/ Milton-L] <br />
:[http://shaksper.net/ Shaksper]--The global electronic Shakespeare conference. <br />
:[http://www.sharpweb.org/sharp-l/ SHARP-L]--The electronic conference for the history of print culture. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Folger web archives === <br />
<br />
Read the article on [[Web archiving]] for an overview of the Folger's online web presence management. <br />
<br />
[https://archive-it.org/collections/2873 Folger Shakespeare Library Websites and Social Media] <br />
<br />
[https://archive-it.org/collections/2877 Shakespeare Festivals and Theatrical Companies] <br />
<br />
[https://archive-it.org/collections/4511 William Shakespeare's 450th Birthday: Celebrations & Commentary] <br />
<br />
[[Category: Research guides]] <br />
[[Category: Digital Folger]] <br />
[[Category: Reader orientation]] <br />
[[Category: Digital humanities]] <br />
[[Category: Bibliography]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=List_of_digital_resources_at_the_Folger&diff=36306List of digital resources at the Folger2022-06-21T14:28:31Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* I */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article provides a curated list of digital resources—arranged (mostly) alphabetically. This list is alphabetized according to the idiosyncrasies of what the Folger community most commonly calls a resource. If you are having trouble finding a resource, use the search box at the top of the page or your browser's "Find" feature (usually control-F). <br />
<br />
The first sections, arranged alphabetically, contains freely available resources. The second section provides a list of subscription resources available to registered Folger researchers during the time our Reading Room is closed for renovation. The final section is a list of subscription resources that Folger staff will still have access to; please email reference@folger.edu to set up an appointment for access. <br />
<br />
==Folger-created and hosted resources==<br />
<br />
BBI: [https://britishbookillustrations.folger.edu/ British Book Illustrations: Extending Access to 17th-century Visual Culture] is a project of the Folger Shakespeare Library, funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), to digitize and index 10,000 woodcut and engraved illustrations in British and English-language books. <br />
<br />
[http://collation.folger.edu/ The Collation: a gathering of scholarship from the Folger Shakespeare Library] is a blog about Folger collections and resources written by Folger staff and readers. <br />
<br />
[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGERCM1~6~6 Digital Image Collections Database (LUNA)] contains high-quality, high-resolution images of a large number of Folger collection items, divided into six collections (listed below). Users have the ability to store their preferred images in media groups, create presentations, and export images.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~4~4 Bas Relief Image Collection] contains images of the nine bas reliefs that adorn the facade of the Folger Shakespeare Library.<br />
:[[Bindings image collection | Bindings Image Collection]] contains research-quality [https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/BINDINGS~1~1 images of bindings] of aesthetic or historical merit.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~2~2 British Book Illustrations Image Collection] contains the images and raw metadata from the "British Book Illustrations: Extending Access to 17th-century Visual Culture" project (first entry on this list).<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGERCM1~6~6 Digital Image Collection] contains the majority of digitized collection images in the database.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~3~3 Manuscript Transcriptions Collection] contains images from the Folger manuscript collection along with searchable, vetted semi-diplomatic transcriptions.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~1~1 First Folio Image Collection] contains cover-to-cover images with color card and ruler for a number of Folger First Folios.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~5~5 Reference Image Collection] contains cell-phone quality images taken by Folger librarians during the course of their work.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~6~6 Microfilm Image Collection] contains digitized microfilm of Folger materials. <br />
<br />
[https://emed.folger.edu/ EMED]: [[A Digital Anthology of Early Modern English Drama]]: a database of early modern plays ''not'' by Shakespeare, with thirty documentary editions.<br />
<br />
[https://emmo.folger.edu/ EMMO]: [[Early Modern Manuscripts Online]]: transcriptions, images, and metadata of manuscripts from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. <br />
<br />
[http://findingaids.folger.edu/ Finding Aids at the Folger Shakespeare Library] guides users through the extensive manuscript collections with descriptions and lists of items. <br />
<br />
[http://firstlines.folger.edu/ The Union First Line Index of English Verse] enables researchers to locate poems held in seven prestigious collections in the US and UK, including the Folger Shakespeare Library. The Index provides a database of over 224,000 first lines of manuscript and printed verse. [mailto:firstlines@folger.edu firstlines@folger.edu] <br />
<br />
[https://shakespeare.folger.edu/ The Folger SHAKESPEARE] shares the complete works of Shakespeare, edited for modern readers.<br />
<br />
[https://hamnet.folger.edu/ Hamnet], the Folger's online catalog, gives bibliographic information, copy-specific notes, and detailed information—often with links to images—of most of the items in the collection. <br />
<br />
[http://titania.folger.edu/impositor/ Impositor] is an online tool to automatically arrange digital images from the collection into simulated impositions (the laying out of pages into the formes of printed sheets). <br />
<br />
[https://lostplays.folger.edu/Main_Page Lost Plays Database] is a wiki-style forum for scholars to share information about lost plays in England, 1570-1642. <br />
<br />
[http://findingaids.folger.edu/Hand-List_of_Microfilm_and_Selected_Microfiche_Sets.pdf Microfilms Hand-List at the Folger Shakespeare Library] (PDF) is an addition/supplementary list to the microfilm database. Readers are advised to check both places when searching for a microfilm. <br />
<br />
[[Picturing Shakespeare]] was an NEH-funded project to help the Folger digitize thousands of 18th-, 19th-, and early 20th-century images representing Shakespeare’s plays. <br />
<br />
[http://plre.folger.edu/ PLRE.Folger: Private Libraries in Renaissance England] complements the printed volumes of [http://shakespeare.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=56839 Private Libraries in Renaissance England] (PLRE), an ongoing editorial project that has published eight volumes since 1992 in the Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies (MRTS) series. <br />
<br />
[https://shakespearedocumented.folger.edu Shakespeare Documented] is the largest and most authoritative collection of primary-source materials documenting the life of William Shakespeare (1564-1616), bringing together all known manuscript and print references to Shakespeare, his works, and additional references to his family, in his lifetime and shortly thereafter.<br />
<br />
[https://www.folger.edu/shakespeare-unlimited Shakespeare Unlimited Podcast], a "no limits" tour of the connections between Shakespeare, his works, and our world.<br />
<br />
[https://tokenbooks.folger.edu/ The Token Books of St Saviour Southwark] is an in-progress resource developed by William Ingram, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Alan H. Nelson, The University of California, Berkeley. The site makes available information from this rare type of parish record, spanning approximately 1571-1643.<br />
<br />
==Instructional video series==<br />
In the [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkWyVPkA-aEdejPR6-KD5CzJ Folger How-tos: Hamnet Online Catalog] video series, learn valuable tips and tricks to make the most of Hamnet, the Folger online library catalog. <br />
<br />
The [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkW1MqgnonjgpnHOk-QZ3nyd Folger How-tos: Research Essentials] video series includes tips on how to navigate [https://shakespearedocumented.folger.edu/ Shakespeare Documented], use the digital image collections to their maximum potential, and access subscription databases through a research account.<br />
<br />
Watch the [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkVvJifK4yXVethkELPqPvXf State Papers Online] video series to learn navigation tips and tricks for this valuable, but sometimes complicated, online resource. ''Note: State Papers Online, 1509-1714 is made available through an institutional subscription onsite at the Folger Shakespeare Library or through the Folger researcher request system (through 2022). Check your institution’s e-resource subscriptions for local availability.''<br />
<br />
==Freely Available Electronic Resources== <br />
<br />
===A=== <br />
<br />
[http://www.1641.tcd.ie/index.php 1641 Depositions] From Trinity College Dublin (MSS 809-841) are witness testimonies mainly by Protestants, but also by some Catholics, from all social backgrounds, concerning their experiences of the 1641 Irish rebellion. Create a free account to view the depositions. <br />
<br />
[http://www.19thcenturyacts.com/ 19th Century Acts!] showcases different aspects of theatrical performance through mapping and current and historical digital images.<br />
<br />
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/12ptvF-YOhmRIb2OKqAy5l6w7zCscaK8P Association of College and Research Libraries online instruction guides] includes powerpoints, lesson plans, and other resources produced and compiled by [https://ischool.illinois.edu/people/melissa-wong Melissa Wong] of the School of Information Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.<br />
<br />
[https://americanarchive.org/ American Archive of Public Broadcasting]: Discover historic programs of publicly funded radio and television across America. Select Browse for subject browses of Literature, History, Theater and more.<br />
<br />
[http://www.annotatedbooksonline.com/ Annotated Books Online] is a virtual research environment for scholars and students interested in historical reading practices. Create a free account to contribute transcriptions and/or translations of annotations. <br />
<br />
[http://drc.usask.ca/projects/archbook/index.php ArchBook: Architectures of the Book] is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal focusing on specific design features of printed books.<br />
<br />
[https://atlas.lib.uiowa.edu/ Atlas of Early Printing] is an interactive site designed to be used as a tool for teaching the early history of printing in Europe during the second half of the fifteenth century. <br />
<br />
===B===<br />
<br />
[https://beforeshakespeare.com Before Shakespeare] is a project that explores the earliest days of the Elizabethan playhouses, focusing on the mid 16th century London commercial playhouses.<br />
<br />
[https://www.bessofhardwick.org/ Bess of Hardwick's Letters], which number almost 250 items of correspondence, bring to life her extraordinary story and allow us to eavesdrop on her world. Her letters allow us to reposition Bess as a complex woman of her times, immersed in the literacy and textual practices of everyday life, as her correspondence extends from servants, friends and family, to queens and officers of state. <br />
<br />
[http://bibsite.org/ The Bibliographical Society of America] list of resources compiles essays, lists, and other bibliographical materials in aid of bibliographical study. The resource features wide date ranges and ample geographical coverage. <br />
<br />
[https://bibsocamer.org/news/online-instruction-resources-digital-repositories-for-book-history-teaching-more/ The Bibliographic Society of America Online Instruction Resources: Digital Repositories for Book History Teaching, Research, & More] is a static resource that will be updated as new contributions come in.<br />
<br />
[https://www.sharpweb.org/book-history-unbound/category/issues/ Book History UNBOUND] provides supplemental digital humanities materials that supplement print articles in ''Book History'', the journal of the Society for the History of Authorship and Reading (SHARP).<br />
<br />
[https://bookowners.online/Main_Page Book Owners Online] is a directory of historical book owners, with information about their libraries, and signposts to further reference sources. It currently covers seventeenth-century English owners with the potential to be expanded. <br />
<br />
[http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=TR%2fPub%2f1 Bristol Old Vic Playbills]: collection of playbills from the Theatre Royal/Bristol Old Vic, digitized by the Bristol Archive. Covers some 18th century (earliest from 1768), primarily first half of 19th century (1810-1840).<br />
<br />
[https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Default.aspx?_ga=2.95202516.918721450.1602764813-573422282.1602764813 British Library Digitised Manuscripts] includes a wide selected of digital images from manuscripts in the British Library.<br />
<br />
[http://ballads.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ Broadside Ballad Archive] is maintained by the Bodleian Libraries and features the Bodleian's digital collections of ballads, with links to the English Broadside Ballad Archive’s digital presentations of pre-1800 ballads from other libraries, and to the folk song scholarship of the Roud Broadside Index, hosted by the English Folk Dance and Song Society (from the website).<br />
<br />
[https://jcblibrary.org/collection/digital-images The John Carter Brown Library Online Publications] features pdfs of out of print publications by and about The John Carter Brown Library collection. <br />
<br />
[[List of bindings resources]] <br />
<br />
[https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/bookbindings/ Database of Bookbindings: The British Library] <br />
<br />
[http://bookbindingdictionary.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page Bookbinding Dictionary (Multilingual)]: an international dictionary of bookbinding and conservation terms. <br />
<br />
[http://www.borrowers.uga.edu/ Borrowers and Lenders: The Journal of Shakespeare and Appropriation] <br />
<br />
[http://bbti.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/# British Book Trade Index:] The BBTI aims to include brief biographical and trade details of all those who worked in the English and Welsh book trades up to 1851. BBTI includes not only printers, publishers and booksellers but also other related trades, such as stationers, papermakers, engravers, auctioneers, ink-makers and sellers of medicines, so that the book trade can be studied in the context of allied trades. <br />
<br />
[http://www.bpi1700.org.uk/index.html British Printed Images to 1700 (bpi1700)] is a digital library of prints and book illustrations from early modern Britain. <br />
<br />
[http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/ British Universities Film and Video Council: Shakespeare] An International Database of Shakespeare on Film, Television and Radio.<br />
This authoritative online database of Shakespeare-related content in film, television, radio and video recordings is international in scope, is regularly updated and currently holds over 9,000 records dating from the 1890s to the present day.<br />
<br />
===C===<br />
<br />
[https://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/benjonson/ The Cambridge Works of Ben Jonson Online] provides a fully digitized and updated edition of Jonson's complete writings, with editorial and scholarly remarks throughout the texts. <br />
<br />
[https://casebooks.lib.cam.ac.uk The Casebooks Project]: In the decades around 1600, the astrologers Simon Forman and Richard Napier produced one of the largest surviving sets of medical records in history. The Casebooks Project, a team of scholars at the University of Cambridge, has transformed this paper archive into a digital archive. <br />
<br />
[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ Chronicling America] contains fully searchable American historic newspaper pages from 1789-1963. <br />
<br />
[https://theclergydatabase.org.uk Clergy of the Church of England Database 1540-1835] makes available and searchable the principal records of clerical careers from over 50 archives in England and Wales with the aim of providing coverage of as many clerical lives as possible from the Reformation to the mid-nineteenth century. <br />
<br />
[http://www.common-place.org/ Common-Place] is a destination for exploring and exchanging ideas about early American history and culture. A bit less formal than a scholarly journal, a bit more scholarly than a popular magazine, Commonplace speaks—and listens—to scholars, museum curators, teachers, hobbyists, and just about anyone interested in American history before 1900.<br />
<br />
[http://www.english.cam.ac.uk/ceres/ COPIA/CERES (Cambridge English Renaissance Electronic Service)] provides access to manuscripts related to Spenser and resources for early modern English handwriting. <br />
<br />
[http://humanities-research.exeter.ac.uk/womenswork/courtdepositions/ Court Depositions of South West England, 1500-1700] is a digital edition of 80 fully transcribed depositions relating to 20 cases heard in the church courts and Quarter Sessions between 1556 and 1694 across Devon, Hampshire, Somerset and Wiltshire. These depositions or witness statements relate to a range of crimes and offences tried in these two types of courts, from defamation to theft and are rich in detail of social, economic, political and religious life in early modern England. This digital edition has been prepared as part of the Leverhulme-funded project ''Women's Work in Rural England, 1500-1700'' undertaken at the University of Exeter between 2013 and 2018.<br />
<br />
===D=== <br />
<br />
[http://www.treatiseonpainting.org/ Leonardo da Vinci and his Treatise on Painting]: website examining all of the different variations of this text that appeared throughout the centuries; includes extensive bibliography. <br />
<br />
[https://dex.itercommunity.org/ DEx: Database of Dramatic Extracts] DEx is an online, searchable database of dramatic extracts found in seventeenth-century manuscripts. DEx is published by Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages and Renaissance. <br />
<br />
[http://digitalcavendish.org/ Digital Cavendish], a scholarly collaborative, brings together original research, scholarly resources, digital editions, and teaching resources to fill out the world and works of Margaret Cavendish.<br />
<br />
[https://digitalrenaissance.uvic.ca/ Digital Renaissance Editions] "publishes electronic scholarly editions of early English drama and texts of related interest, from late medieval moralities and Tudor interludes, occasional entertainments and civic pageants, academic and closet drama, and the plays of the commercial London theaters, through to the drama of the Civil War and Interregnum." <br />
<br />
[https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php Discography of American Historical Recordings] "a database of master recordings made by American record companies during the 78rpm era. It is part of the American Discography Project (ADP)—an initiative of the University of California, Santa Barbara and the Packard Humanities Institute that is edited by a team of researchers based at the UCSB Library" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[http://deep.sas.upenn.edu/ DEEP (Database of Early English Playbooks)]: searchable bibliography of "every playbook produced in England, Scotland, and Ireland from the beginning of printing through 1660". <br />
<br />
[http://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_h.aspx Dictionary for Library and Information Sciences] is designed as a hypertext reference resource for library and information science professionals, university students and faculty, and users of all types of libraries.<br />
<br />
===E=== <br />
<br />
[http://eada.lib.umd.edu/introduction-to-the-archive/ Early Americas Digital Archive] is a collection of electronic texts and links to texts originally written in or about the Americas from 1492 to approximately 1820, supported by University of Maryland.<br />
<br />
[https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/980096/ Early Modern British Painters] dataset identifies all those men and women who have been identified as painters of any sort working in England, Wales, Scotland or Ireland between the years 1500 and 1640. Compiled by Robert Tittler, Distinguished Professor of History Emeritus at Concordia University, Montreal, and Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. <br />
<br />
[https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/emc/ Early Modern Culture] published works-in-progress by major scholars in early modern studies, along with a set of responses from readers. No longer publishing as of 2019.<br />
<br />
[https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/emdr Early Modern Digital Review] (EMDR) is an online, open-access, and refereed journal publishing high-quality reviews of digital projects related to early modern society and culture. It is committed to productive evaluation of both established digital resources and recent tools and projects. <br />
<br />
[https://extra.shu.ac.uk/emls/journal/index.php/emls Early Modern Literary Studies] is a refereed journal serving as a formal arena for scholarly discussion and as an academic resource for researchers in the areas of English literature, literary culture, and language during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.<br />
<br />
[https://emlot.library.utoronto.ca Early Modern London Theatres] (EMLoT): Information related to professional performance in purpose-built theatres and other permanent structures in the London area. <br />
<br />
[https://www.emlc-journal.org/issue/archive/ ''Early Modern Low Countries''] "a multidisciplinary open access journal dedicated to the study of the early modern Low Countries. We publish state-of-the-art scholarship on any aspect of the turbulent history and vibrant culture of the region from about 1500 to 1830 from a variety of perspectives" (from the website). EMLC appears in two installments annually.<br />
<br />
[https://www.ofpilcrows.com/resources-early-modern-plays-page-and-stage Early Modern Plays on Page & Stage: Online Resources] is a list of resources compiled by Claire M. L. Bourne, Assistant Professor of English at Penn State University.<br />
<br />
[https://earlyprint.org/lab/ Early Print: Text Mining Early Printed English] provides a range of tools for the computational exploration and analysis of English print culture before 1700. <br />
<br />
[http://www.earlyprintedbooks.com/resources/ Early Printed Books, by Sarah Werner] is a companion to her book, ''Studying Early Printed Books, 1450-1800: A Practical Guide''. Intended to be able to be used both alongside and separately from the book, the website is an open-access, freely available resource that can supplement anyone’s explorations of early printed books.<br />
<br />
[http://www.earlystuartlibels.net/htdocs/index.html Early Stuart Libels]: early 17th century English political poetry from the accession of King James I to the outbreak of the English Civil War. <br />
<br />
[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/did/ The Encyclopedia of Diderot & D'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project] provides translations to the famed encyclopedia along with search capabilities and teaching resources.<br />
<br />
[https://www.englandsimmigrants.com/ England's Immigrants] is a database of over 64,000 names of people known to have migrated to England in the period 1350-1550. The information is drawn from a variety of sources, such as taxation assessments, letters of denization and protection, and other licenses and grants. <br />
<br />
[http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ English Broadside Ballad Archive] from the University of California, Santa Barbara, provides access to images and transcriptions of English Broadside Ballads from the long 17th century. <br />
<br />
[http://estc.bl.uk/F/?func=file&file_name=login-bl-estc English Short-Title Catalogue (ESTC)] is a comprehensive, international union catalogue listing early books, serials, newspapers and selected ephemera printed before 1801. For more information on this resource please see [[English Short-Title Catalogue]]. <br />
<br />
[http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Main_Page EuroDocs: Primary Historical Documents from Western Europe] is a repository of links to freely available primary source documents on the web; organized by both geographic area and time period. <br />
<br />
[https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/yexm20/current Exemplaria] is an open access journal that reconsider the methods and aims of scholarship on the medieval and early modern periods, broadly conceived.<br />
<br />
===F=== <br />
<br />
[http://www.johnfoxe.org/ John Foxe’s Book of Martyrs Variorum Edition (TAMO)]: browse and compare the unabridged texts of the four editions of this massive work published in John Foxe’s lifetime (1563, 1570, 1576, 1583).<br />
<br />
[https://library.culinary.edu/primarysources/digitalfoodhistory/ Food History Digital Primary Sources] guide from the Culinary Institute of America.<br />
<br />
===G=== <br />
<br />
[http://gemms.itercommunity.org/index.php GEMMS: Gateway to Early Modern Manuscript Sermons] is a group-sourced online bibliographic database of early modern (1530-1715) manuscript sermons from the UK, Ireland and North America. <br />
<br />
[http://globalmiddleages.org/ Global Middle Ages Project (G-MAP)] is a portal site for digital projects encompassing the Medieval and Early Modern worlds. <br />
<br />
[[Glossary of digital humanities terms]] aims to help both novices and more advanced users of digital tools and approaches understand common terms employed in the digital humanities. <br />
<br />
[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/glossary.asp Glossary of Illuminated Manuscripts:] reproduced and illustrated by the British Library from Michelle P. Brown, ''Understanding Illuminated Manuscripts: A Guide to Technical Terms'' (J. Paul Getty Museum: Malibu and British Library: London, 1994). <br />
<br />
[https://www.gravell.org/ Gravell (The Thomas L. Gravell Watermark Archive)] brings together more than 50,000 watermarks from America and Europe, including 7,500 images collected by American-watermark expert Thomas L. Gravell and about 45,000 unpublished marks documented by Charles-Moise Briquet. <br />
<br />
===H===<br />
<br />
[http://www.hamletworks.org/ Hamlet Works] is "everything you ever wanted to know about ''Hamlet''", a searchable databases of editions and criticism.<br />
<br />
[https://henslowe-alleyn.org.uk/ Henslowe-Alleyn Digitization Project] "has two aims and objectives: first, to protect and conserve these increasingly fragile manuscripts, and, second, to make their contents much more widely available in a free electronic archive and website, not only to specialist scholars but to all those interested in early modern English drama and theatre history, as well as social, economic, regional, architectural, and legal history, and paleography and manuscript studies" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[http://hpb.cerl.org Heritage of the Printed Book Database (HPB)] (formerly called the Hand Press Book Database) is a steadily growing collection of files of catalogue records from major European and North American research libraries covering items of European printing of the hand-press period (c.1455-c.1830) integrated into one file. This makes it possible for information to be retrieved in one single search across all files. (N.b. as of Summer 2016, Folger items are not yet integrated into this database) As of January 2018, this resource is freely available! <br />
<br />
[http://www.arc.id.au/Calendar.html Historical Calendar]: Multi-country historical calendar for the years 1100 to 2100. Allows automatic conversion between Old Style and New Style dates. <br />
<br />
[https://hob.gseis.ucla.edu/index.html History of the Book, by Johanna Drucker] is a networked resource focused on the production and reception of materials related to the history of the book and literacy technologies, broadly conceived.<br />
<br />
[http://historyofparliamentonline.org History of Parliament] is a research project creating a comprehensive account of parliamentary politics in England, then Britain, from their origins in the thirteenth century. It consists of detailed studies of elections and electoral politics in each constituency, and of closely researched accounts of the lives of everyone who was elected to Parliament in the period, together with surveys drawing out the themes and discoveries of the research and adding information on the operation of Parliament as an institution. Note: it is a work in progress, with some sections more complete than others. <br />
<br />
[http://www.history.ac.uk/history-online/ History On-Line] provides information for historians with details of university lecturers in the UK and the Republic of Ireland, current and past historical research, digital history projects, new books and journals from a range of leading publishers and sources of funding available for researchers in the UK. <br />
<br />
[http://english.nsms.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/ The Holinshed Project] parallel texts edition, furnished with links to each page of Early English Books Online (subscription required). Users can navigate using a variety of entry points. Project overview and history, as well as sample texts, can be found [http://www.cems.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/index.shtml here]. <br />
<br />
[http://www.hookesbooks.com/ Robert Hooke's Books] is an online source on the library of the 17th-century virtuoso Robert Hooke (1635-1703) is an on-going collaboration between Will Poole, Felicity Henderson, and Yelda Nasifoglu who are currently undertaking research on different aspects of Hooke’s work. As it is a work-in-progress, further research notes will be continually added to the database, and new editions of the editors’ Introduction are expected to be released. <br />
<br />
===I===<br />
<br />
[https://www.arts.kuleuven.be/nieuwetijd/english/odis/impressae-women-printers-in-early-modern-antwerp-leuven-and-douai Impressae: Women Printers in Early Modern Antwerp, Leuven, and Douai] reconstructs the lives and work of women printers in Antwerp, Leuven and Douai during two centuries (sixteenth through seventeenth). It contains information about kinship and commercial networks, printing houses and rare books. It contains linked data on more than 1 300 persons, almost 3 700 publications and more than 150 organisations.<br />
<br />
[https://www.vialibri.net/library_search.php International Library Catalogs] from vialibri.net. Provides a list of union and other catalogs from Europe and the United States. Links to sources such as WorldCat, the KVK, and artlibraries.net. <br />
<br />
[http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/ Internet Shakespeare Editions]: information on Shakespeare's texts and life and times. Includes a performance database and the semi-annual online journal ''Scene''.<br />
<br />
[https://www.intoxicantsproject.org Intoxicants & Early Modernity: England, 1580-1714] explores the insight that the period between the introduction of tobacco in the 1570s and the ‘Gin Craze’ of the early eighteenth century was a formative phase in the production, traffic, consumption, and representation of intoxicants.<br />
<br />
===J=== <br />
<br />
[https://minstrels.library.utoronto.ca The JUBA Project: Early Blackface Minstrelsy in Britain 1842-1852], from the University of Toronto, draws together a range of documentation into a database that allows the visitor to access information on the individuals, troupes, and 'acts,' that toured in Britain during these crucial years. <br />
<br />
===K===<br />
<br />
[https://kitmarlowe.org/ The Kit Marlowe Project] created by undergraduate students to offer accessible resources for learning about one of Shakespeare’s most influential contemporaries and collaborators, Christopher Marlowe (Project Director: Kristen Abbott Bennett at Framingham University).<br />
<br />
===L===<br />
<br />
[https://www.layersoflondon.org/ Layers of London] is a map-based history website developed by the Institute of Historical Research.<br />
<br />
[http://www.leibniz-translations.com/index2.php Leibniz Translations] provides full-text translations of the work of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in English translation. <br />
<br />
[http://leme.library.utoronto.ca/ Lexicons of Early Modern English] searches and displays word-entries from monolingual English dictionaries, bilingual lexicons, technical vocabularies, and other encyclopedic-lexical works, 1480-1702. <br />
<br />
[https://www.loc.gov/collections/ Library of Congress Digital Collections]<br />
<br />
[https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/pages/open-access/ Liverpool University Press-Open Access] provides scholarly monographs offered via open-access from a pioneer in OA publishing.<br />
<br />
[https://londonstagedatabase.usu.edu London Stage database] is a searchable version of ''The London Stage'', a key reference work documenting theatrical performances from the reopening of the public playhouses following the English civil wars in 1660 to the end of the eighteenth century. This information has been compiled from the playbills, newspapers and theatrical diaries of the period. <br />
<br />
[http://www.luminarium.org/lumina.htm Luminarium] is an online anthology of English literature from the late Medieval period through the 18th century; texts from out-of-copyright editions.<br />
<br />
===M=== <br />
<br />
[http://manus.iccu.sbn.it/index.php Manus Online] is a database containing catalogue descriptions and digital images of manuscripts, private papers and archives held by Italian public, private and ecclesiastical libraries. The census, launched in 1988, aims to list and catalogue manuscripts written in Latin alphabet from the Middle Ages to date, including private papers and literary archives. <br />
<br />
[https://www.manuscriptcookbookssurvey.org/ Manuscript Cookbooks Survey] includes a database of pre-1865 English-language manuscript cookbooks held in U. S. public institutions as well as a database of kitchen artifacts used at the time these manuscripts were written. <br />
<br />
[https://mpese.ac.uk/ Manuscript Pamphleteering in Early Stuart England]: Before the outbreak of Civil War in 1642, England developed a large, influential and often radical pamphlet literature. This project aims to survey the vast hidden archive of early Stuart England's manuscript pamphlets. Images and transcriptions of many early modern pamphlets are available, in addition to bibliographical descriptions. <br />
<br />
[https://dhil.lib.sfu.ca/mvm/ Manuscript Verse Miscellanies 1700-1820] is a searchable database describing hundreds of manuscript poetry books. Links to First Line Index where relevant, plus lots of metadata about the manuscripts.<br />
<br />
[https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/emwrn/digitalarchive Material Cultures of Early Modern Women's Writing Digital Archive] provides online editions of women's writing that circulated in a variety of forms in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This project draws from manuscript sources as well as print editions, and provides both images and transcriptions of these often multiform texts. <br />
<br />
[https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/ Map of Early Modern London (MoEML)] comprises a digital edition of the 1561 Agas woodcut map of London; an Encyclopedia and Descriptive Gazetteer of London people, places, topics, and terms; a Library of marked-up texts rich in London toponyms; and a versioned edition of John Stow’s Survey of London. <br />
<br />
[http://wroth.latrobe.edu.au/ Mary Wroth's Poetry: An Electronic Edition]: Edited by Paul Salzman, this electronic edition includes a textual introduction, a contextual bibliography, a critical introduction to the poetry of Mary Wroth, and full text of the poems. <br />
<br />
[http://www.medici.org/ The Medici Archive Project]: Documentary Sources for the Arts and Humanities in the Medici Granducal Archive, 1537-1743, is a fully searchable database describing hundreds of volumes of documents in the Medici Granducal Archive (Archivio Mediceo del Principato). <br />
<br />
[http://mdr-maa.org Medieval Digital Resources (MDR)]: The Medieval Academy of America has put together a curated database of peer-reviewed digital materials for the study of the Middle Ages. Users can browse an alphabetical list or search using controlled-vocabulary subject tags to find vetted online resources of many types. Please note that MDR does not include resources that are paywalled or require password access, although some resources may have restrictive use-licenses. <br />
<br />
[https://memorients.com/ Medieval and Early Modern Orients (MEMOs)] is an AHRC-funded project that seeks to further knowledge and understanding of the early interactions between England and the Islamic worlds.<br />
<br />
[https://globalshakespeares.mit.edu/ MIT Global Shakespeares] video and performance archive.<br />
<br />
[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary Middle English Compendium] contains three Middle English electronic resources: the Middle English Dictionary, a Bibliography of Middle English prose and verse, and a Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse. <br />
<br />
[https://digital.library.illinois.edu/collections/810eac30-e3fb-012f-c5b6-0019b9e633c5-e The Motley Collection of Theatre and Costume Design] at the University of Illinois has over 5000 items from more than 150 theatrical productions in England and the United States.<br />
<br />
===N===<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000140237 The National Union Catalog, pre-1956 imprints] are made available through HathiTrust. <br />
<br />
[https://shiplib.org The Nautical Archaeology Digital Library] includes artifact collections, mapping of shipwrecks, maritime exploration, shipbuilding and other resources for international history of sea travel.<br />
<br />
[https://digitalcollections.nypl.org New York Public Library Digital Collections] site provides access to digitized collection materials from the extensive NYPL holdings, touching on all areas within the Folger collecting scope.<br />
<br />
===O===<br />
<br />
[https://openlibrary.org/ Open Library] offers a platform to browse for and read thousands of books.<br />
<br />
[https://ota.ox.ac.uk/ Oxford Text Archive] collects, catalogues, preserves and distributes high-quality digital resources for research and teaching; they currently have thousands of texts in more than 25 languages (some restrictions). Includes a separate catalog of TCP (Text Creation Partnership) items.<br />
<br />
===P=== <br />
<br />
[[List of online resources for early modern English paleography]] was compiled to assist early modern scholars begin to learn to decipher, read, and interpret manuscript materials written in early handwriting. <br />
<br />
[http://ihl.enssib.fr/en/paper-and-watermarks-as-bibliographical-evidence Paper and Watermarks as Bibliographical Evidence] from the Institut d'histoire du livre is a bibliographical guide to texts and images relating to the history of paper and papermaking, mainly comprising the hand-papermaking period. <br />
<br />
[https://vpcp.chass.ncsu.edu/listen-ambient-sounds/ Virtual St. Paul's Cathedral Project/Ambient Noise] is a digital recreation of worship and preaching at St. Paul's Cathedral in early modern London. <br />
<br />
[http://pedagogy-toolkit.org/ Pedagogy Toolkit for English] provides a community-driven resources for digital pedagogy in composition, rhetoric, and literature. <br />
<br />
[https://www.pepysdiary.com/ The Diary of Samuel Pepys] chronicles the daily entries from the famous 17th century London diary. <br />
<br />
[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ Perseus Digital Library] and [https://scaife.perseus.org/library/ Scaife online reader] for classical through early modern literature and artifacts.<br />
<br />
[https://digital.library.illinois.edu/collections/81196b40-e3fb-012f-c5b6-0019b9e633c5-c Portraits of Actors] gathers studio portraits and actors posing in costume, 1720-1920.<br />
<br />
[https://pulterproject.northwestern.edu/ The Pulter Project: Poet in the Making], a "digital collaboration aims at allowing readers to engage with multiple, different representations and readings of Hester Pulter’s striking verse" (from the website).<br />
<br />
===R===<br />
<br />
[https://soundcloud.com/rarebookschool Rare Book School Lectures] are available via approximately 400 Soundcloud podcasts on a wide variety of bibliographical subjects that cover the entire history of books.<br />
<br />
[https://www.r18collective.org/ Re-Activating Restoration & 18th-Century Theatre for the 21st Century] includes video and audio resources and syllabus ideas aimed at assisting instructors. In the longer term, this research consortium will be working with professional theatre artists and companies in the US, Canada, and UK to encourage new productions and convening research workshops and focused conferences at the Newberry Library and Oxford University (open to graduate students and faculty). <br />
<br />
[https://ereed.library.utoronto.ca Records of Early English Drama (REED)] is an international scholarly project that is establishing for the first time the context from which the drama of Shakespeare and his contemporaries grew. Contains transcribed and edited historical documents containing evidence of drama, secular music, and other communal entertainment and ceremony from the Middle Ages until 1642.<br />
<br />
[https://reformation500.csl.edu/ Reformation 500] is an online resource for the commemoration of the Quincentenary of the Reformation in 2017 managed by Concordia Seminary, St. Louis. Here you will find information on important people and events of the Reformation, news and upcoming events, blog posts by a variety of authors offering different perspectives on the Reformation and its significance. <br />
<br />
[https://rekn.org/ Renaissance Knowledge Network] publications address a myriad of topics surrounding the creation of digital projects that display resources related to Renaissance and Early Modern studies. <br />
<br />
[http://myweb.ttu.edu/mkvanda/RPFsite/index.xml Restoration Printed Fiction] is a database from the English Department at Texas Tech University. Including 394 fictions printed between 1660 and 1700 (fiction has been defined broadly here), this database allows users to search for basic information, such as author, title, bookseller, printer, and date, as well as more detailed information, such as whether the text has paratexts like dedications or prefaces. <br />
<br />
[http://guides.library.harvard.edu/friendly.php?s=rinascimento&gid=4877 Rinascimento]: Harvard University's Research Guide for Renaissance Studies. Contains links to databases, websites, and other resources, divided and subdivided by general topical area. <br />
<br />
[https://www.americanheraldry.org/heraldry-in-the-usa/roll-of-early-american-arms A Roll of Early American Arms] from The American Heraldry Society provides descriptions and citations for coats of arms held by Americans before 1825.<br />
<br />
[http://www.itergateway.org/romeo_juliet/ Romeo and Juliet: Searchable Database for Prompt Books] contains information from approximately 170 prompt-books for productions of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. These productions range from the seventeenth century to the 1980s.<br />
<br />
===S=== <br />
<br />
[https://scholarlyediting.org/ Scholarly Editing] is an open-access journal committed to the development and advancement of all aspects of textual editing, including documentary editing. The content published in the journal includes essays, micro editions, reviews of print and digital editions, and teaching materials. The journal’s eclectic, multidisciplinary approach makes it an invaluable resource for anyone interested in the theory, practice, and pedagogy of scholarly editing, including educators, researchers, scholars, historians, archivists, editors, information professionals, and digital humanists.<br />
<br />
[https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/scriptorium Scriptorium: Medieval and Early Modern Manuscripts Online]: A digital archive of manuscript miscellanies and commonplace books from c. 1450-1720. <br />
<br />
[https://shakedsetc.org Shakedsetc.org] provides information and links to digital copies of Shakespeare's works, from the earliest quartos to 18th, 19th, and 20th century editions.<br />
<br />
[https://searchingforshakespeare.co.uk/ Searching for Shakespeare] "provide[s] the ability to view selected objects recovered from the excavations of New Place between 2010 and 2016. These objects are presently housed in the museum collections of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust and most are not readily available to be viewed by the public" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[https://shakeosphere.lib.uiowa.edu/ Shakeosphere] allows users to visualize, map, and explore these social networks in Shakespeare's England and beyond, from 1473-1800. <br />
<br />
[http://bsuva.org/bsuva/promptbook/ 17th Century Shakespearean Prompt Books] from the University of Virginia, with introductions to each book and descriptions of each annotation within the plays. <br />
<br />
[https://www.shakespearealbum.de/en/about.html Shakespeare Album] site presents ''Illustrating the History of Germany's Shakespeare Reception: the Birmingham Photo Album'' convened in 2016 by Academy of Sciences and Literature Mainz. A commemorative digital photo album was created with 109 portraits and autograph signatures of personalities meritorious for having communicated and maintained the interest for Shakespeare in Germany. Consult this resource in combination with German scholar [https://findingaids.folger.edu/dfoleo2002.xml Friedrich August Leo] materials and other [https://findingaids.folger.edu/dfogerman2002.xml German language manuscripts] held by the Folger.<br />
<br />
[https://shakespearecensus.org/ Shakespeare Census] attempts to locate and describe all extant copies of all editions of Shakespeare’s works through 1700, excluding the folios. It includes all items attributed to Shakespeare in print during the period, but not those attributed to him only by modern scholarship, and excludes the Restoration adaptations. <br />
<br />
[https://shakespeare.emory.edu/ Shakespeare and the Players] is an online exhibition and scholarly resource of nearly 1,000 postcards featuring many famous English and American actors who performed Shakespeare’s plays for late Victorian and Edwardian audiences, held at Emory University.<br />
<br />
[https://sharc.kcl.ac.uk Shakespeare in the Royal Collection] is a searchable online catalogue of Shakespeare-related objects in the Royal Collection and an online exhibition.<br />
<br />
[https://about.illinoisstate.edu/shakespeareinsheets/ Shakespeare in Sheets] project recreates the author's early plays and books in printable and foldable sheets of paper. <br />
<br />
[https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/shakespeare Shakespeare Train] is a portion of the [https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/# Ellen Terry and Edith Craig digital archive], available through the University of Essex. It provides a portal to Ellen Terry stage and lecture history and links to the main documentary archive and the [https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/star Search for Theatrical Ancestors] database.<br />
<br />
[https://euppublishing.com/journals/shakespearevirtualissue Shakespeare Virtual Issue (Edinburgh University Press)] is freely accessible and provides a list of hand-picked articles from across their catalogue of journals, dedicated to the Bard, his work and reception across both history and literary studies.<br />
<br />
[http://shalt.dmu.ac.uk/index.html ShaLT: Shakespearean London Theatres]: Histories of early modern theatres, with a map, guides, and films. A joint project of the De Montfort University and the Victoria and Albert Museum. <br />
<br />
[https://thesifter.org/ The Sifter]: A Tool for Food History Research.<br />
<br />
Statutes of the Realm: for statutes from the Magna Carta to 1761, the most efficient place to search is Owen Ruffhead's mid-18th century ''Statutes at Large''. This text can be found in ECCO, and freely available on the Internet Archive: [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef01grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 1: Magna Carta to Henry VI], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef02grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 2: Edward IV to Elizabeth I], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef03grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 3: James I to William and Mary], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef04grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 4: William and Mary to Anne], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef05grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 5: George I to George II], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef06grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 6: George II, con't], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef07grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 7: George II, con't more], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef08grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 8: George II to George III], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef09grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 9: George III con't plus Index]<br />
<br />
===T===<br />
<br />
[http://earlyamericansermons.org/about/ T.E.A.M.S.: Transcribing Early American Manuscript Sermons] is a collaborative scholarly effort to make the voluminous archival record of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century ecclesiastical worship more accessible to academic researchers, pastors, and the general public. This digital archive houses sermons transcribed from the papers of Baptist, Catholic, Congregational, Episcopalian, Presbyterian, and Unitarian ministers who preached up and down the Atlantic coast of North America; it includes the manuscript sermons of white, Native American, and African American preachers. <br />
<br />
[https://theatregoing.wordpress.com/ Theatregoing] is an ongoing survey reproducing eyewitness testimony of seeing theatrical productions, from the sixteenth century to the present day.<br />
<br />
===U===<br />
<br />
[http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/reading/UK/index.php UK RED] or "the Reading Experience Database" explores what United Kingdom residents and British subjects living or travelling abroad read between the invention of the printing press in 1450 and the end of the Second World War in 1945, how, and in what circumstances did they read.<br />
<br />
===V=== <br />
<br />
[http://shakespeareillustration.org/ The Victorian Illustrated Shakespeare Archive] contains over 3000 illustrations from four of the most significant illustrated editions of Shakespeare's works in the Victorian period. All images have been tagged bibliographically and iconographically. <br />
<br />
[https://graphics.cs.wisc.edu/WP/vep/ Visualizing English Print] (from the site) "Our mission is to scale humanist scholarship to ‘big data’ by removing several barriers to statistically analyzing digital Early Modern English texts, like those released by the Text Creation Partnership...This website equips you with the necessary tools to make your own corpora, visually explore them, and download preliminary metadata."<br />
<br />
===W===<br />
<br />
[https://hollar.library.utoronto.ca/ Wenceslaus Hollar Digital Collection]: Digital images from the Fisher Library Collection at the University of Toronto. <br />
<br />
[https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history Westminster Abbey|History] includes short essays on each feature of the Abbey, including entries on each burial or memorial site. <br />
<br />
[https://wwtn.history.qmul.ac.uk/about/ Who Were the Nuns?]: A prosopographical study of the English Convents in exile 1600-1800. Traces the membership of the English convents in exile, from the opening of the first institution in Brussels to the nuns’ return to England as a result of the French Revolution and associated violence. Database provides the membership, family trees, edited documents, maps and analysis of the nuns’ experiences<br />
<br />
[https://digitalprojects.wpi.art/auctions Wildenstein Plattner Institute] has made available digitized auction sales catalogues from pre-1945, numbering over 11,000.<br />
<br />
[https://www.womensbookhistory.org/ Women in Book History: A Bibliography] is a database of secondary sources on women's writing and labor.<br />
<br />
==Subscription Resources Available Off-site== <br />
<br />
These resources, listed by database vendor, are available to registered Folger researchers, via their [https://request.folger.edu/ Online Request Account]. Instructions for accessing each resource may be found in the [[:media:Electronic resources help guide.pdf | Help Guide for Offsite Subscription Resource Access]]. <br />
<br />
'''ProQuest'''<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/264526?ln=en Cecil Papers] archive consists principally of the correspondence of William Cecil, Lord Burghley (1520-1598) and his son, Robert, the 1st Earl of Salisbury (1563-1612). <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/724716?ln=en Early English Books Online (EEBO)] provides digital facsimile page images of works printed in England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and British North America and works in English printed elsewhere from 1473-1700; full-text search of EEBO-TCP Phase 1 and Phase 2. For more information about EEBO, see [[History of Early English Books Online]]. <br />
:[http://proquest.libguides.com/eebopqp Early English Books Online ProQuest Guide]: ProQuest has put together a LibGuide (a help guide) related to the EEBO database, detailing the differences between the old Chadwick-Healey interface and the new ProQuest interface, which exact fields you can search, and other useful information. Please note that while access to this guide is unrestricted, the database itself requires an institutional subscription. <br />
<br />
'''Adam Matthew''' <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/544237?ln=en Early Modern England: Society, Culture & Everyday Life, 1500-1700] brings together documents and objects from seven different archives and libraries to offer insights into the lived experience in England from 1500-1700. Includes a wide range of materials including legal records, family correspondence, administrative records, wills, inventories and commonplace books among others.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/195102?ln=en Literary Manuscripts Online: 17th and 18th Century Poetry from the Brotherton Library, University of Leeds] provides manuscripts of 17th and 18th century English language verse, including first lines, last lines, attribution, author, title, date, length, verse form, content and bibliographic references for over 6,600 poems within the collection. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/356874?ln=en Literary Print Culture: The Stationers' Company Archive] provides documents sourced from the archive of The Worshipful Company of Stationers & Newspaper Makers, including the Stationers' Register, Membership Records, Court Records, and other Company administrative records. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/724714?ln=en Perdita Manuscripts: Women Writers, 1500-1700] features manuscripts written or compiled by women in the British Isles in the 16th and 17th centuries; also includes bibliographic sources. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/724715?ln=en Shakespeare in Performance] is a database from Adam Matthew Digital which features over 1000 fully digitized promptbooks from the Folger collection. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/356873?ln=en Shakespeare's Globe Archive: Theatres, Players, & Performance] documents the performance and construction history of the new Globe and the indoor theatre space of the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse. It includes prompt books, design materials, administrative records of the theatre, and more. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/219141?ln=en Virginia Company Archives] contains transcripts and images of the Ferrar Papers from Magdalene College, Cambridge, and the papers of the Virginia Company. Documents date from approximately 1540-1770. <br />
<br />
'''Gale''' <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/245640?ln=en British Literary Manuscripts Online, Part I: 1660-1990 & Part II: Medieval & Renaissance] facsimile images of literary manuscripts, including letters and diaries, drafts of poems, plays, novels, and other literary works, and similar materials; early 12th century through 1900. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/343865?ln=en British Theatre: Nineteenth Century Collections Online] features a wide range of primary sources related to the arts in the Victorian era, from playbills and scripts to operas and complete scores. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/340547?ln=en Burney Collection Newspapers] is a 17th-18th century collection that contains not only newspapers, but newsbooks, Acts of Parliament, broadsides, pamphlets and proclamations. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/263757?ln=en ECCO (Eighteenth Century Collections Online)] primarily focuses on publications from the British Isles, but does include material from Western Europe and Russia. Access to page images and some full-text search. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/352804?ln=en Nichols Newspapers Collection British Theatre, Music, and Literature: High and Popular Culture] features the newspapers, periodicals, pamphlets and broadsheets that form the Nichols newspaper collection held at the Bodleian library in Oxford, UK. The collection includes approximately 300 primary titles of newspapers and periodicals and 300 pamphlets and broadsheets, covering the period 1672-1737. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/263756?ln=en State Papers Online] provides access to the Calendars, transcript and document images for the Domestic and Foreign State Papers, and Registers of the Privy Council for 1509-1714. <br />
:An overview and general guide to using State Papers Online may be found here: [https://collation.folger.edu/2015/06/state-papers-online-tips-and-tricks-part-1/ Part 1] and [https://collation.folger.edu/2015/07/state-papers-online-tips-and-tricks-part-2/ Part 2] <br />
<br />
'''Cambridge'''<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/544901?ln=en The New Cambridge Shakespeare] provides access to Shakespeare's works together with a wealth of integrated reference material.<br />
<br />
'''Oxford''' <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/118159?ln=en American National Biography] is updated semi-annually with new articles and revisions of previously published entries; contains articles of notable Americans through the mid-twentieth century. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/543559?ln=en The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare] is a searchable, indexed version of the 2nd edition print resource.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/191521?ln=en Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online (DNB Online)] contains biographical information on men and women who have shaped British history and culture, worldwide, from the Romans to the 21st century; updated three time a year. <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/113988?ln=en Oxford English Dictionary]<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/335520?ln=en Oxford Scholarly Editions Online] is an interlinked collection of authoritative Oxford editions of major works from the humanities. Our subscription includes early modern content. <br />
:Following subsets only ([https://www.oxfordscholarlyeditions.com/page/18/title-lists list of titles included in each subset]): <br />
::Early Seventeenth Century Drama<br />
::Early Seventeenth Seventeenth Century Poetry<br />
::Early Seventeenth Seventeenth Century Prose<br />
::Martin Wiggins and Catherine Richardson, British Drama 1533-1642: A Catalogue<br />
::Renaissance Drama<br />
::Renaissance Poetry<br />
::Renaissance Prose<br />
::Shakespeare<br />
<br />
'''BREPOLiS'''<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/232534?ln=en Bibliography of British and Irish History] contains 300,000 records on British and Irish history, including relations with the empire and Commonwealth.<br />
<br />
==Subscription Resources Available On-site== <br />
The following resources will remain on-site access only. Please email reference@folger.edu with questions. <br />
<br />
''American Book Prices Current'': records of books, manuscripts, autographs, maps and broadsides sold at auction, primarily US and UK <br />
<br />
''American Council of Learned Societies Humanities E-Book (HEB)'': E-book records are searchable in [http://hamnet.folger.edu/ Hamnet], with a link to ACLS full-text. All e-books are full-text searchable at ACLS site. <br />
<br />
''American and French Research on the Treasury of the French Language (ARTFL)'' contains French-language texts from the 12th to 20th century, Diderot and d'Alembert's late 18th century ''Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une Société de Gens de lettres'', digitized versions of many ''Bibliothèque Bleue de Troyes'' (17th to mid-19th c.), a searchable version of Montaigne's ''Essais'', and a different search interface for Tufts' Perseus Project (Greek & Latin texts). <br />
<br />
''Archive Grid'' is a service provided by OCLC brings together information about archives, special collections and other collections of manuscripts and papers. <br />
<br />
''Arkyves'': Access to the full Iconclass browser at Arkyves, containing all of the images from the British Book Illustrations project, as well as over 800,000 additional images from a number of institutions all over the world. <br />
<br />
''Bibliography of British and Irish History'' provides bibliographic data on historical writing dealing with the British Isles, and with the British Empire and Commonwealth, during all periods for which written documentation is available - from 55BC to the present. <br />
<br />
''Bibliography of English Women Writers 1500-1640'' currently indexes the works of around 740 female writers and translators. <br />
<br />
''British History Online'': Includes Calendars of State Papers, Domestic and the Calendars of State Papers for Scotland and Ireland, along with the Calendar of Close Rolls. <br />
<br />
''Burke's Peerage and Gentry'': genealogy and heraldry information for the Peerage of the United Kingdom, the historical families of Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations, and royal and distinguished families worldwide. <br />
<br />
''Early English Books Online - Text Creation Partnership (EEBO-TCP)'': encoded electronic text editions of many early print books in Early English Books Online, Eighteenth Century Collections Online, and Evans Early American Imprints. (Now included in the ProQuest version of EEBO.) <br />
<br />
[https://catalog.folger.edu/record/544899?ln=en Drama Online] Core Collection for Arden Shakespeare edition access.<br />
<br />
''FirstSearch: OCLC Databases'': Default database: WorldCat. Select the "Search in database" dropdown to select one of the following databases: ArticleFirst, ClasePeriodica, OCLC Ebooks, OCLC ECO, ERIC, GPO, MEDLINE, OAIster, PapersFirst, Proceedings, WorldAlmanac, WorldCat, WorldCatDissertations. <br />
<br />
''Iter Bibliography'' is a bibliography comprised of secondary source material pertaining to the Middle Ages and Renaissance (400-1700), including citations for books and journal material (articles, reviews, review articles, bibliographies, catalogues, abstracts and discographies), dissertation abstracts, and essays in books (including entries in conference proceedings, festschriften, encyclopedias and exhibition catalogues). <br />
<br />
''Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages & Renaissance'' brings together numerous database sources for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. Some are subscription access only, while others are freely available. <br />
<br />
''Iter Italicum'' is a finding list for Renaissance humanistic manuscripts in libraries and collections all over the world. <br />
<br />
''Loeb Classical Library'': Fourteen centuries of Greek and Latin literature with accurate, literate, English translations on facing pages. And a handy Greek keyboard pop-up. <br />
<br />
''John Milton: A Bibliography (MRTS Online Series)'' attempts to bring together all manuscripts and editions of John Milton's works and all studies and critical statements concerning his life and works, all allusions and quotations, and all significant imitations during the years 1624-1799. <br />
<br />
''Microfilms Database at the Folger Shakespeare Library'' provides an easy way to search the Folger's microfilm collection so that readers may have some form of access to restricted or fragile materials. <br />
<br />
''MLA International Bibliography'' provides citations to journal articles, books, dissertations, and scholarly websites, from 1921 to the present, in academic disciplines such as language, literature, folklore, linguistics, literary theory and criticism, and the dramatic arts. <br />
<br />
''The Newdigate newsletters, Numbers 1 through 2100 (13 January 1673/4 through 11 June 1692)'': thrice-weekly news releases issued by the Secretary of State's office, highlighting matters of interest to the Stuart court. <br />
<br />
''Shakespeare Quarterly (JSTOR)'': Back issues from 1950 through five years before the current issue. <br />
<br />
''Shakespeare Quarterly (Project Muse)'': Back issues for the most recent four years. <br />
<br />
''Understanding Shakespeare (Beta)'' connects Folger Digital Texts with peer-reviewed articles in JSTOR that cite specific plays, scenes, and lines in Shakespeare. <br />
<br />
''Women Writers Online'': a full-text collection of early women’s writing in English which includes full transcriptions of texts published between 1526 and 1850, focusing on materials that are rare or inaccessible. <br />
<br />
''World Shakespeare Bibliography'': indexes Shakespeare-related scholarship and theatrical productions published or produced worldwide since 1960.<br />
<br />
==Other Digital Resources== <br />
<br />
===Twitter Accounts=== <br />
<br />
[https://twitter.com/FolgerLibrary @FolgerLibrary] is the main twitter account for the Folger. <br />
<br />
[https://twitter.com/FolgerResearch @FolgerResearch] covers the research and collections aspects of the Folger. <br />
<br />
[https://twitter.com/FolgerED @FolgerED] is the twitter account for the Folger's Education Department. <br />
<br />
<br />
===Listservs=== <br />
<br />
:[[Folger Institute Commons listserv]] <br />
:[http://crrs.ca/library/resources/ficino-listserv/ Ficino]--An interdisciplinary Renaissance listserv. <br />
:[https://networks.h-net.org/h-albion H-Albion]--The H-Net discussion network for British and Irish history. <br />
:[https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~kcreamer/milton/ Milton-L] <br />
:[http://shaksper.net/ Shaksper]--The global electronic Shakespeare conference. <br />
:[http://www.sharpweb.org/sharp-l/ SHARP-L]--The electronic conference for the history of print culture. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Folger web archives === <br />
<br />
Read the article on [[Web archiving]] for an overview of the Folger's online web presence management. <br />
<br />
[https://archive-it.org/collections/2873 Folger Shakespeare Library Websites and Social Media] <br />
<br />
[https://archive-it.org/collections/2877 Shakespeare Festivals and Theatrical Companies] <br />
<br />
[https://archive-it.org/collections/4511 William Shakespeare's 450th Birthday: Celebrations & Commentary] <br />
<br />
[[Category: Research guides]] <br />
[[Category: Digital Folger]] <br />
[[Category: Reader orientation]] <br />
[[Category: Digital humanities]] <br />
[[Category: Bibliography]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=List_of_digital_resources_at_the_Folger&diff=36259List of digital resources at the Folger2022-06-06T19:23:02Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* S */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article provides a curated list of digital resources—arranged (mostly) alphabetically. This list is alphabetized according to the idiosyncrasies of what the Folger community most commonly calls a resource. If you are having trouble finding a resource, use the search box at the top of the page or your browser's "Find" feature (usually control-F). <br />
<br />
The first sections, arranged alphabetically, contains freely available resources. The second section provides a list of subscription resources available to registered Folger researchers during the time our Reading Room is closed for renovation. The final section is a list of subscription resources that Folger staff will still have access to; please email reference@folger.edu to set up an appointment for access. <br />
<br />
==Folger-created and hosted resources==<br />
<br />
BBI: [https://britishbookillustrations.folger.edu/ British Book Illustrations: Extending Access to 17th-century Visual Culture] is a project of the Folger Shakespeare Library, funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), to digitize and index 10,000 woodcut and engraved illustrations in British and English-language books. <br />
<br />
[http://collation.folger.edu/ The Collation: a gathering of scholarship from the Folger Shakespeare Library] is a blog about Folger collections and resources written by Folger staff and readers. <br />
<br />
[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGERCM1~6~6 Digital Image Collections Database (LUNA)] contains high-quality, high-resolution images of a large number of Folger collection items, divided into six collections (listed below). Users have the ability to store their preferred images in media groups, create presentations, and export images.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~4~4 Bas Relief Image Collection] contains images of the nine bas reliefs that adorn the facade of the Folger Shakespeare Library.<br />
:[[Bindings image collection | Bindings Image Collection]] contains research-quality [https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/BINDINGS~1~1 images of bindings] of aesthetic or historical merit.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~2~2 British Book Illustrations Image Collection] contains the images and raw metadata from the "British Book Illustrations: Extending Access to 17th-century Visual Culture" project (first entry on this list).<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGERCM1~6~6 Digital Image Collection] contains the majority of digitized collection images in the database.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~3~3 Manuscript Transcriptions Collection] contains images from the Folger manuscript collection along with searchable, vetted semi-diplomatic transcriptions.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~1~1 First Folio Image Collection] contains cover-to-cover images with color card and ruler for a number of Folger First Folios.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~5~5 Reference Image Collection] contains cell-phone quality images taken by Folger librarians during the course of their work.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~6~6 Microfilm Image Collection] contains digitized microfilm of Folger materials. <br />
<br />
[https://emed.folger.edu/ EMED]: [[A Digital Anthology of Early Modern English Drama]]: a database of early modern plays ''not'' by Shakespeare, with thirty documentary editions.<br />
<br />
[https://emmo.folger.edu/ EMMO]: [[Early Modern Manuscripts Online]]: transcriptions, images, and metadata of manuscripts from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. <br />
<br />
[http://findingaids.folger.edu/ Finding Aids at the Folger Shakespeare Library] guides users through the extensive manuscript collections with descriptions and lists of items. <br />
<br />
[http://firstlines.folger.edu/ The Union First Line Index of English Verse] enables researchers to locate poems held in seven prestigious collections in the US and UK, including the Folger Shakespeare Library. The Index provides a database of over 224,000 first lines of manuscript and printed verse. [mailto:firstlines@folger.edu firstlines@folger.edu] <br />
<br />
[https://shakespeare.folger.edu/ The Folger SHAKESPEARE] shares the complete works of Shakespeare, edited for modern readers.<br />
<br />
[https://hamnet.folger.edu/ Hamnet], the Folger's online catalog, gives bibliographic information, copy-specific notes, and detailed information—often with links to images—of most of the items in the collection. <br />
<br />
[http://titania.folger.edu/impositor/ Impositor] is an online tool to automatically arrange digital images from the collection into simulated impositions (the laying out of pages into the formes of printed sheets). <br />
<br />
[https://lostplays.folger.edu/Main_Page Lost Plays Database] is a wiki-style forum for scholars to share information about lost plays in England, 1570-1642. <br />
<br />
[http://findingaids.folger.edu/Hand-List_of_Microfilm_and_Selected_Microfiche_Sets.pdf Microfilms Hand-List at the Folger Shakespeare Library] (PDF) is an addition/supplementary list to the microfilm database. Readers are advised to check both places when searching for a microfilm. <br />
<br />
[[Picturing Shakespeare]] was an NEH-funded project to help the Folger digitize thousands of 18th-, 19th-, and early 20th-century images representing Shakespeare’s plays. <br />
<br />
[http://plre.folger.edu/ PLRE.Folger: Private Libraries in Renaissance England] complements the printed volumes of [http://shakespeare.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=56839 Private Libraries in Renaissance England] (PLRE), an ongoing editorial project that has published eight volumes since 1992 in the Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies (MRTS) series. <br />
<br />
[https://shakespearedocumented.folger.edu Shakespeare Documented] is the largest and most authoritative collection of primary-source materials documenting the life of William Shakespeare (1564-1616), bringing together all known manuscript and print references to Shakespeare, his works, and additional references to his family, in his lifetime and shortly thereafter.<br />
<br />
[https://www.folger.edu/shakespeare-unlimited Shakespeare Unlimited Podcast], a "no limits" tour of the connections between Shakespeare, his works, and our world.<br />
<br />
[https://tokenbooks.folger.edu/ The Token Books of St Saviour Southwark] is an in-progress resource developed by William Ingram, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Alan H. Nelson, The University of California, Berkeley. The site makes available information from this rare type of parish record, spanning approximately 1571-1643.<br />
<br />
==Instructional video series==<br />
In the [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkWyVPkA-aEdejPR6-KD5CzJ Folger How-tos: Hamnet Online Catalog] video series, learn valuable tips and tricks to make the most of Hamnet, the Folger online library catalog. <br />
<br />
The [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkW1MqgnonjgpnHOk-QZ3nyd Folger How-tos: Research Essentials] video series includes tips on how to navigate [https://shakespearedocumented.folger.edu/ Shakespeare Documented], use the digital image collections to their maximum potential, and access subscription databases through a research account.<br />
<br />
Watch the [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkVvJifK4yXVethkELPqPvXf State Papers Online] video series to learn navigation tips and tricks for this valuable, but sometimes complicated, online resource. ''Note: State Papers Online, 1509-1714 is made available through an institutional subscription onsite at the Folger Shakespeare Library or through the Folger researcher request system (through 2022). Check your institution’s e-resource subscriptions for local availability.''<br />
<br />
==Freely Available Electronic Resources== <br />
<br />
===A=== <br />
<br />
[http://www.1641.tcd.ie/index.php 1641 Depositions] From Trinity College Dublin (MSS 809-841) are witness testimonies mainly by Protestants, but also by some Catholics, from all social backgrounds, concerning their experiences of the 1641 Irish rebellion. Create a free account to view the depositions. <br />
<br />
[http://www.19thcenturyacts.com/ 19th Century Acts!] showcases different aspects of theatrical performance through mapping and current and historical digital images.<br />
<br />
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/12ptvF-YOhmRIb2OKqAy5l6w7zCscaK8P Association of College and Research Libraries online instruction guides] includes powerpoints, lesson plans, and other resources produced and compiled by [https://ischool.illinois.edu/people/melissa-wong Melissa Wong] of the School of Information Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.<br />
<br />
[https://americanarchive.org/ American Archive of Public Broadcasting]: Discover historic programs of publicly funded radio and television across America. Select Browse for subject browses of Literature, History, Theater and more.<br />
<br />
[http://www.annotatedbooksonline.com/ Annotated Books Online] is a virtual research environment for scholars and students interested in historical reading practices. Create a free account to contribute transcriptions and/or translations of annotations. <br />
<br />
[http://drc.usask.ca/projects/archbook/index.php ArchBook: Architectures of the Book] is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal focusing on specific design features of printed books.<br />
<br />
[https://atlas.lib.uiowa.edu/ Atlas of Early Printing] is an interactive site designed to be used as a tool for teaching the early history of printing in Europe during the second half of the fifteenth century. <br />
<br />
===B===<br />
<br />
[https://beforeshakespeare.com Before Shakespeare] is a project that explores the earliest days of the Elizabethan playhouses, focusing on the mid 16th century London commercial playhouses.<br />
<br />
[https://www.bessofhardwick.org/ Bess of Hardwick's Letters], which number almost 250 items of correspondence, bring to life her extraordinary story and allow us to eavesdrop on her world. Her letters allow us to reposition Bess as a complex woman of her times, immersed in the literacy and textual practices of everyday life, as her correspondence extends from servants, friends and family, to queens and officers of state. <br />
<br />
[http://bibsite.org/ The Bibliographical Society of America] list of resources compiles essays, lists, and other bibliographical materials in aid of bibliographical study. The resource features wide date ranges and ample geographical coverage. <br />
<br />
[https://bibsocamer.org/news/online-instruction-resources-digital-repositories-for-book-history-teaching-more/ The Bibliographic Society of America Online Instruction Resources: Digital Repositories for Book History Teaching, Research, & More] is a static resource that will be updated as new contributions come in.<br />
<br />
[https://www.sharpweb.org/book-history-unbound/category/issues/ Book History UNBOUND] provides supplemental digital humanities materials that supplement print articles in ''Book History'', the journal of the Society for the History of Authorship and Reading (SHARP).<br />
<br />
[https://bookowners.online/Main_Page Book Owners Online] is a directory of historical book owners, with information about their libraries, and signposts to further reference sources. It currently covers seventeenth-century English owners with the potential to be expanded. <br />
<br />
[http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=TR%2fPub%2f1 Bristol Old Vic Playbills]: collection of playbills from the Theatre Royal/Bristol Old Vic, digitized by the Bristol Archive. Covers some 18th century (earliest from 1768), primarily first half of 19th century (1810-1840).<br />
<br />
[https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Default.aspx?_ga=2.95202516.918721450.1602764813-573422282.1602764813 British Library Digitised Manuscripts] includes a wide selected of digital images from manuscripts in the British Library.<br />
<br />
[http://ballads.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ Broadside Ballad Archive] is maintained by the Bodleian Libraries and features the Bodleian's digital collections of ballads, with links to the English Broadside Ballad Archive’s digital presentations of pre-1800 ballads from other libraries, and to the folk song scholarship of the Roud Broadside Index, hosted by the English Folk Dance and Song Society (from the website).<br />
<br />
[https://jcblibrary.org/collection/digital-images The John Carter Brown Library Online Publications] features pdfs of out of print publications by and about The John Carter Brown Library collection. <br />
<br />
[[List of bindings resources]] <br />
<br />
[https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/bookbindings/ Database of Bookbindings: The British Library] <br />
<br />
[http://bookbindingdictionary.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page Bookbinding Dictionary (Multilingual)]: an international dictionary of bookbinding and conservation terms. <br />
<br />
[http://www.borrowers.uga.edu/ Borrowers and Lenders: The Journal of Shakespeare and Appropriation] <br />
<br />
[http://bbti.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/# British Book Trade Index:] The BBTI aims to include brief biographical and trade details of all those who worked in the English and Welsh book trades up to 1851. BBTI includes not only printers, publishers and booksellers but also other related trades, such as stationers, papermakers, engravers, auctioneers, ink-makers and sellers of medicines, so that the book trade can be studied in the context of allied trades. <br />
<br />
[http://www.bpi1700.org.uk/index.html British Printed Images to 1700 (bpi1700)] is a digital library of prints and book illustrations from early modern Britain. <br />
<br />
[http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/ British Universities Film and Video Council: Shakespeare] An International Database of Shakespeare on Film, Television and Radio.<br />
This authoritative online database of Shakespeare-related content in film, television, radio and video recordings is international in scope, is regularly updated and currently holds over 9,000 records dating from the 1890s to the present day.<br />
<br />
===C===<br />
<br />
[https://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/benjonson/ The Cambridge Works of Ben Jonson Online] provides a fully digitized and updated edition of Jonson's complete writings, with editorial and scholarly remarks throughout the texts. <br />
<br />
[https://casebooks.lib.cam.ac.uk The Casebooks Project]: In the decades around 1600, the astrologers Simon Forman and Richard Napier produced one of the largest surviving sets of medical records in history. The Casebooks Project, a team of scholars at the University of Cambridge, has transformed this paper archive into a digital archive. <br />
<br />
[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ Chronicling America] contains fully searchable American historic newspaper pages from 1789-1963. <br />
<br />
[https://theclergydatabase.org.uk Clergy of the Church of England Database 1540-1835] makes available and searchable the principal records of clerical careers from over 50 archives in England and Wales with the aim of providing coverage of as many clerical lives as possible from the Reformation to the mid-nineteenth century. <br />
<br />
[http://www.common-place.org/ Common-Place] is a destination for exploring and exchanging ideas about early American history and culture. A bit less formal than a scholarly journal, a bit more scholarly than a popular magazine, Commonplace speaks—and listens—to scholars, museum curators, teachers, hobbyists, and just about anyone interested in American history before 1900.<br />
<br />
[http://www.english.cam.ac.uk/ceres/ COPIA/CERES (Cambridge English Renaissance Electronic Service)] provides access to manuscripts related to Spenser and resources for early modern English handwriting. <br />
<br />
[http://humanities-research.exeter.ac.uk/womenswork/courtdepositions/ Court Depositions of South West England, 1500-1700] is a digital edition of 80 fully transcribed depositions relating to 20 cases heard in the church courts and Quarter Sessions between 1556 and 1694 across Devon, Hampshire, Somerset and Wiltshire. These depositions or witness statements relate to a range of crimes and offences tried in these two types of courts, from defamation to theft and are rich in detail of social, economic, political and religious life in early modern England. This digital edition has been prepared as part of the Leverhulme-funded project ''Women's Work in Rural England, 1500-1700'' undertaken at the University of Exeter between 2013 and 2018.<br />
<br />
===D=== <br />
<br />
[http://www.treatiseonpainting.org/ Leonardo da Vinci and his Treatise on Painting]: website examining all of the different variations of this text that appeared throughout the centuries; includes extensive bibliography. <br />
<br />
[https://dex.itercommunity.org/ DEx: Database of Dramatic Extracts] DEx is an online, searchable database of dramatic extracts found in seventeenth-century manuscripts. DEx is published by Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages and Renaissance. <br />
<br />
[http://digitalcavendish.org/ Digital Cavendish], a scholarly collaborative, brings together original research, scholarly resources, digital editions, and teaching resources to fill out the world and works of Margaret Cavendish.<br />
<br />
[https://digitalrenaissance.uvic.ca/ Digital Renaissance Editions] "publishes electronic scholarly editions of early English drama and texts of related interest, from late medieval moralities and Tudor interludes, occasional entertainments and civic pageants, academic and closet drama, and the plays of the commercial London theaters, through to the drama of the Civil War and Interregnum." <br />
<br />
[https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php Discography of American Historical Recordings] "a database of master recordings made by American record companies during the 78rpm era. It is part of the American Discography Project (ADP)—an initiative of the University of California, Santa Barbara and the Packard Humanities Institute that is edited by a team of researchers based at the UCSB Library" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[http://deep.sas.upenn.edu/ DEEP (Database of Early English Playbooks)]: searchable bibliography of "every playbook produced in England, Scotland, and Ireland from the beginning of printing through 1660". <br />
<br />
[http://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_h.aspx Dictionary for Library and Information Sciences] is designed as a hypertext reference resource for library and information science professionals, university students and faculty, and users of all types of libraries.<br />
<br />
===E=== <br />
<br />
[http://eada.lib.umd.edu/introduction-to-the-archive/ Early Americas Digital Archive] is a collection of electronic texts and links to texts originally written in or about the Americas from 1492 to approximately 1820, supported by University of Maryland.<br />
<br />
[https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/980096/ Early Modern British Painters] dataset identifies all those men and women who have been identified as painters of any sort working in England, Wales, Scotland or Ireland between the years 1500 and 1640. Compiled by Robert Tittler, Distinguished Professor of History Emeritus at Concordia University, Montreal, and Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. <br />
<br />
[https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/emc/ Early Modern Culture] published works-in-progress by major scholars in early modern studies, along with a set of responses from readers. No longer publishing as of 2019.<br />
<br />
[https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/emdr Early Modern Digital Review] (EMDR) is an online, open-access, and refereed journal publishing high-quality reviews of digital projects related to early modern society and culture. It is committed to productive evaluation of both established digital resources and recent tools and projects. <br />
<br />
[https://extra.shu.ac.uk/emls/journal/index.php/emls Early Modern Literary Studies] is a refereed journal serving as a formal arena for scholarly discussion and as an academic resource for researchers in the areas of English literature, literary culture, and language during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.<br />
<br />
[https://emlot.library.utoronto.ca Early Modern London Theatres] (EMLoT): Information related to professional performance in purpose-built theatres and other permanent structures in the London area. <br />
<br />
[https://www.emlc-journal.org/issue/archive/ ''Early Modern Low Countries''] "a multidisciplinary open access journal dedicated to the study of the early modern Low Countries. We publish state-of-the-art scholarship on any aspect of the turbulent history and vibrant culture of the region from about 1500 to 1830 from a variety of perspectives" (from the website). EMLC appears in two installments annually.<br />
<br />
[https://www.ofpilcrows.com/resources-early-modern-plays-page-and-stage Early Modern Plays on Page & Stage: Online Resources] is a list of resources compiled by Claire M. L. Bourne, Assistant Professor of English at Penn State University.<br />
<br />
[https://earlyprint.org/lab/ Early Print: Text Mining Early Printed English] provides a range of tools for the computational exploration and analysis of English print culture before 1700. <br />
<br />
[http://www.earlyprintedbooks.com/resources/ Early Printed Books, by Sarah Werner] is a companion to her book, ''Studying Early Printed Books, 1450-1800: A Practical Guide''. Intended to be able to be used both alongside and separately from the book, the website is an open-access, freely available resource that can supplement anyone’s explorations of early printed books.<br />
<br />
[http://www.earlystuartlibels.net/htdocs/index.html Early Stuart Libels]: early 17th century English political poetry from the accession of King James I to the outbreak of the English Civil War. <br />
<br />
[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/did/ The Encyclopedia of Diderot & D'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project] provides translations to the famed encyclopedia along with search capabilities and teaching resources.<br />
<br />
[https://www.englandsimmigrants.com/ England's Immigrants] is a database of over 64,000 names of people known to have migrated to England in the period 1350-1550. The information is drawn from a variety of sources, such as taxation assessments, letters of denization and protection, and other licenses and grants. <br />
<br />
[http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ English Broadside Ballad Archive] from the University of California, Santa Barbara, provides access to images and transcriptions of English Broadside Ballads from the long 17th century. <br />
<br />
[http://estc.bl.uk/F/?func=file&file_name=login-bl-estc English Short-Title Catalogue (ESTC)] is a comprehensive, international union catalogue listing early books, serials, newspapers and selected ephemera printed before 1801. For more information on this resource please see [[English Short-Title Catalogue]]. <br />
<br />
[http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Main_Page EuroDocs: Primary Historical Documents from Western Europe] is a repository of links to freely available primary source documents on the web; organized by both geographic area and time period. <br />
<br />
[https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/yexm20/current Exemplaria] is an open access journal that reconsider the methods and aims of scholarship on the medieval and early modern periods, broadly conceived.<br />
<br />
===F=== <br />
<br />
[http://www.johnfoxe.org/ John Foxe’s Book of Martyrs Variorum Edition (TAMO)]: browse and compare the unabridged texts of the four editions of this massive work published in John Foxe’s lifetime (1563, 1570, 1576, 1583).<br />
<br />
[https://library.culinary.edu/primarysources/digitalfoodhistory/ Food History Digital Primary Sources] guide from the Culinary Institute of America.<br />
<br />
===G=== <br />
<br />
[http://gemms.itercommunity.org/index.php GEMMS: Gateway to Early Modern Manuscript Sermons] is a group-sourced online bibliographic database of early modern (1530-1715) manuscript sermons from the UK, Ireland and North America. <br />
<br />
[http://globalmiddleages.org/ Global Middle Ages Project (G-MAP)] is a portal site for digital projects encompassing the Medieval and Early Modern worlds. <br />
<br />
[[Glossary of digital humanities terms]] aims to help both novices and more advanced users of digital tools and approaches understand common terms employed in the digital humanities. <br />
<br />
[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/glossary.asp Glossary of Illuminated Manuscripts:] reproduced and illustrated by the British Library from Michelle P. Brown, ''Understanding Illuminated Manuscripts: A Guide to Technical Terms'' (J. Paul Getty Museum: Malibu and British Library: London, 1994). <br />
<br />
[https://www.gravell.org/ Gravell (The Thomas L. Gravell Watermark Archive)] brings together more than 50,000 watermarks from America and Europe, including 7,500 images collected by American-watermark expert Thomas L. Gravell and about 45,000 unpublished marks documented by Charles-Moise Briquet. <br />
<br />
===H===<br />
<br />
[http://www.hamletworks.org/ Hamlet Works] is "everything you ever wanted to know about ''Hamlet''", a searchable databases of editions and criticism.<br />
<br />
[https://henslowe-alleyn.org.uk/ Henslowe-Alleyn Digitization Project] "has two aims and objectives: first, to protect and conserve these increasingly fragile manuscripts, and, second, to make their contents much more widely available in a free electronic archive and website, not only to specialist scholars but to all those interested in early modern English drama and theatre history, as well as social, economic, regional, architectural, and legal history, and paleography and manuscript studies" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[http://hpb.cerl.org Heritage of the Printed Book Database (HPB)] (formerly called the Hand Press Book Database) is a steadily growing collection of files of catalogue records from major European and North American research libraries covering items of European printing of the hand-press period (c.1455-c.1830) integrated into one file. This makes it possible for information to be retrieved in one single search across all files. (N.b. as of Summer 2016, Folger items are not yet integrated into this database) As of January 2018, this resource is freely available! <br />
<br />
[http://www.arc.id.au/Calendar.html Historical Calendar]: Multi-country historical calendar for the years 1100 to 2100. Allows automatic conversion between Old Style and New Style dates. <br />
<br />
[https://hob.gseis.ucla.edu/index.html History of the Book, by Johanna Drucker] is a networked resource focused on the production and reception of materials related to the history of the book and literacy technologies, broadly conceived.<br />
<br />
[http://historyofparliamentonline.org History of Parliament] is a research project creating a comprehensive account of parliamentary politics in England, then Britain, from their origins in the thirteenth century. It consists of detailed studies of elections and electoral politics in each constituency, and of closely researched accounts of the lives of everyone who was elected to Parliament in the period, together with surveys drawing out the themes and discoveries of the research and adding information on the operation of Parliament as an institution. Note: it is a work in progress, with some sections more complete than others. <br />
<br />
[http://www.history.ac.uk/history-online/ History On-Line] provides information for historians with details of university lecturers in the UK and the Republic of Ireland, current and past historical research, digital history projects, new books and journals from a range of leading publishers and sources of funding available for researchers in the UK. <br />
<br />
[http://english.nsms.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/ The Holinshed Project] parallel texts edition, furnished with links to each page of Early English Books Online (subscription required). Users can navigate using a variety of entry points. Project overview and history, as well as sample texts, can be found [http://www.cems.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/index.shtml here]. <br />
<br />
[http://www.hookesbooks.com/ Robert Hooke's Books] is an online source on the library of the 17th-century virtuoso Robert Hooke (1635-1703) is an on-going collaboration between Will Poole, Felicity Henderson, and Yelda Nasifoglu who are currently undertaking research on different aspects of Hooke’s work. As it is a work-in-progress, further research notes will be continually added to the database, and new editions of the editors’ Introduction are expected to be released. <br />
<br />
===I===<br />
<br />
[https://www.arts.kuleuven.be/nieuwetijd/english/odis/impressae-women-printers-in-early-modern-antwerp-leuven-and-douai Impressae: Women Printers in Early Modern Antwerp, Leuven, and Douai] reconstructs the lives and work of women printers in Antwerp, Leuven and Douai during two centuries (sixteenth through seventeenth). It contains information about kinship and commercial networks, printing houses and rare books. It contains linked data on more than 1 300 persons, almost 3 700 publications and more than 150 organisations.<br />
<br />
[https://www.vialibri.net/library_search.php International Library Catalogs] from vialibri.net. Provides a list of union and other catalogs from Europe and the United States. Links to sources such as WorldCat, the KVK, and artlibraries.net. <br />
<br />
[http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/ Internet Shakespeare Editions]: information on Shakespeare's texts and life and times. Includes a performance database and the semi-annual online journal ''Scene''.<br />
<br />
===J=== <br />
<br />
[https://minstrels.library.utoronto.ca The JUBA Project: Early Blackface Minstrelsy in Britain 1842-1852], from the University of Toronto, draws together a range of documentation into a database that allows the visitor to access information on the individuals, troupes, and 'acts,' that toured in Britain during these crucial years. <br />
<br />
===K===<br />
<br />
[https://kitmarlowe.org/ The Kit Marlowe Project] created by undergraduate students to offer accessible resources for learning about one of Shakespeare’s most influential contemporaries and collaborators, Christopher Marlowe (Project Director: Kristen Abbott Bennett at Framingham University).<br />
<br />
===L===<br />
<br />
[https://www.layersoflondon.org/ Layers of London] is a map-based history website developed by the Institute of Historical Research.<br />
<br />
[http://www.leibniz-translations.com/index2.php Leibniz Translations] provides full-text translations of the work of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in English translation. <br />
<br />
[http://leme.library.utoronto.ca/ Lexicons of Early Modern English] searches and displays word-entries from monolingual English dictionaries, bilingual lexicons, technical vocabularies, and other encyclopedic-lexical works, 1480-1702. <br />
<br />
[https://www.loc.gov/collections/ Library of Congress Digital Collections]<br />
<br />
[https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/pages/open-access/ Liverpool University Press-Open Access] provides scholarly monographs offered via open-access from a pioneer in OA publishing.<br />
<br />
[https://londonstagedatabase.usu.edu London Stage database] is a searchable version of ''The London Stage'', a key reference work documenting theatrical performances from the reopening of the public playhouses following the English civil wars in 1660 to the end of the eighteenth century. This information has been compiled from the playbills, newspapers and theatrical diaries of the period. <br />
<br />
[http://www.luminarium.org/lumina.htm Luminarium] is an online anthology of English literature from the late Medieval period through the 18th century; texts from out-of-copyright editions.<br />
<br />
===M=== <br />
<br />
[http://manus.iccu.sbn.it/index.php Manus Online] is a database containing catalogue descriptions and digital images of manuscripts, private papers and archives held by Italian public, private and ecclesiastical libraries. The census, launched in 1988, aims to list and catalogue manuscripts written in Latin alphabet from the Middle Ages to date, including private papers and literary archives. <br />
<br />
[https://www.manuscriptcookbookssurvey.org/ Manuscript Cookbooks Survey] includes a database of pre-1865 English-language manuscript cookbooks held in U. S. public institutions as well as a database of kitchen artifacts used at the time these manuscripts were written. <br />
<br />
[https://mpese.ac.uk/ Manuscript Pamphleteering in Early Stuart England]: Before the outbreak of Civil War in 1642, England developed a large, influential and often radical pamphlet literature. This project aims to survey the vast hidden archive of early Stuart England's manuscript pamphlets. Images and transcriptions of many early modern pamphlets are available, in addition to bibliographical descriptions. <br />
<br />
[https://dhil.lib.sfu.ca/mvm/ Manuscript Verse Miscellanies 1700-1820] is a searchable database describing hundreds of manuscript poetry books. Links to First Line Index where relevant, plus lots of metadata about the manuscripts.<br />
<br />
[https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/emwrn/digitalarchive Material Cultures of Early Modern Women's Writing Digital Archive] provides online editions of women's writing that circulated in a variety of forms in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This project draws from manuscript sources as well as print editions, and provides both images and transcriptions of these often multiform texts. <br />
<br />
[https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/ Map of Early Modern London (MoEML)] comprises a digital edition of the 1561 Agas woodcut map of London; an Encyclopedia and Descriptive Gazetteer of London people, places, topics, and terms; a Library of marked-up texts rich in London toponyms; and a versioned edition of John Stow’s Survey of London. <br />
<br />
[http://wroth.latrobe.edu.au/ Mary Wroth's Poetry: An Electronic Edition]: Edited by Paul Salzman, this electronic edition includes a textual introduction, a contextual bibliography, a critical introduction to the poetry of Mary Wroth, and full text of the poems. <br />
<br />
[http://www.medici.org/ The Medici Archive Project]: Documentary Sources for the Arts and Humanities in the Medici Granducal Archive, 1537-1743, is a fully searchable database describing hundreds of volumes of documents in the Medici Granducal Archive (Archivio Mediceo del Principato). <br />
<br />
[http://mdr-maa.org Medieval Digital Resources (MDR)]: The Medieval Academy of America has put together a curated database of peer-reviewed digital materials for the study of the Middle Ages. Users can browse an alphabetical list or search using controlled-vocabulary subject tags to find vetted online resources of many types. Please note that MDR does not include resources that are paywalled or require password access, although some resources may have restrictive use-licenses. <br />
<br />
[https://memorients.com/ Medieval and Early Modern Orients (MEMOs)] is an AHRC-funded project that seeks to further knowledge and understanding of the early interactions between England and the Islamic worlds.<br />
<br />
[https://globalshakespeares.mit.edu/ MIT Global Shakespeares] video and performance archive.<br />
<br />
[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary Middle English Compendium] contains three Middle English electronic resources: the Middle English Dictionary, a Bibliography of Middle English prose and verse, and a Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse. <br />
<br />
[https://digital.library.illinois.edu/collections/810eac30-e3fb-012f-c5b6-0019b9e633c5-e The Motley Collection of Theatre and Costume Design] at the University of Illinois has over 5000 items from more than 150 theatrical productions in England and the United States.<br />
<br />
===N===<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000140237 The National Union Catalog, pre-1956 imprints] are made available through HathiTrust. <br />
<br />
[https://shiplib.org The Nautical Archaeology Digital Library] includes artifact collections, mapping of shipwrecks, maritime exploration, shipbuilding and other resources for international history of sea travel.<br />
<br />
[https://digitalcollections.nypl.org New York Public Library Digital Collections] site provides access to digitized collection materials from the extensive NYPL holdings, touching on all areas within the Folger collecting scope.<br />
<br />
===O===<br />
<br />
[https://openlibrary.org/ Open Library] offers a platform to browse for and read thousands of books.<br />
<br />
[https://ota.ox.ac.uk/ Oxford Text Archive] collects, catalogues, preserves and distributes high-quality digital resources for research and teaching; they currently have thousands of texts in more than 25 languages (some restrictions). Includes a separate catalog of TCP (Text Creation Partnership) items.<br />
<br />
===P=== <br />
<br />
[[List of online resources for early modern English paleography]] was compiled to assist early modern scholars begin to learn to decipher, read, and interpret manuscript materials written in early handwriting. <br />
<br />
[http://ihl.enssib.fr/en/paper-and-watermarks-as-bibliographical-evidence Paper and Watermarks as Bibliographical Evidence] from the Institut d'histoire du livre is a bibliographical guide to texts and images relating to the history of paper and papermaking, mainly comprising the hand-papermaking period. <br />
<br />
[https://vpcp.chass.ncsu.edu/listen-ambient-sounds/ Virtual St. Paul's Cathedral Project/Ambient Noise] is a digital recreation of worship and preaching at St. Paul's Cathedral in early modern London. <br />
<br />
[http://pedagogy-toolkit.org/ Pedagogy Toolkit for English] provides a community-driven resources for digital pedagogy in composition, rhetoric, and literature. <br />
<br />
[https://www.pepysdiary.com/ The Diary of Samuel Pepys] chronicles the daily entries from the famous 17th century London diary. <br />
<br />
[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ Perseus Digital Library] and [https://scaife.perseus.org/library/ Scaife online reader] for classical through early modern literature and artifacts.<br />
<br />
[https://digital.library.illinois.edu/collections/81196b40-e3fb-012f-c5b6-0019b9e633c5-c Portraits of Actors] gathers studio portraits and actors posing in costume, 1720-1920.<br />
<br />
[https://pulterproject.northwestern.edu/ The Pulter Project: Poet in the Making], a "digital collaboration aims at allowing readers to engage with multiple, different representations and readings of Hester Pulter’s striking verse" (from the website).<br />
<br />
===R===<br />
<br />
[https://soundcloud.com/rarebookschool Rare Book School Lectures] are available via approximately 400 Soundcloud podcasts on a wide variety of bibliographical subjects that cover the entire history of books.<br />
<br />
[https://www.r18collective.org/ Re-Activating Restoration & 18th-Century Theatre for the 21st Century] includes video and audio resources and syllabus ideas aimed at assisting instructors. In the longer term, this research consortium will be working with professional theatre artists and companies in the US, Canada, and UK to encourage new productions and convening research workshops and focused conferences at the Newberry Library and Oxford University (open to graduate students and faculty). <br />
<br />
[https://ereed.library.utoronto.ca Records of Early English Drama (REED)] is an international scholarly project that is establishing for the first time the context from which the drama of Shakespeare and his contemporaries grew. Contains transcribed and edited historical documents containing evidence of drama, secular music, and other communal entertainment and ceremony from the Middle Ages until 1642.<br />
<br />
[https://reformation500.csl.edu/ Reformation 500] is an online resource for the commemoration of the Quincentenary of the Reformation in 2017 managed by Concordia Seminary, St. Louis. Here you will find information on important people and events of the Reformation, news and upcoming events, blog posts by a variety of authors offering different perspectives on the Reformation and its significance. <br />
<br />
[https://rekn.org/ Renaissance Knowledge Network] publications address a myriad of topics surrounding the creation of digital projects that display resources related to Renaissance and Early Modern studies. <br />
<br />
[http://myweb.ttu.edu/mkvanda/RPFsite/index.xml Restoration Printed Fiction] is a database from the English Department at Texas Tech University. Including 394 fictions printed between 1660 and 1700 (fiction has been defined broadly here), this database allows users to search for basic information, such as author, title, bookseller, printer, and date, as well as more detailed information, such as whether the text has paratexts like dedications or prefaces. <br />
<br />
[http://guides.library.harvard.edu/friendly.php?s=rinascimento&gid=4877 Rinascimento]: Harvard University's Research Guide for Renaissance Studies. Contains links to databases, websites, and other resources, divided and subdivided by general topical area. <br />
<br />
[https://www.americanheraldry.org/heraldry-in-the-usa/roll-of-early-american-arms A Roll of Early American Arms] from The American Heraldry Society provides descriptions and citations for coats of arms held by Americans before 1825.<br />
<br />
[http://www.itergateway.org/romeo_juliet/ Romeo and Juliet: Searchable Database for Prompt Books] contains information from approximately 170 prompt-books for productions of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. These productions range from the seventeenth century to the 1980s.<br />
<br />
===S=== <br />
<br />
[https://scholarlyediting.org/ Scholarly Editing] is an open-access journal committed to the development and advancement of all aspects of textual editing, including documentary editing. The content published in the journal includes essays, micro editions, reviews of print and digital editions, and teaching materials. The journal’s eclectic, multidisciplinary approach makes it an invaluable resource for anyone interested in the theory, practice, and pedagogy of scholarly editing, including educators, researchers, scholars, historians, archivists, editors, information professionals, and digital humanists.<br />
<br />
[https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/scriptorium Scriptorium: Medieval and Early Modern Manuscripts Online]: A digital archive of manuscript miscellanies and commonplace books from c. 1450-1720. <br />
<br />
[https://shakedsetc.org Shakedsetc.org] provides information and links to digital copies of Shakespeare's works, from the earliest quartos to 18th, 19th, and 20th century editions.<br />
<br />
[https://searchingforshakespeare.co.uk/ Searching for Shakespeare] "provide[s] the ability to view selected objects recovered from the excavations of New Place between 2010 and 2016. These objects are presently housed in the museum collections of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust and most are not readily available to be viewed by the public" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[https://shakeosphere.lib.uiowa.edu/ Shakeosphere] allows users to visualize, map, and explore these social networks in Shakespeare's England and beyond, from 1473-1800. <br />
<br />
[http://bsuva.org/bsuva/promptbook/ 17th Century Shakespearean Prompt Books] from the University of Virginia, with introductions to each book and descriptions of each annotation within the plays. <br />
<br />
[https://www.shakespearealbum.de/en/about.html Shakespeare Album] site presents ''Illustrating the History of Germany's Shakespeare Reception: the Birmingham Photo Album'' convened in 2016 by Academy of Sciences and Literature Mainz. A commemorative digital photo album was created with 109 portraits and autograph signatures of personalities meritorious for having communicated and maintained the interest for Shakespeare in Germany. Consult this resource in combination with German scholar [https://findingaids.folger.edu/dfoleo2002.xml Friedrich August Leo] materials and other [https://findingaids.folger.edu/dfogerman2002.xml German language manuscripts] held by the Folger.<br />
<br />
[https://shakespearecensus.org/ Shakespeare Census] attempts to locate and describe all extant copies of all editions of Shakespeare’s works through 1700, excluding the folios. It includes all items attributed to Shakespeare in print during the period, but not those attributed to him only by modern scholarship, and excludes the Restoration adaptations. <br />
<br />
[https://shakespeare.emory.edu/ Shakespeare and the Players] is an online exhibition and scholarly resource of nearly 1,000 postcards featuring many famous English and American actors who performed Shakespeare’s plays for late Victorian and Edwardian audiences, held at Emory University.<br />
<br />
[https://sharc.kcl.ac.uk Shakespeare in the Royal Collection] is a searchable online catalogue of Shakespeare-related objects in the Royal Collection and an online exhibition.<br />
<br />
[https://about.illinoisstate.edu/shakespeareinsheets/ Shakespeare in Sheets] project recreates the author's early plays and books in printable and foldable sheets of paper. <br />
<br />
[https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/shakespeare Shakespeare Train] is a portion of the [https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/# Ellen Terry and Edith Craig digital archive], available through the University of Essex. It provides a portal to Ellen Terry stage and lecture history and links to the main documentary archive and the [https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/star Search for Theatrical Ancestors] database.<br />
<br />
[https://euppublishing.com/journals/shakespearevirtualissue Shakespeare Virtual Issue (Edinburgh University Press)] is freely accessible and provides a list of hand-picked articles from across their catalogue of journals, dedicated to the Bard, his work and reception across both history and literary studies.<br />
<br />
[http://shalt.dmu.ac.uk/index.html ShaLT: Shakespearean London Theatres]: Histories of early modern theatres, with a map, guides, and films. A joint project of the De Montfort University and the Victoria and Albert Museum. <br />
<br />
[https://thesifter.org/ The Sifter]: A Tool for Food History Research.<br />
<br />
Statutes of the Realm: for statutes from the Magna Carta to 1761, the most efficient place to search is Owen Ruffhead's mid-18th century ''Statutes at Large''. This text can be found in ECCO, and freely available on the Internet Archive: [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef01grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 1: Magna Carta to Henry VI], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef02grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 2: Edward IV to Elizabeth I], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef03grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 3: James I to William and Mary], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef04grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 4: William and Mary to Anne], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef05grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 5: George I to George II], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef06grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 6: George II, con't], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef07grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 7: George II, con't more], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef08grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 8: George II to George III], [https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef09grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol. 9: George III con't plus Index]<br />
<br />
===T===<br />
<br />
[http://earlyamericansermons.org/about/ T.E.A.M.S.: Transcribing Early American Manuscript Sermons] is a collaborative scholarly effort to make the voluminous archival record of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century ecclesiastical worship more accessible to academic researchers, pastors, and the general public. This digital archive houses sermons transcribed from the papers of Baptist, Catholic, Congregational, Episcopalian, Presbyterian, and Unitarian ministers who preached up and down the Atlantic coast of North America; it includes the manuscript sermons of white, Native American, and African American preachers. <br />
<br />
[https://theatregoing.wordpress.com/ Theatregoing] is an ongoing survey reproducing eyewitness testimony of seeing theatrical productions, from the sixteenth century to the present day.<br />
<br />
===U===<br />
<br />
[http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/reading/UK/index.php UK RED] or "the Reading Experience Database" explores what United Kingdom residents and British subjects living or travelling abroad read between the invention of the printing press in 1450 and the end of the Second World War in 1945, how, and in what circumstances did they read.<br />
<br />
===V=== <br />
<br />
[http://shakespeareillustration.org/ The Victorian Illustrated Shakespeare Archive] contains over 3000 illustrations from four of the most significant illustrated editions of Shakespeare's works in the Victorian period. All images have been tagged bibliographically and iconographically. <br />
<br />
[https://graphics.cs.wisc.edu/WP/vep/ Visualizing English Print] (from the site) "Our mission is to scale humanist scholarship to ‘big data’ by removing several barriers to statistically analyzing digital Early Modern English texts, like those released by the Text Creation Partnership...This website equips you with the necessary tools to make your own corpora, visually explore them, and download preliminary metadata."<br />
<br />
===W===<br />
<br />
[https://hollar.library.utoronto.ca/ Wenceslaus Hollar Digital Collection]: Digital images from the Fisher Library Collection at the University of Toronto. <br />
<br />
[https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history Westminster Abbey|History] includes short essays on each feature of the Abbey, including entries on each burial or memorial site. <br />
<br />
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[[Category: Bibliography]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=Henderson_collection&diff=35967Henderson collection2022-02-03T14:33:14Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: fixed url</p>
<hr />
<div>The "William Henderson collection of playbills, etc.," known as the Henderson collection and part of a larger [[Playbill collection]], consists of over 8,000 items (chiefly 7,188 playbills) concerning music on the British stage, Shakespeare, stage adaptations of Sir Walter Scott's works, and Scottish plays (including plays with Scottish characters). It was assembled by music printer and composer William Henderson (1831-1891) some time before 1889. Henry and Emily Folger purchased it at the [[Augustin Daly]] dispersal sale of March 19, 1900. <br />
<br />
== Collection scope and contents ==<br />
<br />
The collection is made up of 70 boxed unbound folio "volumes" divided into 4 topical series: Series 1: "Music on the British stage" (Mus 1-23), Series 2: "Shakespeare" (Sh 1-23), Series 3: "Waverley" (W 1-15), and Series 4: "Scotch plays" (Sc 1-9). <br />
<br />
[[File:Heart of Mid-Lothian.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Playbill from July 7, 1821 production of ''The Heart of Mid-Lothian''.]]<br />
<br />
While the majority of playbill collections are amassed by theater, by period, or are concerned with the careers and tastes of individuals, the Henderson collection is arranged by type or genre. There are some specialized collections, for example, of music hall or circus materials, but Henderson's 19th century attempt at illustrating the progress of "Music on the British Stage" is unique and, particularly given his profession, worthy of closer study. Similarly, the Shakespeare section provides scholars with unparalleled opportunities for comparative studies of production styles and performance trends. A typed list of playbills in the Shakespeare series is kept in a binder at the Reading Room desk, and is also [https://hamnet.folger.edu/other/Henderson_Shx_Playbill_List.pdf available as a PDF].<br />
<br />
== Finding aid to the Henderson Collection playbills in the Waverley section== <br />
<br />
In ''Scott Dramatized'', H. Philip Bolton described the Henderson Collection at the [[Folger Shakespeare Library]] as “the premiere assortment of Scott-derived playbills in the world.”<ref>[http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=69468 H. Philip Bolton, ''Scott Dramatized''. London: Mansell Publishing, 1992: xi]</ref>. According to a computer analysis conducted by Dr. Barbara Bell, the Henderson Waverley collection is a representative sample of all of the Scott adaptations in the UK in the 19th century. So, while the Waverley section of the Henderson Collection does not represent the totality of performances in the United Kingdom derived from the works of Sir Walter Scott during the nineteenth century, its size and depth provide an accurate record of Scott’s popular reputation within the theater. Consisting of over 1,300 playbills from the UK and the West Indies, the extent of the Waverley section of the collection allows for investigation into multiple aspects of adaptations of Scott’s novels, English and Scottish theater of the era, and of the people involved in the Scott adaptations, including composers, playwrights, actors, and actresses. <br />
<br />
Use the complete [[:File:Henderson Finding Aid Complete.pdf|finding aid]].<br />
<br />
=== Initial survey by Dr. Barbara Bell ===<br />
<br />
To read her in-depth work on the Henderson Collection playbills, please read Dr. Bell's article [[Using digital methodologies to study nineteenth-century playbills|‘The bills of the day’: Using Digital Methodologies to Unlock Information Hidden within the Nineteenth-century Playbill]].<br />
<br />
In 1988, while a Ph.D. student at the University of Glasgow, Barbara Bell began to compile the first annotated survey of the Waverley section of the Henderson collection. Bell’s goal was the creation of an electronic dataset of all nineteenth-century stage adaptations of Walter Scott’s works in nineteenth-century Scotland, comprising information derived from over 35,000 playbills. She ultimately created a fully-analyzable electronic database for the Scottish Theatre Archive at the University of Glasgow, representing more than 30,000 nights of performance in over 280 theaters.<ref> Barbara Bell. ''Nineteenth-century Stage Adaptations of the Works of Sir Walter Scott on the Scottish Stage: 1810-1900''. An unpublished Ph.D. thesis submitted to Glasgow University, April 1991. Only this printout remains, as a consequence of the loss of the database on the University mainframe computer.</ref> Initially housed on a mainframe computer at the University of Glasgow, the electronic data of Bell’s efforts were subsequently lost. Thus, until now, the results of her work are no longer available in digital form but contained only in printouts housed at the University of Glasgow. Dr. Bell also printed out the portion of her larger database comprising the Waverley and Scottish sections of the Henderson collection for the Folger Shakespeare Library (1300+ items). The printout of the Waverley section of the Henderson Collection is the basis for the new digital finding aid. <br />
<br />
As Dr. Bell points out, “when one wishes to go beyond an apt illustration, to reveal any single playbill as containing evidence of significant managerial practices or cultural trends…one comes up against the challenge of dealing with bills in the quantity that will allow such practices and trends to be identified with any degree of confidence.” Dr. Bell conducted a number of analyses on the larger dataset before it was erased.<ref> The software used was Famulus77, designed for bibliographic records. The project ran on Glasgow University’s mainframe computer, an ICL3980. Today a laptop could perform the same functions.</ref> The Waverley section of the Henderson Collection, found to be representative of the whole, was used to help formulate relevant search terms and assess the results derived from the larger study. <br />
<br />
The body of Scott adaptations is particularly significant for theater history for a number of reasons, not least because they “provided a major impetus for the eventual abolition of the Theatre Patent, by gifting the burgeoning Minor theatre industry with a semi-legitimate repertoire with which they could compete with the Patent Houses.” Scott adaptations in the 19th century inaugurated the Scottish National Drama and essentially defined the genre. Bell’s analyses showed, for example, that “at the height of its popularity, works drawn from Scott appeared on the Scottish stage one night in three. They were done by every theatre and company from the Patent houses to the smallest travelling bands, and every audience saw largely the same Scott originals in their stage versions. By drawing out the frequency of performance and also the variety of that performance, noting not only when Scott dramas were performed but the variety of works from which they came, the ‘shape’ of the place within the repertoire held by this material emerged from the mass. Further, it became possible to see phases of usage affecting the choices being made about the pieces by theatre managers.”<ref>Bell, pp. 7-8</ref><br />
<br />
== Format of the finding aid ==<br />
<br />
In order to produce multiple access points to the information contained on the individual playbills, Bell encoded each playbill according to the fields described below. These fields are retained in the finding aid, which is formatted in PDF and so accommodates simple searches. It will guide subsequent efforts to convert the Waverley collection as well as Bell’s Glasgow printout back into an electronic database.<br />
<br />
;THEA<br />
:performance venue; In some instances, the theater was assigned by Barbara Bell based on evidence within the playbill. Assigned theaters are indicated with [A].<br />
;DATE<br />
:date of performance<br />
;TYPE<br />
:genre of production as shown on playbill<br />
;ACTS<br />
:number of acts. Compressed or truncated works are noted in the SPEC field.<br />
;MAIN<br />
:title of main production as shown on playbill<br />
;SUPP<br />
:title or description of supplementary production preceding main performances or after it.<br />
;AUTH<br />
:playwright of main production as shown on playbill<br />
;COMP<br />
:composer of main production or of specific elements (e.g. medley overtures)<br />
;WORK<br />
:title of Scott novel/poem from which main production derived. “Alien” signifies instances where title is in doubt.<br />
;BILL<br />
:identification number assigned by Folger staff in preparation for Barbara Bell's research; identification letter(s) assigned by Barbara Bell. The “W” indicates that the playbill is part of the Waverley section of the Henderson Collection.<br />
;FORD<br />
:catalogue entry in Richard Ford’s [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=66254 ''Dramatisations of Scott’s Novels'' (Oxford: Oxford Bibliographical Society, 1979)].<br />
;LEAD<br />
:cast list and roles. Whereas H. Philip Bolton includes the entire cast, Bell concentrated on the major roles only.<br />
;SONG<br />
:songs and performers in main or supplementary productions. Bell also included instances of Scottish music/overtures/songs also mentioned on the playbills.<br />
;SPEC<br />
:special features of playbill, which may include: days of week of performances; references to benefits, royalty and others in attendance; new scenery, music, and costumes; notable additional performances, e.g., acrobats, equestrian, juveniles, etc.; cross-dressing by cast members.<br />
<br />
== Using the finding aid ==<br />
<br />
Six main thematic points stand out as areas of interest, which are summarized according to Barbara Bell’s original fields:<br />
#Venues<br />
#Timeline of performances<br />
#Types of performances<br />
#Titles of plays and adaptations<br />
#Individuals<br />
#Special features of playbills<br />
<br />
=== Venues ===<br />
<br />
Major theaters in Edinburgh and London are well-represented within the Waverley section, including the Theatre Royal in Edinburgh, Covent Garden, and Drury Lane in London. More obscure and minor venues, particularly in London are also included. The collection’s real strength, however, lies in the breadth and range of the provincial bills. Bills from major provincial cities are interspersed with examples from towns and villages all over Britain. Certain areas are underrepresented, like Glasgow, Leeds and Birmingham, but very few places are omitted entirely. There are also a few “exotic” items, notably a series of bills from Demerara, as well as at least one American performance in Boston in 1833.<br />
<br />
=== Timeline of performances ===<br />
<br />
The earliest playbills with verified dates include performances based on Scott’s poems ''Marmion'' and ''The Lady of the Lake'' from the 1810s. <br />
[[File:Marmion.jpg|300px|thumb|Playbill for a production of ''Marmion''.]]<br />
Well over half of the playbills in the Waverley section date from the 1820s and 1830s, during Scott’s most popular years and following his death. Analysis of the dates of performances derived from individual works provides information charting the popularity of those specific works. The last three decades represented in the Henderson Collection show a dramatic downturn in the number of playbills. However, whether this reflects the decline of the popularity of Scott’s works on the stage or changes in William Henderson’s collecting interests cannot be determined.<br />
<br />
=== Types of performances ===<br />
<br />
Performances of Scott’s works ranged from burlesque shows in West End music halls to grand operas such as Donizetti’s ''Lucia di Lammermoor''. The extent to which Scott was adapted across varying types of theater and performances is highlighted in the playbills in the Henderson Collection, illustrating the wide appeal Scott held. <br />
<br />
Locations of performances can be viewed as a determining factor in the types of presentations produced. The size and resources of theaters could affect whether a reading of individual scenes or a larger production could be staged. The extent to which music played a role in particular productions is also seen by the inclusion of lists of songs within the playbills. <br />
<br />
=== Titles of Scott’s works and derivatives ===<br />
<br />
Performances documented in the Henderson Collection include those directly based on Scott’s works, as well as those more loosely derived from his novels and poems. ''Guy Mannering'' and ''Rob Roy'' represent the most popular titles reflected in the playbills. Barbara Bell’s original encoding of the playbills allows for research into the various titles based on Scott’s works and how those works were transformed by adaptations. For example, Daniel Terry’s popular adaption, ''Guy Mannering; or The Gipsy’s Prophecy'' is well-represented in the collection, perhaps hinting at the importance of the characters of Meg Merrilies and Dandie Dinmont within adaptations of Scott’s second novel. Performances were sometimes based on single works, whereas others were combinations of scenes from various Scott titles. First night performances of works, such as the 25 January 1820 Covent Garden production of Terry’s adaptation of ''The Antiquary'' are also found within the collection.<br />
<br />
=== Individuals ===<br />
<br />
At the heart of the Waverley section of the Henderson Collection is Sir Walter Scott himself. Yet the numerous individuals from playwrights to composers to performers who brought his works to the dramatic stage were often integral to the success of particular productions. Adaptations by the playwright Daniel Terry for ‘’Guy Mannering’’ are prevalent throughout the collection, illustrating his close association with Scott and his works. Others, such as Thomas Dibdin and Isaac Pocock, and the English composer Henry Bishop, are also well-represented, as are works composed by Donizetti and Berlioz.<br />
<br />
The performances of Scott’s work presented a who’s who of dramatic actors and actresses from the British and Scottish theater. Prominent throughout the collection are depictions by noted performers such as Henry Siddons, Harriet Siddons, Charles Kemble, Lucia Vestris, Thomas P. Cooke, and Julia Nicol, Charles Mackay, among others.<br />
<br />
Where casts and/or songs from a performance mirrored those from earlier dates in that performance’s run, Bell indicated these duplicates by using “As in” or “See” and the referenced date of performance in place of a re-listing of the cast or song. Searches for particular individuals or songs across performances should bear this in mind.<br />
<br />
=== Special features of playbills ===<br />
<br />
Various qualitative aspects of specific performances are included in the SPEC field as outlined by Barbara Bell. Information contained within this field provides a view into the value placed upon certain aspects of individual performances as well as the larger repertoire of Scott’s works by theater managers, performers, and audiences. According to Bell, the field includes material coded for access, including benefit performances and visits by royalty and visiting foreign leaders. At least two performances held in honor of Scott around the time of his death (bills W12:127 and W15:97) are found in the Waverley Henderson Collection. The information contained in the notes field also allows for investigation of other forms of entertainment found on British stages of the nineteenth century, such as equestrian performances. Issues of race and ethnicity are seen in the presentation of a play (W4:38) in which “Native American Indian warriors,” actual members of the Seneca nation, performed, and a performance by the “Negro melodist” Piccaninny Colman (W10:129R), performing in blackface.<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
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<br />
=== Production of finding aid and plans for the future of the database ===<br />
<br />
Thanks to receipt of a Fulbright Fellowship by Molly Anne Rothenberg, Professor of English at Tulane University, Bell’s work was transformed to electronic text in 2014 in order to create a finding aid at the Folger Shakespeare Library. Plans are underway to transform the finding aid into an electronic database on which complex analyses can be performed. This database will then serve as the template for the conversion of the Bell printout of all Scottish adaptations of Scott, currently held at the University of Glasgow.<br />
<br />
Encoding and presentation of the information derived from individual playbills within the Henderson Collection will allow for a dynamic analysis of varied points of access for researchers. As opposed to a traditional electronic finding aid focusing on the arrangement and description of the collection contents, or handlists and catalogues compiled by scholars such as H. Philip Bolton and Richard Ford, the goal of the database design is its use as a research tool that will allow for the generation of aggregated data and sophisticated analysis. The database of the Waverley playbills provides the means for examination of the various fields of information contained within the playbills and allows for the identification and interpretation of trends and patterns across the various fields. <br />
<br />
Dr. Bell has published some of her analyses of the complete collection, produced before her database was lost; in these articles, the power of analyses of such aggregated data becomes visible, making clear the importance of reproducing the original database.<br />
<br />
===== Acknowledgments =====<br />
<br />
The Folger Shakespeare Library granted Professor Molly Anne Rothenberg readership in fall 2005, at which time she was introduced to the Henderson collection and the Bell printout by then Curator of Art and Special Collections, Erin Blake. In 2014, Professor Rothenberg dedicated some of her funding from the Weiss Presidential Fellowship for Undergraduate Teaching at Tulane University to creating an electronic version of the Bell printout, as a thank-you gift to the Folger. With the cooperation of Erin Blake and Eric Johnson at the Folger, Professor Rothenberg initiated a Fulbright Fellowship project to include the production of an online finding aid for the Waverley section of the Henderson collection as well as to establish collaborative ties with the director of the Corson Collection of Walter Scott materials and the Walter Scott Digital Archive, Dr. Paul Barnaby. The successful application to the Fulbright would not have been possible without guidance from Professors Evan Gottlieb (Oregon State University) and Tara Ghoshal Wallace (George Washington University). Professor Rothenberg is extremely grateful to Professor Penny Fielding and her colleagues at the School of Literatures, Languages, and Cultures at the University of Edinburgh for supporting her Fulbright application and providing so many collegial opportunities around the project. She gives special thanks to Dr. Paul Barnaby, editor of the Walter Scott Digital Archive at Edinburgh University Library, for his guidance. We are grateful to the librarians at the National Library of Scotland for their expertise. Patrick Henry, doctoral student at GWU, assisted Professor Rothenberg in the initial survey of the Waverley collection, photographed the Bell printout, established the protocol for producing the finding aid, and began the painstaking work of digitization. Chris Harter, Director of Library and Reference Services at the Amistad Research Center, completed more than half of the digitization and collaborated on the writing of the Folgerpedia article. None of this work would have been possible without the pioneering efforts of Dr. Barbara Bell, who not only performed all of the initial work but also has provided the history of her involvement with the Henderson collection as well as analyses of the data contained therein.<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
<br />
Bell, Barbara. [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=106250 “The Nineteenth Century” in Bill Findlay (ed.), ''A History of Scottish Theatre''. Edinburgh: Polygon, 1998.]<br />
<br />
Bell, Barbara. “‘The bills of the day’: Using Digital Methodologies to Unlock Information Hidden within the Nineteenth-century Playbill.”<br />
<br />
The collection was described the brief article [http://books.google.com/books?id=H-8GAAAAYAAJ&lpg=PA76&ots=qFgmAhc2bS&dq=scottish%20notes%20and%20queries%20october%201889%20a%20library%20of%20old%20playbills&pg=PA76#v=onepage&q=scottish%20notes%20and%20queries%20october%201889%20a%20library%20of%20old%20playbills&f=false "A Library of Old Playbills"] in ''Scottish Notes and Queries'' for October 1889, pages 76-77.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Collection]]<br />
[[Category: Playbills]]<br />
[[Category:19th century]]<br />
[[Category: Plays]]<br />
[[Category: Non-Shakespearean drama]]<br />
[[Category: Research guides]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=List_of_digital_resources_at_the_Folger&diff=35929List of digital resources at the Folger2022-01-07T15:05:56Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* M-O */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article provides a curated list of digital resources—arranged (mostly) alphabetically. This list is alphabetized according to the idiosyncrasies of what the Folger community most commonly calls a resource. If you are having trouble finding a resource, use the search box at the top of the page or your browser's "Find" feature (usually control-F). <br />
<br />
The first sections, arranged alphabetically, contains freely available resources. The second section provides a list of subscription resources available to registered Folger researchers during the time our Reading Room is closed for renovation. The final section is a list of subscription resources that Folger staff will still have access to; please email reference@folger.edu with questions. <br />
<br />
==COVID-19 and online instruction== <br />
Institutions and vendors have opened some access to digital resources (including subscriptions) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The following list points to various gateways that have compiled these resources. These instructional tips and links are appropriate for instructors at every level, including, but not limited to, college and university faculty and information professionals. The Folger response, including offering virtual reference appointments and other institutional resources can be found on our research blog, [https://collation.folger.edu/2020/03/strange-new-world/ The Collation]. This list will continue to be updated.<br />
<br />
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/12ptvF-YOhmRIb2OKqAy5l6w7zCscaK8P Association of College and Research Libraries online instruction guides]<blockquote>Powerpoints, lesson plans, and other resources produced and compiled by [https://ischool.illinois.edu/people/melissa-wong Melissa Wong] of the School of Information Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</blockquote><br />
[https://bibsocamer.org/news/online-instruction-resources-digital-repositories-for-book-history-teaching-more/ Bibliographic Society of America Online Instruction Resources: Digital Repositories for Book History Teaching, Research, & More]<blockquote>This list of resources was crowdsourced from Twitter at the initiative of Dr. [https://www.colby.edu/directory/profile/megan.cook/ Megan L. Cook] of Colby College. The Bibliographical Society of America offers this page as a static resource that will be updated as new contributions come in.</blockquote>[https://blog.history.ac.uk/2020/03/british-history-online-makes-all-research-content-free-to-individual-users/ British History Online opens content] through July 31, 2020<blockquote>This platform offers a digital collection of key printed primary and secondary sources for the history of Britain and Ireland, and the British world, with a special focus on the period 1300 to 1800. The BHO collection includes over 1,280 volumes of primary content and secondary sources.</blockquote><br />
[https://www.ofpilcrows.com/resources-early-modern-plays-page-and-stage Early Modern Plays on Page & Stage: Online Resources]<blockquote>List of resources compiled by Claire M. L. Bourne, Assistant Professor of English at Penn State University.</blockquote><br />
[https://euppublishing.com/journals/shakespearevirtualissue Edinburgh University Press Shakespeare Virtual Issue]<blockquote> This freely accessible issue provides a list of hand-picked articles from across their catalogue of journals, dedicated to the Bard, his work and reception across both history and literary studies. All articles are free to access until the end of 2020.</blockquote><br />
Fair use: [https://tinyurl.com/tvnty3a Public Statement of Library Copyright Specialists: Fair Use & Emergency Remote Teaching & Research (March 13, 2020)]<blockquote>Written by copyright specialists at colleges, universities, and other organizations supporting higher education in the U.S. and Canada who work every day with faculty, staff, and librarians to enable them to make ethical and legal choices about copyright issues in online teaching. </blockquote>[https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/pages/open-access/ Liverpool University Press-Open Access]<blockquote>Scholarly monographs offered via open-access from a pioneer in the OA publishing world.</blockquote>[https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/worksheets National Archives and Records Administration]<blockquote>Offered by the United States National Archives, this site features worksheets for primary and secondary students to walk them through the analysis of primary-source documents.</blockquote>[https://archive.org/details/nationalemergencylibrary National Emergency Library (Internet Archive)]<blockquote>A collection of books that supports emergency remote teaching, research activities, independent scholarship, and intellectual stimulation while universities, schools, training centers, and libraries are closed.</blockquote><br />
[https://openlibrary.org/ Open Library]<blockquote>Need something to read (from textbooks to classic fiction)? The Open Library offers a platform to browse for and read thousands of books.</blockquote><br />
[https://bit.ly/ILPandemicPedagogy Pandemic Pedagogy], for quick thinking online instruction<blockquote>Tools and resources for those practicing library instruction at a distance. Lists tools that work for annotation, collaboration, and communication along with ideas for self-care.</blockquote><br />
[https://pennpress.typepad.com/pennpresslog/ Penn Press books and journals (University of Pennsylvania)]<blockquote>The University of Pennsylvania Press is pleased to announce that all content available through the Press’s digital publishing partners will be made accessible at no cost to consumers. This decision to make digital content freely accessible reflects Penn Press’s key role in supporting the international academic community as it endeavors to perform the vital work of research, discovery, and education under current global circumstances. The Press is able to provide this accessibility for scholars and readers with the support of its digital publishing partners: DeGruyter, EBSCO, MUSE, and ProQuest.</blockquote>[https://about.muse.jhu.edu/resources/freeresourcescovid19/#freepublishers Project Muse]<blockquote>Project MUSE has made scholarly content temporarily available for free on their platform to support the online learning environment in which many higher education institutions suddenly finds themselves. Offers easy access to vetted research in the humanities and social sciences, from a variety of distinguished university presses, societies, and related not-for-profit publishers, will help to support teaching, learning, and knowledge discovery for users worldwide.</blockquote><br />
[https://tinyurl.com/AccessDuringCOVID-19 Publishers & Vendors Offering Access for Distance Learning & Research During COVID-19]<blockquote>Originally developed for University of Notre Dame faculty, this Google Doc offers a list of vendors and publishers offering permissive or open resource availability during the COVID-19 pandemic.</blockquote>[https://soundcloud.com/rarebookschool Rare Book School Lectures] via Soundcloud<blockquote>Some 400 Soundcloud podcasts on a wide variety of bibliographical subjects that cover the entire history of books.</blockquote><br />
[https://bitly.com/TPSVIRT Teaching with Primary Sources Community Crowdsource for Moving Archival and Special Collections Instruction Online]<blockquote>The Teaching with Primary Sources (TPS) Community offers resources for Special Collections librarians to teach digital primary sources; includes lots of best practices, including how to use different technologies.</blockquote><br />
[http://udlguidelines.cast.org/ Universal Design Learning Guidelines]<blockquote>These offer concrete suggestions that can be applied to any discipline or domain to ensure that all learners can access and participate in meaningful, challenging learning opportunities.</blockquote><br />
<br />
==Folger-created and hosted resources==<br />
<br />
BBI: [https://britishbookillustrations.folger.edu/ British Book Illustrations: Extending Access to 17th-century Visual Culture] is a project of the Folger Shakespeare Library, funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), to digitize and index 10,000 woodcut and engraved illustrations in British and English-language books. <br />
<br />
[http://collation.folger.edu/ The Collation: a gathering of scholarship from the Folger Shakespeare Library] is a blog about Folger collections and resources written by Folger staff and readers. <br />
<br />
[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGERCM1~6~6 Digital Image Collections Database (LUNA)] contains high-quality, high-resolution images of a large number of Folger collection items, divided into six collections (listed below). Users have the ability to store their preferred images in media groups, create presentations, and export images.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~4~4 Bas Relief Image Collection] contains images of the nine bas reliefs that adorn the facade of the Folger Shakespeare Library.<br />
:[[Bindings image collection | Bindings Image Collection]] contains research-quality [https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/BINDINGS~1~1 images of bindings] of aesthetic or historical merit.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~2~2 British Book Illustrations Image Collection] contains the images and raw metadata from the "British Book Illustrations: Extending Access to 17th-century Visual Culture" project (first entry on this list).<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGERCM1~6~6 Digital Image Collection] contains the majority of digitized collection images in the database.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~3~3 Manuscript Transcriptions Collection] contains images from the Folger manuscript collection along with searchable, vetted semi-diplomatic transcriptions.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~1~1 First Folio Image Collection] contains cover-to-cover images with color card and ruler for six Folger First Folios: <br />
::number [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=78980 19] <br />
::number [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=78406 22] <br />
::number [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=78570 33] <br />
::number [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=78614 38] <br />
::number [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=79278 43]<br />
::number [https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/72g9x0 44]<br />
::number [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=79305 54]<br />
<br />
[https://emed.folger.edu/ EMED]: [[A Digital Anthology of Early Modern English Drama]]: a database of early modern plays ''not'' by Shakespeare, with thirty documentary editions.<br />
<br />
[https://emmo.folger.edu/ EMMO]: [[Early Modern Manuscripts Online]]: transcriptions, images, and metadata of manuscripts from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. <br />
<br />
[http://findingaids.folger.edu/ Finding Aids at the Folger Shakespeare Library] guides users through the extensive manuscript collections with descriptions and lists of items. <br />
<br />
[http://firstlines.folger.edu/ The Union First Line Index of English Verse] enables researchers to locate poems held in seven prestigious collections in the US and UK, including the Folger Shakespeare Library. The Index provides a database of over 224,000 first lines of manuscript and printed verse. [mailto:firstlines@folger.edu firstlines@folger.edu] <br />
<br />
[https://shakespeare.folger.edu/ The Folger SHAKESPEARE] shares the complete works of Shakespeare, edited for modern readers.<br />
<br />
[https://hamnet.folger.edu/ Hamnet], the Folger's online catalog, gives bibliographic information, copy-specific notes, and detailed information—often with links to images—of most of the items in the collection. <br />
<br />
[http://titania.folger.edu/impositor/ Impositor] is an online tool to automatically arrange digital images from the collection into simulated impositions (the laying out of pages into the formes of printed sheets). <br />
<br />
[https://lostplays.folger.edu/Main_Page Lost Plays Database] is a wiki-style forum for scholars to share information about lost plays in England, 1570-1642. <br />
<br />
[http://findingaids.folger.edu/Hand-List_of_Microfilm_and_Selected_Microfiche_Sets.pdf Microfilms Hand-List at the Folger Shakespeare Library] (PDF) is an addition/supplementary list to the microfilm database. Readers are advised to check both places when searching for a microfilm. <br />
<br />
[[Picturing Shakespeare]] was an NEH-funded project to help the Folger digitize thousands of 18th-, 19th-, and early 20th-century images representing Shakespeare’s plays. <br />
<br />
[http://plre.folger.edu/ PLRE.Folger: Private Libraries in Renaissance England] complements the printed volumes of [http://shakespeare.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=56839 Private Libraries in Renaissance England] (PLRE), an ongoing editorial project that has published eight volumes since 1992 in the Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies (MRTS) series. <br />
<br />
[https://shakespearedocumented.folger.edu Shakespeare Documented] is the largest and most authoritative collection of primary-source materials documenting the life of William Shakespeare (1564-1616), bringing together all known manuscript and print references to Shakespeare, his works, and additional references to his family, in his lifetime and shortly thereafter.<br />
<br />
[https://www.folger.edu/shakespeare-unlimited Shakespeare Unlimited Podcast], a "no limits" tour of the connections between Shakespeare, his works, and our world.<br />
<br />
[https://tokenbooks.folger.edu/ The Token Books of St Saviour Southwark] is an in-progress resource developed by William Ingram, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Alan H. Nelson, The University of California, Berkeley. The site makes available information from this rare type of parish record, spanning approximately 1571-1643.<br />
<br />
==Instructional video series==<br />
In the [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkWyVPkA-aEdejPR6-KD5CzJ Folger How-tos: Hamnet Online Catalog] video series, learn valuable tips and tricks to make the most of Hamnet, the Folger online library catalog. <br />
<br />
The [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkW1MqgnonjgpnHOk-QZ3nyd Folger How-tos: Research Essentials] video series includes tips on how to navigate [https://shakespearedocumented.folger.edu/ Shakespeare Documented], use the digital image collections to their maximum potential, and access subscription databases through a research account.<br />
<br />
Watch the [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkVvJifK4yXVethkELPqPvXf State Papers Online] video series to learn navigation tips and tricks for this valuable, but sometimes complicated, online resource. ''Note: State Papers Online, 1509-1714 is made available through an institutional subscription onsite at the Folger Shakespeare Library or through the Folger researcher request system (through 2022). Check your institution’s e-resource subscriptions for local availability.''<br />
<br />
==Freely Available Electronic Resources== <br />
<br />
===A-C=== <br />
<br />
[http://www.1641.tcd.ie/index.php 1641 Depositions] From Trinity College Dublin (MSS 809-841) are witness testimonies mainly by Protestants, but also by some Catholics, from all social backgrounds, concerning their experiences of the 1641 Irish rebellion. Create a free account to view the depositions. <br />
<br />
[http://www.19thcenturyacts.com/ 19th Century Acts!] showcases different aspects of theatrical performance through mapping and current and historical digital images.<br />
<br />
[https://americanarchive.org/ American Archive of Public Broadcasting]: Discover historic programs of publicly funded radio and television across America. Select Browse for subject browses of Literature, History, Theater and more.<br />
<br />
[http://www.annotatedbooksonline.com/ Annotated Books Online] is a virtual research environment for scholars and students interested in historical reading practices. Create a free account to contribute transcriptions and/or translations of annotations. <br />
<br />
[https://atlas.lib.uiowa.edu/ Atlas of Early Printing] is an interactive site designed to be used as a tool for teaching the early history of printing in Europe during the second half of the fifteenth century. <br />
<br />
[https://beforeshakespeare.com Before Shakespeare] is a project that explores the earliest days of the Elizabethan playhouses, focusing on the mid 16th century London commercial playhouses.<br />
<br />
[https://www.bessofhardwick.org/ Bess of Hardwick's Letters], which number almost 250 items of correspondence, bring to life her extraordinary story and allow us to eavesdrop on her world. Her letters allow us to reposition Bess as a complex woman of her times, immersed in the literacy and textual practices of everyday life, as her correspondence extends from servants, friends and family, to queens and officers of state. <br />
<br />
[https://bibsocamer.org/bibsite-home/list-of-resources/ The Bibliographical Society of America] list of resources compiles essays, lists, and other bibliographical materials in aid of bibliographical study. The resource features wide date ranges and ample geographical coverage. <br />
<br />
[https://www.sharpweb.org/book-history-unbound/category/issues/ Book History UNBOUND] provides supplemental digital humanities materials that supplement print articles in ''Book History'', the journal of the Society for the History of Authorship and Reading (SHARP).<br />
<br />
[https://bookowners.online/Main_Page Book Owners Online] is a directory of historical book owners, with information about their libraries, and signposts to further reference sources. It currently covers seventeenth-century English owners with the potential to be expanded. <br />
<br />
[http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=TR%2fPub%2f1 Bristol Old Vic Playbills]: collection of playbills from the Theatre Royal/Bristol Old Vic, digitized by the Bristol Archive. Covers some 18th century (earliest from 1768), primarily first half of 19th century (1810-1840).<br />
<br />
[https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Default.aspx?_ga=2.95202516.918721450.1602764813-573422282.1602764813 British Library Digitised Manuscripts] includes a wide selected of digital images from manuscripts in the British Library.<br />
<br />
[http://ballads.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ Broadside Ballad Archive] is maintained by the Bodleian Libraries and features the Bodleian's digital collections of ballads, with links to the English Broadside Ballad Archive’s digital presentations of pre-1800 ballads from other libraries, and to the folk song scholarship of the Roud Broadside Index, hosted by the English Folk Dance and Song Society (from the website).<br />
<br />
[https://jcblibrary.org/collection/digital-images The John Carter Brown Library Online Publications] features pdfs of out of print publications by and about The John Carter Brown Library collection. <br />
<br />
[[List of bindings resources]] <br />
<br />
[https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/bookbindings/ Database of Bookbindings: The British Library] <br />
<br />
[http://bookbindingdictionary.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page Bookbinding Dictionary (Multilingual)]: an international dictionary of bookbinding and conservation terms. <br />
<br />
[http://www.borrowers.uga.edu/ Borrowers and Lenders: The Journal of Shakespeare and Appropriation] <br />
<br />
[http://bbti.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/# British Book Trade Index:] The BBTI aims to include brief biographical and trade details of all those who worked in the English and Welsh book trades up to 1851. BBTI includes not only printers, publishers and booksellers but also other related trades, such as stationers, papermakers, engravers, auctioneers, ink-makers and sellers of medicines, so that the book trade can be studied in the context of allied trades. <br />
<br />
[http://www.bpi1700.org.uk/index.html British Printed Images to 1700 (bpi1700)] is a digital library of prints and book illustrations from early modern Britain. <br />
<br />
[http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/ British Universities Film and Video Council: Shakespeare] An International Database of Shakespeare on Film, Television and Radio.<br />
This authoritative online database of Shakespeare-related content in film, television, radio and video recordings is international in scope, is regularly updated and currently holds over 9,000 records dating from the 1890s to the present day.<br />
<br />
[https://casebooks.lib.cam.ac.uk The Casebooks Project]: In the decades around 1600, the astrologers Simon Forman and Richard Napier produced one of the largest surviving sets of medical records in history. The Casebooks Project, a team of scholars at the University of Cambridge, has transformed this paper archive into a digital archive. <br />
<br />
[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ Chronicling America] contains fully searchable American historic newspaper pages from 1789-1963. <br />
<br />
[https://theclergydatabase.org.uk Clergy of the Church of England Database 1540-1835] makes available and searchable the principal records of clerical careers from over 50 archives in England and Wales with the aim of providing coverage of as many clerical lives as possible from the Reformation to the mid-nineteenth century. <br />
<br />
[http://www.common-place.org/ Common-Place] is a destination for exploring and exchanging ideas about early American history and culture. A bit less formal than a scholarly journal, a bit more scholarly than a popular magazine, Commonplace speaks—and listens—to scholars, museum curators, teachers, hobbyists, and just about anyone interested in American history before 1900.<br />
<br />
[http://www.english.cam.ac.uk/ceres/ COPIA/CERES (Cambridge English Renaissance Electronic Service)] provides access to manuscripts related to Spenser and resources for early modern English handwriting. <br />
<br />
[http://humanities-research.exeter.ac.uk/womenswork/courtdepositions/ Court Depositions of South West England, 1500-1700] is a digital edition of 80 fully transcribed depositions relating to 20 cases heard in the church courts and Quarter Sessions between 1556 and 1694 across Devon, Hampshire, Somerset and Wiltshire. These depositions or witness statements relate to a range of crimes and offences tried in these two types of courts, from defamation to theft and are rich in detail of social, economic, political and religious life in early modern England. This digital edition has been prepared as part of the Leverhulme-funded project ''Women's Work in Rural England, 1500-1700'' undertaken at the University of Exeter between 2013 and 2018.<br />
<br />
===D=== <br />
<br />
[http://www.treatiseonpainting.org/ Leonardo da Vinci and his Treatise on Painting]: website examining all of the different variations of this text that appeared throughout the centuries; includes extensive bibliography. <br />
<br />
[https://dex.itercommunity.org/ DEx: Database of Dramatic Extracts] DEx is an online, searchable database of dramatic extracts found in seventeenth-century manuscripts. DEx is published by Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages and Renaissance. <br />
<br />
[https://digitalrenaissance.uvic.ca/ Digital Renaissance Editions] "publishes electronic scholarly editions of early English drama and texts of related interest, from late medieval moralities and Tudor interludes, occasional entertainments and civic pageants, academic and closet drama, and the plays of the commercial London theaters, through to the drama of the Civil War and Interregnum." <br />
<br />
[https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php Discography of American Historical Recordings] "a database of master recordings made by American record companies during the 78rpm era. It is part of the American Discography Project (ADP)—an initiative of the University of California, Santa Barbara and the Packard Humanities Institute that is edited by a team of researchers based at the UCSB Library" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[http://deep.sas.upenn.edu/ DEEP (Database of Early English Playbooks)]: searchable bibliography of "every playbook produced in England, Scotland, and Ireland from the beginning of printing through 1660". <br />
<br />
[http://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_h.aspx Dictionary for Library and Information Sciences] is designed as a hypertext reference resource for library and information science professionals, university students and faculty, and users of all types of libraries.<br />
<br />
===E=== <br />
<br />
[http://eada.lib.umd.edu/introduction-to-the-archive/ Early Americas Digital Archive] is a collection of electronic texts and links to texts originally written in or about the Americas from 1492 to approximately 1820, supported by University of Maryland.<br />
<br />
[http://www.uta.edu/english/ees/ Early English Studies] is an online journal under the auspices of the University of Texas, Arlington English Department and is devoted to literary and cultural topics of study in the medieval and early modern periods.<br />
<br />
[https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/980096/ Early Modern British Painters] dataset identifies all those men and women who have been identified as painters of any sort working in England, Wales, Scotland or Ireland between the years 1500 and 1640. Compiled by Robert Tittler, Distinguished Professor of History Emeritus at Concordia University, Montreal, and Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. <br />
<br />
[https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/emc/ Early Modern Culture] published works-in-progress by major scholars in early modern studies, along with a set of responses from readers. No longer publishing as of 2019.<br />
<br />
[https://emdr.itercommunity.org/index.php?journal=emdr Early Modern Digital Review] (EMDR) is an online, open-access, and refereed journal publishing high-quality reviews of digital projects related to early modern society and culture. It is committed to productive evaluation of both established digital resources and recent tools and projects. <br />
<br />
[https://extra.shu.ac.uk/emls/journal/index.php/emls Early Modern Literary Studies] is a refereed journal serving as a formal arena for scholarly discussion and as an academic resource for researchers in the areas of English literature, literary culture, and language during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.<br />
<br />
[https://emlot.library.utoronto.ca Early Modern London Theatres] (EMLoT): Information related to professional performance in purpose-built theatres and other permanent structures in the London area. <br />
<br />
[https://www.emlc-journal.org/issue/archive/ ''Early Modern Low Countries''] "a multidisciplinary open access journal dedicated to the study of the early modern Low Countries. We publish state-of-the-art scholarship on any aspect of the turbulent history and vibrant culture of the region from about 1500 to 1830 from a variety of perspectives" (from the website).<br />
<br />
EMLC appears in two installments annually.<br />
<br />
[https://earlyprint.org/lab/ Early Print: Text Mining Early Printed English] provides a range of tools for the computational exploration and analysis of English print culture before 1700. <br />
<br />
[http://www.earlyprintedbooks.com/resources/ Early Printed Books, by Sarah Werner] is a companion to her book, ''Studying Early Printed Books, 1450-1800: A Practical Guide''. Intended to be able to be used both alongside and separately from the book, the website is an open-access, freely available resource that can supplement anyone’s explorations of early printed books.<br />
<br />
[http://www.earlystuartlibels.net/htdocs/index.html Early Stuart Libels]: early 17th century English political poetry from the accession of King James I to the outbreak of the English Civil War. <br />
<br />
[https://www.englandsimmigrants.com/ England's Immigrants] is a database of over 64,000 names of people known to have migrated to England in the period 1350-1550. The information is drawn from a variety of sources, such as taxation assessments, letters of denization and protection, and other licenses and grants. <br />
<br />
[http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ English Broadside Ballad Archive] from the University of California, Santa Barbara, provides access to images and transcriptions of English Broadside Ballads from the long 17th century. <br />
<br />
[http://estc.bl.uk/F/?func=file&file_name=login-bl-estc English Short-Title Catalogue (ESTC)] is a comprehensive, international union catalogue listing early books, serials, newspapers and selected ephemera printed before 1801. For more information on this resource please see [[English Short-Title Catalogue]]. <br />
<br />
[http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Main_Page EuroDocs: Primary Historical Documents from Western Europe] is a repository of links to freely available primary source documents on the web; organized by both geographic area and time period. <br />
<br />
[https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/yexm20/current Exemplaria] is an open access journal that reconsider the methods and aims of scholarship on the medieval and early modern periods, broadly conceived.<br />
<br />
===F=== <br />
<br />
[http://www.johnfoxe.org/ John Foxe’s Book of Martyrs Variorum Edition (TAMO)]: browse and compare the unabridged texts of the four editions of this massive work published in John Foxe’s lifetime (1563, 1570, 1576, 1583).<br />
<br />
[https://library.culinary.edu/primarysources/digitalfoodhistory/ Food History Digital Primary Sources] guide from the Culinary Institute of America.<br />
<br />
===G-I=== <br />
<br />
[http://gemms.itercommunity.org/index.php GEMMS: Gateway to Early Modern Manuscript Sermons] is a group-sourced online bibliographic database of early modern (1530-1715) manuscript sermons from the UK, Ireland and North America. <br />
<br />
[http://globalmiddleages.org/ Global Middle Ages Project (G-MAP)] is a portal site for digital projects encompassing the Medieval and Early Modern worlds. <br />
<br />
[[Glossary of digital humanities terms]] aims to help both novices and more advanced users of digital tools and approaches understand common terms employed in the digital humanities. <br />
<br />
[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/glossary.asp Glossary of Illuminated Manuscripts:] reproduced and illustrated by the British Library from Michelle P. Brown, ''Understanding Illuminated Manuscripts: A Guide to Technical Terms'' (J. Paul Getty Museum: Malibu and British Library: London, 1994). <br />
<br />
[https://www.gravell.org/ Gravell (The Thomas L. Gravell Watermark Archive)] brings together more than 50,000 watermarks from America and Europe, including 7,500 images collected by American-watermark expert Thomas L. Gravell and about 45,000 unpublished marks documented by Charles-Moise Briquet. <br />
<br />
[http://www.hamletworks.org/ Hamlet Works] is "everything you ever wanted to know about ''Hamlet''", a searchable databases of editions and criticism.<br />
<br />
[https://henslowe-alleyn.org.uk/ Henslowe-Alleyn Digitization Project] "has two aims and objectives: first, to protect and conserve these increasingly fragile manuscripts, and, second, to make their contents much more widely available in a free electronic archive and website, not only to specialist scholars but to all those interested in early modern English drama and theatre history, as well as social, economic, regional, architectural, and legal history, and paleography and manuscript studies" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[http://hpb.cerl.org Heritage of the Printed Book Database (HPB)] (formerly called the Hand Press Book Database) is a steadily growing collection of files of catalogue records from major European and North American research libraries covering items of European printing of the hand-press period (c.1455-c.1830) integrated into one file. This makes it possible for information to be retrieved in one single search across all files. (N.b. as of Summer 2016, Folger items are not yet integrated into this database) As of January 2018, this resource is freely available! <br />
<br />
[http://www.arc.id.au/Calendar.html Historical Calendar]: Multi-country historical calendar for the years 1100 to 2100. Allows automatic conversion between Old Style and New Style dates. <br />
<br />
[https://hob.gseis.ucla.edu/index.html History of the Book, by Johanna Drucker] is a networked resource focused on the production and reception of materials related to the history of the book and literacy technologies, broadly conceived.<br />
<br />
[http://historyofparliamentonline.org History of Parliament] is a research project creating a comprehensive account of parliamentary politics in England, then Britain, from their origins in the thirteenth century. It consists of detailed studies of elections and electoral politics in each constituency, and of closely researched accounts of the lives of everyone who was elected to Parliament in the period, together with surveys drawing out the themes and discoveries of the research and adding information on the operation of Parliament as an institution. Note: it is a work in progress, with some sections more complete than others. <br />
<br />
[http://www.history.ac.uk/history-online/ History On-Line] provides information for historians with details of university lecturers in the UK and the Republic of Ireland, current and past historical research, digital history projects, new books and journals from a range of leading publishers and sources of funding available for researchers in the UK. <br />
<br />
[http://english.nsms.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/ The Holinshed Project] parallel texts edition, furnished with links to each page of Early English Books Online (subscription required). Users can navigate using a variety of entry points. Project overview and history, as well as sample texts, can be found [http://www.cems.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/index.shtml here]. <br />
<br />
[http://www.hookesbooks.com/ Robert Hooke's Books] is an online source on the library of the 17th-century virtuoso Robert Hooke (1635-1703) is an on-going collaboration between Will Poole, Felicity Henderson, and Yelda Nasifoglu who are currently undertaking research on different aspects of Hooke’s work. As it is a work-in-progress, further research notes will be continually added to the database, and new editions of the editors’ Introduction are expected to be released. <br />
<br />
[https://www.arts.kuleuven.be/nieuwetijd/english/odis/impressae-women-printers-in-early-modern-antwerp-leuven-and-douai Impressae: Women Printers in Early Modern Antwerp, Leuven, and Douai] reconstructs the lives and work of women printers in Antwerp, Leuven and Douai during two centuries (sixteenth through seventeenth). It contains information about kinship and commercial networks, printing houses and rare books. It contains linked data on more than 1 300 persons, almost 3 700 publications and more than 150 organisations.<br />
<br />
[https://www.vialibri.net/library_search.php International Library Catalogs] from vialibri.net. Provides a list of union and other catalogs from Europe and the United States. Links to sources such as WorldCat, the KVK, and artlibraries.net. <br />
<br />
[http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/ Internet Shakespeare Editions]: information on Shakespeare's texts and life and times. Includes a performance database and the semi-annual online journal ''Scene''.<br />
<br />
===J-L=== <br />
<br />
[https://minstrels.library.utoronto.ca The JUBA Project: Early Blackface Minstrelsy in Britain 1842-1852], from the University of Toronto, draws together a range of documentation into a database that allows the visitor to access information on the individuals, troupes, and 'acts,' that toured in Britain during these crucial years. <br />
<br />
[https://kitmarlowe.org/ The Kit Marlowe Project] created by undergraduate students to offer accessible resources for learning about one of Shakespeare’s most influential contemporaries and collaborators, Christopher Marlowe (Project Director: Kristen Abbott Bennett at Framingham University).<br />
<br />
[https://www.layersoflondon.org/ Layers of London] is a map-based history website developed by the Institute of Historical Research.<br />
<br />
[http://www.leibniz-translations.com/index2.php Leibniz Translations]: This site provides full-text translations of the work of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in English translation. <br />
<br />
[http://leme.library.utoronto.ca/ Lexicons of Early Modern English] : searches and displays word-entries from monolingual English dictionaries, bilingual lexicons, technical vocabularies, and other encyclopedic-lexical works, 1480-1702. <br />
<br />
[https://www.loc.gov/collections/ Library of Congress Digital Collections]<br />
<br />
[https://londonstagedatabase.usu.edu London Stage database]: A searchable version of ''The London Stage'', a key reference work documenting theatrical performances from the reopening of the public playhouses following the English civil wars in 1660 to the end of the eighteenth century. This information has been compiled from the playbills, newspapers and theatrical diaries of the period. <br />
<br />
[http://www.luminarium.org/lumina.htm Luminarium] is an online anthology of English literature from the late Medieval period through the 18th century; texts from out-of-copyright editions. <br />
<br />
===M-O=== <br />
<br />
[http://manus.iccu.sbn.it/index.php Manus Online]: MANUS is a database containing catalogue descriptions and digital images of manuscripts, private papers and archives held by Italian public, private and ecclesiastical libraries. The census, launched in 1988, aims to list and catalogue manuscripts written in Latin alphabet from the Middle Ages to date, including private papers and literary archives. <br />
<br />
[https://www.manuscriptcookbookssurvey.org/ Manuscript Cookbooks Survey] includes a database of pre-1865 English-language manuscript cookbooks held in U. S. public institutions as well as a database of kitchen artifacts used at the time these manuscripts were written. <br />
<br />
[https://mpese.ac.uk/ Manuscript Pamphleteering in Early Stuart England]: Before the outbreak of Civil War in 1642, England developed a large, influential and often radical pamphlet literature. This project aims to survey the vast hidden archive of early Stuart England's manuscript pamphlets. Images and transcriptions of many early modern pamphlets are available, in addition to bibliographical descriptions. <br />
<br />
[https://dhil.lib.sfu.ca/mvm/ Manuscript Verse Miscellanies 1700-1820] is a searchable database describing hundreds of manuscript poetry books. Links to First Line Index where relevant, plus lots of metadata about the manuscripts.<br />
<br />
[https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/emwrn/digitalarchive Material Cultures of Early Modern Women's Writing Digital Archive]: provides online editions of women's writing that circulated in a variety of forms in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This project draws from manuscript sources as well as print editions, and provides both images and transcriptions of these often multiform texts. <br />
<br />
[https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/ Map of Early Modern London (MoEML)]: Map comprises a digital edition of the 1561 Agas woodcut map of London; an Encyclopedia and Descriptive Gazetteer of London people, places, topics, and terms; a Library of marked-up texts rich in London toponyms; and a versioned edition of John Stow’s Survey of London. <br />
<br />
[http://wroth.latrobe.edu.au/ Mary Wroth's Poetry: An Electronic Edition]: Edited by Paul Salzman, this electronic edition includes a textual introduction, a contextual bibliography, a critical introduction to the poetry of Mary Wroth, and full text of the poems. <br />
<br />
[http://www.medici.org/ The Medici Archive Project]: Documentary Sources for the Arts and Humanities in the Medici Granducal Archive, 1537-1743, is a fully searchable database describing hundreds of volumes of documents in the Medici Granducal Archive (Archivio Mediceo del Principato). <br />
<br />
[http://mdr-maa.org Medieval Digital Resources (MDR)]: The Medieval Academy of America has put together a curated database of peer-reviewed digital materials for the study of the Middle Ages. Users can browse an alphabetical list or search using controlled-vocabulary subject tags to find vetted online resources of many types. Please note that MDR does not include resources that are paywalled or require password access, although some resources may have restrictive use-licenses. <br />
<br />
[https://memorients.com/ Medieval and Early Modern Orients (MEMOs)]: is an AHRC-funded project that seeks to further knowledge and understanding of the early interactions between England and the Islamic worlds.<br />
<br />
[https://globalshakespeares.mit.edu/ MIT Global Shakespeares] video and performance archive.<br />
<br />
[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary Middle English Compendium] contains three Middle English electronic resources: the Middle English Dictionary, a Bibliography of Middle English prose and verse, and a Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse. <br />
<br />
[https://digital.library.illinois.edu/collections/810eac30-e3fb-012f-c5b6-0019b9e633c5-e The Motley Collection of Theatre and Costume Design] at the University of Illinois has over 5000 items from more than 150 theatrical productions in England and the United States.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000140237 The National Union Catalog, pre-1956 imprints] are made available through HathiTrust. <br />
<br />
[https://shiplib.org The Nautical Archaeology Digital Library] includes artifact collections, mapping of shipwrecks, maritime exploration, shipbuilding and other resources for international history of sea travel.<br />
<br />
[https://digitalcollections.nypl.org New York Public Library Digital Collections] site provides access to digitized collection materials from the extensive NYPL holdings, touching on all areas within the Folger collecting scope.<br />
<br />
[https://ota.ox.ac.uk/ Oxford Text Archive] collects, catalogues, preserves and distributes high-quality digital resources for research and teaching; they currently have thousands of texts in more than 25 languages (some restrictions). Includes a separate catalog of TCP (Text Creation Partnership) items.<br />
<br />
===P-R=== <br />
<br />
[[List of online resources for early modern English paleography]]:These resources were compiled to assist early modern scholars begin to learn to decipher, read, and interpret manuscript materials written in early handwriting. <br />
<br />
[http://ihl.enssib.fr/en/paper-and-watermarks-as-bibliographical-evidence Paper and Watermarks as Bibliographical Evidence] from the Institut d'histoire du livre is a bibliographical guide to texts and images relating to the history of paper and papermaking, mainly comprising the hand-papermaking period. <br />
<br />
[https://vpcp.chass.ncsu.edu/listen-ambient-sounds/ Virtual St. Paul's Cathedral Project/Ambient Noise]: A digital recreation of worship and preaching at St. Paul's Cathedral in early modern London. <br />
<br />
[http://pedagogy-toolkit.org/ Pedagogy Toolkit for English]: Community-driven resources for digital pedagogy in composition, rhetoric, and literature. <br />
<br />
[https://www.pepysdiary.com/ The Diary of Samuel Pepys]: Daily entries from the 17th century London diary. <br />
<br />
[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ Perseus Digital Library] and [https://scaife.perseus.org/library/ Scaife online reader] for classical through early modern literature and artifacts.<br />
<br />
[https://digital.library.illinois.edu/collections/81196b40-e3fb-012f-c5b6-0019b9e633c5-c Portraits of Actors] gathers studio portraits and actors posing in costume, 1720-1920.<br />
<br />
[https://pulterproject.northwestern.edu/ The Pulter Project: Poet in the Making], a "digital collaboration aims at allowing readers to engage with multiple, different representations and readings of Hester Pulter’s striking verse" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[https://www.r18collective.org/ Re-Activating Restoration & 18th-Century Theatre for the 21st Century] includes video and audio resources and syllabus ideas aimed at assisting instructors. In the longer term, this research consortium will be working with professional theatre artists and companies in the US, Canada, and UK to encourage new productions and convening research workshops and focused conferences at the Newberry Library and Oxford University (open to graduate students and faculty). <br />
<br />
[https://ereed.library.utoronto.ca Records of Early English Drama (REED)] is an international scholarly project that is establishing for the first time the context from which the drama of Shakespeare and his contemporaries grew. Contains transcribed and edited historical documents containing evidence of drama, secular music, and other communal entertainment and ceremony from the Middle Ages until 1642.<br />
<br />
[https://reformation500.csl.edu/ Reformation 500] is an online resource for the commemoration of the Quincentenary of the Reformation in 2017 managed by Concordia Seminary, St. Louis. Here you will find information on important people and events of the Reformation, news and upcoming events, blog posts by a variety of authors offering different perspectives on the Reformation and its significance. <br />
<br />
[https://rekn.org/ Renaissance Knowledge Network] publications address a myriad of topics surrounding the creation of digital projects that display resources related to Renaissance and Early Modern studies. <br />
<br />
[http://myweb.ttu.edu/mkvanda/RPFsite/index.xml Restoration Printed Fiction] is a database from the English Department at Texas Tech University. Including 394 fictions printed between 1660 and 1700 (fiction has been defined broadly here), this database allows users to search for basic information, such as author, title, bookseller, printer, and date, as well as more detailed information, such as whether the text has paratexts like dedications or prefaces. <br />
<br />
[http://guides.library.harvard.edu/friendly.php?s=rinascimento&gid=4877 Rinascimento]: Harvard University's Research Guide for Renaissance Studies. Contains links to databases, websites, and other resources, divided and subdivided by general topical area. <br />
<br />
[http://www.itergateway.org/romeo_juliet/ Romeo and Juliet: Searchable Database for Prompt Books] contains information from approximately 170 prompt-books for productions of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. These productions range from the seventeenth century to the 1980s.<br />
<br />
===S-U=== <br />
<br />
[https://scholarlyediting.org/ Scholarly Editing] is an open-access journal committed to the development and advancement of all aspects of textual editing, including documentary editing. The content published in the journal includes essays, micro editions, reviews of print and digital editions, and teaching materials. The journal’s eclectic, multidisciplinary approach makes it an invaluable resource for anyone interested in the theory, practice, and pedagogy of scholarly editing, including educators, researchers, scholars, historians, archivists, editors, information professionals, and digital humanists.<br />
<br />
[https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/scriptorium Scriptorium: Medieval and Early Modern Manuscripts Online]: A digital archive of manuscript miscellanies and commonplace books from c. 1450-1720. <br />
<br />
[https://shakedsetc.org Shakedsetc.org] provides information and links to digital copies of Shakespeare's works, from the earliest quartos to 18th, 19th, and 20th century editions.<br />
<br />
[https://searchingforshakespeare.co.uk/ Searching for Shakespeare] "provide[s] the ability to view selected objects recovered from the excavations of New Place between 2010 and 2016. These objects are presently housed in the museum collections of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust and most are not readily available to be viewed by the public" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[https://shakeosphere.lib.uiowa.edu/ Shakeosphere] allows users to visualize, map, and explore these social networks in Shakespeare's England and beyond, from 1473-1800. <br />
<br />
[http://bsuva.org/bsuva/promptbook/ 17th Century Shakespearean Prompt Books] from the University of Virginia, with introductions to each book and descriptions of each annotation within the plays. <br />
<br />
[https://www.shakespearealbum.de/en/about.html Shakespeare Album] site presents ''Illustrating the History of Germany's Shakespeare Reception: the Birmingham Photo Album'' convened in 2016 by Academy of Sciences and Literature Mainz. A commemorative digital photo album was created with 109 portraits and autograph signatures of personalities meritorious for having communicated and maintained the interest for Shakespeare in Germany. Consult this resource in combination with German scholar [https://findingaids.folger.edu/dfoleo2002.xml Friedrich August Leo] materials and other [https://findingaids.folger.edu/dfogerman2002.xml German language manuscripts] held by the Folger.<br />
<br />
[https://shakespearecensus.org/ The Shakespeare Census] attempts to locate and describe all extant copies of all editions of Shakespeare’s works through 1700, excluding the folios. It includes all items attributed to Shakespeare in print during the period, but not those attributed to him only by modern scholarship, and excludes the Restoration adaptations. <br />
<br />
[https://shakespeare.emory.edu/ Shakespeare and the Players] is an online exhibition and scholarly resource of nearly 1,000 postcards featuring many famous English and American actors who performed Shakespeare’s plays for late Victorian and Edwardian audiences, held at Emory University.<br />
<br />
[https://sharc.kcl.ac.uk Shakespeare in the Royal Collection] is a searchable online catalogue of Shakespeare-related objects in the Royal Collection and an online exhibition.<br />
<br />
[https://about.illinoisstate.edu/shakespeareinsheets/ Shakespeare in Sheets] project recreates the author's early plays and books in printable and foldable sheets of paper. <br />
<br />
[https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/shakespeare The Shakespeare Train] is a portion of the [https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/# Ellen Terry and Edith Craig digital archive], available through the University of Essex. It provides a portal to Ellen Terry stage and lecture history and links to the main documentary archive and the [https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/star Search for Theatrical Ancestors] database.<br />
<br />
[http://shalt.dmu.ac.uk/index.html ShaLT: Shakespearean London Theatres]: Histories of early modern theatres, with a map, guides, and films. A joint project of the De Montfort University and the Victoria and Albert Museum. <br />
<br />
[https://thesifter.org/ The Sifter]: A Tool for Food History Research.<br />
<br />
Statutes of the Realm: for statutes from the Magna Carta to 1761, the most efficient place to search is ECCO. Search for the title "Statutes at Large" and the author Ruffhead. <br />
<br />
[http://earlyamericansermons.org/about/ T.E.A.M.S.: Transcribing Early American Manuscript Sermons] is a collaborative scholarly effort to make the voluminous archival record of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century ecclesiastical worship more accessible to academic researchers, pastors, and the general public. This digital archive houses sermons transcribed from the papers of Baptist, Catholic, Congregational, Episcopalian, Presbyterian, and Unitarian ministers who preached up and down the Atlantic coast of North America; it includes the manuscript sermons of white, Native American, and African American preachers. <br />
<br />
[https://theatregoing.wordpress.com/ Theatregoing] is an ongoing survey reproducing eyewitness testimony of seeing theatrical productions, from the sixteenth century to the present day.<br />
<br />
[http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/reading/UK/index.php UK RED] or "the Reading Experience Database" explores what United Kingdom residents and British subjects living or travelling abroad read between the invention of the printing press in 1450 and the end of the Second World War in 1945, how, and in what circumstances did they read.<br />
<br />
===V-Z=== <br />
<br />
[http://shakespeareillustration.org/ The Victorian Illustrated Shakespeare Archive] contains over 3000 illustrations from four of the most significant illustrated editions of Shakespeare's works in the Victorian period. All images have been tagged bibliographically and iconographically. <br />
<br />
[https://graphics.cs.wisc.edu/WP/vep/ Visualizing English Print] (from the site) "Our mission is to scale humanist scholarship to ‘big data’ by removing several barriers to statistically analyzing digital Early Modern English texts, like those released by the Text Creation Partnership...This website equips you with the necessary tools to make your own corpora, visually explore them, and download preliminary metadata."<br />
<br />
[https://hollar.library.utoronto.ca/ Wenceslaus Hollar Digital Collection]: Digital images from the Fisher Library Collection at the University of Toronto. <br />
<br />
[https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history Westminster Abbey|History] includes short essays on each feature of the Abbey, including entries on each burial or memorial site. <br />
<br />
[https://wwtn.history.qmul.ac.uk/about/ Who Were the Nuns?]: A prosopographical study of the English Convents in exile 1600-1800. Traces the membership of the English convents in exile, from the opening of the first institution in Brussels to the nuns’ return to England as a result of the French Revolution and associated violence. Database provides the membership, family trees, edited documents, maps and analysis of the nuns’ experiences<br />
<br />
[https://digitalprojects.wpi.art/auctions Wildenstein Plattner Institute] has made available digitized auction sales catalogues from pre-1945, numbering over 11,000.<br />
<br />
[https://www.womensbookhistory.org/ Women in Book History: A Bibliography] is a database of secondary sources on women's writing and labor.<br />
<br />
==Subscription Resources Available Off-site== <br />
<br />
These resources, listed by database vendor, are available to registered Folger researchers, via their [https://request.folger.edu/ Online Request Account]. Instructions for accessing each resource may be found in the [[:media:Electronic resources help guide.pdf | Help Guide for Offsite Subscription Resource Access]]. <br />
<br />
'''ProQuest'''<br />
<br />
''Cecil Papers'': archive consisting principally of the correspondence of William Cecil, Lord Burghley (1520-1598) and his son, Robert, the 1st Earl of Salisbury (1563-1612). <br />
<br />
''Early English Books Online (EEBO)'': digital facsimile page images of works printed in England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and British North America and works in English printed elsewhere from 1473-1700; full-text search of EEBO-TCP Phase 1 and Phase 2. For more information about EEBO, see [[History of Early English Books Online]]. <br />
:[http://proquest.libguides.com/eebopqp Early English Books Online ProQuest Guide]: ProQuest has put together a LibGuide (a help guide) related to the EEBO database, detailing the differences between the old Chadwick-Healey interface and the new ProQuest interface, which exact fields you can search, and other useful information. Please note that while access to this guide is unrestricted, the database itself requires an institutional subscription. <br />
<br />
'''Adam Matthew''' <br />
<br />
''Early Modern England: Society, Culture & Everyday Life, 1500-1700'': brings together documents and objects from seven different archives and libraries to offer insights into the lived experience in England from 1500-1700. Includes a wide range of materials including legal records, family correspondence, administrative records, wills, inventories and commonplace books among others.<br />
<br />
''Literary Manuscripts Online: 17th and 18th Century Poetry from the Brotherton Library, University of Leeds'': manuscripts of 17th and 18th century English language verse, including first lines, last lines, attribution, author, title, date, length, verse form, content and bibliographic references for over 6,600 poems within the collection. <br />
<br />
''Literary Print Culture: The Stationers' Company Archive'': Sourced from the archive of The Worshipful Company of Stationers & Newspaper Makers, this database includes the Stationers' Register, Membership Records, Court Records, and other Company administrative records. <br />
<br />
''Perdita Manuscripts: Women Writers, 1500-1700'': Manuscripts written or compiled by women in the British Isles in the 16th and 17th centuries; also includes bibliographic sources. <br />
<br />
''Shakespeare in Performance'': is a database from Adam Matthew Digital which features over 1000 fully digitized promptbooks from the Folger collection. <br />
<br />
''Shakespeare's Globe Archive: Theatres, Players, & Performance'': This collection documents the performance and construction history of the new Globe and the indoor theatre space of the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse. It includes prompt books, design materials, administrative records of the theatre, and more. <br />
<br />
''Virginia Company Archives'': Transcripts and images of the Ferrar Papers from Magdalene College, Cambridge, and the papers of the Virginia Company. Documents date from approximately 1540-1770. <br />
<br />
'''Gale''' <br />
<br />
''British Literary Manuscripts Online, Part I: 1660-1990 & Part II: Medieval & Renaissance'': facsimile images of literary manuscripts, including letters and diaries, drafts of poems, plays, novels, and other literary works, and similar materials; early 12th century through 1900. <br />
<br />
''British Theatre: Nineteenth Century Collections Online'': features a wide range of primary sources related to the arts in the Victorian era, from playbills and scripts to operas and complete scores. <br />
<br />
''Burney Collection Newspapers'': 17th-18th century collection that contains not only newspapers, but newsbooks, Acts of Parliament, broadsides, pamphlets and proclamations. <br />
<br />
''ECCO (Eighteenth Century Collections Online)'': Primarily focused on publications from the British Isles, but does include material from Western Europe and Russia. Access to page images and some full-text search. <br />
<br />
''Nichols Newspapers Collection British Theatre, Music, and Literature: High and Popular Culture'': features the newspapers, periodicals, pamphlets and broadsheets that form the Nichols newspaper collection held at the Bodleian library in Oxford, UK. The collection includes approximately 300 primary titles of newspapers and periodicals and 300 pamphlets and broadsheets, covering the period 1672-1737. <br />
<br />
''State Papers Online'': provides access to the Calendars, transcript and document images for the Domestic and Foreign State Papers, and Registers of the Privy Council for 1509-1714. <br />
:An overview and general guide to using State Papers Online may be found here: [https://collation.folger.edu/2015/06/state-papers-online-tips-and-tricks-part-1/ Part 1] and [https://collation.folger.edu/2015/07/state-papers-online-tips-and-tricks-part-2/ Part 2] <br />
<br />
'''Cambridge'''<br />
''New Cambridge Shakespeare'' provides access to Shakespeare's works together with a wealth of integrated reference material.<br />
<br />
'''Oxford''' <br />
<br />
''American National Biography'': is updated semi-annually with new articles and revisions of previously published entries; contains articles of notable Americans through the mid-twentieth century. <br />
<br />
''Oxford Companion to Shakespeare'' searchable, indexed version of the 2nd edition print resource.<br />
<br />
''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online (DNB Online)'': biographical information on men and women who have shaped British history and culture, worldwide, from the Romans to the 21st century; updated three time a year. <br />
<br />
''Oxford English Dictionary''<br />
<br />
''Oxford Scholarly Editions Online'': is an interlinked collection of authoritative Oxford editions of major works from the humanities. Our subscription includes early modern content. <br />
:Following subsets only ([https://www.oxfordscholarlyeditions.com/page/18/title-lists list of titles included in each subset]): <br />
::Seventeenth Century Poetry <br />
::Seventeenth Century Prose <br />
::Renaissance Poetry<br />
<br />
'''BREPOLiS'''<br />
<br />
''Bibliography of British and Irish History''<br />
<br />
==Subscription Resources Available On-site== <br />
The following resources will remain on-site access only. Please email reference@folger.edu with questions. <br />
<br />
''American Book Prices Current'': records of books, manuscripts, autographs, maps and broadsides sold at auction, primarily US and UK <br />
<br />
''American Council of Learned Societies Humanities E-Book (HEB)'': E-book records are searchable in [http://hamnet.folger.edu/ Hamnet], with a link to ACLS full-text. All e-books are full-text searchable at ACLS site. <br />
<br />
''American and French Research on the Treasury of the French Language (ARTFL)'' contains French-language texts from the 12th to 20th century, Diderot and d'Alembert's late 18th century ''Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une Société de Gens de lettres'', digitized versions of many ''Bibliothèque Bleue de Troyes'' (17th to mid-19th c.), a searchable version of Montaigne's ''Essais'', and a different search interface for Tufts' Perseus Project (Greek & Latin texts). <br />
<br />
''Archive Grid'' is a service provided by OCLC brings together information about archives, special collections and other collections of manuscripts and papers. <br />
<br />
''Arkyves'': Access to the full Iconclass browser at Arkyves, containing all of the images from the British Book Illustrations project, as well as over 800,000 additional images from a number of institutions all over the world. <br />
<br />
''Bibliography of British and Irish History'' provides bibliographic data on historical writing dealing with the British Isles, and with the British Empire and Commonwealth, during all periods for which written documentation is available - from 55BC to the present. <br />
<br />
''Bibliography of English Women Writers 1500-1640'' currently indexes the works of around 740 female writers and translators. <br />
<br />
''British History Online'': Includes Calendars of State Papers, Domestic and the Calendars of State Papers for Scotland and Ireland, along with the Calendar of Close Rolls. <br />
<br />
''Burke's Peerage and Gentry'': genealogy and heraldry information for the Peerage of the United Kingdom, the historical families of Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations, and royal and distinguished families worldwide. <br />
<br />
''Early English Books Online - Text Creation Partnership (EEBO-TCP)'': encoded electronic text editions of many early print books in Early English Books Online, Eighteenth Century Collections Online, and Evans Early American Imprints. (Now included in the ProQuest version of EEBO.) <br />
<br />
''FirstSearch: OCLC Databases'': Default database: WorldCat. Select the "Search in database" dropdown to select one of the following databases: ArticleFirst, ClasePeriodica, OCLC Ebooks, OCLC ECO, ERIC, GPO, MEDLINE, OAIster, PapersFirst, Proceedings, WorldAlmanac, WorldCat, WorldCatDissertations. <br />
<br />
''Iter Bibliography'' is a bibliography comprised of secondary source material pertaining to the Middle Ages and Renaissance (400-1700), including citations for books and journal material (articles, reviews, review articles, bibliographies, catalogues, abstracts and discographies), dissertation abstracts, and essays in books (including entries in conference proceedings, festschriften, encyclopedias and exhibition catalogues). <br />
<br />
''Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages & Renaissance'' brings together numerous database sources for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. Some are subscription access only, while others are freely available. <br />
<br />
''Iter Italicum'' is a finding list for Renaissance humanistic manuscripts in libraries and collections all over the world. <br />
<br />
''Cambridge Edition of the Works of Ben Jonson Online'' provides a fully digitized and updated edition of Jonson's complete writings, with editorial and scholarly remarks throughout the texts. <br />
<br />
''Loeb Classical Library'': Fourteen centuries of Greek and Latin literature with accurate, literate, English translations on facing pages. And a handy Greek keyboard pop-up. <br />
<br />
''John Milton: A Bibliography (MRTS Online Series)'' attempts to bring together all manuscripts and editions of John Milton's works and all studies and critical statements concerning his life and works, all allusions and quotations, and all significant imitations during the years 1624-1799. <br />
<br />
''Microfilms Database at the Folger Shakespeare Library'' provides an easy way to search the Folger's microfilm collection so that readers may have some form of access to restricted or fragile materials. <br />
<br />
''MLA International Bibliography'' provides citations to journal articles, books, dissertations, and scholarly websites, from 1921 to the present, in academic disciplines such as language, literature, folklore, linguistics, literary theory and criticism, and the dramatic arts. <br />
<br />
''The Newdigate newsletters, Numbers 1 through 2100 (13 January 1673/4 through 11 June 1692)'': thrice-weekly news releases issued by the Secretary of State's office, highlighting matters of interest to the Stuart court. <br />
<br />
''Shakespeare Quarterly (JSTOR)'': Back issues from 1950 through five years before the current issue. <br />
<br />
''Shakespeare Quarterly (Project Muse)'': Back issues for the most recent four years. <br />
<br />
''Understanding Shakespeare (Beta)'' connects Folger Digital Texts with peer-reviewed articles in JSTOR that cite specific plays, scenes, and lines in Shakespeare. <br />
<br />
''Women Writers Online'': a full-text collection of early women’s writing in English which includes full transcriptions of texts published between 1526 and 1850, focusing on materials that are rare or inaccessible. <br />
<br />
''World Shakespeare Bibliography'': indexes Shakespeare-related scholarship and theatrical productions published or produced worldwide since 1960.<br />
<br />
==Other Digital Resources== <br />
<br />
===Twitter Accounts=== <br />
<br />
[https://twitter.com/FolgerLibrary @FolgerLibrary] is the main twitter account for the Folger. <br />
<br />
[https://twitter.com/FolgerResearch @FolgerResearch] covers the research and collections aspects of the Folger. <br />
<br />
[https://twitter.com/FolgerED @FolgerED] is the twitter account for the Folger's Education Department. <br />
<br />
<br />
===Listservs=== <br />
<br />
:[[Folger Institute Commons listserv]] <br />
:[http://crrs.ca/library/resources/ficino-listserv/ Ficino]--An interdisciplinary Renaissance listserv. <br />
:[https://networks.h-net.org/h-albion H-Albion]--The H-Net discussion network for British and Irish history. <br />
:[https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~kcreamer/milton/ Milton-L] <br />
:[http://shaksper.net/ Shaksper]--The global electronic Shakespeare conference. <br />
:[http://www.sharpweb.org/sharp-l/ SHARP-L]--The electronic conference for the history of print culture. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Folger web archives === <br />
<br />
Read the article on [[Web archiving]] for an overview of the Folger's online web presence management. <br />
<br />
[https://archive-it.org/collections/2873 Folger Shakespeare Library Websites and Social Media] <br />
<br />
[https://archive-it.org/collections/2877 Shakespeare Festivals and Theatrical Companies] <br />
<br />
[https://archive-it.org/collections/4511 William Shakespeare's 450th Birthday: Celebrations & Commentary] <br />
<br />
[[Category: Research guides]] <br />
[[Category: Digital Folger]] <br />
[[Category: Reader orientation]] <br />
[[Category: Digital humanities]] <br />
[[Category: Bibliography]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=List_of_digital_resources_at_the_Folger&diff=35928List of digital resources at the Folger2022-01-07T14:59:37Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* S-U */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article provides a curated list of digital resources—arranged (mostly) alphabetically. This list is alphabetized according to the idiosyncrasies of what the Folger community most commonly calls a resource. If you are having trouble finding a resource, use the search box at the top of the page or your browser's "Find" feature (usually control-F). <br />
<br />
The first sections, arranged alphabetically, contains freely available resources. The second section provides a list of subscription resources available to registered Folger researchers during the time our Reading Room is closed for renovation. The final section is a list of subscription resources that Folger staff will still have access to; please email reference@folger.edu with questions. <br />
<br />
==COVID-19 and online instruction== <br />
Institutions and vendors have opened some access to digital resources (including subscriptions) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The following list points to various gateways that have compiled these resources. These instructional tips and links are appropriate for instructors at every level, including, but not limited to, college and university faculty and information professionals. The Folger response, including offering virtual reference appointments and other institutional resources can be found on our research blog, [https://collation.folger.edu/2020/03/strange-new-world/ The Collation]. This list will continue to be updated.<br />
<br />
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/12ptvF-YOhmRIb2OKqAy5l6w7zCscaK8P Association of College and Research Libraries online instruction guides]<blockquote>Powerpoints, lesson plans, and other resources produced and compiled by [https://ischool.illinois.edu/people/melissa-wong Melissa Wong] of the School of Information Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</blockquote><br />
[https://bibsocamer.org/news/online-instruction-resources-digital-repositories-for-book-history-teaching-more/ Bibliographic Society of America Online Instruction Resources: Digital Repositories for Book History Teaching, Research, & More]<blockquote>This list of resources was crowdsourced from Twitter at the initiative of Dr. [https://www.colby.edu/directory/profile/megan.cook/ Megan L. Cook] of Colby College. The Bibliographical Society of America offers this page as a static resource that will be updated as new contributions come in.</blockquote>[https://blog.history.ac.uk/2020/03/british-history-online-makes-all-research-content-free-to-individual-users/ British History Online opens content] through July 31, 2020<blockquote>This platform offers a digital collection of key printed primary and secondary sources for the history of Britain and Ireland, and the British world, with a special focus on the period 1300 to 1800. The BHO collection includes over 1,280 volumes of primary content and secondary sources.</blockquote><br />
[https://www.ofpilcrows.com/resources-early-modern-plays-page-and-stage Early Modern Plays on Page & Stage: Online Resources]<blockquote>List of resources compiled by Claire M. L. Bourne, Assistant Professor of English at Penn State University.</blockquote><br />
[https://euppublishing.com/journals/shakespearevirtualissue Edinburgh University Press Shakespeare Virtual Issue]<blockquote> This freely accessible issue provides a list of hand-picked articles from across their catalogue of journals, dedicated to the Bard, his work and reception across both history and literary studies. All articles are free to access until the end of 2020.</blockquote><br />
Fair use: [https://tinyurl.com/tvnty3a Public Statement of Library Copyright Specialists: Fair Use & Emergency Remote Teaching & Research (March 13, 2020)]<blockquote>Written by copyright specialists at colleges, universities, and other organizations supporting higher education in the U.S. and Canada who work every day with faculty, staff, and librarians to enable them to make ethical and legal choices about copyright issues in online teaching. </blockquote>[https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/pages/open-access/ Liverpool University Press-Open Access]<blockquote>Scholarly monographs offered via open-access from a pioneer in the OA publishing world.</blockquote>[https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/worksheets National Archives and Records Administration]<blockquote>Offered by the United States National Archives, this site features worksheets for primary and secondary students to walk them through the analysis of primary-source documents.</blockquote>[https://archive.org/details/nationalemergencylibrary National Emergency Library (Internet Archive)]<blockquote>A collection of books that supports emergency remote teaching, research activities, independent scholarship, and intellectual stimulation while universities, schools, training centers, and libraries are closed.</blockquote><br />
[https://openlibrary.org/ Open Library]<blockquote>Need something to read (from textbooks to classic fiction)? The Open Library offers a platform to browse for and read thousands of books.</blockquote><br />
[https://bit.ly/ILPandemicPedagogy Pandemic Pedagogy], for quick thinking online instruction<blockquote>Tools and resources for those practicing library instruction at a distance. Lists tools that work for annotation, collaboration, and communication along with ideas for self-care.</blockquote><br />
[https://pennpress.typepad.com/pennpresslog/ Penn Press books and journals (University of Pennsylvania)]<blockquote>The University of Pennsylvania Press is pleased to announce that all content available through the Press’s digital publishing partners will be made accessible at no cost to consumers. This decision to make digital content freely accessible reflects Penn Press’s key role in supporting the international academic community as it endeavors to perform the vital work of research, discovery, and education under current global circumstances. The Press is able to provide this accessibility for scholars and readers with the support of its digital publishing partners: DeGruyter, EBSCO, MUSE, and ProQuest.</blockquote>[https://about.muse.jhu.edu/resources/freeresourcescovid19/#freepublishers Project Muse]<blockquote>Project MUSE has made scholarly content temporarily available for free on their platform to support the online learning environment in which many higher education institutions suddenly finds themselves. Offers easy access to vetted research in the humanities and social sciences, from a variety of distinguished university presses, societies, and related not-for-profit publishers, will help to support teaching, learning, and knowledge discovery for users worldwide.</blockquote><br />
[https://tinyurl.com/AccessDuringCOVID-19 Publishers & Vendors Offering Access for Distance Learning & Research During COVID-19]<blockquote>Originally developed for University of Notre Dame faculty, this Google Doc offers a list of vendors and publishers offering permissive or open resource availability during the COVID-19 pandemic.</blockquote>[https://soundcloud.com/rarebookschool Rare Book School Lectures] via Soundcloud<blockquote>Some 400 Soundcloud podcasts on a wide variety of bibliographical subjects that cover the entire history of books.</blockquote><br />
[https://bitly.com/TPSVIRT Teaching with Primary Sources Community Crowdsource for Moving Archival and Special Collections Instruction Online]<blockquote>The Teaching with Primary Sources (TPS) Community offers resources for Special Collections librarians to teach digital primary sources; includes lots of best practices, including how to use different technologies.</blockquote><br />
[http://udlguidelines.cast.org/ Universal Design Learning Guidelines]<blockquote>These offer concrete suggestions that can be applied to any discipline or domain to ensure that all learners can access and participate in meaningful, challenging learning opportunities.</blockquote><br />
<br />
==Folger-created and hosted resources==<br />
<br />
BBI: [https://britishbookillustrations.folger.edu/ British Book Illustrations: Extending Access to 17th-century Visual Culture] is a project of the Folger Shakespeare Library, funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), to digitize and index 10,000 woodcut and engraved illustrations in British and English-language books. <br />
<br />
[http://collation.folger.edu/ The Collation: a gathering of scholarship from the Folger Shakespeare Library] is a blog about Folger collections and resources written by Folger staff and readers. <br />
<br />
[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGERCM1~6~6 Digital Image Collections Database (LUNA)] contains high-quality, high-resolution images of a large number of Folger collection items, divided into six collections (listed below). Users have the ability to store their preferred images in media groups, create presentations, and export images.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~4~4 Bas Relief Image Collection] contains images of the nine bas reliefs that adorn the facade of the Folger Shakespeare Library.<br />
:[[Bindings image collection | Bindings Image Collection]] contains research-quality [https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/BINDINGS~1~1 images of bindings] of aesthetic or historical merit.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~2~2 British Book Illustrations Image Collection] contains the images and raw metadata from the "British Book Illustrations: Extending Access to 17th-century Visual Culture" project (first entry on this list).<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGERCM1~6~6 Digital Image Collection] contains the majority of digitized collection images in the database.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~3~3 Manuscript Transcriptions Collection] contains images from the Folger manuscript collection along with searchable, vetted semi-diplomatic transcriptions.<br />
:[https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/FOLGER~1~1 First Folio Image Collection] contains cover-to-cover images with color card and ruler for six Folger First Folios: <br />
::number [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=78980 19] <br />
::number [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=78406 22] <br />
::number [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=78570 33] <br />
::number [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=78614 38] <br />
::number [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=79278 43]<br />
::number [https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/72g9x0 44]<br />
::number [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=79305 54]<br />
<br />
[https://emed.folger.edu/ EMED]: [[A Digital Anthology of Early Modern English Drama]]: a database of early modern plays ''not'' by Shakespeare, with thirty documentary editions.<br />
<br />
[https://emmo.folger.edu/ EMMO]: [[Early Modern Manuscripts Online]]: transcriptions, images, and metadata of manuscripts from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. <br />
<br />
[http://findingaids.folger.edu/ Finding Aids at the Folger Shakespeare Library] guides users through the extensive manuscript collections with descriptions and lists of items. <br />
<br />
[http://firstlines.folger.edu/ The Union First Line Index of English Verse] enables researchers to locate poems held in seven prestigious collections in the US and UK, including the Folger Shakespeare Library. The Index provides a database of over 224,000 first lines of manuscript and printed verse. [mailto:firstlines@folger.edu firstlines@folger.edu] <br />
<br />
[https://shakespeare.folger.edu/ The Folger SHAKESPEARE] shares the complete works of Shakespeare, edited for modern readers.<br />
<br />
[https://hamnet.folger.edu/ Hamnet], the Folger's online catalog, gives bibliographic information, copy-specific notes, and detailed information—often with links to images—of most of the items in the collection. <br />
<br />
[http://titania.folger.edu/impositor/ Impositor] is an online tool to automatically arrange digital images from the collection into simulated impositions (the laying out of pages into the formes of printed sheets). <br />
<br />
[https://lostplays.folger.edu/Main_Page Lost Plays Database] is a wiki-style forum for scholars to share information about lost plays in England, 1570-1642. <br />
<br />
[http://findingaids.folger.edu/Hand-List_of_Microfilm_and_Selected_Microfiche_Sets.pdf Microfilms Hand-List at the Folger Shakespeare Library] (PDF) is an addition/supplementary list to the microfilm database. Readers are advised to check both places when searching for a microfilm. <br />
<br />
[[Picturing Shakespeare]] was an NEH-funded project to help the Folger digitize thousands of 18th-, 19th-, and early 20th-century images representing Shakespeare’s plays. <br />
<br />
[http://plre.folger.edu/ PLRE.Folger: Private Libraries in Renaissance England] complements the printed volumes of [http://shakespeare.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=56839 Private Libraries in Renaissance England] (PLRE), an ongoing editorial project that has published eight volumes since 1992 in the Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies (MRTS) series. <br />
<br />
[https://shakespearedocumented.folger.edu Shakespeare Documented] is the largest and most authoritative collection of primary-source materials documenting the life of William Shakespeare (1564-1616), bringing together all known manuscript and print references to Shakespeare, his works, and additional references to his family, in his lifetime and shortly thereafter.<br />
<br />
[https://www.folger.edu/shakespeare-unlimited Shakespeare Unlimited Podcast], a "no limits" tour of the connections between Shakespeare, his works, and our world.<br />
<br />
[https://tokenbooks.folger.edu/ The Token Books of St Saviour Southwark] is an in-progress resource developed by William Ingram, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Alan H. Nelson, The University of California, Berkeley. The site makes available information from this rare type of parish record, spanning approximately 1571-1643.<br />
<br />
==Instructional video series==<br />
In the [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkWyVPkA-aEdejPR6-KD5CzJ Folger How-tos: Hamnet Online Catalog] video series, learn valuable tips and tricks to make the most of Hamnet, the Folger online library catalog. <br />
<br />
The [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkW1MqgnonjgpnHOk-QZ3nyd Folger How-tos: Research Essentials] video series includes tips on how to navigate [https://shakespearedocumented.folger.edu/ Shakespeare Documented], use the digital image collections to their maximum potential, and access subscription databases through a research account.<br />
<br />
Watch the [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR8P-dSNaJkVvJifK4yXVethkELPqPvXf State Papers Online] video series to learn navigation tips and tricks for this valuable, but sometimes complicated, online resource. ''Note: State Papers Online, 1509-1714 is made available through an institutional subscription onsite at the Folger Shakespeare Library or through the Folger researcher request system (through 2022). Check your institution’s e-resource subscriptions for local availability.''<br />
<br />
==Freely Available Electronic Resources== <br />
<br />
===A-C=== <br />
<br />
[http://www.1641.tcd.ie/index.php 1641 Depositions] From Trinity College Dublin (MSS 809-841) are witness testimonies mainly by Protestants, but also by some Catholics, from all social backgrounds, concerning their experiences of the 1641 Irish rebellion. Create a free account to view the depositions. <br />
<br />
[http://www.19thcenturyacts.com/ 19th Century Acts!] showcases different aspects of theatrical performance through mapping and current and historical digital images.<br />
<br />
[https://americanarchive.org/ American Archive of Public Broadcasting]: Discover historic programs of publicly funded radio and television across America. Select Browse for subject browses of Literature, History, Theater and more.<br />
<br />
[http://www.annotatedbooksonline.com/ Annotated Books Online] is a virtual research environment for scholars and students interested in historical reading practices. Create a free account to contribute transcriptions and/or translations of annotations. <br />
<br />
[https://atlas.lib.uiowa.edu/ Atlas of Early Printing] is an interactive site designed to be used as a tool for teaching the early history of printing in Europe during the second half of the fifteenth century. <br />
<br />
[https://beforeshakespeare.com Before Shakespeare] is a project that explores the earliest days of the Elizabethan playhouses, focusing on the mid 16th century London commercial playhouses.<br />
<br />
[https://www.bessofhardwick.org/ Bess of Hardwick's Letters], which number almost 250 items of correspondence, bring to life her extraordinary story and allow us to eavesdrop on her world. Her letters allow us to reposition Bess as a complex woman of her times, immersed in the literacy and textual practices of everyday life, as her correspondence extends from servants, friends and family, to queens and officers of state. <br />
<br />
[https://bibsocamer.org/bibsite-home/list-of-resources/ The Bibliographical Society of America] list of resources compiles essays, lists, and other bibliographical materials in aid of bibliographical study. The resource features wide date ranges and ample geographical coverage. <br />
<br />
[https://www.sharpweb.org/book-history-unbound/category/issues/ Book History UNBOUND] provides supplemental digital humanities materials that supplement print articles in ''Book History'', the journal of the Society for the History of Authorship and Reading (SHARP).<br />
<br />
[https://bookowners.online/Main_Page Book Owners Online] is a directory of historical book owners, with information about their libraries, and signposts to further reference sources. It currently covers seventeenth-century English owners with the potential to be expanded. <br />
<br />
[http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=TR%2fPub%2f1 Bristol Old Vic Playbills]: collection of playbills from the Theatre Royal/Bristol Old Vic, digitized by the Bristol Archive. Covers some 18th century (earliest from 1768), primarily first half of 19th century (1810-1840).<br />
<br />
[https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Default.aspx?_ga=2.95202516.918721450.1602764813-573422282.1602764813 British Library Digitised Manuscripts] includes a wide selected of digital images from manuscripts in the British Library.<br />
<br />
[http://ballads.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ Broadside Ballad Archive] is maintained by the Bodleian Libraries and features the Bodleian's digital collections of ballads, with links to the English Broadside Ballad Archive’s digital presentations of pre-1800 ballads from other libraries, and to the folk song scholarship of the Roud Broadside Index, hosted by the English Folk Dance and Song Society (from the website).<br />
<br />
[https://jcblibrary.org/collection/digital-images The John Carter Brown Library Online Publications] features pdfs of out of print publications by and about The John Carter Brown Library collection. <br />
<br />
[[List of bindings resources]] <br />
<br />
[https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/bookbindings/ Database of Bookbindings: The British Library] <br />
<br />
[http://bookbindingdictionary.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page Bookbinding Dictionary (Multilingual)]: an international dictionary of bookbinding and conservation terms. <br />
<br />
[http://www.borrowers.uga.edu/ Borrowers and Lenders: The Journal of Shakespeare and Appropriation] <br />
<br />
[http://bbti.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/# British Book Trade Index:] The BBTI aims to include brief biographical and trade details of all those who worked in the English and Welsh book trades up to 1851. BBTI includes not only printers, publishers and booksellers but also other related trades, such as stationers, papermakers, engravers, auctioneers, ink-makers and sellers of medicines, so that the book trade can be studied in the context of allied trades. <br />
<br />
[http://www.bpi1700.org.uk/index.html British Printed Images to 1700 (bpi1700)] is a digital library of prints and book illustrations from early modern Britain. <br />
<br />
[http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/ British Universities Film and Video Council: Shakespeare] An International Database of Shakespeare on Film, Television and Radio.<br />
This authoritative online database of Shakespeare-related content in film, television, radio and video recordings is international in scope, is regularly updated and currently holds over 9,000 records dating from the 1890s to the present day.<br />
<br />
[https://casebooks.lib.cam.ac.uk The Casebooks Project]: In the decades around 1600, the astrologers Simon Forman and Richard Napier produced one of the largest surviving sets of medical records in history. The Casebooks Project, a team of scholars at the University of Cambridge, has transformed this paper archive into a digital archive. <br />
<br />
[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ Chronicling America] contains fully searchable American historic newspaper pages from 1789-1963. <br />
<br />
[https://theclergydatabase.org.uk Clergy of the Church of England Database 1540-1835] makes available and searchable the principal records of clerical careers from over 50 archives in England and Wales with the aim of providing coverage of as many clerical lives as possible from the Reformation to the mid-nineteenth century. <br />
<br />
[http://www.common-place.org/ Common-Place] is a destination for exploring and exchanging ideas about early American history and culture. A bit less formal than a scholarly journal, a bit more scholarly than a popular magazine, Commonplace speaks—and listens—to scholars, museum curators, teachers, hobbyists, and just about anyone interested in American history before 1900.<br />
<br />
[http://www.english.cam.ac.uk/ceres/ COPIA/CERES (Cambridge English Renaissance Electronic Service)] provides access to manuscripts related to Spenser and resources for early modern English handwriting. <br />
<br />
[http://humanities-research.exeter.ac.uk/womenswork/courtdepositions/ Court Depositions of South West England, 1500-1700] is a digital edition of 80 fully transcribed depositions relating to 20 cases heard in the church courts and Quarter Sessions between 1556 and 1694 across Devon, Hampshire, Somerset and Wiltshire. These depositions or witness statements relate to a range of crimes and offences tried in these two types of courts, from defamation to theft and are rich in detail of social, economic, political and religious life in early modern England. This digital edition has been prepared as part of the Leverhulme-funded project ''Women's Work in Rural England, 1500-1700'' undertaken at the University of Exeter between 2013 and 2018.<br />
<br />
===D=== <br />
<br />
[http://www.treatiseonpainting.org/ Leonardo da Vinci and his Treatise on Painting]: website examining all of the different variations of this text that appeared throughout the centuries; includes extensive bibliography. <br />
<br />
[https://dex.itercommunity.org/ DEx: Database of Dramatic Extracts] DEx is an online, searchable database of dramatic extracts found in seventeenth-century manuscripts. DEx is published by Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages and Renaissance. <br />
<br />
[https://digitalrenaissance.uvic.ca/ Digital Renaissance Editions] "publishes electronic scholarly editions of early English drama and texts of related interest, from late medieval moralities and Tudor interludes, occasional entertainments and civic pageants, academic and closet drama, and the plays of the commercial London theaters, through to the drama of the Civil War and Interregnum." <br />
<br />
[https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php Discography of American Historical Recordings] "a database of master recordings made by American record companies during the 78rpm era. It is part of the American Discography Project (ADP)—an initiative of the University of California, Santa Barbara and the Packard Humanities Institute that is edited by a team of researchers based at the UCSB Library" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[http://deep.sas.upenn.edu/ DEEP (Database of Early English Playbooks)]: searchable bibliography of "every playbook produced in England, Scotland, and Ireland from the beginning of printing through 1660". <br />
<br />
[http://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_h.aspx Dictionary for Library and Information Sciences] is designed as a hypertext reference resource for library and information science professionals, university students and faculty, and users of all types of libraries.<br />
<br />
===E=== <br />
<br />
[http://eada.lib.umd.edu/introduction-to-the-archive/ Early Americas Digital Archive] is a collection of electronic texts and links to texts originally written in or about the Americas from 1492 to approximately 1820, supported by University of Maryland.<br />
<br />
[http://www.uta.edu/english/ees/ Early English Studies] is an online journal under the auspices of the University of Texas, Arlington English Department and is devoted to literary and cultural topics of study in the medieval and early modern periods.<br />
<br />
[https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/980096/ Early Modern British Painters] dataset identifies all those men and women who have been identified as painters of any sort working in England, Wales, Scotland or Ireland between the years 1500 and 1640. Compiled by Robert Tittler, Distinguished Professor of History Emeritus at Concordia University, Montreal, and Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. <br />
<br />
[https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/emc/ Early Modern Culture] published works-in-progress by major scholars in early modern studies, along with a set of responses from readers. No longer publishing as of 2019.<br />
<br />
[https://emdr.itercommunity.org/index.php?journal=emdr Early Modern Digital Review] (EMDR) is an online, open-access, and refereed journal publishing high-quality reviews of digital projects related to early modern society and culture. It is committed to productive evaluation of both established digital resources and recent tools and projects. <br />
<br />
[https://extra.shu.ac.uk/emls/journal/index.php/emls Early Modern Literary Studies] is a refereed journal serving as a formal arena for scholarly discussion and as an academic resource for researchers in the areas of English literature, literary culture, and language during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.<br />
<br />
[https://emlot.library.utoronto.ca Early Modern London Theatres] (EMLoT): Information related to professional performance in purpose-built theatres and other permanent structures in the London area. <br />
<br />
[https://www.emlc-journal.org/issue/archive/ ''Early Modern Low Countries''] "a multidisciplinary open access journal dedicated to the study of the early modern Low Countries. We publish state-of-the-art scholarship on any aspect of the turbulent history and vibrant culture of the region from about 1500 to 1830 from a variety of perspectives" (from the website).<br />
<br />
EMLC appears in two installments annually.<br />
<br />
[https://earlyprint.org/lab/ Early Print: Text Mining Early Printed English] provides a range of tools for the computational exploration and analysis of English print culture before 1700. <br />
<br />
[http://www.earlyprintedbooks.com/resources/ Early Printed Books, by Sarah Werner] is a companion to her book, ''Studying Early Printed Books, 1450-1800: A Practical Guide''. Intended to be able to be used both alongside and separately from the book, the website is an open-access, freely available resource that can supplement anyone’s explorations of early printed books.<br />
<br />
[http://www.earlystuartlibels.net/htdocs/index.html Early Stuart Libels]: early 17th century English political poetry from the accession of King James I to the outbreak of the English Civil War. <br />
<br />
[https://www.englandsimmigrants.com/ England's Immigrants] is a database of over 64,000 names of people known to have migrated to England in the period 1350-1550. The information is drawn from a variety of sources, such as taxation assessments, letters of denization and protection, and other licenses and grants. <br />
<br />
[http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ English Broadside Ballad Archive] from the University of California, Santa Barbara, provides access to images and transcriptions of English Broadside Ballads from the long 17th century. <br />
<br />
[http://estc.bl.uk/F/?func=file&file_name=login-bl-estc English Short-Title Catalogue (ESTC)] is a comprehensive, international union catalogue listing early books, serials, newspapers and selected ephemera printed before 1801. For more information on this resource please see [[English Short-Title Catalogue]]. <br />
<br />
[http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Main_Page EuroDocs: Primary Historical Documents from Western Europe] is a repository of links to freely available primary source documents on the web; organized by both geographic area and time period. <br />
<br />
[https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/yexm20/current Exemplaria] is an open access journal that reconsider the methods and aims of scholarship on the medieval and early modern periods, broadly conceived.<br />
<br />
===F=== <br />
<br />
[http://www.johnfoxe.org/ John Foxe’s Book of Martyrs Variorum Edition (TAMO)]: browse and compare the unabridged texts of the four editions of this massive work published in John Foxe’s lifetime (1563, 1570, 1576, 1583).<br />
<br />
[https://library.culinary.edu/primarysources/digitalfoodhistory/ Food History Digital Primary Sources] guide from the Culinary Institute of America.<br />
<br />
===G-I=== <br />
<br />
[http://gemms.itercommunity.org/index.php GEMMS: Gateway to Early Modern Manuscript Sermons] is a group-sourced online bibliographic database of early modern (1530-1715) manuscript sermons from the UK, Ireland and North America. <br />
<br />
[http://globalmiddleages.org/ Global Middle Ages Project (G-MAP)] is a portal site for digital projects encompassing the Medieval and Early Modern worlds. <br />
<br />
[[Glossary of digital humanities terms]] aims to help both novices and more advanced users of digital tools and approaches understand common terms employed in the digital humanities. <br />
<br />
[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/glossary.asp Glossary of Illuminated Manuscripts:] reproduced and illustrated by the British Library from Michelle P. Brown, ''Understanding Illuminated Manuscripts: A Guide to Technical Terms'' (J. Paul Getty Museum: Malibu and British Library: London, 1994). <br />
<br />
[https://www.gravell.org/ Gravell (The Thomas L. Gravell Watermark Archive)] brings together more than 50,000 watermarks from America and Europe, including 7,500 images collected by American-watermark expert Thomas L. Gravell and about 45,000 unpublished marks documented by Charles-Moise Briquet. <br />
<br />
[http://www.hamletworks.org/ Hamlet Works] is "everything you ever wanted to know about ''Hamlet''", a searchable databases of editions and criticism.<br />
<br />
[https://henslowe-alleyn.org.uk/ Henslowe-Alleyn Digitization Project] "has two aims and objectives: first, to protect and conserve these increasingly fragile manuscripts, and, second, to make their contents much more widely available in a free electronic archive and website, not only to specialist scholars but to all those interested in early modern English drama and theatre history, as well as social, economic, regional, architectural, and legal history, and paleography and manuscript studies" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[http://hpb.cerl.org Heritage of the Printed Book Database (HPB)] (formerly called the Hand Press Book Database) is a steadily growing collection of files of catalogue records from major European and North American research libraries covering items of European printing of the hand-press period (c.1455-c.1830) integrated into one file. This makes it possible for information to be retrieved in one single search across all files. (N.b. as of Summer 2016, Folger items are not yet integrated into this database) As of January 2018, this resource is freely available! <br />
<br />
[http://www.arc.id.au/Calendar.html Historical Calendar]: Multi-country historical calendar for the years 1100 to 2100. Allows automatic conversion between Old Style and New Style dates. <br />
<br />
[https://hob.gseis.ucla.edu/index.html History of the Book, by Johanna Drucker] is a networked resource focused on the production and reception of materials related to the history of the book and literacy technologies, broadly conceived.<br />
<br />
[http://historyofparliamentonline.org History of Parliament] is a research project creating a comprehensive account of parliamentary politics in England, then Britain, from their origins in the thirteenth century. It consists of detailed studies of elections and electoral politics in each constituency, and of closely researched accounts of the lives of everyone who was elected to Parliament in the period, together with surveys drawing out the themes and discoveries of the research and adding information on the operation of Parliament as an institution. Note: it is a work in progress, with some sections more complete than others. <br />
<br />
[http://www.history.ac.uk/history-online/ History On-Line] provides information for historians with details of university lecturers in the UK and the Republic of Ireland, current and past historical research, digital history projects, new books and journals from a range of leading publishers and sources of funding available for researchers in the UK. <br />
<br />
[http://english.nsms.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/ The Holinshed Project] parallel texts edition, furnished with links to each page of Early English Books Online (subscription required). Users can navigate using a variety of entry points. Project overview and history, as well as sample texts, can be found [http://www.cems.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/index.shtml here]. <br />
<br />
[http://www.hookesbooks.com/ Robert Hooke's Books] is an online source on the library of the 17th-century virtuoso Robert Hooke (1635-1703) is an on-going collaboration between Will Poole, Felicity Henderson, and Yelda Nasifoglu who are currently undertaking research on different aspects of Hooke’s work. As it is a work-in-progress, further research notes will be continually added to the database, and new editions of the editors’ Introduction are expected to be released. <br />
<br />
[https://www.arts.kuleuven.be/nieuwetijd/english/odis/impressae-women-printers-in-early-modern-antwerp-leuven-and-douai Impressae: Women Printers in Early Modern Antwerp, Leuven, and Douai] reconstructs the lives and work of women printers in Antwerp, Leuven and Douai during two centuries (sixteenth through seventeenth). It contains information about kinship and commercial networks, printing houses and rare books. It contains linked data on more than 1 300 persons, almost 3 700 publications and more than 150 organisations.<br />
<br />
[https://www.vialibri.net/library_search.php International Library Catalogs] from vialibri.net. Provides a list of union and other catalogs from Europe and the United States. Links to sources such as WorldCat, the KVK, and artlibraries.net. <br />
<br />
[http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/ Internet Shakespeare Editions]: information on Shakespeare's texts and life and times. Includes a performance database and the semi-annual online journal ''Scene''.<br />
<br />
===J-L=== <br />
<br />
[https://minstrels.library.utoronto.ca The JUBA Project: Early Blackface Minstrelsy in Britain 1842-1852], from the University of Toronto, draws together a range of documentation into a database that allows the visitor to access information on the individuals, troupes, and 'acts,' that toured in Britain during these crucial years. <br />
<br />
[https://kitmarlowe.org/ The Kit Marlowe Project] created by undergraduate students to offer accessible resources for learning about one of Shakespeare’s most influential contemporaries and collaborators, Christopher Marlowe (Project Director: Kristen Abbott Bennett at Framingham University).<br />
<br />
[https://www.layersoflondon.org/ Layers of London] is a map-based history website developed by the Institute of Historical Research.<br />
<br />
[http://www.leibniz-translations.com/index2.php Leibniz Translations]: This site provides full-text translations of the work of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in English translation. <br />
<br />
[http://leme.library.utoronto.ca/ Lexicons of Early Modern English] : searches and displays word-entries from monolingual English dictionaries, bilingual lexicons, technical vocabularies, and other encyclopedic-lexical works, 1480-1702. <br />
<br />
[https://www.loc.gov/collections/ Library of Congress Digital Collections]<br />
<br />
[https://londonstagedatabase.usu.edu London Stage database]: A searchable version of ''The London Stage'', a key reference work documenting theatrical performances from the reopening of the public playhouses following the English civil wars in 1660 to the end of the eighteenth century. This information has been compiled from the playbills, newspapers and theatrical diaries of the period. <br />
<br />
[http://www.luminarium.org/lumina.htm Luminarium] is an online anthology of English literature from the late Medieval period through the 18th century; texts from out-of-copyright editions. <br />
<br />
===M-O=== <br />
<br />
[http://manus.iccu.sbn.it/index.php Manus Online]: MANUS is a database containing catalogue descriptions and digital images of manuscripts, private papers and archives held by Italian public, private and ecclesiastical libraries. The census, launched in 1988, aims to list and catalogue manuscripts written in Latin alphabet from the Middle Ages to date, including private papers and literary archives. <br />
<br />
[https://www.manuscriptcookbookssurvey.org/ Manuscript Cookbooks Survey] includes a database of pre-1865 English-language manuscript cookbooks held in U. S. public institutions as well as a database of kitchen artifacts used at the time these manuscripts were written. <br />
<br />
[https://mpese.ac.uk/ Manuscript Pamphleteering in Early Stuart England]: Before the outbreak of Civil War in 1642, England developed a large, influential and often radical pamphlet literature. This project aims to survey the vast hidden archive of early Stuart England's manuscript pamphlets. Images and transcriptions of many early modern pamphlets are available, in addition to bibliographical descriptions. <br />
<br />
[https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/emwrn/digitalarchive Material Cultures of Early Modern Women's Writing Digital Archive]: provides online editions of women's writing that circulated in a variety of forms in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This project draws from manuscript sources as well as print editions, and provides both images and transcriptions of these often multiform texts. <br />
<br />
[https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/ Map of Early Modern London (MoEML)]: Map comprises a digital edition of the 1561 Agas woodcut map of London; an Encyclopedia and Descriptive Gazetteer of London people, places, topics, and terms; a Library of marked-up texts rich in London toponyms; and a versioned edition of John Stow’s Survey of London. <br />
<br />
[http://wroth.latrobe.edu.au/ Mary Wroth's Poetry: An Electronic Edition]: Edited by Paul Salzman, this electronic edition includes a textual introduction, a contextual bibliography, a critical introduction to the poetry of Mary Wroth, and full text of the poems. <br />
<br />
[http://www.medici.org/ The Medici Archive Project]: Documentary Sources for the Arts and Humanities in the Medici Granducal Archive, 1537-1743, is a fully searchable database describing hundreds of volumes of documents in the Medici Granducal Archive (Archivio Mediceo del Principato). <br />
<br />
[http://mdr-maa.org Medieval Digital Resources (MDR)]: The Medieval Academy of America has put together a curated database of peer-reviewed digital materials for the study of the Middle Ages. Users can browse an alphabetical list or search using controlled-vocabulary subject tags to find vetted online resources of many types. Please note that MDR does not include resources that are paywalled or require password access, although some resources may have restrictive use-licenses. <br />
<br />
[https://memorients.com/ Medieval and Early Modern Orients (MEMOs)]: is an AHRC-funded project that seeks to further knowledge and understanding of the early interactions between England and the Islamic worlds.<br />
<br />
[https://globalshakespeares.mit.edu/ MIT Global Shakespeares] video and performance archive.<br />
<br />
[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary Middle English Compendium] contains three Middle English electronic resources: the Middle English Dictionary, a Bibliography of Middle English prose and verse, and a Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse. <br />
<br />
[https://digital.library.illinois.edu/collections/810eac30-e3fb-012f-c5b6-0019b9e633c5-e The Motley Collection of Theatre and Costume Design] at the University of Illinois has over 5000 items from more than 150 theatrical productions in England and the United States.<br />
<br />
[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000140237 The National Union Catalog, pre-1956 imprints] are made available through HathiTrust. <br />
<br />
[https://shiplib.org The Nautical Archaeology Digital Library] includes artifact collections, mapping of shipwrecks, maritime exploration, shipbuilding and other resources for international history of sea travel.<br />
<br />
[https://digitalcollections.nypl.org New York Public Library Digital Collections] site provides access to digitized collection materials from the extensive NYPL holdings, touching on all areas within the Folger collecting scope.<br />
<br />
[https://ota.ox.ac.uk/ Oxford Text Archive] collects, catalogues, preserves and distributes high-quality digital resources for research and teaching; they currently have thousands of texts in more than 25 languages (some restrictions). Includes a separate catalog of TCP (Text Creation Partnership) items.<br />
<br />
===P-R=== <br />
<br />
[[List of online resources for early modern English paleography]]:These resources were compiled to assist early modern scholars begin to learn to decipher, read, and interpret manuscript materials written in early handwriting. <br />
<br />
[http://ihl.enssib.fr/en/paper-and-watermarks-as-bibliographical-evidence Paper and Watermarks as Bibliographical Evidence] from the Institut d'histoire du livre is a bibliographical guide to texts and images relating to the history of paper and papermaking, mainly comprising the hand-papermaking period. <br />
<br />
[https://vpcp.chass.ncsu.edu/listen-ambient-sounds/ Virtual St. Paul's Cathedral Project/Ambient Noise]: A digital recreation of worship and preaching at St. Paul's Cathedral in early modern London. <br />
<br />
[http://pedagogy-toolkit.org/ Pedagogy Toolkit for English]: Community-driven resources for digital pedagogy in composition, rhetoric, and literature. <br />
<br />
[https://www.pepysdiary.com/ The Diary of Samuel Pepys]: Daily entries from the 17th century London diary. <br />
<br />
[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ Perseus Digital Library] and [https://scaife.perseus.org/library/ Scaife online reader] for classical through early modern literature and artifacts.<br />
<br />
[https://digital.library.illinois.edu/collections/81196b40-e3fb-012f-c5b6-0019b9e633c5-c Portraits of Actors] gathers studio portraits and actors posing in costume, 1720-1920.<br />
<br />
[https://pulterproject.northwestern.edu/ The Pulter Project: Poet in the Making], a "digital collaboration aims at allowing readers to engage with multiple, different representations and readings of Hester Pulter’s striking verse" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[https://www.r18collective.org/ Re-Activating Restoration & 18th-Century Theatre for the 21st Century] includes video and audio resources and syllabus ideas aimed at assisting instructors. In the longer term, this research consortium will be working with professional theatre artists and companies in the US, Canada, and UK to encourage new productions and convening research workshops and focused conferences at the Newberry Library and Oxford University (open to graduate students and faculty). <br />
<br />
[https://ereed.library.utoronto.ca Records of Early English Drama (REED)] is an international scholarly project that is establishing for the first time the context from which the drama of Shakespeare and his contemporaries grew. Contains transcribed and edited historical documents containing evidence of drama, secular music, and other communal entertainment and ceremony from the Middle Ages until 1642.<br />
<br />
[https://reformation500.csl.edu/ Reformation 500] is an online resource for the commemoration of the Quincentenary of the Reformation in 2017 managed by Concordia Seminary, St. Louis. Here you will find information on important people and events of the Reformation, news and upcoming events, blog posts by a variety of authors offering different perspectives on the Reformation and its significance. <br />
<br />
[https://rekn.org/ Renaissance Knowledge Network] publications address a myriad of topics surrounding the creation of digital projects that display resources related to Renaissance and Early Modern studies. <br />
<br />
[http://myweb.ttu.edu/mkvanda/RPFsite/index.xml Restoration Printed Fiction] is a database from the English Department at Texas Tech University. Including 394 fictions printed between 1660 and 1700 (fiction has been defined broadly here), this database allows users to search for basic information, such as author, title, bookseller, printer, and date, as well as more detailed information, such as whether the text has paratexts like dedications or prefaces. <br />
<br />
[http://guides.library.harvard.edu/friendly.php?s=rinascimento&gid=4877 Rinascimento]: Harvard University's Research Guide for Renaissance Studies. Contains links to databases, websites, and other resources, divided and subdivided by general topical area. <br />
<br />
[http://www.itergateway.org/romeo_juliet/ Romeo and Juliet: Searchable Database for Prompt Books] contains information from approximately 170 prompt-books for productions of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. These productions range from the seventeenth century to the 1980s.<br />
<br />
===S-U=== <br />
<br />
[https://scholarlyediting.org/ Scholarly Editing] is an open-access journal committed to the development and advancement of all aspects of textual editing, including documentary editing. The content published in the journal includes essays, micro editions, reviews of print and digital editions, and teaching materials. The journal’s eclectic, multidisciplinary approach makes it an invaluable resource for anyone interested in the theory, practice, and pedagogy of scholarly editing, including educators, researchers, scholars, historians, archivists, editors, information professionals, and digital humanists.<br />
<br />
[https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/scriptorium Scriptorium: Medieval and Early Modern Manuscripts Online]: A digital archive of manuscript miscellanies and commonplace books from c. 1450-1720. <br />
<br />
[https://shakedsetc.org Shakedsetc.org] provides information and links to digital copies of Shakespeare's works, from the earliest quartos to 18th, 19th, and 20th century editions.<br />
<br />
[https://searchingforshakespeare.co.uk/ Searching for Shakespeare] "provide[s] the ability to view selected objects recovered from the excavations of New Place between 2010 and 2016. These objects are presently housed in the museum collections of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust and most are not readily available to be viewed by the public" (from the website).<br />
<br />
[https://shakeosphere.lib.uiowa.edu/ Shakeosphere] allows users to visualize, map, and explore these social networks in Shakespeare's England and beyond, from 1473-1800. <br />
<br />
[http://bsuva.org/bsuva/promptbook/ 17th Century Shakespearean Prompt Books] from the University of Virginia, with introductions to each book and descriptions of each annotation within the plays. <br />
<br />
[https://www.shakespearealbum.de/en/about.html Shakespeare Album] site presents ''Illustrating the History of Germany's Shakespeare Reception: the Birmingham Photo Album'' convened in 2016 by Academy of Sciences and Literature Mainz. A commemorative digital photo album was created with 109 portraits and autograph signatures of personalities meritorious for having communicated and maintained the interest for Shakespeare in Germany. Consult this resource in combination with German scholar [https://findingaids.folger.edu/dfoleo2002.xml Friedrich August Leo] materials and other [https://findingaids.folger.edu/dfogerman2002.xml German language manuscripts] held by the Folger.<br />
<br />
[https://shakespearecensus.org/ The Shakespeare Census] attempts to locate and describe all extant copies of all editions of Shakespeare’s works through 1700, excluding the folios. It includes all items attributed to Shakespeare in print during the period, but not those attributed to him only by modern scholarship, and excludes the Restoration adaptations. <br />
<br />
[https://shakespeare.emory.edu/ Shakespeare and the Players] is an online exhibition and scholarly resource of nearly 1,000 postcards featuring many famous English and American actors who performed Shakespeare’s plays for late Victorian and Edwardian audiences, held at Emory University.<br />
<br />
[https://sharc.kcl.ac.uk Shakespeare in the Royal Collection] is a searchable online catalogue of Shakespeare-related objects in the Royal Collection and an online exhibition.<br />
<br />
[https://about.illinoisstate.edu/shakespeareinsheets/ Shakespeare in Sheets] project recreates the author's early plays and books in printable and foldable sheets of paper. <br />
<br />
[https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/shakespeare The Shakespeare Train] is a portion of the [https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/# Ellen Terry and Edith Craig digital archive], available through the University of Essex. It provides a portal to Ellen Terry stage and lecture history and links to the main documentary archive and the [https://ellenterryarchive.essex.ac.uk/star Search for Theatrical Ancestors] database.<br />
<br />
[http://shalt.dmu.ac.uk/index.html ShaLT: Shakespearean London Theatres]: Histories of early modern theatres, with a map, guides, and films. A joint project of the De Montfort University and the Victoria and Albert Museum. <br />
<br />
[https://thesifter.org/ The Sifter]: A Tool for Food History Research.<br />
<br />
Statutes of the Realm: for statutes from the Magna Carta to 1761, the most efficient place to search is ECCO. Search for the title "Statutes at Large" and the author Ruffhead. <br />
<br />
[http://earlyamericansermons.org/about/ T.E.A.M.S.: Transcribing Early American Manuscript Sermons] is a collaborative scholarly effort to make the voluminous archival record of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century ecclesiastical worship more accessible to academic researchers, pastors, and the general public. This digital archive houses sermons transcribed from the papers of Baptist, Catholic, Congregational, Episcopalian, Presbyterian, and Unitarian ministers who preached up and down the Atlantic coast of North America; it includes the manuscript sermons of white, Native American, and African American preachers. <br />
<br />
[https://theatregoing.wordpress.com/ Theatregoing] is an ongoing survey reproducing eyewitness testimony of seeing theatrical productions, from the sixteenth century to the present day.<br />
<br />
[http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/reading/UK/index.php UK RED] or "the Reading Experience Database" explores what United Kingdom residents and British subjects living or travelling abroad read between the invention of the printing press in 1450 and the end of the Second World War in 1945, how, and in what circumstances did they read.<br />
<br />
===V-Z=== <br />
<br />
[http://shakespeareillustration.org/ The Victorian Illustrated Shakespeare Archive] contains over 3000 illustrations from four of the most significant illustrated editions of Shakespeare's works in the Victorian period. All images have been tagged bibliographically and iconographically. <br />
<br />
[https://graphics.cs.wisc.edu/WP/vep/ Visualizing English Print] (from the site) "Our mission is to scale humanist scholarship to ‘big data’ by removing several barriers to statistically analyzing digital Early Modern English texts, like those released by the Text Creation Partnership...This website equips you with the necessary tools to make your own corpora, visually explore them, and download preliminary metadata."<br />
<br />
[https://hollar.library.utoronto.ca/ Wenceslaus Hollar Digital Collection]: Digital images from the Fisher Library Collection at the University of Toronto. <br />
<br />
[https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history Westminster Abbey|History] includes short essays on each feature of the Abbey, including entries on each burial or memorial site. <br />
<br />
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[[Category: Bibliography]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=David_Garrick,_1717%E2%80%931779:_A_Theatrical_Life_exhibition_material&diff=35867David Garrick, 1717–1779: A Theatrical Life exhibition material2021-10-28T20:12:55Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: </p>
<hr />
<div>This article offers a descriptive list of items included in [[David Garrick, 1717–1779: A Theatrical Life |''David Garrick, 1717–1779: A Theatrical Life'']], one of the [[Exhibitions at the Folger]]. <br />
<br />
This online exhibition showcases some of the [[Folger Shakespeare Library|Folger Shakespeare Library's]] extraordinary wealth of Garrick-related printed texts, manuscripts, images, and objects in order to tell the story of his “theatrical life” both in the sense of David Garrick’s contributions to modern drama, and the drama that was his real life. <br />
<br />
The exhibition material is grouped into five major themes: [[#The Man|The Man]]; [[#The Actor|The Actor]]; [[#The Entrepreneur|The Entrepreneur]]; [[#The Playwright and Adapter|The Playwright and Adapter]]; and [[#Garrick's Legacy|Garrick's Legacy]].<br />
<br />
==The Man ==<br />
<br />
Garrick’s personal qualities have been much praised (“The chastity of Mr. Garrick…and his exemplary life as a man have been a great service to the morals of a dissipated age,” wrote Sir John Fielding), but he had his quarrels and his behavior was not without flashes of professional jealousy. His sense of humor still comes across in his letters, and he took ribbing about his modest height in stride. Plagued by ill-health much of the time, he neverthless enjoyed life to the fullest.<br />
<br />
=== Childhood and Youth ===<br />
<br />
David Garrick was born in Hereford in 1717, son of Peter Garrick (a Huguenot refugee who arrived in England as an infant and grew up to become an army officer) and his wife, Arabella Clough (a vicar-choral’s <ref>vicar-choral: A cathedral officer whose duty is to sing parts of the service.</ref> daughter from Lichfield). Peter Garrick’s regiment was based in Lichfield, Staffordshire, and David grew up there with his six brothers and sisters. In 1737, he left Lichfield for London, over 100 miles to the south-east, traveling with his friend and (briefly) schoolmaster, the young Samuel Johnson.<ref>Samuel Johnson (1709–1784): author and lexicographer.</ref> In London, twenty-year-old David Garrick considered a law career, then set himself up as a wholesale wine dealer with his elder brother, Peter. Over the next few years, Garrick’s long-held interest in acting and the theater grew. In 1740, two comic pieces<ref>Two comic pieces: ''Lethe'' was performed at Drury Lane on April 1, and ''The Lying Valet'' was performed at Goodman's Fields on November 30.</ref> he had written appeared on stage, and he acted the title role in an amateur performance of Henry Fielding’s ''The Mock Doctor''. The respectable career in the wine trade wished for by his family became less and less attractive to him.<br />
<br />
==== Items included ====<br />
<br />
* Samuel and Nathaniel Buck. ''The South West Prospect of the City of Lichfield''. Engraving, ca. 1732. Call number: Uncat. Garrickiana Maggs no.203.<br />
* William Holl after Sir Joshua Reynolds. ''Samuel Johnson LLD''. Engraving, 1814. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=243525 ART File J69 no.12 (size M)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/gpg693 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
=== Debut on the Stage ===<br />
<br />
By his own account, Garrick made his professional stage debut anonymously and in disguise March 1741, taking over for an indisposed actor at Goodman’s Fields<ref>Goodman's Fields: Henry Giffard (1699–1772), manager of Goodman's Fields, was permitted to evade the legal limiting of plays to only two houses (Drury Lane and Covent Garden) by calling the building a former theater, and nominally charging audiences to hear a concert. Each concert just happened to include a free-of-charge play. The government turned a blind eye as long as the plays remained politically tame. Drury Lane and Covent Garden made no complaint as long as their business risked no harm. Garrick's huge success prompted both theaters to urge a crack-down.</ref> without the audience knowing. His first full performance took place that summer, in Ipswich. Unwilling to associate his good family name with acting, he appeared under the pseudonym “Mr. Lyddall” (the maiden name of the manager’s wife).<br />
<br />
On October 19, 1741, Garrick made his formal debut on the London stage and soon became the talk of the town. The little east-end theater of Goodman’s Fields began to draw crowds, including the likes of Alexander Pope and William Pitt.<br />
<br />
Still concerned for his family’s reputation, Garrick’s name did not appear on the playbills—at least, not at first. The part of [[Richard III]] on October 19, 1741 was played by “A Gentleman,<ref>"A Gentleman": An anonymous credit was not uncommon at the time. It alerted the audience to expect someone new, and permitted unsuccessful actors to retreat without publicly shaman their names. Being an actor was bad enough for one's reputation, being a poor actor was certainly worse.</ref> (Who never appeared on any Stage).” Garrick triumphed as Richard III, acting with a naturalism audiences had not seen in the role before, and was next advertised as “the Gentleman who perform’d King Richard.” At the end of November, 1741, he finally went public as an actor, allowing his name to appear on the playbills.<br />
<br />
By the end of the 1741–42 season, Garrick had made the leap to the west end, debuting at Drury Lane on May 26. Letters to his family reveal Garrick’s breathless enthusiasm for the theater as well as a genuine concern to re-assure them that he has met with great success, and is confident he can make a living as an actor. He went on to spend a triumphant summer season at the Smock Alley theater in Dublin before returning to Drury Lane in the fall.<br />
<br />
William Capon (1757–1827) drew [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/xd9vto this watercolor] of the theater in Goodman’s Fields in 1801. In addition to careful drawings like this, intended to preserve a record of local architecture, Capon worked as a scene painter, and as a theater designer. In 1794, he began painting scenes for Drury Lane, and became particularly known for his historically informed medieval buildings. The drawing comes from a collection of Garrick material compiled by writer and book collector George Daniel (1789–1864). Among the books Daniel collected was a [[Fame, Fortune, & Theft: The Shakespeare First Folio|First Folio]] edition of Shakespeare’s works now housed at the Folger. A digital edition<ref>Digital edition: William Shakespeare, 1564–1616. ''Mr. VVilliam Shakespeares comedies, histories, & tragedies: published according to the true originall copies.'' (London, 1623). [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=79054 STC 22273 Fo.1 no.05] The First Folio, Folger copy no. 5: [http://shakespeare.folger.edu/other/folio/ShaF1B.pdf Digital edition by Octavo, in PDF format]. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2h5pnh LUNA Digital Image].</ref> created by Octavo appeared in 2001, and now in our [[Digital image collection]]. <br />
<br />
==== Items included ====<br />
<br />
* William Capon. ''Theatre, Great Alie Street, Goodmans Fields where Garrick first appeared in London''. Watercolor, 1801. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=127203 ART Vol. d94 no.85a] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/xd9vto LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* Unknown artist. ''The Old Theatre in Tankard Street Ipswich''. Watercolor, late 18th century. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=127171 ART Vol. d94 no.84a] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/whr78o LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* James Winston, compiler. ''David Garrick, a collection of engravings, manuscripts, playbills ...'' Manuscript, compiled ca. 1830. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=184985 W.b.481].<br />
<br />
=== Eva Maria ===<br />
[[File:ART File G241.5 no.1 copy 1 detail.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Engraved portrait of Eva Maria Veigel, 1802. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/44nv3c 6353].]]<br />
David Garrick was acting in Dublin when the Viennese dancer Mlle Eva Maria Veigel, “La Violette” made her London debut at the King’s Opera House (in Haymarket) on March 11, 1746 in a run of celebrated performances that led Horace Walpole to describe her as “the finest and most admired dancer in the world.”<br />
<br />
After arriving in England in February 1746, La Violette signed a contract with the Italian company at the King’s Opera House. She moved to Drury Lane later that year, dancing to this minuet at her first appearance, a Command Performance with Giuseppe Salomon and others on December 3, 1746, the year before David Garrick and James Lacy became joint-patentees of that theater. Garrick was still at this point acting at Covent Garden, in this week playing the role of Lothario in ''The Fair Penitent''.<br />
<br />
Garrick was smitten from the beginning: when he first saw her perform at the King’s Opera House, he was observed switching to the Prince of Wales’ box for a better view. Although their professional paths apparently never crossed, and despite the early disapproval by Eva Maria’s patron, Lady Burlingon, the two were married on June 22, 1749 and honeymooned at the Burlington’s villa in Chiswick. Once married La Violette gave up her dancing career and they are said to have never spent a night apart.<br />
<br />
This [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/820koz hand-colored engraving] is after a portrait of a youthful Eva Maria done in crayon by Katherine Read (1723–1778). Read was a successful theatrical portraitist known for her work in pastels who also made portraits of Susanna Cibber <ref>Susanna Cibber (1714–1766): actress and singer married to Theophilus Cibber, best known for her tragic roles.</ref> and Peg Woffington.<ref>Peg Woffington (1720?–1760): actress best-known for her comic roles; lived with Garrick in the early 1740's.</ref> The original pastel is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, and a miniature copy can be found at the [[#The Garrick Club|Garrick Club]].<br />
<br />
==== Items included ====<br />
* William P. Sherlock after Catherine Read. ''Mrs. Garrick''. From the original picture by Cath. Reid. Hand-colored print. London: Published by Anthy. Molteno, 1802. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=243511 ART File G241.5 no.1 copy 1 (size S)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/820koz LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* ''Ballo Endimione e Diana''. Engraved score with manuscript annotations, 1746?. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=218372 W.b.477] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2es37p LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
=== Marriage ===<br />
<br />
This playful [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/5b2e7p portrait] shows the couple with Garrick poised to write. Hogarth kept the original painting, and his widow gave it to Eva Maria when she herself was widowed. The Garricks had no children, so it went to auction when Eva Maria died at age 98 and is now in the Royal Library, Windsor Castle. The chair<ref>The Garrick Chair: Designed by William Hogarth. Learn more [[#The_Garrick_Chair|here]].</ref> that Garrick is depicted sitting in is itself in the Folger collection.<br />
<br />
Garrick had a number of literary and theatrical friendships with women of social and cultural distinction. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/7eyv6t hand-colored engraving] depicting Peg Woffington is tipped in to Arthur Murphy’s<ref>Arthur Murphy (1727–1805): writer and actor. Published his ''Life of David Garrick'' in 1801. Like Garrick’s earlier biographer, Thomas Davies, he knew Garrick and his circle personally.</ref> biography of Garrick opposite words, “Previous to this match [with Eva Maria], it is certain that Garrick was on the point of marrying Mrs. Woffington.” The truth is a bit more complex than this perhaps fairly typical “talk of the town.” In fact the affair had cooled in 1745, before Mlle Eva Maria Veigel’s arrival in England. Mrs. Woffington continued to act under Garrick’s management at Drury Lane in later years.<br />
<br />
The inscription on the Folger’s copy of ''An Ode to Garrick, Upon the Talk of the Town'', says “Written, I believe, by Mr. Garrick himself” and is signed J.P.K. [i.e. by the actor [[John Philip Kemble]] (1757–1823)]. Garrick often published anonymous criticism of his own performances and management in order to take some of the wind out of the sails of his critics. But this title is in fact by Edward Moore (1712–1757), a writer whose first play, ''The Foundling'', was “met with universal applause” according to the prompter at Drury Lane. It played there for thirteen nights in February 1748, with David Garrick acting in the role of Young Belmont and Mrs. Woffington achieving great success acting the part of Rosetta. Stanza XV of Moore’s ''Ode'' notes the public’s admiration for Garrick’s fiancee Eva Maria, but also their love for gossip about Garrick:<br />
:A Pox upon the tattling Town!—<br />
:The Fops that join to cry you down<br />
:Would give their Ears to get her.<br />
<br />
The marriage certificate seen [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/3d72lo here] documents the second ceremony, a Catholic service held at the chapel of the Portuguese Embassy at No. 74, South Audley Street. Presiding over the service was the English Carmelite and reviser of the Douay Bible, Chaplain-Major Francis Blyth (1705?–1772). David and Eva Maria were first married at 8:00 a.m. that morning by David Garrick’s friend the Reverend Thomas Francklin (1721–1784) in the chapel in Russell Street, Bloomsbury.<br />
<br />
On July 18, 1749, Garrick wrote [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8j3ir8 this letter] to Dorothy Boyle, Countess of Burlington. The Countess, Eva Maria's patron, was not initially inclined to see her protégée marry an actor. Yet this letter, written just weeks after the wedding, reveals some of the thaw that must have taken place: "she has more than once confess’d to Me, that tho She lik’d me very well, & was determin'd not to marry any body else, yet she was as determin'd not to Marry Me, if Your Ladyship had put a Negative upon Me."<br />
<br />
==== Items included ====<br />
<br />
* John Sartain after William Hogarth. ''Mr. and Mrs. Garrick at home''. Hand-colored engraving, 19th century. Call number: Uncat. Garrickiana Maggs no.33 and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/5b2e7p LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* Peg Woffington. Hand-colored etching, 18th century. in ''The life of David Garrick, illustrated with additional proof ... autograph letters'' by Arthur Murphy. Manuscript, 1801. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=38794 W.a.167] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/7eyv6t LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* Edward Moore. ''An Ode to Garrick, upon The Talk of the Town''. London, 1749. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=129701 PR3605.M3 O41 Cage] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/hwqmpt LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* ''Mr. Garrick and Mademoiselle Violetti. Etching'', 1749. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=246862 ART File G241 no.3 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/7par27 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* Official copy of the marriage certificate of David Garrick and Eva Maria Violette. Manuscript, 22 June 1749. Call number:[http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=224047 Y.d.131] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/3d72lo LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* David Garrick. Collection of autograph letters signed (some incomplete) from David Garrick, Merton, Burlington House, London and Southampton St., London, to the Countess of Burlington. Manuscript, 18 July 1749 – 4 November 1749. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=185031 Y.c.2600 (23)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8j3ir8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
=== Grand Tourist ===<br />
[[File:ART 256917 (size S).jpg|thumb|right|300px|ca. 1765 French caricature satirizing Garrick's fame. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/35p8s7 6352].]]<br />
On Drury Lane Theatre’s opening day of September 15, 1763, Garrick set out with Eva Maria for the Continent on a trip that was to last until the spring of 1765. Drury Lane Theatre was left in the hands of his partner James Lacy, his brother George Garrick, and his friend and theatrical collaborator George Colman the elder. Mr. and Mrs. Garrick both suffered chronic illnesses while abroad, but the trip was a great success. The Garricks were welcomed on their travels with enthusiasm by literary, theatrical, and high society.<br />
<br />
In this [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/533d56 caricature] "par un ami intime de Mr. G," Garrick is assaulted by representatives of Paris theaters and the press in response to his 1765 visit. Note the boy’s abandoned coat with papers inscribed ‘J.J. Rousseau’ and ‘Voltaire.’ There was a lively debate in France over the merits of Shakespeare, and in England over these opinions of the French. In a 1772 conversation with Richard Neville (1717–1793) Voltaire is quoted as saying: “I am vilified in London as an enemy of Shakespeare; it is true that I am shocked and discouraged by his absurdities, but I am no less struck by his beauties…”<br />
<br />
Garrick’s health was always fragile, and in 1764 he was sick enough — being laid up for five weeks — to have cancelled a planned visit with Voltaire who had prepared a theater ready to receive him. He found the strength, however, to rework his own epitaph with multiple crossings-out and substitutions. Revisions to the last two lines include the crossed-out line<br />
:Fitzp — k was my foe,<br />
referring to actor Thaddeus Fitzpatrick who organized "half-price riots" at Drury Lane and Covent Garden just before the Garricks’ departure in 1763 over attempts to abolish the practice of charging half-price entrance after the third act. Jump to [[#The Audience and the Stage|The Audience and The Stage]] for more on these riots.<br />
<br />
In July of 1763 the Comédie Française provided Garrick with this “freedom of the theatre” naming him ”''le Premièr Des comédièns De londre''.” Arriving in Paris on September 19, 1763, Mr. and Mrs. Garrick the following day saw Mlle Marie-Françoise Dumesnil act on that stage in Pierre-Claude Nivelle de La Chaussée’s ''La Gouvernante''. Garrick noted in his Journal both his pleasure at receiving “…the freedom of the house not excepting the King’s box when unengaged by the Royal family…” and his displeasure with Mlle Dumesil’s acting, “…she is made up of trick; looks too much upon ye ground & makes use of little startings and twitchings which are visibly artificial….”<br />
<br />
==== Items included ====<br />
<br />
* ''Ah le Bonhomme tout le Monde l'Aime, par un ami intime de Mr. G''. Hand-colored etching, 18th century. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=125290 ART 256917 (size S)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/533d56 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* Comédie-Française. ''Grant of the freedom of the theatre to David Garrick''. Manuscript, 18 July 1763. Call number:[http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=228931 Y.d.240] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2c04c8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* David Garrick. ''Journal of David Garrick's journey to France and Italy, begun at Paris, September 21, 1763''. Manuscript, 1763–64. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=221250 W.a.156] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ncz2x4 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* David Garrick. Garrick's epitaph written by himself in a fit of sickness at Munich in Bavaria. Manuscript, 1764. Call number:[http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=216843 Y.d.120 (26)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/00zhy4 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* James McArdell after Jean François Liotard. ''David Garrick Esqr. done from the original picture painted at Paris''. <ref>Both Mr. and Mrs. Garrick had their portraits painted while in Europe. The portrait of Garrick by Jean François Liotard seen here in James McArdell's contemporary mezzotint was done in Paris.</ref>Mezzotint, 18th century. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=127325 ART Vol. d45 no.18].<br />
<br />
=== Portraiture: The Most Painted Man in England ===<br />
The portrait of Garrick holding a copy of [[Macbeth|''Macbeth'']] shown [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/j5oimn here] is based on another painting by Nathaniel Dance (1735–1811), now lost. A pencil version can be found in the National Portrait Gallery, London. Garrick first met Dance in 1764 while in Rome on Grand Tour, describing him in a January 2, 1764 letter as “a great Genius, & will do what he pleases when he goes to London.” Garrick presented this portrait in 1774 to his friend the landscape artist John Taylor of Bath (1735–1806), whose inscription in the lower right describes the work as:<br />
:…in my own opinion, as well as every other person’s, allow’d to be the most true & striking likeness of that great Man, that ever was painted…<br />
<br />
The gift to Taylor was in recognition of Taylor’s own generosity: to reciprocate for complimentary poetry Garrick had penned about his landscapes, Taylor presented the Garricks with a painting in 1772 which hung in the Hampton dining room. Garrick had this to say about Taylor’s gift:<br />
:We have scarcely look’d at any thing Else till this moment … It makes a most Noble figure—but my dear Sir—I am all gratitude, amazement & distress! What shall I do! & about ye elegant Frame! & what not!—My face will be but a poor return, tho’ surrounded wth solid brass…<br />
<br />
The portrait shown [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sm1h44 here] by Robert Edge Pine (1730? –1788) is one of several the artist made of Garrick. It is possible the Folger’s portrait, where Garrick is seen holding a book with fluttering pages, is the painting Pine chose to show at the Royal Academy in 1780. Pine painted Garrick in character only twice, as Jaques in [[As You Like It|''As You Like It'']], and Don Felix, Garrick’s farewell role, in ''The Wonder''. Pine exhibited in England and America and his 1784 show in Philadelphia was the first one-man art exhibition in this country (27 works, 11 on Shakespearean themes), and the earliest art exhibition catalogue to be published in America.<br />
<br />
Garrick sat for all the great artists of his day. This [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/7cr538 painting], produced under Sir Joshua Reynolds’ supervision, shows Garrick contentedly sitting with hands folded and pen put away, poised to enjoy his retirement. Henry and Hester Thrale commissioned a similar version of it to display alongside a dozen other Reynolds portraits of their friends, including Edmund Burke, Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, and Reynolds himself.<br />
<br />
For more on the importance of portraiture to David Garrick, see [[Garrickomania: Garrick's Image|Heather McPherson’s essay, "Garrickomania: Garrick's Image"]].<br />
<br />
==== Items included ====<br />
* Nathaniel Dance. ''David Garrick''. Oil on canvas, 1774. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=128648 FPa17] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/3wa603 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* Robert Edge Pine. ''David Garrick''. Oil on canvas, ca. 1780. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=128662 FPa44] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sm1h44 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* Studio of Sir Joshua Reynolds. ''David Garrick, The Prologue Portrait''. Oil on canvas, ca. 1776–79. Call number:[http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=128663 FPb37] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/7cr538 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
=== City and Country Homes ===<br />
<br />
The homes of Mr. and Mrs. Garrick were well known by friends and visitors for their warmth and tasteful appointment. For twenty-three years they owned a home five minutes’ walk from Drury Lane, at 27 Southampton St. Perhaps a bit too near the business of the theater there, Garrick later bought both another city house at the fashionably high-society address of Adelphi Terrace, and a country home in Middlesex on the London road to Hampton Court. Entertaining by the Garricks was famous both for the literary and aristocratic company, and for their beautiful interiors and gardens. Samuel Johnson was to remark to Garrick upon seeing the estate at Hampton that “it is the leaving of such places as these that makes a death-bed terrible.”<br />
<br />
==== The Adelphi ====<br />
<br />
In March 1772 David and Eva moved from Southampton St. to a townhouse at no. 5 on the new Adelphi Terrace at Durham Yard on the Thames. Built by architect Robert Adam and brothers and furnished by Chippendale, Haig and Co., the home was sumptuously outfitted and in grand surroundings. Neighbors included: at no. 3, Topham Beauclerk, a Royal Society fellow and avid book collector and the great-grandson of Charles II and actress Nell Gwynne; and at no. 7, Dr. John Turton, physician to the Queen’s Household and the doctor who ministered to Garrick during his illness in Munich.<br />
<br />
==== Hampton House ====<br />
<br />
Garrick acquired Hampton House, his Thames-side villa, from Lacey Primatt in 1762 after renting it for the previous eight years. He had it remodeled in 1775 by architect Robert Adam (1728–1792) with designer Robert Chippendale (d. 1779) supplying furniture and landscape architect Lancelot (Capability) Brown (d. 1783) designing the gardens. A grotto tunnel under the Westminster-Hampton Court Road led to the Shakespeare Temple, inspired by the Temple at the Burlington’s Chiswick House and built in 1755–56 on the bank of the river. The home kept at Hampton by the Garricks was much admired by their contemporaries for its decoration and charm. One night at a Hampton House dinner with Samuel Johnson, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Dr. Charles Burney, Miss Hannah More, and other friends, James Boswell exclaimed:<br />
:I believe this is about as much as can be made of life!<br />
<br />
==== The Garrick Chair ====<br />
<br />
This elaborate chair was installed in Garrick’s Temple to Shakespeare on the grounds of his house at Hampton and was depicted (with artistic license) in a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/5b2e7p painting] by William Hogarth of Mr. and Mrs. Garrick. The history of this Early English Rococo piece was described in 1782 by Horace Walpole (1717–1797) who explained that William Hogarth “designed for him [Garrick], as president of the Shakespeare Club, a mahogany chair richly carved on the back of which hangs a medal of the poet carved by Hogarth out of the mulberry tree<ref>Shakespeare's mulberry was cut down in 1756 (apparently to discourage sight-seers) by the Reverend Francis Gastrell, then-owner of Shakespeare's New Place. An enterprising local tradesman named Thomas Sharp bought up the wood and thereby became the first wholesale purveyor of Shakespearean relics.</ref> planted at Stratford by Shakespeare.” But the surviving bas relief carving is of plaster. In 1794, Samuel Ireland called this piece “rather surcharged with ornaments,” and more recent art historians have described it as both “a kind of grim grotesque” and “demented baroque.” Despite these assessments, the “Garrick – Hogarth – Shakespeare Chair” was referred to in a 1779 inventory taken after Garrick’s death as “a very Elegant Antique Elbow Chair enriched with emblematical carved work.” Note the many symbols of literature, theater and the arts such as the surmounted dagger and sword representing the Tragedies and, alluding to the Comedies, satyr masks and cloven feet on the chair’s legs. Following the death in 1823 of Eva Maria Garrick, the chair went through several owners including Baroness Burdett-Coutts.<ref>Baroness Burdett-Coutts: Baroness Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts (1814–1906), celebrated Victorian philanthropist and collector of Shakespeariana. The Folger now holds many of the books, manuscripts, artworks, and objects from her collection.</ref><br />
<br />
==== Roubiliac Terracotta and Rondeau ====<br />
<br />
This [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/fp4j80 terra-cotta sculpture] is the second and larger of two preparatory models made for the full-length marble, commissioned by Garrick for a niche in his Hampton House Temple to Shakespeare and bequeathed by him to the British Museum. Although the depiction here is of a moment of inspiration, the final marble presents a more reserved figure, with finger on chin rather than cheek. Another significant difference is the finished back of this piece, left uncompleted on the final version. Garrick is likely to have posed for this statue, although Roubiliac also relied on a copy of the Chandos portrait (the earliest possibly authentic portrait of Shakespeare) which he borrowed from the Duke of Chandos and which Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723–1792) made an additional copy of for Roubiliac. This maquette is depicted in a portrait by Adrian Carpentiers (ca. 1713–1778) showing Roubiliac at work.<br />
<br />
Roubiliac was a friend of David Garrick's, and was part of the Slaughter's Coffee House literary circle which included William Hogarth. Roubiliac worked on other pieces for the Temple in addition to the statue of Shakespeare, including a bronze bas-relief bust of Garrick now in The Garrick Club. This Rondeau, in Garrick's hand (and idiosyncratic spelling), is one of just a few pieces of writing attributable to Roubiliac. In addressing Garrick directly, it refers to the Garrick Club bronze, created for the Temple as a gift for Mrs. Garrick:<br />
<br />
:Garrick Intendant du valon<br />
::Dont Shakespear a fait la moisson<br />
:Ton merit exempt de tout blame<br />
:pour la posterité réclame<br />
::De tes traits l'imitation;<br />
<br />
:En Bronze dans ce Medaillon<br />
:J'en ai tenté l'echantillon,<br />
:Et pour Cadeau l'offre a Madame Garrick—<br />
<br />
:Imiter du front au Menton,<br />
:N'est pas grand chose dira-t-on—<br />
:mais quand aux passions de l'ame<br />
:Ce qui nous glace, nous Enflame<br />
:Qui le peindra? chacun repond<br />
<br />
::Garrick.<br />
<br />
===== Roubiliac Rondeau, in English Translation =====<br />
<br />
:Garrick, steward of the vale<br />
::cultivated by Shakespeare,<br />
:Your merit beyond reproach,<br />
:Posterity calls for<br />
::an imitation of your features.<br />
<br />
:In this bronze medallion<br />
:I have attempted a representation<br />
:And offer it as a gift to Mrs. Garrick—<br />
<br />
:Imitating a face<br />
:Is no great thing, of course—<br />
:But as for the passions of the soul<br />
:Which chill us, enflame us,<br />
:Who will depict that? Everyone replies<br />
<br />
::Garrick.<br />
<br />
==== Items included ====<br />
<br />
* Unknown artist. ''A View of the Adelphi (late Durham Yard)''. Etching, 1771. Uncat. Garrickiana Maggs no.206 folder 13. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/95c47s LUNA Digital Image]<br />
* Taylor. View of the seat of the late David Garrick, esqr. at Hampton, with a prospect of the Temple of Shakespeare in the Garden. Etching, late 18th century. Uncat. Garrickiana UCG-96. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/mxfr12 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* William Hogarth. The President's Chair of the Shakespeare Club, designed for David Garrick's Temple to Shakespeare at Hampton. Mahogany, ca. 1756. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=189337 ART Inv. 1044] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/a3n84b LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* Louis François Roubiliac. ''Shakespeare''. Terracotta, 1757. Call number: FSs1 and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/fp4j80 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* Louis François Roubiliac. Rondeau by Roubiliac the famous statuary with a bas-relief in brass for Mrs. G. Manuscript, in David Garrick's hand, ca. 1758. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=217567 Y.d.198] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/gqy85u LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
=== Collector ===<br />
<br />
The Garricks were formidable collectors of art and objects, and had an extraordinary private library. The Folger owns the [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=197123 original printing plate] for Garrick's bookplate, designed by John Wood. The quotation is from volume four of Menagiana by Gilles Ménagé (1613–1692), encouraging the borrower of books to read and return as soon as possible.<br />
<br />
The auction catalog seen [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/si63fv here] is one of three in the Library documenting the sale of their collection, sold after Eva Maria’s death by the firm known today as Christie’s London. Mrs. Garrick’s cultivated tastes shaped their collection of art and furnishings, prints and paintings. Among the latter, offered in this sale catalogue, were works by Watteau, Hals, Poussin, Gainsborough and Hogarth. Garrick’s library of dramatic literature (bequeathed to the British Library) was unrivaled, perhaps the largest private collection in 18th-century England. His acquisition of play texts served to enhance the repertory at Drury Lane and satisfy his bibliomania. The Folger owns 40 titles from Garrick’s library, including his copies of Donne, Dante, Marvell, Nicholas Rowe’s edition of Shakespeare (1709) and a splendid copy of the second Folio (1632) he bequeathed to his wife. <br />
<br />
Maurice Morgann’s famous essay on Falstaff was never reprinted in his lifetime, but his appreciation of Falstaff greatly influenced literary criticism into the 20th century. Garrick never played Falstaff, and we know little about Morgann’s relationship with the actor, but the presentation copy from the author shown [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sbpex4 here] is from the sale of Garrick’s library in 1823.<br />
<br />
==== Items included ====<br />
<br />
* John Wood. [Book-plate]. Engraving, 18th century.Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=127284 ART File B724 no.25] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9fkr08 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* Christie, Manson, and Woods. ''A catalogue of the ... valuable collection of Italian, French, Flemish, Dutch, and English pictures, the property of the late David Garrick ... to be sold by auction ... June the 23d, 1823.'' London, 1823. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=3374 Sh.Misc. 396] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/si63fv LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* Maurice Morgann. ''An essay on the dramatic character of Sir John Falstaff''. London, 1777. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=181594 PR2993.F2 M59 Cage] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sbpex4 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
=== Death of Garrick===<br />
<br />
Garrick died at home, in Adelphi Terrace on January 20, 1779, of a kidney ailment (“my old disorder”) that had plagued him for years. The autopsy revealed that he had been born with only one kidney, which had been either congenitally cystic or destroyed by infection. A team of distinguished doctors attended him to the very end, including Richard Warren, physician to George III. Mrs. Garrick wrote in her diary, “At a quarter before eight [am], my Husband sighed, and Died without one uneasy moment, the Lord be Praised.” <br />
<br />
==== Funeral ====<br />
<br />
London mourned spectacularly. The funeral was as richly magnificent a spectacle as any Garrick had ever devised at Drury Lane: getting the body to Westminster Abbey cost £85,000. Attendance at the service in Westminster Abbey was by invitation, but 50,000 lined the streets for the spectacular funeral procession. A contemporary observer noted “The hearse was attended by two files of the Guards, one on each side, fifty mourning coaches and a greater number of noblemen and gentleman’s empty carriages followed in the procession to the Abbey…one of the most striking and awful spectacles that was ever exhibited.”<br />
<br />
The Bishop of Rochester conducted the funeral service and the pallbearers included the Duke of Devonshire, Lord Camden, Lord Spenser, Lord Ossory, Lord Palmerston, Richard Rigby, Sir Watkin Williams Wynne, Hans Stanley, Albany Wallis and John Paterson—all aristocrats and all friends. Richard Brinsley Sheridan<ref>Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751–1760): playwright, theater manager and politician; co-owner of Drury Lane after Garrick's retirement.</ref> was the Chief Mourner.<br />
<br />
==== Memorials ====<br />
<br />
Richard Brinsley Sheridan wrote the most famous of all the elegies composed in the years following Garrick’s death. It was elaborately staged at Drury Lane on March 11, 1779 with music by Thomas Linley<ref>Thomas Linley (1733–1795): composer and musician, co-owner of Drury Lane after Garrick's retirement.</ref> and scenery by Philippe Jacques de Loutherbourg.<ref>Philippe Jacques de Loutherbourg (1740–1812): innovative scene designer and landscape painter.</ref> The monody (a funeral song or oration for one voice) was spoken by Mary Ann Yates<ref>Mary Ann Yates (1727–1787): actress famed for her tragic roles; married to comedian Richard Yates.</ref> and recited numerous times at Drury Lane over the next five years. Horace Walpole<ref>Horace Walpole (1717–1797): writer, arts patron, and politician; son of Robert Walpole, prime minister.</ref> thought Sheridan had overdone it and within months the monody was being wickedly satirized. ''The Apotheosis of Punch'' was one of the more condescending examples.<br />
<br />
Garrick is buried in Poets’ Corner at Westminster Abbey, between Eva Maria Garrick and Dr. Johnson. His monument reads, “To paint fair nature by divine command …Shakespeare and Garrick like twin stars shall shine.”<br />
<br />
==== Items included ====<br />
<br />
* G. Newport after W. Darling. ''Invitation to David Garrick's funeral''. Engraving, 1779. Uncat. Garrickiana Maggs no.244. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/7n5ffw LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* Richard Brinsley Butler Sheridan. ''Verses to the memory of Garrick''. London: T. Evans, [1779]. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=265761 PR3682.V4 Cage] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/214ezn LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* Inigo Barlow, after a sculpture by Henry Webber. ''Monument to the memory of David Garrick esqr''. Engraving and etching. [London?]: W. Bent, 1797. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=243513 ART File G241 no.43 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8g9lhd LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
=== Notes for this section ===<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==The Actor ==<br />
<br />
“Mr. Garrick is but of a middling Stature, yet, being well proportion’d, and having a peculiar Happiness in his Address and Action, is a living instance, that it is not essential to a Theatrical Hero, to be six Foot high.” So wrote an admirer early in Garrick’s career—praise for his vocal and physical abilities on the stage only grew over the years.<br />
<br />
=== Acting Style ===<br />
<br />
David Garrick’s manner of acting and speaking on stage stood in stark contrast to what came before (and was largely established by Thomas Betterton).<ref name="Betterton">Thomas Betterton (1635–1710): actor and theater manager, known for his strong voice.</ref> On today’s stage, Garrick’s innovations would certainly come across as emotional over-acting, but at the time they were revolutionary in their naturalism. Instead of reciting his lines with conventional rhetorical gestures and mannered elocution, as if presenting the text as poetry to the audience, he used tone of voice and facial expressions to seem to inhabit that character. Garrick’s style did much to elevate the profession of acting to an art that requires a spark of genius. Simply imitating other actors by going through the prescribed motions would not do.<br />
<br />
Alexander Pope (1688–1744) commented prophetically, “That young man never had his equal, and never will have a rival.” When Garrick played Lothario opposite James Quin<ref name="Quin">James Quin (1693–1766): England's greatest actor when Garrick debuted. For more on Quin, read [[#Old style vs. New|Old Style vs. New]].</ref> in Nicholas Rowe’s ''The Fair Penitent'' in 1746, biographers recalled it as one of the great theatrical events of the century. Richard Cumberland<ref>Richard Cumberland (1732–1811): poet, playwright, and memoirist.</ref> wrote that Garrick was “young and light and alive in every muscle and every feature” as he bounded onto the stage to meet a “heavy-paced” Quin: “It seemed as if a whole century had been stept over in the transition of a single scene.” Quin was not unaware that something momentous was taking place, saying, “If this young fellow be right, then we have all been wrong.” Other actors, justly famous, acknowledged Garrick’s superiority throughout his life and after. Eva Maria Garrick, who admired Edmund Kean<ref>Edmund Kean (1787–1833): leading actor in the years around 1820, famed for his tragic roles.</ref> as [[Richard III]], faulted him in another role her husband had made famous. “Dear Sir,” she wrote, “you cannot act Abel Drugger. Yours, M. Garrick.” A reply came by return post: “I know it. Yours, E. Kean.”<br />
<br />
==== Old style vs. New ====<br />
<br />
James Quin (1693–1766), seen [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/efdnfk here] as Coriolanus, provides an extreme example of the stylized acting Garrick helped sweep away. He wears the formal costume of a Tragic Hero, and stands ready to recite his lines for the audience in proper declamatory fashion. It is not surprising that such a style prevailed in the first half of the eighteenth-century, when elite audience members still routinely walked around (and behind) the stage, talked with each other, and otherwise treated the performers as mere servants. Any subtleties of characterization would only be lost in that environment. Quin’s acting career continued until his retirement in 1757, and is forever associated with his portrayal of Falstaff, a comic role well-suited to his large, rotund physique and mannered way of speaking.<br />
<br />
==== Inhabiting the character ====<br />
<br />
In a letter to William Powell,<ref>William Powell (1734/5–1769) proved to be a sensation during his seven years on the stage. He was expected to have a long and great acting career, but died in his early 30's. Garrick's letter to Powell is dated 1764.</ref> he advised the aspiring actor to “give to Study, and an Accurate consideration of Your Characters, those Hours which Young Men generally give to their Friends & fflatterers [sic]” because public favor “must be purchas’d with Sweat & labour.” An observer in 1742 gave the following example of Garrick’s range and depth in characterization: “In the Parts of [[#Garrick_as_Richard_III|Richard III]], [[#Garrick_as_King_Lear|King Lear]], the Lying Valet, and Bays in the ''Rehearsal'', he is as different as they are opposite, and enters into their Spirit with great Justness and Propriety.” That is, he became the character.<br />
<br />
[http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=127640 This] Worcester porcelain saucer depicts Garrick as King Lear, and forms part of a theatrical tea service painted in the London studio of James Giles.<br />
<br />
==== Elevation of Action ====<br />
<br />
Edmund Burke<ref>Edmund Burke (1729–1797): politician, philosopher, and lifelong friend of David Garrick.</ref> wrote that Garrick “raised the character of his profession to the rank of a liberal art.” The naturalism of Garrick’s characterizations and his attention to ensemble acting helped achieve a presentation dependent on actions and glances creates something new, something that does not exist in the words as written. A letter in the ''Gentleman’s Magazine'' for October 1742 praises Garrick’s devotion to his art in terms that reveal what he was up against: “When three or four are on the Stage with him, he is attentive to whatever is spoke, and never drops his Character when he has finish’d a Speech, by either looking contemptibly on an inferior Performer, unnecessary spitting, or suffering his Eyes to wander thro’ the whole Circle of Spectators.<ref>Circle of Spectators: Conventional wisdom held that actors needed to cultivate their admirers, paying attention to them even during performances, in order to be assured of good ticket sales on their benefit nights. </ref> “In addition to showing Garrick in an ensemble, [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/0mre71 this drawing] shows the contrast between his choice of an historically informed costume and Spranger Barry’s<ref>Spranger Barry (1717–1777): actor, and on-and-off competitor of Garrick on the stage. Known for his Othello, a role Garrick quickly abandoned, and for his Romeo, a role Garrick took up in a direct competition known as "The Rival Romeos."</ref> choice of a conventional Tragic Hero costume, with its wide stiff skirt. <br />
<br />
==== Items included ====<br />
* ''Mr. Quin. in the character of Coriolanus''. Engraving. London: Carington Bowles, mid-18th century. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=127154 ART Vol. d94 no.120a] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/efdnfk LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* David Garrick as King Lear. Worcester porcelain saucer, ca. 1775. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=127640 241075 ART].<br />
* Benjamin Wilson. ''William Powell as Hamlet encountering the Ghost''. Oil on canvas, ca. 1768–1769. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=128670 FPa88] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/e4lf4h LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* ''Mrs. Ward, Mrs. Pritchard, Mr. Barry and Mr. Garrick in The Roman Father''. Pen and ink drawing, ca. 1750. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=127142 ART Vol. d94 no.78a] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/0mre71 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
=== Tragic Characters ===<br />
<br />
Hamlet, King Lear, and Richard III comprised Garrick’s most frequently-acted tragic roles, with 90, 85 and 83 recorded London performances respectively. This might not seem like much today, when the same play is performed night after night for several weeks, but in Garrick’s time, a given play appeared only a handful of times each season.<br />
<br />
==== Garrick as Hamlet ====<br />
[[File:ART Vol. d94 no.93d.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Garrick as Hamlet, with Mrs. Hopkins as Gertrude. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9f6hc7 6502].]]<br />
Garrick appeared for the first time as Hamlet in an August 12, 1742, performance at Smock Alley in Dublin. It grew to become one of his most celebrated roles and was his most frequently performed tragic role—performed ninety times during his career. According to the February 20–22, 1772 ''St. James Chronicle'': “As no Writer in any Age penned a Ghost like Shakespeare, so, in our Time, no Actor ever saw a Ghost like Garrick.”<br />
<br />
[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/11xvt4 This mezzotint] is after a painting, now lost, by Benjamin Wilson. Here we see a three-quarter length view of Hamlet in Act 1, scene 4, recoiling<ref>Recoiling: Garrick canonized the pose for Hamlet's "start" at seeing the ghost. Up through the nineteenth century this was one of the play's moments by which Hamlet actors were judged, often in comparison with Garrick's portrayal.</ref> in fear and astonishment at the sight of the Ghost on the ramparts. In an extreme example of the naturalism that typically characterized his manner of acting, Garrick as Hamlet provides a riveting portrayal of emotion. He exudes fear at the sight of the apparition, losing his hat and in some productions apparently using a mechanical “fright wig”<ref>Mechanics: Throughout the eighteenth century a number of mechanical items saw use in the ghost scenes. In addition to the fright wig, a trap was sometimes used for the ghost's appearance and exit. And a chair with tapered legs was sometimes used in the closet scene where Hamlet rises to his feet at the sight of the ghost, knocking the chair to the ground.</ref> which could be manipulated to put all hair on end. Georg Christoph Lichtenberg wrote of this scene in October of 1775 that “His whole demeanour is so expressive of terror that it made my flesh creep even before he began to speak.” In the words of Garrick’s contemporary and biographer Arthur Murphy, “On the first appearance of the Ghost, such a figure of consternation was never seen. He stood fixed in mute astonishment, and the audience saw him growing paler and paler. After an interval of suspense he spoke in a low trembling accent, and uttered his questions with great difficulty.” On the other hand, when Dr. Samuel Johnson (who delighted in criticizing his friend) was asked if he would react the same way upon seeing a ghost, he replied wryly, "If I did, I should frighten the ghost.”<br />
<br />
For details of Garrick's controversial alteration to the play, [[David Garrick, 1717–1779: A Theatrical Life exhibition material#Hamlet|jump to ''Hamlet'']] in this online exhibition.<br />
<br />
For a detailed description and an interactive "turn-the-page" display of a Garrick promptbook, see [[David_Garrick,_1717–1779:_A_Theatrical_Life#What_is_a_Promptbook.3F|What Is A Promptbook?]].<br />
<br />
==== Garrick as King Lear ====<br />
<br />
The version of [[King Lear|''King Lear'']] acted on stage at the time differed significantly from Shakespeare’s text. In the words of Joseph Pittard in ''Observations on Mr. Garrick’s acting'' (1758): “This Play terminates happily, as it is acted different from the Manner in which Shakespear wrote it: Cordelia is made Queen, and Lear retires, to pass away his Life in Quietness and Devotion.”<br />
<br />
Garrick’s portrayal of King Lear, as described by Pittard, provides an excellent illustration of his naturalism. Lear goes mad so gradually that “You scarce see where he first begins, and yet find he is mad before Kent says, ‘I fear’d ‘twould come to this; his Wits are gone.’ It steals so gradually and imperceptably, the Difference grows like a Colour, which runs on from the highest to the darkest Tint, without perceiving the Shades, but by comparing them at different Parts of the Whole.” This is not to say that such command of a character came easily. Garrick put great store in rehearsals and studying the text of a part.<br />
<br />
==== Garrick as Richard III ====<br />
<br />
Garrick’s debut character on the London stage was Richard III, and this is the role in which artists portrayed him twice as often as any other (Abel Drugger, Hamlet, and Macbeth tie for second place). David Garrick played Richard III throughout his career, from his first London performance on October 19, 1741 to his retirement from the stage in 1776. When Thomas Davies<ref name="Davies">Thomas Davies (ca. 1712–1785): actor, bookseller and author. Davies knew Garrick and his circle personally, and wrote the biography ''Memoirs of the Life of David Garrick'', first published in 1780.</ref> described Garrick as Richard III, he wrote, “Mr. Garrick shone forth like a theatrical Newton; he threw new light on elocution and action.”<br />
<br />
[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/rqb3b2 This version] of Nathaniel Dance’s 1771 oil painting shows the moment when Richard shouts, “A Horse! A Horse! My kingdom for a horse!” Dance has created a history painting where Richard III has Garrick’s features, not a portrait of a stage production. The Battle of Bosworth Field rages in the middle ground while the doomed tyrant raises his sword and refuses to flee. Dance’s original painting is now owned by the Stratford-upon-Avon Town Council. This version, by an unknown artist, is probably copied from John Dixon’s 1772 mezzotint of the painting rather than the painting itself, since the coloring differs and appears quite harsh.<br />
<br />
Like the generation before and generations after, the Richard III David Garrick performed was not Shakespeare’s original text, but Colley Cibber’s version, “altered from Shakespear, and cut for the Theatre-Royal, Drury-Lane.” This remained the main acting version of the play throughout the nineteenth century, and could still be seen on stage in the twentieth. Cibber composed half the lines himself, took about forty percent from Shakespeare’s [[Richard III|''Richard III'']], with the remaining bits and pieces coming from other Shakespeare history plays. The resulting plot-driven story was easier to follow than Shakespeare’s more poetic text, and introduced the immortal cliché: “Perish the thought!” (Act 5, scene 5).<br />
<br />
The tent scene<ref>Tent Scene: According to Arthur Murphy, "When he started from his dream he was a spectacle of horror. He called out in a manly voice, 'Give me another horse,' he paused, and with a countenance of dismay, advancd crying out in a tone of distress, 'Bind up my wounds,' and then, falling on his knees, said in a most piteous accent, 'Have mercy heaven!' In all this the audience saw an exact imitation of nature."</ref> in particular allowed Garrick to display the great range of emotion for which he was known. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lyeeyw Hogarth portrait] of Garrick, as Richard III awakening after being visited by the ghosts of those he has killed, is an artistic composition rather than a record of actual performance practice. Nevertheless, William Hogarth<ref>William Hogarth (1697–1764): painter and engraver, a friend of David Garrick. Hogarth hoped to elevate the reputation of English painting in part by combining portraiture (a traditional but lowly strength of the English School) with history painting, as seen here. The original Richard III painting, executed one year before the engraving, can be seen at the Walker, in Liverpool.</ref> brilliantly captures the contradictory mixture of agitation and frozen horror Garrick showed on stage by creating a diagonal composition where roiled up fabrics contrast with a stark upraised palm and petrified face.<br />
<br />
John Bacon (1740–1799) based the porcelain figurine seen here on Nathaniel Dance’s painting of Garrick. The same body mold continued to be used for porcelains well into the nineteenth-century, with changes to the head and coloring to portray both John Philip Kemble (1757–1823) and Edmund Kean (1787–1833) in the role.<br />
<br />
==== Items included ====<br />
<br />
* James McArdell after Benjamin Wilson. ''Mr. Garrick in Hamlet. Act I. Scene 4''. Mezzotint, 1756. Call number: Uncat. Garrickiana Maggs no.146 and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/11xvt4 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* Johann Ludwig Wernard Fäsch. ''Mrs. Hopkins & Mr. Garrick in the Character of Queen Gertrude and Hamlet''. Gouache on vellum, 18th century. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=127269 ART Vol. d94 no.93d] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/q67890 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* LOAN from private collection; Courtesy of Gary J. and Josephine S. Williams. James McArdell after Benjamin Wilson. ''Mr. Garrick in the Character of King Lear''. Mezzotint, 1761. <br />
* Unknown artist after Nathaniel Dance. ''David Garrick as Richard III''. Oil on canvas, after 1772. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=128649 FPb18] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/46vs6g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* William Shakespeare. ''The tragical history of King Richard III''. Altered…by C. Cibber. Dublin, 1756. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=176110 PR2821 1756 copy 1 Sh.Col.] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/nd94ha LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* William Hogarth and Charles Grignion. ''Mr. Garrick in the character of Richard the 3d''. Engraving, 1746. Call number: Uncat. Garrickiana UCG-123 and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lyeeyw LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* Modeled by John Bacon. ''David Garrick as Richard III''. Derby porcelain figurine, ca. 1775–80. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=127641/ ART 241076 (realia)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/s6ps32 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
=== Comic Characters ===<br />
<br />
==== Sir John Brute ====<br />
<br />
Garrick’s comic genius was unrivaled and Sir John Brute (in ''The Provok’d Wife'') was one of four or five characters for which he was most famous. Garrick was a superb character actor and sensational as Sir John Brute, shown [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/07x41w here] in drag as Lady Brute, swinging a club. It has been suggested that the ''The Provok’d Wife'' was particularly suited to Garrick’s comic genius.<br />
<br />
''The Provok’d Wife'' was written by Sir John Vanbrugh (1664–1726), but Garrick made changes to the text for over thirty years to keep it contemporary, and introduced cross dressing to the delight of 18th-century audiences. The controversial play (over 30 pamphlets attacking or defending the play’s “immorality” were published by 1700) was always a showpiece for great actors. It was first played by Garrick in the 1743–44 season, opposite Peg Woffington,<ref>Peg Woffington (1720?–1760): actress best-known for her comic roles; lived with Garrick in the early 1740s.</ref> but Hannah Pritchard<ref name="Pritchard">Hannah Pritchard (1709–1768): actress and singer, famed also for her Lady Macbeth and Beatrice opposite Garrick.</ref> and Susannah Cibber<ref>Susannah Cibber (1714–1766): actress and singer, married to actor Theophilus Cibber, best-known for her tragic roles.</ref> were others who enjoyed success as Lady Brute. Thomas Betterton<ref name="Betterton" /> may have been the first Brute (1697), and James Quin<ref name="Quin" /> and Colley Cibber<ref>Colley Cibber (1671–1757): actor, theater manager, and writer. Considered one of the great actors of his day, his mannered style was the antithesis of Garrick's emotive style. He is best-known today for his 1740 autobiography, rich in theater-lore, ''An Apology for the Life of Mr. Colley Cibber''. Not to be confused with his son, Theophilus Cibber (1703–1758).</ref> followed. But Garrick transformed the lead roles. Quin’s Brute was coarse and sottish; Garrick’s was subtle and rakish, and his Lady Brute was particularly admired. According to William Hopkins, prompter at Drury Lane, “when [Garrick] was in a woman’s cloaths he had a head drest with feathers and fruit, as extravagant as possible to burlesque the present mode of dressing. It had a monstrous effect.”<br />
<br />
==== Abel Drugger ====<br />
<br />
''The Alchymist''<ref>''The Alchymist'': Garrick had an eye for source material. ''The Alchymist'' has long been considered a great play. Samuel Pepys saw it in 1661 and labeled it "a most considerable play." Samuel Taylor Coleridge called it "one of the three most perfect plots in all literature," and it is still popular with today's audiences. But the work never enjoyed the vogue it experienced over thirty three years with Garrick in the role of Abel Drugger.</ref> was one of three Ben Jonson comedies that Garrick reworked, making Abel Drugger one of his earliest and most enduring comic triumphs. By adapting the role of Drugger to his own talents for character acting, he created a box office sensation. He performed the role eighty times from 1743–1776 and the play earned record receipts for a single performance of any play at Drury Lane. A contemporary account helps us appreciate Garrick’s impact in the role.<br />
<br />
:The moment Garrick came onto the stage [as Abel Drugger], he discovered such awkward simplicity, and his looks so happily bespoke the ignorant, selfish, and absurd tobacco-merchant, that it was not easily to be decided whether the burst of laughter or applause were loudest. (Thomas Davies,<ref name="Davies" /> ''Dramatic Miscellanies''.)<br />
<br />
==== Ranger ====<br />
<br />
''The Suspicious Husband'' might be unknown in the annals of performance history had it not been for Garrick’s uncanny ability to mine the weakest texts for dramatic value. Garrick saw an opportunity for himself in the only known play of Benjamin Hoadly (1706–1757), an English physician and friend, enlivened the piece with a prologue and epilogue, and made it a triumph of the 1746–47 season at Covent Garden. Hoadly’s contrived plot, manufactured with his brother, was an unexpected success and Ranger, the amiable rake, became one of Garrick’s most enduring roles.<br />
<br />
==== Benedick ====<br />
<br />
In Shakespearean comedy, Benedick, in [[Much Ado About Nothing|''Much Ado About Nothing'']], was the role Garrick performed most often. Critics will argue whether Lear or Hamlet was Garrick’s finest tragic role, but clearly Benedick was his favorite role in Shakespearean comedy, only exceeded by Ranger for most performances over the length of his career.<br />
<br />
Garrick restored this Shakespeare play, which had only been staged 8 times since 1700, to a central place in the repertory. He spent months preparing for the role of Benedick, and cast Mrs. Pritchard<ref name="Pritchard"/> as a superb Beatrice, his “rival in every scene” according to Arthur Murphy.<ref>Arthur Murphy (1727–1805): writer and actor. Published his ''Life of David Garrick'' in 1801. Like Garrick’s earlier biographer, Thomas Davies, he knew Garrick and his circle personally.</ref> Benedick was the last role he performed before his marriage to Eva Maria Garrick, and the first role after, when Garrick boasted “Here you see Benedick, the married man.” The ''Jubilee'' procession, a triumph of showmanship, was staged 91 times at Drury Lane, with Garrick parading as Benedick every time.<br />
<br />
[[#The Stratford Jubilee|Jump directly to The Stratford Jubilee]] in the online exhibition for more on ''The Jubilee''.<br />
<br />
==== Chalkstone ====<br />
<br />
Garrick introduced changes and characters to ''Lethe'' endlessly over the years, including adding Lord Chalkstone sixteen years after the play's first performance, a character which became one of his most celebrated parts. Old, gouty Lord Chalkstone is the only one who refuses to drink the waters of Lethe, and Garrick gives the irascible Lord some of the best lines in the play. Chalkstone/Garrick delighted the pit with such lines as, “Who cannot Game, and Drink, and Whore/ Is not a peer of Taste.” And, with a twinkle: “Champagne excites Desire….” <br />
Audiences loved him.<br />
<br />
The Folger’s first [[Playbill collection|playbill]] with Garrick as Chalkstone is for a performance at Drury Lane on April 22, 1756. The playbill, seen [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/orosw2 here], "with the last new character" (Chalkstone), records a performance later in the same year.<br />
<br />
For more on ''Lethe,'' [[#The_Playwright_and_Adapter|jump directly to The Playwright and Adapter]].<br />
<br />
==== Items included ====<br />
<br />
* John Finlayson after Johann Zoffany. ''Mr. Garrick in the Character of Sir John Brute''. Engraving, 1768. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=128476 ART 242305].<br />
* ''Mr. Garrick in the Character of Abel Drugger in the Alchymist''. Hand-colored etching, ca. 1769. Call number: Uncat. Garrickiana Maggs no.193g and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/83mzxn LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* John Dixon after Johann Zoffany. ''Garrick as Abel Drugger''. Mezzotint, 1776. Call number: Uncat. Garrickiana Maggs no.151 and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/984qk1 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* ''Mr. Garrick in the Character of Ranger''. Etching, 1776. Call number: Uncat. Garrickiana Maggs no.192e and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2qb4bk LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* ''Mr. Garrick in the Character of Benedick. "Ha! The Prince and Monsieur Beu! I will hide me in the Arbour." Much Ado About Nothing, Act II, Sc. 3''. Engraving, 1778. Call number: Uncat. Garrickiana Maggs no. 192g and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/59dj74 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* John Smith after Johann Zoffany. ''Mr. Garrick in the character of Chalkstone, in Lethe''. Hand-colored etching, 1770. Call number: Uncat. Garrickiana Maggs no.193m and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/e4g285 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* London, Theatre Royal Drury Lane. Amphitryon, ''Lethe''. Playbill, 17 December 1756. Call number: [http://findingaids.folger.edu/dfogarrickbill2002.xml#anchor1756-57%20Season BILL Box G2 D84 1756–57 no.3] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/orosw2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* John Hall after Edward Edwards. ''Chances, Act 1, Scene 3. Mr. Garrick in the Character of Don John''. 18th century. Call number: Uncat. Garrickiana UCG 1 and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/c9p915 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* ''Mr. Garrick in the Character of a Drunken Sailor Speaking the Prologue to Brittannia a Masque''. Engraving, mid-18th century. Call number: Uncat. Garrickiana Maggs no.182 and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/30z315 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* ''Mr. Garrick in the Character of Lusignan in Zarah, Act II''. Etching, 1770. Call number: Uncat. Garrickiana Maggs no.193d and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/mr6tl4 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* ''Mr. Garrick in the Character of Bayes''. Etching, 1777. Call number: Uncat. Garrickiana Maggs no.192h and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/l5m01d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
=== Farewell Season ===<br />
<br />
Garrick’s final season (1775–1776) included performances as Ranger, Abel Drugger, Lear, Hamlet, and Richard III, but he went out as Don Felix in his adaptation of Susanna Centlivre’s comedy, ''The Wonder! A Woman keeps a Secret'', at Drury Lane Theatre on June 10, 1776. Audiences embraced him as Don Felix and he gave them an “inimitable performance.”<br />
<br />
==== Final Performance ====<br />
<br />
''This is for me a very awful moment…''<br />
:—Garrick’s farewell to the audience<br />
<br />
Garrick’s final performance was an emotional evening. As recounted by Ian McIntyre in his 1999 biography:<br />
<br />
:When the play ended Garrick came forward on an empty stage and bowed. The speech he made was brief, and he was able to begin only after … a short struggle with nature. … There were sobs and tears when he had finished, and shouts of 'Farewell.' There was to have been an afterpiece—a ballad opera ''The Waterman'' had been billed—but the audience would have none of it. <br />
<br />
Profits for the evening were donated to The Drury Lane Theatrical Fund. [[#The Drury Lane Theatrical Fund|Jump directly to The Drury Lane Theatrical Fund]] for more information. <br />
<br />
Garrick had less than three years to live.<br />
<br />
==== Don Felix ====<br />
<br />
This scene is captured from an earlier performance of ''The Wonder'' in which Ann Barry<ref>Ann Barry (1733–1801): actress best-known for her tragic roles; married to actor, Spranger Barry.</ref> played opposite Garrick. For his last performance Garrick brought back a very popular character, Don Felix, in a play that was clearly a favorite for theatergoers, but many could not believe the end had come. Kitty Clive<ref>Kitty Clive (1711–1785): actress famed for comedic roles, and for speaking prologues and epilogues.</ref> wrote from her retirement home in Twickenham, "Is it really true that you have put an end to the glory of Drury Lane?" Clive also chose ''The Wonder''—with Garrick as Don Felix—for her final performance, in 1769.<br />
<br />
==== ''The Wonder'' ====<br />
<br />
''The Wonder'' may strike us as a novel choice for a grand exit, but Garrick had a keen sense of what audiences wanted. “As it is acted at the Theatres-Royal in Drury-Lane and Covent Garden” suggests the immense popularity of the work the year before Garrick chose it for his farewell performance. The printed edition, shown here, with Garrick as Don Felix at Drury Lane, shows the cast list for a rival production at Covent Garden. The printrun also suggests a certain vogue. The Folger has seven editions of ''The Wonder'', from that of 1725 (Dublin) to this one, printed fifty years later (London, 1775). Centlivre died nine years after the publication of the first edition, never knowing the fame her play would enjoy.<br />
<br />
==== Items included ====<br />
<br />
* London, Theatre Royal Drury Lane. ''The Wonder'' (Mainpiece), ''The Waterman'' (Afterpiece). Playbill, 10 June 1776. Call number: [http://findingaids.folger.edu/dfogarrickbill2002.xml#anchor1775-76%20Season BILL Box G2 D84 1775-76 no. 6 copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/b33sis LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* Unknown artist after Johann Ludwig Wernhard Fäsch. ''Mrs. Barry and Mr. Garrick in the Characters of Donna Violante and Don Felix in the Wonder. Done from an Original Picture in the Possession of Her Grace the Dutchess'' [sic] ''of Northumberland''. Hand-colored etching, 1769. Call number: Uncat. Garrickiana Maggs no.193k and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z85tpq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* Susanna Centlivre. ''The Wonder! A Woman Keeps a Secret''. London, 1775. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=177228 211508.6]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/aw5bo8 p. 7].<br />
<br />
=== Notes on this section ===<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== The Entrepreneur ==<br />
<br />
Not surprisingly, Garrick's talents and ambition drew him quickly towards theater management, where he could shape the entire spectacle. He cut his teeth as co-manager of Smock Alley in Dublin for the 1745–46 season, with Thomas Sheridan.<ref>Thomas Sheridan (1719–1788): actor/manager and father of Richard Brinsley Sheridan.</ref> Garrick then returned to London where he put in motion a plan to become co-manager of James Lacy's<ref>James Lacy (1696–1774): sole manager of a struggling Drury Lane from 1744–1747.</ref> Drury Lane by playing the 1746–47 season for Lacy's rival, John Rich,<ref name="JRich">John Rich (1692–1761): pantomimist, manager of Covent Garden from 1732 until his death.</ref> at Covent Garden. Garrick's continued success under Rich had the desired effect, and he was able to strike a deal with Lacy for joint management of Drury Lane. He purchased a half-share of the patent for—and agreed to receive—£500 per year as co-owner, and £525 per year plus a benefit as a principal actor. Lacy took responsibility for everything relating to the building, while Garrick took responsibility for everything relating to productions.<br />
<br />
=== Drury Lane Theatre ===<br />
[[File:ART File G241.3 no.6.jpg|right|thumb|300px|''The theatrical steel-yards of 1750'', a cartoon satirizing Garrick's management of Drury Lane. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/5710q3 6312].]]<br />
The Licensing Act<ref>Licensing Act: legislation passed in 1737 restricting performances to licensed theaters only, and requiring that scripts be pre-approved by the Lord Chamberlain. With the ability to comment directly on sensitive social and political issues thus curtailed, productions became tamer, or at least, more subtle. Censorship by the office of the Lord Chamberlain survived until 1968.</ref> of 1737 ensured that only Drury Lane and Covent Garden,<ref>Covent Garden: Known now and since 1891 as the Royal Opera House, this theater opened in 1732 as Theatre Royal, Covent Garden, and from 1847 to 1891 was called the Royal Italian Opera.</ref> the two “Theatres Royal,” could regularly produce plays. The caricature seen here refers to a pivotal moment in the ongoing rivalry between Drury Lane and Covent Garden. During his first few years managing Drury Lane, Garrick was content to let John Rich<ref name="JRich" /> continue Covent Garden’s virtual monopoly on expensive, elaborate, crowd-pleasing pantomimes. Then on Boxing Day, 1750, Garrick risked a direct challenge with ''Queen Mab'', a new pantomime by Henry Woodward.<ref>Henry Woodward (1714–1777): actor and pantomimist who performed at Drury Lane, Covent Garden and Smock Alley.</ref> As the caricature shows, the risk paid off, with Garrick easily outweighing the talents of Rich’s Covent Garden (Peg Woffington,<ref>Peg Woffington (1720?–1760): actress best-known for her comic roles; lived with Garrick in the early 1740s.</ref> Spranger Barry,<ref>Spranger Barry (1717–1777): actor, and on-and-off competitor of Garrick on the stage. Known for his Othello, a role Garrick quickly abandoned, and for his Romeo, a role Garrick took up in a direct competition known as "The Rival Romeos."</ref> James Quin<ref>James Quin (1693–1766): England's greatest actor when Derrick debuted. For more on Quin, read Old Style vs. New.</ref> and Susannah Cibber<ref>Susanna Cibber (1714–1766): actress and singer married to Theophilus Cibber, best known for her tragic roles.</ref>). Henry Woodward, in his harlequin costume, holds up “Queen Mab.”<br />
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No pictures of Drury Lane in Garrick’s early years of managment are known to exist. That theater was built in 1674, with a capacity of about 2,000. These images show Drury Lane after Robert Adam<ref>Robert Adam (1728–1794): architect who also renovated Garrick's country house at Hampton; built his town house at Adelphi.</ref> modernized the building for Garrick in 1775. The renovation brought capacity to about 2,300, and added a fashionable neo-classical facade.<br />
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Garrick’s theater was the second of that name, the first having burned down in 1672. The renovated theater was completely replaced in 1794. The current Drury Lane is an 1812 replacement of the 1794 building.<br />
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==== Items included ====<br />
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* Patrick O'Brian. ''The Theatrical steel-yards of 1750''. Engraving. London, 1751. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=243524 ART File G241.3 no.6 (size M)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/hug86q LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* P. Begbie after R. & J. Adam, architects. ''View of the new front, towards Bridges Street, of the principal entry to the Theatre Royal Drury Lane, la nouvelle façade ...'' Engraving. London, 1776. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=254077 ART File L847t1 D1 no.12 (size XL)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ejgc41 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* History of the English stage, Garrick and his contemporaries. Manuscript, compiled ca. 1875. [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=184997 W.b.479]. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/xb5i5d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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=== Playbills ===<br />
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Instead of a long run of the same play, audiences in Garrick’s time expected a variety each night and throughout the season. A typical season at Drury Lane might include fifty different mainpieces,<ref>Mainpiece: the principal comedy or drama performed on a given evening, typically five acts.</ref> plus countless musical interludes, dances, afterpieces,<ref>Afterpiece: one- or two-act farce, pantomime, or other light entertainment used to close the evening. Introduced during the Restoration and common through the early nineteenth century.</ref> prologues and epilogues.<ref>Prologues and epilogues: direct addresses to the audience before and after the mainpiece, sometimes in character, sometimes not. Management used prologues to comment on the play text, the production, current events, house policy, etc.</ref> Playbills like this, posted in advance, advertised an evening’s “bill of fare” like a multi-course restaurant meal. The five-act mainpiece served as the main course, with a prologue as appetizer to set the stage, and music or dancing between the acts to cleanse the palate. The brief afterpiece—usually a farce or rollicking pantomime—provided an enjoyable dessert, the lighter the better if the mainpiece had been a heavy tragedy.<br />
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Printing expenses formed no small part of the Drury Lane budget, with each night’s playbill requiring a new press run. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/j5cg92 This bill] is fairly typical, with thirty-four lines of type plus a horizontal rule. The mainpiece (Shakespeare’s [[Romeo and Juliet|''Romeo and Juliet'']]) is listed first, with the male roles in order of importance, then the female roles in reverse order of importance. Next comes a description of the “extras” in the mainpiece: a procession, a masquerade dance, a minuet, and a new prologue. Last comes the afterpiece (George Colman’s farce ''The Musical Lady''), with its special feature (a country dance), followed by pricing, any special instructions, show time, and a note on an upcoming performance.<br />
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For a comprehensive list of Garrick bills in the Folger collections, see: [http://findingaids.folger.edu/dfogarrickbill2002.xml Guide to the Playbills in the Folger Shakespeare Library Relating to the Theatrical Career of David Garrick, 1741–1776], compiled by Joe Donohue.<br />
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==== Items included ====<br />
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* London, Drury Lane Theatre. ''Romeo and Juliet'' (Mainpiece), ''The Musical Lady'' (Afterpiece). Playbill, 17 September 1765. Call number: [http://findingaids.folger.edu/dfogarrickbill2002.xml#anchor1765-66%20Season BILL Box G2 D84 1765-66 no.2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/j5cg92 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* London, Theatre Royal Drury Lane. ''Every Man in His Humour'' (Mainpiece), ''The Double Disappointment'' (Afterpiece). Playbill, 31 March 1753. Call number: [http://findingaids.folger.edu/dfogarrickbill2002.xml#anchor1752-53%20Season BILL Box G2 D84 1752–53 no.3] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/0mito7 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* London, Theatre Royal Drury Lane. [[The Tempest|''Tempest'']] (Mainpiece), ''Harlequin Ranger'' (Afterpiece). Playbill, 11 November 1757. Call number: [http://findingaids.folger.edu/dfogarrickbill2002.xml#anchor1757-58%20Season BILL Box G2 D84 1757–58 no.1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/u2e1c6 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===The Audience and the Stage===<br />
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This [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/4a20oh engraving] shows the interior of Drury Lane being admired after the 1775 renovations, with the different seating areas clearly visible. The most expensive seats, the Boxes, form the bottom tier and sides. In front of them, starting below stage level, is the slightly less expensive Pit. Next in price comes the First Gallery, or middle balcony, and cheapest of all is the Upper Gallery, at the very top. On benefit nights,<ref>Benefit nights: on a person’s benefit night, he or she paid the costs of the production, but kept all remaining profits from ticket sales. Authors of new plays generally had a benefit every fifth night of production; actors and other entitled employees had their benefits at the end of the season, and relied on them for the lion’s share of their income.</ref> Garrick sometimes still permitted audience members who paid a premium to sit onstage. He had put an end to regular seating on the stage as soon as he became manager, at which time he also banned all audience members from being “admitted behind the Scenes.”<br />
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Action still usually took place at the front of the stage, with entrances and exits from large proscenium doors like the one on the right of the print, though characters were also revealed further back stage by painted wings, drops and flats<ref>Wings, drops and flats: two-dimensional illusionistically-painted scenery designed to fit in and above a series of grooves on the stage.</ref> being pulled apart.<br />
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Audience members brought certain expectations to the theater, and did not hesitate to express themselves when expectations went unmet. Sometimes this disapproval took the form of hissing and booing. Occasionally, things became violent. Garrick encountered public wrath most famously in 1755, when he hired Jean-Georges Noverre (1727–1810) and his French dancers to perform a grand afterpiece, The Chinese Festival. On the eve of the Seven Years’ War, anti-French sentiment ran high, and performances led to riots at Drury Lane. In 1763, riots were threatened at both theaters because half-price admittance after the third act of the mainpiece was no longer allowed. The half-price riot<ref>Half-price riots: Thaddeus Fitzpatrick, a drama critic who had once been on the Drury Lane "free admittance" list, organized and acted as spokesperson for a public enraged by this break with precedence. Fitzpatrick had been parodied years before by Garrick as the character Fribble in the farce, ''Miss in Her Teens''. [[#Grand Tourist|Jump directly to Grand Tourist]] in the online exhibition for more on Fitzpatrick as Garrick's "foe."</ref> shown here happened at Covent Garden. Garrick and the other managers did not want to back down, maintaining that audiences’ increased expectations for quality costumes, scenery and showmanship could not be met without the extra income from full-price admission. But in the end they capitulated. Both houses returned to a half-price policy, and charges were dropped against the Covent Garden rioters (where the damage had been most severe).<br />
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==== Items included ====<br />
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* Benedetto Pastorini. ''Interior view of the Theatre Royal Drury Lane.'' Engraving, 1776. Call number: Uncat. Garrickiana Maggs no.214 and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/4a20oh LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* Half-price riot at Covent Garden during a performance of ''Artaxerxes''. Engraving, 1763. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=185003 ART Vol. d94 no.80b] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8uwxx3 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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=== Spectacle ===<br />
[[File:PN2593.N5a Cage detail.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A 1772 caricature satirizing Garrick's showmanship. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/iiw9ij 6349].]]<br />
Not everyone appreciated David Garrick’s showmanship. This [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/4pkv3u caricature] shows him paying too much attention to spectacle and costumes while trampling on the works of Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, and Nicholas Rowe. Drury Lane’s scenemakers pull him to their side while Tragedy and Comedy try to summon him back. James Messinck,<ref>James Messinck (1701/2–1789): Drury Lane machinist; responsible for pageant floats, special effects, trap doors and other technical matters.</ref> the man on the far right, holds a proclamation reading “Processions for Ever.” Purists disliked having a lavish funeral procession added to Romeo and Juliet, for example, but Garrick needed to provide entertainment for all sectors of his paying audience.<br />
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Before 1765, stage lighting in England consisted of visible chandeliers above the stage and a row of footlights along the front of the stage. The footlights could be raised and lowered from a trough, hence the phrases “lights up” and “lights down.” In 1765, Garrick introduced variable hidden lighting of the kind he had seen in France. The hidden lights were placed in vertical strips behind the wing<ref>wing: two-dimensional illusionistically-painted piece of scenery fitted into a groove on the stage with the back edge hidden offstage.</ref> fronts, providing light from the side that could be dimmed by shutters. Sunrises, sunsets, and other occasions for changing light suddenly appeared in Drury Lane productions, and actors were able to use more of the stage, since shadows no longer hid the rear.<br />
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More striking changes to Drury Lane spectacle came after 1771, when Garrick hired the French artist Philippe-Jacques de Loutherbourg (1740–1812) to implement an integrated program of lighting, scenic design, stage mechanics, and costume. Using variable lighting and painted transparencies, de Loutherbourg created dynamic color and scenic effects.<br />
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==== Items included ====<br />
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* Francis Gentleman. ''The theatres. A poetical dissection.'' London, 1772. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=174159 PN2593.N5a Cage], displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/mkkrlf title page].<br />
* London, Theatre Royal Drury Lane. ''Romeo and Juliet'' (Mainpiece), ''The Lying Valet'' (Afterpiece). Playbill, 4 October 1753. Call number: [http://findingaids.folger.edu/dfogarrickbill2002.xml#anchor1752-53%20Season BILL Box G2 D84 1752–53 no.1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8uw5c9 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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=== Finances ===<br />
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Pages of a Drury Lane journal give financial details for the theater. On Wednesday, January 3, 1750, with ''Hamlet'' as the mainpiece and ''Savoyard Travellers'' as the afterpiece, Drury Lane took in £102 6s. 6d. On Thursday, January 4, with ''The Rehearsal'' and ''The Chaplet'', revenue came to £165 8s. 6d. Expenses those days included extra musicians, contributions to Christmas boxes for the servants of important theater-goers, printers’ bills, and “a coffin for Ophelia.”<br />
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Overhead was high, and Garrick’s financial sucess at Drury Lane was no easy feat. Account books reveal regular expenditures for such staples as pens and candles, not to mention salaries. While the exact number of employees varied from season to season, Garrick’s company ranged between seventy-five and one hundred performers (not only actors, but also dancers and musicians) and between forty and seventy-five “house servants” (everyone behind the scenes, from carpenters to the head prompter).<br />
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The Drury Lane prompter kept a notebook of "Plays etc." performed at the theater. In it, he noted whether particular performances went over well or not in order to help Garrick plan a profitable season.<br />
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==== Items included ====<br />
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* Drury Lane Theatre. Journal – receipts and payments. Manuscript, 30 October 1749 – 28 April 1750. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=226386 W.a.155].<br />
* Richard Cross. ''Diaries of Drury Lane Theater performances kept by Richard Cross and William Hopkins''. Manuscript, 1775–76. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=221249 W.a.104 (13)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/h274n1 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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=== The Stratford Jubilee ===<br />
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In 1769 the town of Stratford sought Garrick's help in dedicating and decorating their new town hall. In return for a grant of freedom of the town—presented in a mulberry wood chest—Garrick supplied a statue of Shakespeare for an exterior niche, and paintings of both Shakespeare and himself. But Garrick did not stop there. He planned, financed, and was master of ceremonies for a three-day grand Shakespeare Jubilee. Satirized and eulogized almost in equal measure, torrential rains and flooding marred a festival that was an expensive pilgrimage of pomp and worship marked by serenades and recitations, fireworks and balls, horse races, commemorative memorabilia... but not a single play performed. A tribute to the memory of the man rather than the writings and performance, the Jubilee is perhaps the most important cultural event in the history of Shakespeare's reputation. This event marked the creation of Shakespeare as England's national poet, and the beginning of an industry of "bardolatry" that continues to this day.<br />
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==== Jubilee in Song ====<br />
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Charles Dibdin (1745–1814) started his career as an actor and singer, but went on to compose almost two hundred works for the stage, and over eight hundred songs. His music for the Jubilee was one of his first assignments after being hired away from Covent Garden to be house composer for Drury Lane. Primarily written in traditional ballad form, Dibdin’s work fit the patriotic spirit of the Jubilee’s pageantry. But this didn’t stop Garrick from sending some of the songs to be set by William Boyce<ref>William Boyce (d. 1779): a composer, organist, and music editor. Boyce wrote songs and incidental music for thirteen different Drury Lane productions under Garrick's management.</ref> and Theodore Aylward<ref>Theodore Aylward (d. 1801): also composed music for the 1763 Drury Lane production of ''A Midsummer Night's Dream''.</ref> with the intention of choosing the best composer. In the end Dibdin was the choice, although Thomas Arne<ref name="Arne">Thomas Arne (1710–1778): prolific theater composer whose "Rule Britannia" from the masque ''Alfred'' is still well-known; brother of actress Susannah Cibber.</ref> composed the accompaniment for Garrick’s ''Ode''. Dibdin composed for both the Stratford festival and the Garrick farce performed later that fall. But he enjoyed neither the writing nor his working relationship with Garrick, writing in his autobiography that:<br />
<blockquote>I was a slave to it for months, I set and reset songs to it till my patience was exhausted, which were received or rejected just as ignorance or caprice prevailed.</blockquote><br />
Dibdin had made plans to stay away from Stratford, feeling insulted at Garrick’s shopping for composers. But he relented, showing up at the last minute with the Drury Lane musicians in disguise, and in time to serenade the delighted Garrick on dawn of the first day, Wednesday September 6, 1769.<br />
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The broadside ''Warwickshire Lads'' provides words to a song that was to be both immortalized and widely parodied. The tune by Charles Dibdin was played at Stratford by the band of the Warwickshire Regiment<ref>Warwickshire Regiment: first raised as "Lillingstone's Regiment" in 1674 to fight against the French in Holland. The successors to the Warwickshire Regiment were absorbed into what is now the Royal Regiment of Fuseliers in 1968.</ref> and was later adopted as their regimental march. The version performed in Garrick’s stage production of ''The Jubilee'' included this satiric reply to the last stanza, commenting on the exorbitant prices charged for lodging and services:<br />
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:The devil burn me, but I believe you are all Tieves [sic].<br />
::Jubilee thief,<br />
::‘Tis my belief,<br />
:The thief of all thieves is a Jubilee thief.<br />
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During his time, Garrick was well known in pubs and coffee houses for his song lyrics. ''Shakespear's Garland''<ref>''Shakespear's Garland'': the wordbook had a successful publishing career, being first sold in Stratford by Garrick's friend Thomas Beckett, who was both the official Jubilee bookseller and publisher of most of the Jubilee titles.</ref> is a wordbook of Jubilee songs including lyrics by Garrick, Isaac Bickerstaff<ref>Isaac Bickerstaff (1733–ca. 1808): a librettist and writer of musical theater. One of his most successful pieces was the comic opera ''Love in a Village'', set to music by Thomas Arne.</ref> and others, “to which are subjoined, Testimonies to the Genius and Merits of Shakespeare.” This Dublin printing appeared soon after the Jubilee, perhaps in 1769 or 1770. The woodcut depicts the Westminster Abbey memorial statue. Prospero’s lines from Act 4, scene 1 of ''The Tempest'' which here appear below the engraving are carved on the scroll in the Westminster version; they have been here replaced with the printed word “Jubilee.” Many of the songs included here were also printed as slipsong broadsheet ballads both with and without the music. The final song of this collection includes another satiric reply to “Warwickshire lads,” ending:<br />
:A thief!—who can bear the invective?<br />
:A thief!—pray speak hence more respective!<br />
::For, if you persist<br />
::To brawl as you list<br />
:This cudgel shall prove a corrective.<br />
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==== The Procession ====<br />
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As part of the extensive advance publicity, [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/bi9rjk these plates] were engraved prior to the Jubilee and published just afterwards, in the September and October 1769 issues of ''Oxford Magazine''. The engravings depict the procession of Shakespearean characters planned for the late morning of the second day. But the assembled actors, dressed in elaborate (and expensive) costumes mostly borrowed from Drury Lane, waited for hours for the clouds to clear. When they did not, the planned parade was first postponed a day, then cancelled. Samuel Foote<ref>Samuel Foote (1720?–1777): actor and playwright whose career was marked by feuds with London literary figures.</ref> characteristically quipped as Garrick left the improvised green room to deliver the Ode: “It is God’s judgment on vanity and idolatry!”<br />
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But the procession was praised by critics and audiences alike when Garrick recreated it in October on the Drury Lane stage. It was called “splendid beyond conception” by ''The London Magazine''. The reviewer for ''The Town and Country Magazine'' said it “must be allowed superior to that at Covent Garden,” where George Colman was staging his own satiric comedy ''Man and Wife; Or, The Shakespeare Jubilee''.<br />
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On the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/5r92jk first print]: Mistress Quickly, Lord Bardolph, Sir John Falstaff, Pistol, Four Witches, Malvolio, Caliban, Richard III, Tom o’ Bedlam, the Ghost.<br />
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On the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2kvkl0 second print]: A Gravedigger, Friar Lawrence, Prospero, Benedick, Beatrice, Apothecary, Shylock, Queen Katherine, Henry VIII, Cardinal Wolsey.<br />
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==== The Beginnings of a Cultural Industry ====<br />
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While Thomas Sharp had locked up the Stratford market for trinkets hand-carved from Shakespeare’s “true mulberry,” Garrick shrewdly arranged in the summer of 1769 for the casting of medals by a Mr. Westwood of Birmingham. Jubilee visitors bought and wore “Shakespeare favours” such as [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/16er2v this medallion], designed by Garrick himself, and available in a variety of metals and with or without ribbons. The Jubilee represented the start of something new in the history of Shakespeareana: mass-production of trinkets for the tourist-pilgrim wanting a remembrance of the “god of our idolatry.” Assorted Shakespearean key-chains, mugs, neckties, etc. found in gift shops today have their common ancestor in the literary relics of the first Jubilee.<br />
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==== The Linking of Garrick and Shakespeare ====<br />
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:‘Tis he! ‘tis he!<br />
:The god of our idolatry!<br />
:To him the song, the Edifice we raise;<br />
:He merits all our wonder, all our praise!<br />
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In these lines, Garrick recites his Ode upon dedicating a Building,<ref>Building: The new Stratford town hall, finished in 1769 and dedicated at the Jubilee.</ref> and erecting a Statue to Shakespeare,<ref>Statue to Shakespeare: a full-length leaden statue by John Cheere (1709–1787).</ref> at Stratford-upon-Avon. He addressed a huge audience of cold and wet people (some put the number at close to two thousand) in a temporary—and leaking—rotunda set up expressly for the recital. Despite the weather Garrick electrified the crowd with his performance. Musical accompaniment was composed by Thomas Arne,<ref name="Arne"/> who also conducted the orchestra. Although the Ode came to be celebrated in numerous engravings, poems, and other contemporary accounts, it wasn’t long before the critics and satirists also weighed in. One of the more widely disseminated parodies was called ''An Ode on dedicating a Building and erecting a Statue to Le Stue, Cook to the Duke of Newcastle, at Clermont''. This [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/d8185c engraving] was made for the September 1769 ''Town and Country Magazine'', which covered the Jubilee—and its critics—in great detail.<br />
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Engraved [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/scfhh5 admission tickets] provided access to the first day’s Oratorio (''Judith'', by Thomas Arne) and Grand Ball; and to the second day’s Dedication Ode and a seat in the Great Booth for the Fireworks display: all for one guinea. Signed by David’s brother George Garrick to guard against counterfeits, the ticket depicts the Westminster Abbey memorial statue of Shakespeare. He here points at excerpted lines spoken to Jessica by her lover Lorenzo in the final scene of [[The Merchant of Venice|''Merchant of Venice'']]:<br />
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:The man that hath no music in himself,<br />
:Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds,<br />
:Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils.<br />
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The talk in London was of nothing else after the Jubilee with an outpouring of newspaper feuds between Garrick's enemies and friends, and satiric poems and plays mocking the Jubilee, Garrick, and Shakespeare himself.<br />
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==== Rescued by Farce ====<br />
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At one point in ''Garrick’s Vagary'' a Jubilee reveler recounts seeing “Great Shakespeare’s Shade” return from Elysium and sing from the top of Stratford Church: <br />
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:Obey me, ye Fairies,<br />
:Whose Reign o’er the Air is,<br />
:And drive Clouds scattered together.<br />
:Stratford afflict with foul Weather….<br />
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Most poetic or theatrical critiques of the Jubilee—the anonymous ''Vagary'' included—were not well received by the critics. ''The Gentleman’s Magazine'' described the ''Vagary'' as “without the least shadow of poetical merit.” ''The London Magazine'' asserted that it “will be read by few besides the unfortunate reviewers.” Additional send-offs of the Jubilee were written by Francis Gentleman<ref>Francis Gentleman (1728–1784): playwright and essayist, author of the playgoer's guide ''The Dramatic Censor''.</ref> and George Colman. But the most successful Jubilee farce to appear on stage was Garrick’s own comedic afterpiece and grand spectacle which opened October 14, 1769 at Drury Lane and played for ninety-two consecutive nights.<br />
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Garrick spared nothing in ridiculing his own event, from the attitudes of the townspeople to the crowded and expensive lodging arrangments, from the weather to the mulberry trinkets. This manuscript provides drafts for the "Proseshon in the Jewbley," the centerpiece of the ''Jubilee'' as performed at Drury Lane. The grand procession of Shakespeare characters that had been rained out in Stratford here begins with a team of "surprising & learned littell horses."<br />
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An additional manuscript draft of Garrick's farce ''The Jubilee'' is in the Kemble-Devonshire Collection of plays at [http://www.huntington.org The Huntington Library].<br />
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==== Items included ====<br />
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* Charles Dibdin. ''The overture, songs, airs, and chorusses, in the Jubilee or Shakespear's Garland as performed at Stratford upon Avon, and the Theatre Royal Drury Lane''. London, 1769. Call number: Uncat. Garrickiana Maggs no.196; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/91sbe1 title page].<br />
* ''Warwickshire lads''. London?, 1790?. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=180442 PR2923.1769.G2sw Cage] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/wp4aq8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* David Garrick. ''Shakespear's Garland. Being a collection of new songs,… &c. Performed at the Jubilee''. Dublin: John Mitchell, [1770?]. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=176659 PR2923 1769 G2sa Cage]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/4ej7z5 title page and frontis].<br />
* ''The Procession at the Jubilee at Stratford Upon Avon''. Engraving. [London, 1769]. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=257663 ART Vol. d57 no.43a] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/5r92jk LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* ''Continuation of the Procession of Shakespear's Characters''. Engraving. [London, 1769]. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=257663 ART Vol. d57 no.43b] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2kvkl0 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* [Medal of Shakespeare] ''We shall not look upon his like again, Jubilee at Stratford in honour and to the memory of Shakespeare, Sept. 1769, D.G., steward'' Engraving. [Great Britain?], 1769. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=255534 ART File S527.7 no.1 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/6c954p LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* Medallion commemorating the Shakespeare Jubilee at Stratford-upon-Avon, 1769. [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=127646 ART 241260] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/16er2v LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* ''Mr. Garrick reciting the ode, in honor of Shakespeare, at the Jubilee at Stratford, with the musical performers, &c.'' Print, ca. 1769. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=243512 ART File G241 no.2 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/d8185c LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* William Shakespeare (opposite side shows David Garrick as Hamlet). Double-sided enamel pendant, 1769. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=127646 241260 ART (realia)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/23695k LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* ''Shakespears-Jubilee, the 6th and 7th of September, at Stratford-upon-Avon.'' Ticket signed by George Garrick. Copper-plate engraving, 6 September 1769. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=219073 Y.d.283] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/scfhh5 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* ''Garrick's vagary, or, England run mad. With particulars of the Stratford Jubilee''. London, 1769. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=179004 PR2923 1769 G5 Cage]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/y8p240 title page].<br />
* David Garrick. Autograph manuscript of ''The jubilee, a farce''. Manuscript, 1769. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=218981 W.a.160] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/61h5w5 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
=== Notes on this section ===<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== The Playwright and Adapter ==<br />
<br />
Garrick’s activity as a writer and adapter of plays was an essential part of his working life, perhaps because England’s greatest actor-manager flourished in an age of eminently forgettable dramas. Aside from a few works by Richard Brinsley Sheridan,<ref>Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751–1760): playwright, theater manager and politician; co-owner of Drury Lane after Garrick's retirement.</ref> author of ''The Rivals'' and ''School for Scandal,'' and Oliver Goldsmith,<ref>Oliver Goldsmith (1728–1774): his first book included an attack on theater management that offended Garrick, though they later became friends.</ref> author of ''She Stoops to Conquer,'' there is little from the era of Garrick that survives in today’s repertory. <br />
<br />
Throughout his career Garrick revived Shakespeare’s plays, in the process making careful use of the work of such contemporary editors and scholars as Samuel Johnson,<ref>Samuel Johnson (1709–1784): author and lexicographer.</ref> Bishop William Warburton,<ref>William Warburton (1698–1779): Bishop of Glocester; his edition of Shakespeare appeared in 1747.</ref> Edward Capell,<ref>Edward Capell (1713–1781): compiled the inventory of Garrick's extensive collection of plays and worked close to twenty years on an edition of Shakespeare whose final volumes appeared in 1767.</ref> George Steevens,<ref>George Steevens (1736–1800): published his ''Twenty Plays of Shakespeare'' in 1766.</ref> and others. But his reshaping of the plays also helped Garrick reshape Shakespeare’s image by personalizing and popularizing the characters. As a result, many pieces panned by critics and scholars were supported enthusiastically by the public. Garrick produced twenty-six Shakespeare plays, in the process performing seventeen roles himself.<br />
<br />
=== ''Lethe'' ===<br />
<br />
''Lethe'' was Garrick’s first play, written for Henry Giffard’s<ref>Henry Giffard (1694–1772): actor and theater manager of Goodman's Fields when Garrick made his October 1741 debut as Richard III.</ref> benefit night at Drury Lane, April 15, 1740, and its success encouraged the young author to continue writing for the stage. In it, characters are ferried across the river Styx to Elysium, where Aesop decides whether or not they may drink from the waters of Lethe to forget their troubles. A sequence of satirical portraits makes up the farce, with fools and fops coming forward for comic turns.<br />
<br />
Brief as it is, the ''jeu d’esprit'' gave the leading actors of the day opportunities to shine. This [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/hq73t3 early printing] of ''Lethe'', from before Chalkstone was created, shows Garrick in the roles of Poet, Frenchman, and Drunken Man. The character of Chalkstone was added in 1756, sixteen years after the first performance of ''Lethe''. <br />
<br />
[[#Comic Characters|Jump directly to Comic Characters]] in the online exhibition for more on Garrick's portrayal of Lord Chalkstone.<br />
<br />
==== Items included ====<br />
<br />
* David Garrick. ''Lethe. A dramatic satire.'' London, 1749. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=178611 PR3467.L5 1749 Cage]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/hq73t3 Sig. B (p.1) and opposite].<br />
* Gabriel Smith. ''Mr. Garrick in the character of Lord Chalkstone in the Farce of Lethe''. Engraving, 1756. Call number: Uncat. Garrickiana Maggs no.157 and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/16ll1y LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
=== ''The Clandestine Marriage'' ===<br />
<br />
''The Clandestine Marriage,'' co-authored by David Garrick and George Colman, was one of the great comedies of the 18th century. It opened on February 20, 1766 and was the major event of the 1765–66 Drury Lane season. Written in the style of a Restoration comedy of manners, laughter was the primary goal, and the authors succeeded marvelously. The piece was an instant success, playing thirteen consecutive nights before capacity crowds. Garrick had just returned from two years abroad and audiences were anxious to see him on stage again, though he disappointed Colman by refusing to play Lord Ogleby. Insecure after a long absence, Garrick was not looking for new roles.<br />
<br />
To learn about about [[Folger Theatre]]'s production of [[The Clandestine Marriage (Folger Theatre, 2005)|''The Clandestine Marriage'']], April 15–May 22, 2005, [[#Garrick Performed Today|jump directly to Garrick Performed Today]] in the online exhibition.<br />
<br />
==== Garrick and Colman ====<br />
<br />
George Colman was Garrick’s closest friend among contemporary playwrights, though the two could disagree, as when Garrick declined the role of Lord Ogleby (written expressly for him), and when Colman invested in the rival theatrical company, Covent Garden,<ref>Covent Garden: Known now and since 1891 as the Royal Opera House, this theater opened in 1732 as Theatre Royal, Covent Garden, and from 1847 to 1891 was called the Royal Italian Opera.</ref> within a year after the success of ''The Clandestine Marriage'' at Drury Lane. There were also arguments over the authors’ respective contributions to ''The Clandestine Marriage''.<br />
<br />
The first printed edition of ''The Clandestine Marriage'', seen [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/g447lj here], shows both authors’ names on the title page, but the matter of primary responsibility was debated. The Folger’s manuscript of the play, mostly in Garrick’s hand, suggests Garrick had the larger authorial role, but when the text was published, the advertisement mischievously reads: “Some friends, and some enemies, have endeavored to allot distinct portions of this play to each of the authors. Each, however, considers himself as responsible for the whole.” After their early squabble—Colman thought Garrick was taking too much credit—the authors closed ranks and let London’s literati guess. At issue initially was Colman’s contention that Garrick defied the spirit of their agreement:<br />
<blockquote>I cannot help being hurt…I understood it was to be a joint work…and never imagined that either of us was to lay his finger on a particular scene, and cry, This is mine! (Colman to Garrick, December 4, 1765)</blockquote><br />
Garrick took offense but made amends and the two were on best of terms when the play opened in February, 1766. Harry William Pedicord and Fredrick Louis Bergmann (''The Plays of David Garrick'', 1980) and, more recently, Ian McIntyre (''Garrick'', 1999) determined that Garrick wrote larger share.<br />
<br />
==== Ogleby ====<br />
<br />
The role of Lord Ogleby first went to Thomas King,<ref>Thomas King (1730–1805): actor; manager of various summer theaters, including Sadler's Wells; acting manager at Drury Lane during Garrick's absences and, later, Sheridan's absences.</ref> who made it one of his triumphs. King was brilliant and his interpretation of Ogleby held the stage. But Garrick grew increasingly impatient over the lasting praise for King, perhaps wistful that he did not have sole ownership of the role. In retirement, Garrick protested, “But it is not my Lord Ogleby—the only character in which I should now wish to appear.” <br />
<br />
That Garrick saw only himself in the role is not surprising, for it was Garrick Colman had in mind when sketching the character. In Ogleby we see affinities with some of Garrick’s most famous roles: the amorous old rake Lord Chalkstone in ''Lethe'', the coxcomb Bayes in ''The Rehearsal'', and Abel Drugger, the simpleton in ''The Alchymist''. Ogleby is cut from the same cloth. But upon his return from Europe,<ref>Return from Europe: In 1765, Garrick returned from his second European trip exhausted, tentative about going back on stage and needing reassurance. "Arriving half dead from Italy," he wrote to Colman from Paris, "Does [London] really wish to see me on the stage?" Testing the water, or preparing for failure, Garrick sent a pamphlet ahead, ''The Sick Monkey'', satirizing his own career. When he finally returned, Garrick didn't want to risk a demanding role, and played yet again his favorite part in Shakespearean comedy, Benedick in ''Much Ado About Nothing'', by Royal command on November 14, 1765. [[#Grand Tourist|Jump directly to Grand Tourist]] for more on Garrick's 1763–65 trip to the Continent.</ref> Garrick was in no shape, physically or mentally, to tackle a new character. While there were good reasons for turning down the role that Colman offered, Garrick must have felt an opportunity had been lost when he saw King’s success in a role written expressly for him.<br />
<br />
==== The Manuscript ====<br />
[[File:Y.d.114 p. 15.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Page 15 of the Folger's manuscript of ''The Clandestine Marriage''. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/jq948i 6257].]]<br />
The Folger owns a manuscript of ''The Clandestine Marriage'', mostly in Garrick’s hand. Working versions of play show that the character name “Lord Ogleby” evolved first from the Earl of Oldsap, to Earl of Kexy (seen [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/814l5q here] in Garrick’s early version of the cast list). Later, Kexy becomes “Lord Ogleby” for the first time (seen [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/o66x0w here] in a draft of Act 2) and a star is born. The title of the play changed too. The earliest surviving draft of the drama, at [[#The Garrick Club|The Garrick Club]] in London, is entitled ''The Sisters''.<br />
<br />
==== Items included ====<br />
<br />
* George Colman. ''The clandestine marriage, a comedy''. London, 1766. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=177671 PR3358 C5 1766 Cage]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/g447lj title page].<br />
* ''The Rival Managers, G. Colman Esqr., D. Garrick Esqr.'' Engraving,18th century. Call number: Uncat. Garrickiana Maggs no.20 and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z9u8a LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* ''Mr. King in the character of Lord Ogleby in the Clandestine Marriage''. Hand-colored engraving. London, 1769. Call number: Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=255853 ART File K54.2 no.3 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8fhw96 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* George Colman and David Garrick. ''The Clandestine Marriage''. Manuscript, ca. 1763–65. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=217423 Y.d.114] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/j2bb13 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===''Hamlet''===<br />
<br />
Garrick’s “Frenchifying” alteration of Shakespeare’s ''Hamlet'' (first performed on December 18, 1772) became as controversial as his acting was celebrated. In one of his many neoclassical critiques of Shakespeare, Voltaire had famously called the play “a vulgar and barbarous drama which would not be tolerated by the most ignorant audiences in France or Italy.” Garrick corresponded enthusiastically with numerous theatrical friends in France about his “bold deed,” that he “dar’d to alter Hamlet ” to bring the play more in line with classical norms by removing most of Act 5 and including having “destroy’d ye Grave diggers (those favourites of the people).” But Garrick also wrote to Sir William Young on January 10, 1773 describing this tampering with the play as “the most imprudent thing I ever did in all my life.”<br />
<br />
Despite criticism that Garrick’s alteration revealed him as too much influenced by French tastes, it was popular with the crowds and held the stage for years. Garrick’s last performance of Hamlet was on May 30, 1776, in a performace that completely sold out in about two hours. But since his retirement, Garrick's 1772 version has never again been staged. [[#Garrick as Hamlet|Jump directly to Garrick as Hamlet]] for more on his portrayal.<br />
<br />
==== [[Promptbooks]] ====<br />
<br />
This [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/960q80 preparation promptbook] for Garrick's revision of ''Hamlet'' in the 1772–73 season establishes many of the changes he made to the play. He did not use his own previously-published acting edition first printed in 1763, but instead marked up this 1747 copy of the standard text of the time (edited by John Hughes and Robert Wilks), in some places pasting in leaves from his own 1763 text. Page 74 and the tipped-in printed and manuscript pages immediately following show Garrick’s preparatory mark-ups of alternate endings, combining bits of the original Acts IV and V while adding lines of his own. Instead of the "rubbish" (as he called it) of the gravediggers and fencing scene, he considered multiple possible endings, some of which are on this unfolded leaf in Garrick's hand.<br />
<br />
For a more detailed description and an interactive "turn-the-page" display of this preparation promptbook, see [[David_Garrick,_1717–1779:_A_Theatrical_Life#What_is_a_Promptbook.3F|What Is A Promptbook?]].<br />
<br />
==== "As it is now acted" ====<br />
<br />
Editions of ''Hamlet'' such as the one seen [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lo2y7w here], advertising “as it is now acted at … Drury-Lane,” in fact do not represent the changes made in the text by Garrick. He never permitted his 1772 alteration of ''Hamlet'' to be printed, nor did he allow anyone outside of Drury-Lane to examine the prompt copies. Therefore, the letter to Suzanne Necker (1739–1794) seen here takes on special importance.<br />
<br />
Mme Necker, salon hostess and wife of Louis XVI’s finance minister, Jacques Necker (1732–1804), came with her husband to London to see Garrick act Hamlet before he retired. Garrick warns Mme Necker in this April 26, 1776 letter not to rely on printed editions of the play: <blockquote>“[the Copy of the play You] have got from the Bookseller will mislead You without some direction from Me — the first Act which is very long in the original, is by me divided into two Acts— the 3d Act, as I Act it, is the 2d in the Original — the 3d in the original is the 4th in Mine, and ends with the famous scene between Hamlet and his Mother — and the 5th Act in my Alteration, consists of the 4th & 5th of the original, with some small alterations, and the omission of some Scenes, particularly the Grave diggers … .” </blockquote> He goes on to assure her that he is offering her “the most commodious box” at the theater. Garrick wrote this letter on a single, folded leaf.<br />
<br />
==== The Gravediggers Restored ====<br />
<br />
Although David Garrick rejected Richard Cumberland’s<ref>Richard Cumberland (1732–1811): poet, playwright, and memoirist.</ref> debut play, the 1759 tragedy ''The Banishment of Cicero'', Cumberland went on to become a regular playwright at Drury Lane. The document seen here is endorsed by Garrick as “Cumberlan’s compl. to me about ye alteration of Hamlet.” The final lines on this first page slyly refer to Garrick’s [[#The Drury Lane Theatrical Fund|Drury Lane Theatrical Fund]] in addressing the effect on other company actors of cutting the popular Act 5 gravediggers’ scene, one in which Garrick never himself acted:<br />
<blockquote>1st Gra. I won’t be amiss however to keep ye Grave open. T’will stand in place of a Theatrical Fund, and be a certain provision for actors retiring from the stage.</blockquote><br />
<br />
Complaints about Garrick’s cuts did not begin and end with critics and rival playwrights. The edition of Hamlet pictured here is based on the version running at the rival Covent Garden Theatre, that included the gravediggers’ scene. Act 5 here begins with a footnote commenting on the scene:<br />
<blockquote>These gentry, and their quibbling humour, certainly trespass upon decorum; but the moral reflections occasioned by the grave, &c. make ample amends. … Mr. Garrick has too politely frenchified his alteration by endeavoring to annihilate what, though Mr. Voltaire could not like it, has indubitable merit.</blockquote><br />
<br />
==== Items included ====<br />
<br />
* William Shakespeare. ''Hamlet, Prince of Denmark: A Tragedy.'' London, [1747], David Garrick promptbook, 1773. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=132231 PROMPT Ham. 16] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/960q80 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* William Shakespeare. ''Hamlet, Prince of Denmark: A Tragedy. As it is now acted at the Theatres-Royal in Drury-Lane and Covent-Garden.'' London, 1776. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=175762 PR2807 1776 Sh.Col.]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lo2y7w title page and frontispiece].<br />
* David Garrick. Autograph letter signed from David Garrick, the Adelphi, to Mrs. Necker, Friday. Manuscript, 26 April 1776. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=185535 Y.c.2600 (212)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ajr2m0 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* Richard Cumberland. ''An impromptu, after the play of Hamlet''. Manuscript, 1772?. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=245088 W.b.464, fol. 170-171] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/j52988 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* William Shakespeare. ''Hamlet, prince of Denmark''. London, [1777]. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=335117 PR2807 1777 copy 1 Sh.Col].<br />
<br />
=== ''Midsummer Night’s Dream'' ===<br />
<br />
Samuel Pepys<ref>Samuel Pepys (1633–1703): naval official, bibliophile and diarist.</ref> remarked in the mid-seventeenth century that ''A Midsummer Night’s Dream'' was “the most insipid, ridiculous Play that I ever saw in my life.” After that 1662 performance and until Garrick’s 1755 operatic version ''The Fairies'', only one other performance is recorded, and the play saw just eight stagings in the eighteenth century. Some of these revivals achieved a degree of critical and popular success. Others failed completely, closing after a single night. The mid-eighteenth-century Drury Lane ''Dreams'' described here coincide with rivalries in spectacle and elaborate stagings between Garrick and John Rich, manager of Covent Garden.<br />
<br />
==== ''The Fairies'' ====<br />
<br />
''The Fairies'' opened at Drury Lane on Monday February 3, 1755. This was Garrick’s third alteration of a Shakespeare play, after his successful work the previous decade on ''Macbeth'' and ''Romeo and Juliet''. Based on ''A Midsummer Night’s Dream'', ''The Fairies'' fit the mood of a theater-going public interested in spectacles, operas, and dance by providing an all-sung full-length opera, the first to be seen on a London stage for many years. The opera was performed eleven times over two seasons. To the accompaniment of music newly composed by John Christopher Smith, a student and copyist of George Frideric Handel, the dialogue was sung in recitative and included twenty-eight added airs, duets, and choruses. Many of these were borrowed from other authors including John Dryden, John Milton, and Edmund Waller. As was often the case with his adaptations, Garrick was coy about openly admitting authorship. However, he skillfully reminded his public both of his own link with Shakespeare and his composer’s link with Handel in the last lines of the prologue, which Garrick wrote and recited:<br />
<br />
:The pupil wrote—his work is now before ye,<br />
:And waits your stamp of infamy, or glory!<br />
:Yet, ere his errors and his faults are known,<br />
:He says those faults, those errors, are his own;<br />
:If through the clouds appear some glimm’ring rays,<br />
:They’re sparks he caught from his great master’s blaze!<br />
<br />
While extensive cuts were required to remake the drama in libretto form, Garrick’s limiting of the piece to the fairy and crossed lovers scenes of the first four acts retained intact large sections of Shakespeare’s language. The six-line Scene 4 “Air” condenses but changes little of Helena’s Midsummer Night Act 1, scene 1 language.<br />
<br />
Also displayed was Theophilus Cibber’s<ref>Theophilus Cibber (1703–1758): one of Cibber's roles most celebrated by his contemporaries was as Pistol in [[Henry IV, Part 2|''2 Henry IV'']]. Cibber also worked as a manager, helping to run Drury Lane in partnership with Charles Macklin (1699?–1797) and Charles Fleetwood (d. 1747) in years prior to Garrick's and Lacey's joint patent. But he was short-tempered and quarrelsome in his writings, particularly on the subject of David Garrick.</ref> famous [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/rr009j denunciation] of ''The Fairies'' as a “minc’d and fricasseed” version of ''A Midsummer Night’s Dream''. This reaction was not entirely uncommon among critics at the time despite the popularity of the opera when first performed. However, the critics were not altogether negative. Working to stir patriotic support for more English-language opera, ''The Tuner'', Issue Five described ''The Fairies'' as “a laudable attempt to encourage native musical Productions.”<br />
<br />
==== "Alterations Innumerable" ====<br />
<br />
The success of ''The Fairies'' with the theater-going public (although not quite with the critics) led Garrick to attempt a revival of ''A Midsummer Night’s Dream''. Work towards this end included collaboration with George Colman. Much of that work is revealed in this preparation copy for a performance held while Garrick was on Grand Tour. In Garrick’s absence Colman came to make “alterations innumerable” to Garrick’s casting suggestions and to their agreed-upon text, according to William Hopkins (Drury Lane’s head prompter from 1760–1780). The production was acted only once, on November 23, 1763. Hopkins reported in his diary that “Upon the whole, never was anything so murder’d in the Speaking.” The ''St. James Chronicle'' called it both “flat and uninteresting” and a “heap of rubbish.”<br />
<br />
Colman tried to rescue the situation three days later by staging ''A Fairy Tale'' as an after-piece farce based on the ''Dream'', which went on to be performed seventeen times that season. Garrick followed the London papers while away and thus knew about both the failure and the somewhat more successful farce; he wrote to his brother George from Naples to “tell Colman that I love him more & more, & thank him most cordially for his fairy tale.” The Folger promptbook and accompanying manuscripts for the Garrick-Colman ''Midsummer Night’s Dream'' reveal complex and fascinating details about preparation for performance, prompting calls, casting decisions, cues for effects, and other stage business.<br />
<br />
Garrick’s first head prompter Richard Cross made various marginal notations in the printed text of this promptbook. Cross died in 1759, which indicates that Garrick and his company worked on this play for a number of years prior to the opening. Among the notes are:<br />
<br />
* “PS” at the top of page eight indicating that the player of Helena—Miss Young,<ref>Miss Young: This may have been Miss Isabella Young (1740/41?–1791), who earlier had played Titania in The Fairies.</ref> in the end—is to enter on the “Prompter’s Side,” which at Drury Lane is presumed to be stage left. <br />
* A list marked “4” at the top of page nine prompts the Clowns to make the fourth entrance of the Act. The entering Clowns are listed by actor name in the separate manuscript callbook.<br />
* “x Song” marks three spots where a song should be sung. Many of these were re-used from Garrick’s ''Fairies'' and are separately listed in Garrick’s hand in the song list.<br />
<br />
The callbook shown [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/6oo222 here] provides a list broken down by Act, within each Act giving performer names with entrance numbers. From the callbook we learn that when Hermia takes her leave of Lysander and Helena on page nine of the promptbook the Clowns all enter stage left (“PS” for “Prompter’s Side”). Other scenes call for entrances “OP,” meaning “Opposite Prompt” or stage right at Drury Lane. Note that a Mr. [Charles] Blakes<ref>Mr. [Charles] Blakes: Blakes was known for farce, pantomime, and his comic characters. He died in May of 1763, so his name does not appear in the final printed cast list for the November 1763 performance.</ref> has rehearsed the role of Quince, who enters with “papers” according to the Prompt, or with “Paper + parts” in the Callbook. It is from this prop that Quince will (as Bottom puts it) “read the names of the actors, and so grow to a point.” <br />
<br />
From the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/r4gb4k songlist] in Garrick’s hand we learn that Helena gets a song “O Hermia Fair,” followed shortly by Hermia’s song “Before the time.” In the left margin Garrick suggests Miss Pope<ref>Miss Pope: Perhaps Miss Jane Pope (1744–1818): a full member of the Drury Lane company from 1759 through 1807, whose over fifty-year career was one of the longest running of the 18th-century English stage.</ref> and Mr. Vernon<ref>Mr. Vernon: Joseph Vernon (ca. 1738–1782): known both for his singing voice as well as his acting. Vernon was hissed off the Drury Lane stage on multiple occasions in his career due to his testimony against his own wife in a scandalous court case.</ref> for Helena and Lysander. With dashes he indicates no decisions yet about who should be cast for Hermia and Demetrius. Note also that Lysander and Hermia are each to get “4 Songs, 1 Duett,” with Helena singing “3 Songs.”<br />
<br />
The two [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/r4zr5u manuscript cast lists] are full of substitutions and differ from the dramatis personae in the 1763 printed edition shown [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/14hom8 here]. For example, the role of Lysander was in the end played by Mr. [Joseph] Vernon. But Lysander was first assigned in the manuscript to Mr. [William] O’Brien, who was a favorite with London audiences and had been personally recruited from the Dublin stage in 1758 by Garrick. Vernon is one of the few actors noted in manuscript that matches the final printed cast list.<br />
<br />
==== Items included ====<br />
<br />
* David Garrick. ''The fairies. An opera. Taken from A midsummer night's dream''. London, 1755. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=131049 PR2827.A516 1755d copy 2 item 2 Sh.Col].<br />
* Theophilus Cibber. Theophilus Cibber, to David Garrick, Esq.; With dissertations on theatrical subjects. London, 1759. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=184619 PN2592.C5 1759 Cage]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/1x63x2 title page and frontispiece].<br />
* William Shakespeare. ''A Midsummer Night's Dream''. London, 1734. Promptbook for Drury Lane Theatre production of 23 November 1763. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=58915 PROMPT M.N.D. 06]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/rc787r p. 8–9]. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/t7v039 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* David Garrick. Collection of papers connected with the production of a version of ''A Midsummer Night’s Dream''. Manuscript, ca. 1763. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=217270 W.b.469]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/k4gu5y 5], [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ge9y2h 6a], [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/c64e28 7], [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/7on5lz 8a, 8b].<br />
* William Shakespeare. ''A midsummer night's dream . . . with alterations and additions, and several new songs''. London, [1763]. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=178849 PR2827 1763b Copy 2 Sh.Col]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/14hom8 opposite page 7].<br />
<br />
=== More adaptations ===<br />
<br />
The closing of the theaters between 1640 and 1660 not only created a gap in the production of English drama; it changed the course of its development as well. Restoration playwrights felt obliged to re-write earlier work, including Shakespeare’s, to appeal to the literary tastes of more civilized audiences. William Davenant (1606–1668), John Dryden (1631–1700), and Nahum Tate (1652–1715) were among those who thought they were improving Shakespeare by sanitizing the language, cutting scenes and re-writing endings. For over 100 years no text was sacred on the English stage. Garrick’s adaptations followed an accepted, even expected, practice and it saved him valuable time. Altering previously published work for conditions at Drury Lane meant he could introduce a succession of new plays in any given season without having to create them from scratch.<br />
<br />
==== Garrick and Jonson: ''Every Man in His Humour'' ====<br />
<br />
Garrick’s adaptation of ''Every Man in His Humour'' by Ben Jonson (1572–1637) demonstrates how source material was re-packaged to suit contemporary taste. Garrick cut over 700 lines of Jonson’s text, reduced the number of scenes by half, and rewrote Act 4 in order to highlight Kitely’s jealous nature. He removed obscure puns and sanitized Jonson’s language—the odd mention of dung disappears as does a line about urination. Garrick reworked a distinctly earthy drama full of invective into the most important and ambitious production of the 1751 season, while creating a spotlight for himself. He played Kitely 81 times over 24 years, and only once gave up the role to another actor.<br />
<br />
==== Garrick and Motteux: ''The Lying Valet'' ====<br />
<br />
Garrick’s adaptation of a two-act farce by Pierre Antoine Motteux<ref>Pierre Antoine Motteux (1663–1718): journalist, dramatist, and translator.</ref> (''All Without Money'', which forms Part II of ''The Novelty'') was first staged at Goodman’s Fields on November 30, 1741 and continued to be produced throughout Garrick’s lifetime. In Garrick’s words:<br />
:‘Tis a general Roar from beginning to End.<br />
Its title character, Sharp, was one of Garrick’s enduring roles. “The Dublin triumph” of ''Lying Valet'', with Margaret “Peg” Woffington<ref>Peg Woffington (1720?–1760): actress best-known for her comic roles; lived with Garrick in the early 1740's.</ref>, is touted on the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/o97n10 title page] of this rare edition of the play, loosely stitched and never bound.<br />
<br />
==== Garrick and Swift: ''Lilliput'' ====<br />
<br />
Garrick’s adaptation of ''Gulliver’s Travels'' was one of his most unusual creations, transforming this prose classic by Jonathan Swift (1667–1745) into an interlude performed, with the exception of Gulliver, by children. Though critics thought it indecent (“debauching the minds of infants”) it played 17 times during the 1756–57 season. Garrick might have anticipated the hostile reaction to Lilliput, knowing his seemingly innocent interlude had a sharp edge. ''The Theatrical Examiner'' called it:<br />
:the most petite, trifling, indecent, immoral, stupid parcel of rubbish…ever seen.<br />
Garrick extracted that part of Swift’s tale that concerns Lady Flimnap’s “violent affection” for Gulliver and used it to satirize the contemporary laxity of morals, particularly with regard to marriage. Lord and Lady Flimnap’s lines, from the mouths of children, made some critics very uneasy. Like Swift’s satire, Garrick had struck a nerve.<br />
<br />
==== Garrick and Dryden: ''Cymon'' ====<br />
<br />
As a writer and adapter of plays, Garrick served the tastes of his time. Although he never claimed any literary merit for his operatic ''Cymon'', it was another crowd pleaser. The extravagant spectacle, with magic, music, and some extraordinary stagecraft, was based on John Dryden’s<ref>John Dryden (1631–1700): poet, playwright, and critic.</ref> poem ''Cymon and Iphigenia'' (which, in turn, derived from Boccaccio’s ''Decameron'') and presented as Drury Lane’s Christmas offering in 1766. By the end of the century the final procession included over a hundred characters and was still being revived at holiday time as late as 1850. Horace Walpole dismissed it as:<br />
:Garrick’s ginger-bread, double-gilt,<br />
and Garrick himself described it as:<br />
:"some theatrical Trash which I have Exhibited to the Public this winter"<br />
in a letter accompanying a presentation copy to John Wilkes.<ref>John Wilkes (1725–1797): journalist and politician.</ref> “Theatrical” it was, and audiences loved it.<br />
<br />
==== Items included ====<br />
<br />
* John Finlayson after Sir Joshua Reynolds. ''Mr. Garrick in the Character of Kitely''. Mezzotint, 1769. Call number: Uncat. Garrickiana Maggs no.163 and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9wq1yk LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* London, Theatre Royal Drury Lane. ''Every Man in his Humour'' (Mainpiece), ''Polly Honeycomb'' (Afterpiece). Playbill, 31 December 1760. Call number: [http://findingaids.folger.edu/dfogarrickbill2002.xml#anchor1760-61%20Season BILL Box G2 D84 1760-61 no.40] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/93734z LUNA Digital Image].<br />
* David Garrick. ''The lying valet''. Dublin, 1742. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=130221 192405]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/o97n10 title page].<br />
* David Garrick. Autograph manuscript outlines of ''Lilliput'' by David Garrick. Manuscript, ca. 1756. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=229937 W.b.472, p. 29-41]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/42958w page 31].<br />
* David Garrick. ''Cymon. A dramatic romance''. London, 1767. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=131186 PR3467.C9 1767a Cage]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/45124q Dramatis Personae].<br />
* London, Theatre Royal Drury Lane. ''Cymon'' (Mainpiece), ''The Mayor of Garratt'' (Afterpiece). Playbill, 8 April 1771. Call number: W.b. 475 (278) and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ob3851 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
=== Notes on this section ===<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Garrick's Legacy ==<br />
<br />
Garrick’s legacy is by no means limited to his innovations on the stage. Garrick fueled the Shakespeare movement that turned ''a'' great English dramatist into ''the'' great English dramatist. He was the first theater manager to master the craft of public relations (and self-promotion). Drury Lane reached its zenith under Garrick. There was nothing like it until Sir Henry Irving’s reign at the Lyceum a century later.<br />
<br />
=== Mrs. Garrick ===<br />
<br />
Eva Maria Garrick did much to keep flame of Garrick’s brilliance glowing. After turning down two marriage proposals in 1782 she devoted her long widowhood to a range of interests: mesmerism, alchemy, Catholicism, and reliving the glory days at Drury Lane. She lived an active, if semi-reclusive, old age among trusted friends, using her “at homes” to show friends and acquaintances mementos of life and travels with her husband, affording an opportunity to reminisce.<br />
<br />
We have various views of her widowhood. One source described her as “a little bowed-down old woman, who went about leaning on a gold-headed cane, dressed in deep widow’s mourning, and always talking of her dear Davy.” Others depict her as active, socially engaged, and even spunky. Moments before she died, at age 98, she scolded a solicitous maid who handed her a cup of tea: “Put it down, you hussy, do you think I cannot help myself?”<br />
<br />
For more on Mrs. Garrick, jump directly to [[#Eva Maria|Eva Maria]] or [[#Marriage|Marriage]] in the exhibition.<br />
<br />
==== Items included ====<br />
<br />
* Samuel DeWilde. ''Mrs. Garrick''. Watercolor drawing, ca.1820. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256321 ART Box D521 no.2 (size S)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kl6x88 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
=== Influence on Acting and the Theater ===<br />
<br />
Garrick revolutionized the acting style<ref>Acting style: jump directly to [[#Acting Style|Acting Style]] in the online exhibition for more information.</ref> of a nation, manipulated audience expectation, and gave theatergoers energy, engagement, and exuberance in both comic and tragic roles. Earlier styles of acting, emphasizing oration rather than movement, looked ponderous and anachronistic beside Garrick’s more natural and lively representation of human emotion. The young man who had to overcome the social stigma of being a “mere player” changed theater forever.<br />
<br />
Burnim and Donohue both discuss Garrick as a forerunner of the Romantic movement because Garrick breathed life and complexity into his characters in ways that appeared startlingly new and more natural than anything that had come before. But his apparent spontaneity on stage was never spontaneous; rather, it was the product of lengthy and meticulous preparation. A student of his art, Garrick spent months preparing his roles, striving for individual interpretation in the smallest role, a quality he insisted on for himself and his fellow actors at Drury Lane. In readings and in rehearsal he showed his actors how to do a role, even women’s parts, but insisted they find their own interpretation.<br />
<br />
Garrick’s innovations<ref>Garrick's innovations: jump directly to [[#The Entrepreneur|The Entrepreneur]] in the online exhibition for more information.</ref> at Drury Lane were long lasting. He banished preening audience members from the stage and restricted their admission to the green room, giving actors a degree of privacy. He attempted to abolish the custom of half-price admission after the third act because of the disruption the latecomers often created. After returning from Paris in 1765, he darkened the house and introduced new stage lighting, with further advances in 1771 under Philippe-Jacques de Loutherbourg (1740–1812). Garrick’s career inspired a respect for acting and actors that was new to 18th-century theater.<br />
<br />
==== Items included ====<br />
<br />
* R. Evan Sly. ''Garrick and Hogarth, or the Artist Puzzled''.<ref>Paper toy: To see the paper toy shown here in action, go to [[David_Garrick,_1717–1779:_A_Theatrical_Life#Thirty Different Likenesses|Thirty Different Likenesses]].</ref> Hand-colored lithograph, 1845. Call number: Uncataloged Garrickiana Maggs No. 25 and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/5xe2v2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
=== Fame ===<br />
<br />
Garrick seemed to know instinctively the value of self-representation. In 1766, he delightedly spoke of the imminent arrival of a whole “cargo” of prints of himself, understanding as few actors did at the time the value of self-promotion to one’s career. Not surprisingly, Garrick’s image was everywhere after his death, in paintings and prints, in tea service sets and on enamel pendants. An image of Tancred, graceful and poised, shows Garrick’s artistry was even the subject of porcelain figurines. The source is the painting by Thomas Worlidge (1700–1766) now in the Garrick Club.<br />
<br />
The Garrick industry was almost immediately active, and remained so through the nineteenth century, when books about Garrick flourished. By this time “the little monarch” was a legend.<br />
<br />
==== Items included ====<br />
<br />
* ''David Garrick as Tancred''. Derby porcelain, ca. 1765. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=127628 241005 ART].<br />
<br />
===The Drury Lane Theatrical Fund===<br />
<br />
David Garrick’s legacy to the theater continues to be felt through The Drury Lane Theatrical Fund, a charity providing financial aid to performers in the company who fall on hard times. Garrick and James Lacy (1696–1774), joint managers of Drury Lane, first brought up the idea of such a fund in 1753, and by 1766 were actively gathering donations. In the mean time, Covent Garden had established a similar fund. An Act of Parliament in 1776 firmly established the fund. In gratitude, “The Incorporated Actors belonging to the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane” presented this [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/7h9m4l enamel plaque] to Garrick, “in testimony of their gratitude for his having raised and supported by his excellent performance on the stage, and finally established by an Act of Parliament obtained by his interest, and at his sole expence, the Theatrical Fund… March 25, 1777.” This inscription, on the back of the piece, carries an addendum that begins “Purchased at Mr. Garrick’s sale in 1823 and presented by the committee of the Covent Garden Theatrical Fund to their treasurer, John Fawcett, Esq.” and goes on to credit Garrick with founding the fund. Although technically not true—Garrick founded the Drury Lane Fund, not the Covent Garden Fund—Garrick’s professionalization of the theater made such funds possible.<br />
<br />
Enamel artist John Howes (fl. 1772–1793) created this unique piece from a design by Giovanni Battista Cipriani (1727–1785), an Italian artist whose theater paintings included scenery for Garrick at Drury Lane.<br />
<br />
==== Items included ====<br />
<br />
* John Howes after Giovanni Battista Cipriani. ''David Garrick unveiling a herm of Shakespeare and the Ephesian Diana''. Enamel, 1777. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=128681 FPm17] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/7h9m4l LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
=== Nineteenth Century ===<br />
<br />
David Garrick’s popularity continued through the nineteenth century. The Folger has numerous copies of Percy Fitzgerald’s two-volume Garrick biography (1868) that have been Grangerised<ref>Grangerised: refers to any book in which blank leaves are left, or added, for the purpose of enhancing a printed text with illustrated or manuscript material, clippings, etc., of the owner's choice. The term derives from James Granger (1723?–1776), whose five-volume ''Biographical History of England'' (1769?–1774) was often expanded this way.</ref> (interleaved with playbills, prints, portraits, letters, etc. to make them extra-illustrated volumes) by collectors to create impressive tributes to their subject. A.M. Broadley (1847–1916) was the collector who put together [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/87pb0k this set], ballooned to seventeen volumes and lionizing Garrick a century after his death.<br />
<br />
Percy Fitzgerald (1834–1925) was a tireless chronicler of eighteenth-century theater history. He produced biographies of Garrick, Kitty Clive,<ref>Kitty Clive (1711–1785): actress famed for comedic roles, and for speaking prologues and epilogues.</ref> Sheridan,<ref>Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751–1760): playwright, theater manager and politician; co-owner of Drury Lane after Garrick's retirement.</ref> Samuel Foote,<ref>Samuel Foote (1720?–1777): actor and playwright whose career was marked by feuds with London literary figures.</ref> the Kembles,<ref>The Kemble Family: included some of the greatest performers of the eighteenth, and later the nineteenth century, including John Philip Kemble (1757?–1823), Charles Kemble (1775?–1854), Sarah Siddons (1755–1831), and Frances Anne Kemble (1809?–1893).</ref> and later Sir Henry Irving.<ref>Sir Henry Irving (1838–1905): actor-manager at the center of Victorian society and the first actor to be knighted for his achievements.</ref> <br />
<br />
Another nineteenth-century Garrick phenomenon came in the form of T. W. Robertson’s<ref>Thomas William Robertson (1829–1871): author of some sixty-one plays. His romantic (and unhistorical) ''David Garrick'' was adapted from his own unpublished novel, itself based on the French drama ''Sullivan'' by M. Mélesville (1787–1865).</ref> 1864 play about Garrick’s life, bearing the full title ''David Garrick: a comedy in three acts, adapted from the French of "Sullivan”, which was founded on a German dramatization of a pretended incident in Garrick's life''. The title role became the signature piece of Charles Wyndham<ref>Sir Charles Wyndham (1837–1919): actor and London West End theater manager.</ref> and the play was a sensation in the late nineteenth century.<br />
<br />
==== Items included ====<br />
<br />
* Percy Hetherington Fitzgerald. ''The Life of David Garrick, from original family papers, and numerous published and unpublished sources''. London, 1868. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=74069 PN2598.G3 F5 Copy4 Ex.ill].<br />
<br />
=== Twentieth Century ===<br />
<br />
Inevitably, a film of Garrick’s life was made: ''The Great Garrick'', in 1937, starring Olivia de Havilland and Brian Aherne. The film creates a fictitious episode in which Garrick triumphs over a plot by actors of the Comédie Française to shame him during his Grand Tour visit to Paris. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/mn3494 This] theater lobby card, used to promote the film, came on the market as we were preparing this exhibition.<br />
<br />
For more on Garrick's trip to Paris and the Comédie Française, [[#Grand Tourist|jump to Grand Tourist]].<br />
<br />
==== Items included ====<br />
* Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc. ''The Great Garrick''. Lobby card, 1937. [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=186559 ART 258750 (size M)]. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/mn3494 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
=== The Garrick Club ===<br />
<br />
The Garrick Club in London is a shrine to British theater in general, and its greatest actor in particular. The club was founded in 1831 "for the general patronage of the drama, for bringing together the supporters of the drama, and for the formation of a theatrical library with works on costume." Today it is much more, with an unrivalled collection of nearly 1,000 paintings, extraordinary holdings in theatrical memorabilia, and an international membership. The period 1760–1830 has been called “a golden age of theater painting in England,” and two of the finest companion collections of visual resources for the era are to be found at the Garrick Club, London, and the Folger Shakespeare Library.<br />
<br />
For more information on the Garrick Club, see their website: [http://www.garrickclub.co.uk The Garrick Club].<br />
<br />
=== Garrick Performed Today ===<br />
<br />
Folger Theatre ended its 2004/05 season with ''The Clandestine Marriage'' (April 15–May 22), by David Garrick/George Colman. Directed by Richard Clifford, it featured Aubrey Deeker, Catherine Flye, Susan Lynskey, Ian Merrill Peakes, Lawrence Redmond, Michael Tolaydo, and Ted van Griethuysen as Lord Ogleby.<br />
<br />
The Performance: For more on this performance, see [[The Clandestine Marriage (Folger Theatre, 2005)|''The Clandestine Marriage'']] under [[Folger Theatre]].<br />
<br />
The Play: For more on the play, [[#The Clandestine Marriage|jump to ''The Clandestine Marriage'']] in the online exhibition.<br />
<br />
=== Notes on this section ===<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category: Public programs]]<br />
[[Category: Exhibitions]]<br />
[[Category: 18th century]]<br />
[[Category: 19th century]]<br />
[[Category: Collection]]<br />
[[Category: Art]]<br />
[[Category: Letters]]<br />
[[Category: Manuscripts]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=To_Sleep,_Perchance_to_Dream&diff=35834To Sleep, Perchance to Dream2021-10-13T14:57:10Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:A3708 title page.jpg|thumb|right|290px|The title page of ''Archy's dream'', a former court jester's account. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ey1g87 22186].]]<br />
''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'', one of the [[Exhibitions at the Folger]], opened on February 19, 2009 and closed May 30, 2009. The exhibition was curated by [[Carole Levin]] and [[Garrett Sullivan]] with Steven K. Galbraith and [[Heather Wolfe]] as consultants. <br />
<br />
While sleeping and dreaming are universal experiences, each culture and historical period understands them in distinctive ways. This exhibition explores the ethereal realm of sleeping and dreaming in Renaissance England, from the beliefs, rituals, and habits of sleepers to the role of dream interpreters and interpretations in public and private life. <br />
<br />
The habits and attitudes of both royalty and commoners toward sleep and dreams provide us with a glimpse into a world that has strong connections with, and striking differences from, our own. Sufferers of insomnia and nightmares attempted to cure themselves with a variety of remedies—from herbal concoctions to magic. They adhered to specific rituals for going to bed and held beliefs about when it was or was not appropriate to sleep.<br />
<br />
Through a variety of printed, handwritten, and visual materials, including literary texts by Shakespeare, Milton, and others, ''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' explores the vibrancy of early modern views of sleeping and dreaming. Nightclothes, gemstones, recipes and ingredients for curing nightmares and inducing sleep, and records of dreams about or by historical figures, provide a vivid glimpse of the various ways in which the Renaissance English prepared for sleep and sought to control and understand their dreams.<br />
<br />
==Contents of the exhibition==<br />
<br />
===Preparing for Sleep===<br />
<br />
Medical writers understood sleep to be crucial to the maintenance of physical well-being, and offered specific instructions for a range of bedtime matters, such as identifying the best place to sleep, choosing a bed least likely to attract vermin, and selecting the most appropriate night clothes. Preparing for sleep was also a spiritual matter. Because of the widely held fear that one might die while asleep, saying one’s prayers was an important nightly ritual.<br />
<br />
Several texts give insight into how people prepared for sleep in Renaissance England. Church of England clergyman Richard Day’s text, ''A booke of Christian prayers'', offers both a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/rx1fp7 bedtime prayer] as well as images of [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/f0n2mi sleepers sharing a bed]. Primarily for reasons of economy and warmth, bed-sharing was a common practice in early modern households and in university settings.<br />
<br />
Thomas Tryon’s ''A treatise of cleanness in meats and drinks, of the preparation of food, the excellency of good airs, and the benefits of clean sweet beds'' offers a wealth of sleep-related advice, which he summarizes as follows: “Therefore moderate Clothing, hard Beds, Houses that stand so as that the pleasant Briezes of Wind may air and refresh them, and also Houses that are full of Windows, are to be preferr’d.” He also notes that featherbeds breed vermin (a common problem in early modern beds) and are to be avoided.<br />
<br />
Finally, Thomas Cogan's ''The haven of health'' covers topics such as the “most fit” place in which to sleep, the best way to make the bed, and the appropriate posture for sleeping. Cogan also notes that “he that sleepeth with his mouth close[d] hath commonly an ill breath and foule teeth.”<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*Richard Day. ''A booke of Christian prayers, collected out of the auncient writers, and best learned in our tyme, worthy to be read with an earnest mynde of all Christians, in these daungerous and troublesome dayes, that God for Christes sake will yet still be mercyfull unto us''. London: John Day, 1578. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169150 STC 6429] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/26122y LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Tryon. ''A treatise of cleanness in meats and drinks, of the preparation of food, the excellency of good airs, and the benefits of clean sweet beds''. London, 1682. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=151430 T3196].<br />
*Thomas Cogan. ''The hauen of health: chiefely gathered for the comfort of students, and consequently of all those that have a care of their health, amplified upon five words of Hippocrates, written Epid. 6 Labor, cibus, potio, somnus, Venus''. London: Henrie Midleton, for William Norton, 1584. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=160716 STC 5478] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/zx755i LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===When We Sleep===<br />
[[File:V.a.311 24r.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Thomas Fella's 'F' in his alphabet of moral advice. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/53zun2 23585].]]<br />
Night-time slumber was divided into “first” and “second” sleeps, separated by a period of wakeful activity. How many hours one should sleep was dictated by one’s humoral “complexion”—that is, the balance in the body of the four humors (blood, phlegm, choler or bile, and melancholy or black bile). Sleep was associated with cold and moisture, and therefore with phlegm, a cold, wet humor. Napping during the day was discouraged, as it was believed to cause, in the words of Thomas Cogan, “great domage & hurt of body.” And sleeping too much was both a physical and spiritual transgression.<br />
<br />
Sleep was thought to be associated with the humors, which were closely related to a person's temperament. Both sloth and forgetfulness were moral vices associated with sleeping too long or at the wrong time of day.<br />
<br />
Thomas Fella's heavily-illustrated miscellany includes an “alphabet” of moral advice. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/w5f6ax letter F] is devoted to sleep—particularly the fitful sleep of the rich as compared to the sweet sleep of “a laboring man.”<br />
<br />
And Scipion Du Plesis' ''The Resolver'', a translation of the French ''Curiosité naturelle'', poses and answers a question about the relative strength of “first sleep” that foregrounds the importance of digestion— namely that it produces fumes that ascend to the brain, and provokes sleep by “stop[ping] the conduits of the Senses.”<br />
<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*Thomas Fella. ''A booke of diveirs devises and sortes of pictures, with the alphabete of letters, deuised and drawne with the pen''. Manuscript, ca. 1585-1622. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=243917 V.a.311] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/53zun2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Scipion Dupleix. ''The resoluer; or Curiosities of nature written in French by Scipio Du Plesis counseller and historiographer to the French King. Vsefull & pleasant for all''. London: N. & I. Okes, [1635]. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=163893 STC 7362].<br />
<br />
===What is Sleep? From the Medical to the Metaphorical===<br />
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In ''The Anatomy of Melancholy'', Robert Burton defined sleep as a “binding” of the senses. This “binding” was routinely described as the product of digestion, thought to be sleep’s primary cause. Medical writers asserted that fumes produced during digestion ascended from the stomach to the brain, where they impeded the passage of the “animal spirits” responsible for rational and sensory activity. At the same time, sleep had non-medical significance, lending itself to a variety of literary and allegorical interpretations.<br />
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Sleep was represented in a variety of literature of the day. Samuel Daniel’s influential sonnet sequence, ''Delia'', features a poem addressed to “Care-charmer sleepe,” the most famous example of a sub-genre of poetry devoted to sleep. Other Elizabethans who wrote on this topic include Sir Philip Sidney and William Shakespeare.<br />
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Richard Braithwaite, an Oxford-educated poet and satirist, wrote a compendium of stories and aphorisms with a range of moralizing functions, from teaching moderation to scrutinizing fashion, but it takes its title—''Art Asleep Husband? A boulster lecture''—from the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8m12o7 figure of a scolding wife] “lecturing” her husband while he pretends to sleep.<br />
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Medical writers, like Somerset physician Tobias Venner, also had something to say about the benefits and detriments of certain sleep. Venner argues for the benefits of sleeping with one’s mouth open. He also stresses sleep’s link to “concoction,” or digestion, which he deems “the root of life.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Richard Brathwaite. ''Ar’t asleepe husband?'' London: R. Bishop, for R[ichard]. B[est]., 1640. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=161261 STC 3555] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8j34q2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===To Make One Sleep===<br />
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Judging from the large number of surviving manuscript recipes (or “receipts”) for insomnia, sleep disorders were as great a problem in early modern England as they are today. The ingredients in these recipes range from the unsurprising (poppies) to the somewhat puzzling (lettuce). However, the effectiveness of some ingredients lies in the perceived connection between physiology and the properties of the substance itself: lettuce, like sleep, was thought of as cold and wet, which is why it was believed to provoke sleep in the sleepless.<br />
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Mary Granville and her daughter Anne (Granville) Dewes include a recipe against insomnia in their receipt book—"To make one sleepe." The afflicted person is advised to wet two linen cloths with a mixture of strained ivy leaves and white wine vinegar, and then apply the cloths to the forehead and temples.<br />
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Another miscellany includes a recipe for “A Dormant Drink” designed to induce continuous sleep for two full days. For some reason, all of the ingredients’ names are written backwards (“yppop” for poppy, “ecittel” for lettice).<br />
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Mrs. Corlyon's receipt book contains the three following recipes: the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z369w6 first] produces a “liquor” comprised of ingredients such as rose water, “Woemans milke,” and wine vinegar, to be applied to the forehead and temples. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/19xo5r second recipe] is a drink made primarily of “White lettice seede” and sugar, to be followed by “a draft of posset ale” (milk curdled with ale). The third recipe consists of a warm drink of white poppy seed powder and posset ale made with violets, strawberry leaves, and “singfoyle” (cinquefoil).<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Grenville Family. [[Cookery and medicinal recipes of the Granville family, ca. 1640 – ca. 1750 V.a.430|''Cookery and medicinal recipes of the Granville family'']]. Manuscript, ca. 1640 – ca. 1750. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=231288 V.a.430]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/11yh7x p.1].<br />
*''Historical extracts''. Manuscript, ca. 1625. [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=193388 X.d.393]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/08iabr leaf 34].<br />
*Mrs. Corlyon. ''A booke of such medicines as have been approved by the speciall practize of Mrs. Corlyon''. Manuscript, ca. 1606. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=230598 V.a.388]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z369w6 p. 18–19].<br />
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===Herbals===<br />
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Herbals provide physical descriptions of plants, with particular attention to their various medicinal virtues. Thus, they were an important resource for recipes. Recipes meant to provoke sleep might require mandrake or Indian dreamer, while those that roused the sufferer from sleep-related diseases such as lethargy might call for mustard plant.<br />
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This [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/b41nr5 fanciful illustration] is the mandrake, a plant whose root was taken to resemble the human form and which purportedly shrieked when removed from the ground. A narcotic plant, the mandrake’s effects were, in John Donne’s words, “betwixt sleep and poison.” Shakespeare references the mandrake’s soporific qualities in ''[[Othello|Othello]]'' and [[Antony and Cleopatra|''Anthony and Cleopatra'']].<br />
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The Indian Dreamer, which resembles hemp, was another plant used to cause sleep but can also “grow great dreamers according to their humours and dispositions….”<br />
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But, for those who had too much of sleep, other plant cures were available. Towards the end of an entry devoted to the mustard plant, Rembert Dodoens discusses “Lethargie or drowsie evill,” a disease in which people “cannot waken themselves.” He advises using a paste of mustard and figs to create heat, thus removing the cold humors that cause excess sleep.<br />
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*''Ortus sanitatis: de herbis et plantis, de animalibus et reptilibus, de auibus et volatilibus, de piscibus et natatilibus, de lapidibus et in terre venis nascentibus, de vrinis et ea rum speciebus, tabula medicinalis cum directorio generali per omnes tractatus''. Strasbourg: Johann Prüss, not after Oct. 21, 1497. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=95984 INC H417 Copy 1 Massey] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/68b7nj LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Richard Haydock: The Sleeping Preacher===<br />
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In 1605, a medical doctor named Richard Haydock attracted the attention of James I because of his ability to deliver brilliant sermons while in a deep sleep. Haydock had a passion for preaching, but ended up studying medicine instead because of a debilitating stutter. After inviting Haydock to court to hear the sleeping sermons himself, James I exposed Haydock as a fraud. However, because his sermons had been so pro-monarchy, his only punishment was publicly confessing his deceit. The prefatory material to Haydock’s [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/cej765 treatise on dreams], ''Oneirologia'', served as his confession.<br />
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To express his gratitude to the king for his leniency and to acknowledge his earlier deception, Haydock composed a treatise on dreams, and he [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/4si4kj dedicated his manuscript] to King James. No doubt he hoped that James would be pleased to be referred to as a son of King Solomon, known for his wisdom, and that he would be interested in a text on dreams. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/5k55u5 Chapter four] of Haydock’s work concentrates on what happens in the mind when the body is asleep. He assures his readers that when drowsy vapors take over common sense, fantasy must be freed or there will be no dreams. The manuscript was never published, and the copy at the Folger is the only copy known to exist.<br />
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The story of King James unmasking Haydock’s fraud was a popular one that appeared in many seventeenth-century histories, including Sir Richard Baker’s ''A Chronicle of the Kings of England''. It was not only an interesting story in itself, but it also allowed historians to praise the king for his “admirable sagacity in discovering of Fictions.”<br />
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On this [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/286p8o frontispiece], Richard Haydock (an artist as well as a preacher) has engraved a portrait of himself.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo. ''A tracte containing the artes of curious paintinge carvinge & buildinge written first in Italian by Io: Paul Lomatius painter of Milan and Englished by R.H. student in physik''. Oxford: Joseph Barnes for R[ichard] H[aydock], 1598. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=164109 STC 16698 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/286p8o LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Richard Haydock. ''Oneirologia, or, A briefe discourse of the nature of dreames''. Manuscript, 1605. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=270907 J.a.1 (5)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/32gch3 LUNA Digital Image]<br />
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===James I===<br />
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[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/94qsi7 James I] was fascinated by strange phenomena and supernatural events. He wrote a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/j55g5o treatise on witchcraft], but later became more interested in exposing fraudulent supernatural events, such as the sermons of Richard Haydock, “the sleeping preacher.” James I’s writings on dreams reveal a deep skepticism of their significance. In 1622, however, he felt quite differently when he had a dream that foretold his own death.<br />
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King James’s treatise on witchcraft, ''Daemonologie'', includes a section on nightmares. Although he strongly believed in the power and danger of witches, he was far more skeptical about dreams. In this treatise, James claims that nightmares result from natural causes rather than from demons, or succubi.<br />
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King James also wrote the ''Basilikon Doron'' as an educational guide for his son Henry, Prince of Wales. In a section on sleep, he advises Henry to “take no heede to any of your dreames,” because prophecies and visions no longer occur. James believed those ceased with the coming of Christ.<br />
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Arthur Wilson's ''The history of Great Britain'' includes the story of James I and Richard Haydock, the “Sleeping Preacher,” as the prime example of “brutish imposters” exposed by the king’s reason. Wilson also shared James’ belief that dreams are not supernatural, stating in the preface that he is “not like one in a Dream, who starts at the horror of the Object which his own imagination creates.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*James I. ''Daemonologie, in forme of a dialogue''. Edinburgh: Robert Walde-graue, 1597. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=162293 STC 14364] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9ln3cq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*James I. ''The workes of the most high and mightie prince, James by the grace of God King of Great Britaine, France and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c''. London: Robert Barker and John Bill, 1616. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169364 STC 14344 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/77b94d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Definitions of Dreams===<br />
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Beliefs about dreams were wide-ranging: while some people believed dreams were simply the fragments of the day retold or the result of food or drink partaken, others thought dreams were an expression of guilt over an action taken or considered, or were influenced by a person’s dominant humor. Many people believed that dreams came directly from God, angels, or demons and that they exposed a person’s character as virtuous or venal. <br />
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Dreams could be divided into three categories: divine, supernatural, and natural and they were thought to foretell the future. Many were convinced that if they could unlock the meaning of dreams, they could know the future.<br />
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Wilhelm Scribonius defines a dream as “an inward act of the mind” while the body is sleeping. The soul creates dreams from the spirits of the brain, and the most pleasant dreams come as morning approaches, when the spirits are most pure.<br />
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William Vaughan writes about both sleep and dreams in his treatise on personal health. He warns of the dangers of sleeping at noon and observes that dreams could either be a remembrance of the past or “significants of things to come.”<br />
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Thomas Cooper argues that some dreams are natural and might inform us “of the sinnes of the heart,” since what we think or do during the day returns as dreams at night. But he is most concerned with dreams that came from God—moving us toward true worship—and Satan, who puts into the brain “Divellish Dreames” hoping to turn us toward evil.<br />
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In a very popular text which he revised throughout his life, Owen Felltham argues that the best use someone can make of their dreams is to gain greater self-understanding. The mind continues to work even in the depths of sleep, and dreams show us our inclinations.<br />
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===Dream Interpretation===<br />
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A range of early modern books offered dream interpretation, and physicians or astrologers would frequently interpret dreams for payment. Scholars such as Thomas Hill, Marc de Vulson, and Richard Saunders studied ancient dream treatises, especially ''Oneirocritica'', composed by Artemidorus about 200CE, in order to understand the symbolism of dreams. Their interpretations varied widely, and meanings were based not only on the subject matter of the dream, but also on the dreamer’s gender, social status, dominant humor, or profession, as well as the time of year or night the dream was had.<br />
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Thomas Hill’s text was very popular in Renaissance England, succinctly explaining the meanings of hundreds of dreams. For example, to dream of picking green apples from a tree meant good fortune, while dreaming of drinking thinned mustard meant one would be accused of murder.<br />
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Philip Goodwin’s book provides a guide for interpreting the mysterious divine and demonic visitations that a person might experience while sleeping and dreaming. He also advocates prayer before sleeping and after waking, and suggests that shorter stretches of sleep may bring better dreams.<br />
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Marc de Vulson believed that dreams could be both instructional and amusing. He argues that since true events are foretold in dreams, it would be foolish to ignore them. He explains what dreams about plays and pastimes mean. For example, dreaming you see a comedy on stage foretells success; dreaming of a tragedy means “grief and affliction.”<br />
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Richard Saunders believed that the same dream had different meanings depending on a person’s dominant humor and the time of year. Thus, during the third phase of Leo (mid-August), dreaming one was “stark naked in a Church” would be a bad dream for a person of sanguine humor but a good dream for a melancholic person.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*''John Dee''. Engraving, [London, England]: Hunt & Clarke, 1827. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256248 ART File D311 no.1 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/31lemq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Hill. ''The moste pleasaunte arte of the interpretacion of dreames, whereunto is annexed sundry problemes with apte aunsweares neare agreeing to the matter, and very rare examples, not the like the extant in the English tongue''. London: Thomas Marsh, 1576. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=168488 STC 13498] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/nkp6ll LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Philip Goodwin. ''The mystery of dreames, historically discoursed; or A treatise; wherein is clearly discovered, the secret yet certain good or evil, the inconsidered and yet assured truth or falsity, virtue or vanity, misery or mercy, of mens differing dreames''. London: A.M. for Francis Tyton, 1658. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=139001 157- 690q]<br />
*Marc de Vulson. ''The court of curiositie''. London: J[ames]. C[ottrell]. for William Crooke, 1669. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=149323 165-039q].<br />
*Richard Saunders. ''Saunders physiognomie, and chiromancie, metoposcopie, the symmetrical proportions and signal moles of the body, fully and accurately explained; with their natural-predictive significations both to men and women. being delightful and profitable: with the subject of dreams made plain: whereunto is added the art of memory''. London: H. Brugis, for Nathaniel Brook, 1671. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=132723 S755] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9222tm LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Dream Control===<br />
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While some people believed dreams could be regulated through prayer or a healthy diet, others had more elaborate methods for controlling them. These included such strategies as wearing certain kinds of gemstones or imbibing potions with fanciful components such as dragon’s tongue, or rubbing one’s temples with lapwing’s blood. The desire to avoid nightmares, or “terrors of the night,”led to the circulation of these recipes in manuscript.<br />
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Thomas Nichols’s lapidary, or book on gemstones, explains how specific stones can affect dreams. For example, he shares reports that wearing a ruby in an amulet or drinking ground-up rubies will drive away “terrible dreams” as well as sadness, evil thoughts, and evil spirits. It was a widely held belief that gemstones could help control dreams. Wearing a crystal or ruby around one’s neck prevented nightmares. Children were advised to wear emeralds to avoid nightmares. Wearing an amethyst caused exciting dreams and prevented drunkenness. And wearing an onyx to bed caused the wearer to dream of a departed friend.<br />
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Plants, as we've seen throughout the exhibition, were used for many medicinal purposes, and controlling dreams was yet another way to use them. Nicholas Culpeper composed a directory of over three hundred plants, and it includes several that could control dreams. One entry describes polypody, a variety of fern thought to be most medicinally powerful when it grows on oak stumps or trunks. Drinking liquid distilled from its roots and leaves prevents “fearful or troublesome sleeps or dreams.”<br />
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A very popular book with cures and recipes for a wide range of ailments, from how to heal ringworm to how to “make the haire fall off” was ''The secrets of Alexis''. One recipe explains how to see wild beasts in a dream; it also includes a number of recipes for inducing sleep.<br />
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Various animal parts were used in recipes in much the same way as plants or gemstones. Edward Topsell's ''Historie of serpents'' is a spectacularly illustrated and hand-colored book, devoted to serpents (including [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2mr0p7 dragons]). According to Topsell, eating the wine-soaked tongue or gall of a dragon could prevent nightmares.<br />
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*Thomas Nicols. ''A lapidary: or, The history of pretious stones: with cautions for the undeceiving of all those that deal with pretious stones''. Cambridge: Printed by Thomas Buck, 1652. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=152193 154-179q].<br />
*Nicholas Culpeper. ''The English physician enlarged; with three hundred sixty and nine medicines, made of English herbs, that were not in any impression until this. Being an astrologo-physical discourse of the vulgar herbs of this nation; containing a compleat method of physick, whereby a man may preserve his body in health, or cure himself, being sick, for three pence charge, with such things only as grow in England, they being most fit for English bodies''. London, 1698. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=145821 C7512.2].<br />
*Alessio Piemontese. ''The secrets of Alexis: containing many excellent remedies against diuers diseases, wounds, and other accidents. With the maner to make distillations, parfumes, confitures, dyings, colours, fusions, and meltings. ...''. Translation by William Ward (parts 1-3) and Richard Androse (part 4) of a French version. London: William Stansby for Richard Meighen and Thomas Jones, 1615. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=158131 STC 299] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/p62ss7 Binding image on LUNA].<br />
*Edward Topsell. ''The historie of serpents''. London: William Jaggard, 1608. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169268 STC 24124 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/64l1eq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Nightmares===<br />
[[File:ART File S528K8 no.80.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Act V, Scene 3 of ''Richard III'', as the king experiences horrific nightmares. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/t50qq5 22200].]]<br />
A dream called “the Mare” was specifically described by Nicholas Culpeper “as when someone was sleeping to feel an uncommon oppression or weight about his breast or stomach, which he can be no means shake off. He groans, and sometimes cries out, though oftener he attempts to speak, but in vain.” Sleepers often believed that a demon—a succubus or an incubus—had visited them in their sleep in an attempt to breach their chastity. It was said that those of a melancholy humor often had frightening dreams of dark places, falls from high turrets, and furious beasts. Nightmares and ominous dreams are used to great dramatic effect in plays such as Shakespeare’s [[Richard III|''Richard III'']].<br />
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Act I of Shakespeare’s ''Richard III'' ends with the murder of the Duke of Clarence, presaged by the dream of drowning he recounts at the start of the scene. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z2q8l Here], just as the dream is about to end, howling fiends seize the terrified Clarence to take him to hell.<br />
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In the same play, Richard III has a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2ljk3m troubled sleep] on the eve of the Battle of Bosworth Field. Visited by the ghosts of those whose deaths he caused, he dreams the battle is in progress. As the last ghost leaves, he awakens with a start shouting “Give me another horse; bind up my wounds. Have mercy, Jesu!”<br />
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Thomas Tryon believed that dreams of demonic visitations like Richard III's were caused by sleeping on one’s back, eating heavy suppers just before bed, and drinking spirits in excess. He suggests that nightmares could be avoided by sleeping on one’s side and eating a healthier diet.<br />
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Thomas Nash argues that dreams are based on thoughts and experiences that happen over the course of the day: “A dream is nothing else but a bubbling scum or froth of the fancy, which the day hath left undigested.” As for nightmares, Nash claims they are the result of guilty feelings. For example, the dreadful sins of treason and murder would cause terrible dreams.<br />
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Physician Jacques Ferrand wrote a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kq620d book] on the causes, symptoms, and cures of “Love, or Erotique Melancholy.” Ferrand describes terrifying instances of people, mostly women, who believe that they were raped by the devil in their sleep, “when as in truth they were only troubled with the Nightmare.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*James Neagle after Thomas Stothard. ''King Richard III, act 1, sc. 4''. Engraving, London: Geo. Kearsley, 1804. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256264 ART File S528k8 no.8 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z2q8l LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*William Sharp after John Opie. ''Richard IIID., Act 5 Scene 3, in the tent, Richard asleep, ghosts of persons he had murdered''. Engraving, London: Mr. Woodmason, 1794. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=254208 ART File S528k8 no.80 (size M)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2ljk3m LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Jacques Ferrand. ''Erotomania or A treatise discoursing of the essence, causes, symptomes, prognosticks, and cure of love, or erotique melancholy''. Oxford: L. Lichfield, 1640. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=159189 STC 10829] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kq620d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Supernatural and Divine Dreams===<br />
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Martyrs in both Catholic and Protestant martyrologies, including John Foxe’s ''Actes and Monuments'', were often portrayed as having prophetic dreams. It was also believed that angels regularly visited people in their dreams, and a frequent narrative technique to give a text authenticity was to describe how the author was sleeping when visited in a dream by divine beings who encouraged the writing of their work.<br />
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In 1556, Agnes Potten was sentenced to be burned for heresy, a victim of the persecutions of Protestants under Mary I. John Foxe relates in his book of martyrs that, the night before her death, she had a foretelling dream in which she “saw a bright burning fyre, ryght up as a pole, and on the syde of the fire she thought there stoode a number of Q[ueen] Maries friendes looking on.”<br />
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Other penned prophetic dreams are less dire: In ''The book of the city of ladies'', Christine de Pisan, who made her living as an author prior to the printing press, writes that she was inspired by a dream to build an allegorical city honoring women. In a fifteenth-century French manuscript copy of her masterpiece, on loan from The Trustees of the Boston Public Library, Christine is depicted being pulled out of bed by the three female virtues—Reason, Rectitude, and Justice—who assist her in building her city.<br />
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In his poetical work, ''The hierarchie of the blessed angels'', the playwright Thomas Heywood writes about the many properties of angels, one being their ability to enter a dream and help a good Christian find the right path in the waking life.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*John Foxe. ''Actes and Monuments of matters most speciall and memorable''. London: Peter Short, 1596. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169331 STC 11226 copy 3] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/m1wfc8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*LOAN from [http://www.bpl.org/research/rb/index.htm Rare Books and Manuscripts Department], The Trustees of the Boston Public Library, MA. Christine, de Pisan. ''The book of the city of ladies''. France, 1405. BPL call number: Ms.f.Med.101 and [https://archive.org/details/lelivredestroisv00chri Internet Archive].<br />
*Thomas Heywood. ''The hierarchie of the blessed angells''. London: Adam Islip, 1635. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169414 STC 13327] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ykjt11 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Political Dreams===<br />
[[File:157- 844q frontispiece.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Charles I the evening before and the day of his execution. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sob66u 17997].]]<br />
Religion and politics were deeply intertwined in Renaissance England. The threats to sixteenth-century Protestants in Mary I’s reign were dramatized in “dream” scenes in plays about such politically significant characters as Princess Elizabeth (the future queen) and Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Suffolk. In the seventeenth century, the struggles between Royalists who supported Charles I and Parliamentarians were described in dreams in a series of political pamphlets.<br />
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John Quarles writes in couplets about his dream of the 1649 execution of Charles I. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/857u2x images] at the beginning of his poem show Charles the night before his death dreaming of his wife and son while an angel prepares to replace the crown he lost on earth with a heavenly one. Opposite this, we see the stark reality of Charles about to be executed.<br />
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In his [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ui7pkj dramatization] of the dangers experienced by the Protestant Princess Elizabeth in the reign of her Catholic half-sister Mary, Thomas Heywood includes “a dumb show” (a scene played silently) while Elizabeth sleeps. In the dumb show, angels stop the villain Winchester from killing the sleeping princess and place a Bible in her hands. Elizabeth wakes, as if from a dream, not knowing how the Bible materialized.<br />
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After the execution of Charles I in 1649, his son Charles sought help in Scotland to claim the throne. According to James Douglas, the young Charles dreamt he saw a spider with a crown hanging over its head and two other crowns at the end of the thread. As the spider lowered itself down the cobweb, it fell and lost everything. Despite the dire portent of this dream, Charles II was restored as king in 1660.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*John Quarles. ''Regale lectum miseriæ: or, A kingly bed of miserie. In which is contained, a dreame: with an elegie upon the martyrdome of Charls, late King of England, of blessed memory: and another upon the Right Honourable, the Lord Capel''. London, 1649. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=147365 157-844q] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/opi363 LUNA Digital Image]<br />
*Thomas Heywood. ''If you know not me, you know no bodie: or, The troubles of Queene Elizabeth''. London, 1605. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=161231 STC 13328]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ui7pkj title page].<br />
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===Arise for It Is Day===<br />
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From rinsing out one’s mouth to throwing open the windows to air out a stuffy bedchamber, rituals for waking were as common as rituals for going to sleep, and a new day was often welcomed with prayer. The renewal inherent in the daily cycle seemed an inspiration for many: the printer John Day took as his [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/60g3ha printer’s device] a sunrise scene and the phrase “Arise for It Is Day” (punning off of his own name), while many authors celebrated the new day with carpe diem verses and morning songs, or ''aubades''.<br />
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“Get up, get up for shame” begins Robert Herrick’s famous “carpe diem” (seize the day) poem, as the speaker tries to rouse his “sweet-Slug-a-bed.” While Corinna stays in bed, youths rejoice in May Day revelry, exchanging flirtatious glances, playing kissing games, and rolling in the grass until plain gowns become green.<br />
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Thomas Tryon, who had prescriptions for how to sleep, also wrote on waking and health, and was particularly concerned with preventing the “generation of bugs”—a common household problem. Tryon advises that “there is nothing better…than every Morning when you rise to set open your Windows, and lay open your Bed-cloaths.” He believed this would release “the gross humid Steams” from the bed and would prevent fleas and other bugs from breeding.<br />
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John Evans, the compiler of a literary commonplace book, devotes a column to the topic “Awake,” “Awaked,” and “Awaking.” He provides quotations from eight different sources, including two Shakespeare plays ([[Henry IV, Part 2|''Henry IV, pt. 2'']] and [[Julius Caesar|''Julius Caesar'']]). Two extracts are from Francis Quarles’ ''Emblems'' and three extracts are from a song in Cosmo Manuche’s ''The Bastard'', a play published in 1652.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*William Tyndale. ''The whole workes of W. Tyndall, John Frith, and Doct. Barnes, three worthy martyrs, and principall teachers of this Churche of England, collected and compiled in one tome togither, beyng before scattered, and now in print here exhibited to the Church''. London: John Day, 1573. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=167157 STC 24436 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/hagxt2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Robert Herrick. ''Hesperides: or, The vvorks both humane & divine of Robert Herrick Esq''. London, 1648. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=153584 H1596] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/el084g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*John Evans. ''Hesperides, or, The Muses garden''. Manuscript, ca. 1655-1659. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=221182 V.b.93] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/s903z1 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Additional items exhibited===<br />
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*''Hortus sanitatis''. London, 1536. Call number: QH41 H48 1536 Cage and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/tud090 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Replica early 17th-century man's night shirt. Linen with blackwork embroidery. By Emma Lehman, 2008, based on an original in the Fashion Museum, Bath.<br />
*''The New Testament of ovr Lord Iesvs Christ. Translated out of the Greeke by Theod. Beza, and Englished by L. Tomson''. Bound with: ''The whole booke of Psalmes: collected into English meeter by T. Sternhold, I. Hopkins, W. Whittingham, and others, conferred with the Hebrew, with apt notes to sing them withall. Newly set foorth, and allowed to be sung in all churches, of all the people together, before and after morning and euening prayer, as also before and after sermons. Moreouer in priuate houses, for their godly solace and comfort, laying apart all vngodly songs and ballads, which tend onely to the nourishing of vice, and corrupting of youth''. London: Robert Barker, ca. 1610. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170019 STC 2907] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8hr271 LUNA Digital Image] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/1vmjuw Binding image on LUNA].<br />
*Richard Brathwaite. ''The English gentlewoman, drawne out to the full body: expressing, what habilliments doe best attire her, what ornaments doe best adorne her, what complements doe best accomplish her''. London: B. Alsop and T. Favvcet, for Michaell Sparke, 1631. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169488 STC 3565] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sd5y05 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Rembert Dodoens. ''A niewe herball, or historie of plantes: wherein is contayned the whole discourse and perfect description of all sortes of herbs and plantes''. London: Henry Loë, 1578. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170691 STC 6984 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/x77ah5 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Walkington. ''The optick glasse of humors or The touchstone of a golden temperature, or the Philosophers stone to make a golden temper''. Oxford: W[illiam]. T[urner], 1631?. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=168005 STC 24968] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/jz1y47 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*George Gower. ''The Plimpton "Sieve" Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I.'' Oil on panel, 1579. Call number: [http://shakespeare.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=128729 ART 246171 (framed)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/00o3y8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Archie Armstrong. ''Archy’s dream''. London, 1641. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=152564 A3708] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/241m0d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Beroaldo. ''Le Tableav des Riches Inventions''. 1600. Call number: PQ4619.C9 F8 1600 Cage and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/253o9i LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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==Supplemental material==<br />
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===[[To Sleep, Perchance to Dream children's exhibition|''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' children's exhibition]]===<br />
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====[[:File:To Sleep Perchance to Dream FAMILY GUIDE.pdf|''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' family guide]]====<br />
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====Lying In====<br />
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Listen to exhibitions manager Caryn Lazzuri discuss one specific use for the bedchamber.<br />
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*John Geninges. ''The life and death of Mr. Edmund Geninges priest, crowned with martyrdome at London, the 10. day of November, in the yeare M.D.XCI''. 1614. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=159679 STC 11728 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/14l58g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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====A Counterfeit Death====<br />
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Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lj2285 title page] of Walter Raleigh's ''History of the World''.<br />
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*Walter Raleigh. ''The discoverie of the large, rich, and bewtiful empire of Guiana, with a relation of the great and golden citie of Manoa (which the Spanyards call El Dorado) and the provinces of Emeria, Arromaia, Amapaia, and other countries, with their rivers, adjoyning''. London: Robert Robinson, 1596. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=163767 STC 20634 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/m7sxz7 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Walter Raleigh. ''The history of the world''. London: [William Stansby] for Walter Burre, 1614. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=166411 STC 20637] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/15194v LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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====Satan and the Sleeping Eve====<br />
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*John Milton. ''Paradise lost. A poem in twelve books''. London: Miles Flesher, 1688. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=135784 M2147] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lcgja9 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Video===<br />
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Scholars Garrett Sullivan and Carole Levin discuss what at Elizabethan bedchamber may have been like.<br />
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<html5media height="180" width="320">https://www.youtube.com/embed/21j7HNmpeN8</html5media><br />
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Trouble falling asleep is nothing new. Exhibition curator Carole Levine talks about DIY Elizabethan remedies for insomnia.<br />
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<html5media height="180" width="320">https://www.youtube.com/embed/SQdj4I5FBho</html5media><br />
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[[Category: Public programs]]<br />
[[Category: Exhibitions]]<br />
[[Category: 15th century]]<br />
[[Category: 16th century]]<br />
[[Category: 17th century]]<br />
[[Category: 18th century]]<br />
[[Category: Collection]]<br />
[[Category: Manuscripts]]<br />
[[Category: Art]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=To_Sleep,_Perchance_to_Dream&diff=35833To Sleep, Perchance to Dream2021-10-13T14:56:48Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* Satan and the Sleeping Eve */</p>
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<div>[[File:A3708 title page.jpg|thumb|right|290px|The title page of ''Archy's dream'', a former court jester's account. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ey1g87 22186].]]<br />
''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'', one of the [[Exhibitions at the Folger]], opened on February 19, 2009 and closed May 30, 2009. The exhibition was curated by [[Carole Levin]] and [[Garrett Sullivan]] with Steven K. Galbraith and [[Heather Wolfe]] as consultants. The exhibition [http://shop.folger.edu/store/165035%21165/To+Sleep%2C+Perchance+to+Dream catalog] can be purchased from the Folger Shop.<br />
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While sleeping and dreaming are universal experiences, each culture and historical period understands them in distinctive ways. This exhibition explores the ethereal realm of sleeping and dreaming in Renaissance England, from the beliefs, rituals, and habits of sleepers to the role of dream interpreters and interpretations in public and private life. <br />
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The habits and attitudes of both royalty and commoners toward sleep and dreams provide us with a glimpse into a world that has strong connections with, and striking differences from, our own. Sufferers of insomnia and nightmares attempted to cure themselves with a variety of remedies—from herbal concoctions to magic. They adhered to specific rituals for going to bed and held beliefs about when it was or was not appropriate to sleep.<br />
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Through a variety of printed, handwritten, and visual materials, including literary texts by Shakespeare, Milton, and others, ''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' explores the vibrancy of early modern views of sleeping and dreaming. Nightclothes, gemstones, recipes and ingredients for curing nightmares and inducing sleep, and records of dreams about or by historical figures, provide a vivid glimpse of the various ways in which the Renaissance English prepared for sleep and sought to control and understand their dreams.<br />
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==Contents of the exhibition==<br />
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===Preparing for Sleep===<br />
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Medical writers understood sleep to be crucial to the maintenance of physical well-being, and offered specific instructions for a range of bedtime matters, such as identifying the best place to sleep, choosing a bed least likely to attract vermin, and selecting the most appropriate night clothes. Preparing for sleep was also a spiritual matter. Because of the widely held fear that one might die while asleep, saying one’s prayers was an important nightly ritual.<br />
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Several texts give insight into how people prepared for sleep in Renaissance England. Church of England clergyman Richard Day’s text, ''A booke of Christian prayers'', offers both a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/rx1fp7 bedtime prayer] as well as images of [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/f0n2mi sleepers sharing a bed]. Primarily for reasons of economy and warmth, bed-sharing was a common practice in early modern households and in university settings.<br />
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Thomas Tryon’s ''A treatise of cleanness in meats and drinks, of the preparation of food, the excellency of good airs, and the benefits of clean sweet beds'' offers a wealth of sleep-related advice, which he summarizes as follows: “Therefore moderate Clothing, hard Beds, Houses that stand so as that the pleasant Briezes of Wind may air and refresh them, and also Houses that are full of Windows, are to be preferr’d.” He also notes that featherbeds breed vermin (a common problem in early modern beds) and are to be avoided.<br />
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Finally, Thomas Cogan's ''The haven of health'' covers topics such as the “most fit” place in which to sleep, the best way to make the bed, and the appropriate posture for sleeping. Cogan also notes that “he that sleepeth with his mouth close[d] hath commonly an ill breath and foule teeth.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Richard Day. ''A booke of Christian prayers, collected out of the auncient writers, and best learned in our tyme, worthy to be read with an earnest mynde of all Christians, in these daungerous and troublesome dayes, that God for Christes sake will yet still be mercyfull unto us''. London: John Day, 1578. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169150 STC 6429] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/26122y LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Tryon. ''A treatise of cleanness in meats and drinks, of the preparation of food, the excellency of good airs, and the benefits of clean sweet beds''. London, 1682. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=151430 T3196].<br />
*Thomas Cogan. ''The hauen of health: chiefely gathered for the comfort of students, and consequently of all those that have a care of their health, amplified upon five words of Hippocrates, written Epid. 6 Labor, cibus, potio, somnus, Venus''. London: Henrie Midleton, for William Norton, 1584. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=160716 STC 5478] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/zx755i LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===When We Sleep===<br />
[[File:V.a.311 24r.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Thomas Fella's 'F' in his alphabet of moral advice. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/53zun2 23585].]]<br />
Night-time slumber was divided into “first” and “second” sleeps, separated by a period of wakeful activity. How many hours one should sleep was dictated by one’s humoral “complexion”—that is, the balance in the body of the four humors (blood, phlegm, choler or bile, and melancholy or black bile). Sleep was associated with cold and moisture, and therefore with phlegm, a cold, wet humor. Napping during the day was discouraged, as it was believed to cause, in the words of Thomas Cogan, “great domage & hurt of body.” And sleeping too much was both a physical and spiritual transgression.<br />
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Sleep was thought to be associated with the humors, which were closely related to a person's temperament. Both sloth and forgetfulness were moral vices associated with sleeping too long or at the wrong time of day.<br />
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Thomas Fella's heavily-illustrated miscellany includes an “alphabet” of moral advice. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/w5f6ax letter F] is devoted to sleep—particularly the fitful sleep of the rich as compared to the sweet sleep of “a laboring man.”<br />
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And Scipion Du Plesis' ''The Resolver'', a translation of the French ''Curiosité naturelle'', poses and answers a question about the relative strength of “first sleep” that foregrounds the importance of digestion— namely that it produces fumes that ascend to the brain, and provokes sleep by “stop[ping] the conduits of the Senses.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Thomas Fella. ''A booke of diveirs devises and sortes of pictures, with the alphabete of letters, deuised and drawne with the pen''. Manuscript, ca. 1585-1622. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=243917 V.a.311] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/53zun2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Scipion Dupleix. ''The resoluer; or Curiosities of nature written in French by Scipio Du Plesis counseller and historiographer to the French King. Vsefull & pleasant for all''. London: N. & I. Okes, [1635]. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=163893 STC 7362].<br />
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===What is Sleep? From the Medical to the Metaphorical===<br />
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In ''The Anatomy of Melancholy'', Robert Burton defined sleep as a “binding” of the senses. This “binding” was routinely described as the product of digestion, thought to be sleep’s primary cause. Medical writers asserted that fumes produced during digestion ascended from the stomach to the brain, where they impeded the passage of the “animal spirits” responsible for rational and sensory activity. At the same time, sleep had non-medical significance, lending itself to a variety of literary and allegorical interpretations.<br />
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Sleep was represented in a variety of literature of the day. Samuel Daniel’s influential sonnet sequence, ''Delia'', features a poem addressed to “Care-charmer sleepe,” the most famous example of a sub-genre of poetry devoted to sleep. Other Elizabethans who wrote on this topic include Sir Philip Sidney and William Shakespeare.<br />
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Richard Braithwaite, an Oxford-educated poet and satirist, wrote a compendium of stories and aphorisms with a range of moralizing functions, from teaching moderation to scrutinizing fashion, but it takes its title—''Art Asleep Husband? A boulster lecture''—from the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8m12o7 figure of a scolding wife] “lecturing” her husband while he pretends to sleep.<br />
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Medical writers, like Somerset physician Tobias Venner, also had something to say about the benefits and detriments of certain sleep. Venner argues for the benefits of sleeping with one’s mouth open. He also stresses sleep’s link to “concoction,” or digestion, which he deems “the root of life.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Richard Brathwaite. ''Ar’t asleepe husband?'' London: R. Bishop, for R[ichard]. B[est]., 1640. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=161261 STC 3555] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8j34q2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===To Make One Sleep===<br />
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Judging from the large number of surviving manuscript recipes (or “receipts”) for insomnia, sleep disorders were as great a problem in early modern England as they are today. The ingredients in these recipes range from the unsurprising (poppies) to the somewhat puzzling (lettuce). However, the effectiveness of some ingredients lies in the perceived connection between physiology and the properties of the substance itself: lettuce, like sleep, was thought of as cold and wet, which is why it was believed to provoke sleep in the sleepless.<br />
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Mary Granville and her daughter Anne (Granville) Dewes include a recipe against insomnia in their receipt book—"To make one sleepe." The afflicted person is advised to wet two linen cloths with a mixture of strained ivy leaves and white wine vinegar, and then apply the cloths to the forehead and temples.<br />
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Another miscellany includes a recipe for “A Dormant Drink” designed to induce continuous sleep for two full days. For some reason, all of the ingredients’ names are written backwards (“yppop” for poppy, “ecittel” for lettice).<br />
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Mrs. Corlyon's receipt book contains the three following recipes: the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z369w6 first] produces a “liquor” comprised of ingredients such as rose water, “Woemans milke,” and wine vinegar, to be applied to the forehead and temples. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/19xo5r second recipe] is a drink made primarily of “White lettice seede” and sugar, to be followed by “a draft of posset ale” (milk curdled with ale). The third recipe consists of a warm drink of white poppy seed powder and posset ale made with violets, strawberry leaves, and “singfoyle” (cinquefoil).<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Grenville Family. [[Cookery and medicinal recipes of the Granville family, ca. 1640 – ca. 1750 V.a.430|''Cookery and medicinal recipes of the Granville family'']]. Manuscript, ca. 1640 – ca. 1750. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=231288 V.a.430]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/11yh7x p.1].<br />
*''Historical extracts''. Manuscript, ca. 1625. [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=193388 X.d.393]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/08iabr leaf 34].<br />
*Mrs. Corlyon. ''A booke of such medicines as have been approved by the speciall practize of Mrs. Corlyon''. Manuscript, ca. 1606. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=230598 V.a.388]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z369w6 p. 18–19].<br />
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===Herbals===<br />
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Herbals provide physical descriptions of plants, with particular attention to their various medicinal virtues. Thus, they were an important resource for recipes. Recipes meant to provoke sleep might require mandrake or Indian dreamer, while those that roused the sufferer from sleep-related diseases such as lethargy might call for mustard plant.<br />
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This [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/b41nr5 fanciful illustration] is the mandrake, a plant whose root was taken to resemble the human form and which purportedly shrieked when removed from the ground. A narcotic plant, the mandrake’s effects were, in John Donne’s words, “betwixt sleep and poison.” Shakespeare references the mandrake’s soporific qualities in ''[[Othello|Othello]]'' and [[Antony and Cleopatra|''Anthony and Cleopatra'']].<br />
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The Indian Dreamer, which resembles hemp, was another plant used to cause sleep but can also “grow great dreamers according to their humours and dispositions….”<br />
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But, for those who had too much of sleep, other plant cures were available. Towards the end of an entry devoted to the mustard plant, Rembert Dodoens discusses “Lethargie or drowsie evill,” a disease in which people “cannot waken themselves.” He advises using a paste of mustard and figs to create heat, thus removing the cold humors that cause excess sleep.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*''Ortus sanitatis: de herbis et plantis, de animalibus et reptilibus, de auibus et volatilibus, de piscibus et natatilibus, de lapidibus et in terre venis nascentibus, de vrinis et ea rum speciebus, tabula medicinalis cum directorio generali per omnes tractatus''. Strasbourg: Johann Prüss, not after Oct. 21, 1497. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=95984 INC H417 Copy 1 Massey] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/68b7nj LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Richard Haydock: The Sleeping Preacher===<br />
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In 1605, a medical doctor named Richard Haydock attracted the attention of James I because of his ability to deliver brilliant sermons while in a deep sleep. Haydock had a passion for preaching, but ended up studying medicine instead because of a debilitating stutter. After inviting Haydock to court to hear the sleeping sermons himself, James I exposed Haydock as a fraud. However, because his sermons had been so pro-monarchy, his only punishment was publicly confessing his deceit. The prefatory material to Haydock’s [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/cej765 treatise on dreams], ''Oneirologia'', served as his confession.<br />
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To express his gratitude to the king for his leniency and to acknowledge his earlier deception, Haydock composed a treatise on dreams, and he [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/4si4kj dedicated his manuscript] to King James. No doubt he hoped that James would be pleased to be referred to as a son of King Solomon, known for his wisdom, and that he would be interested in a text on dreams. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/5k55u5 Chapter four] of Haydock’s work concentrates on what happens in the mind when the body is asleep. He assures his readers that when drowsy vapors take over common sense, fantasy must be freed or there will be no dreams. The manuscript was never published, and the copy at the Folger is the only copy known to exist.<br />
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The story of King James unmasking Haydock’s fraud was a popular one that appeared in many seventeenth-century histories, including Sir Richard Baker’s ''A Chronicle of the Kings of England''. It was not only an interesting story in itself, but it also allowed historians to praise the king for his “admirable sagacity in discovering of Fictions.”<br />
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On this [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/286p8o frontispiece], Richard Haydock (an artist as well as a preacher) has engraved a portrait of himself.<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo. ''A tracte containing the artes of curious paintinge carvinge & buildinge written first in Italian by Io: Paul Lomatius painter of Milan and Englished by R.H. student in physik''. Oxford: Joseph Barnes for R[ichard] H[aydock], 1598. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=164109 STC 16698 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/286p8o LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Richard Haydock. ''Oneirologia, or, A briefe discourse of the nature of dreames''. Manuscript, 1605. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=270907 J.a.1 (5)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/32gch3 LUNA Digital Image]<br />
<br />
===James I===<br />
<br />
[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/94qsi7 James I] was fascinated by strange phenomena and supernatural events. He wrote a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/j55g5o treatise on witchcraft], but later became more interested in exposing fraudulent supernatural events, such as the sermons of Richard Haydock, “the sleeping preacher.” James I’s writings on dreams reveal a deep skepticism of their significance. In 1622, however, he felt quite differently when he had a dream that foretold his own death.<br />
<br />
King James’s treatise on witchcraft, ''Daemonologie'', includes a section on nightmares. Although he strongly believed in the power and danger of witches, he was far more skeptical about dreams. In this treatise, James claims that nightmares result from natural causes rather than from demons, or succubi.<br />
<br />
King James also wrote the ''Basilikon Doron'' as an educational guide for his son Henry, Prince of Wales. In a section on sleep, he advises Henry to “take no heede to any of your dreames,” because prophecies and visions no longer occur. James believed those ceased with the coming of Christ.<br />
<br />
Arthur Wilson's ''The history of Great Britain'' includes the story of James I and Richard Haydock, the “Sleeping Preacher,” as the prime example of “brutish imposters” exposed by the king’s reason. Wilson also shared James’ belief that dreams are not supernatural, stating in the preface that he is “not like one in a Dream, who starts at the horror of the Object which his own imagination creates.”<br />
<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*James I. ''Daemonologie, in forme of a dialogue''. Edinburgh: Robert Walde-graue, 1597. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=162293 STC 14364] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9ln3cq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*James I. ''The workes of the most high and mightie prince, James by the grace of God King of Great Britaine, France and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c''. London: Robert Barker and John Bill, 1616. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169364 STC 14344 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/77b94d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Definitions of Dreams===<br />
<br />
Beliefs about dreams were wide-ranging: while some people believed dreams were simply the fragments of the day retold or the result of food or drink partaken, others thought dreams were an expression of guilt over an action taken or considered, or were influenced by a person’s dominant humor. Many people believed that dreams came directly from God, angels, or demons and that they exposed a person’s character as virtuous or venal. <br />
<br />
Dreams could be divided into three categories: divine, supernatural, and natural and they were thought to foretell the future. Many were convinced that if they could unlock the meaning of dreams, they could know the future.<br />
<br />
Wilhelm Scribonius defines a dream as “an inward act of the mind” while the body is sleeping. The soul creates dreams from the spirits of the brain, and the most pleasant dreams come as morning approaches, when the spirits are most pure.<br />
<br />
William Vaughan writes about both sleep and dreams in his treatise on personal health. He warns of the dangers of sleeping at noon and observes that dreams could either be a remembrance of the past or “significants of things to come.”<br />
<br />
Thomas Cooper argues that some dreams are natural and might inform us “of the sinnes of the heart,” since what we think or do during the day returns as dreams at night. But he is most concerned with dreams that came from God—moving us toward true worship—and Satan, who puts into the brain “Divellish Dreames” hoping to turn us toward evil.<br />
<br />
In a very popular text which he revised throughout his life, Owen Felltham argues that the best use someone can make of their dreams is to gain greater self-understanding. The mind continues to work even in the depths of sleep, and dreams show us our inclinations.<br />
<br />
===Dream Interpretation===<br />
<br />
A range of early modern books offered dream interpretation, and physicians or astrologers would frequently interpret dreams for payment. Scholars such as Thomas Hill, Marc de Vulson, and Richard Saunders studied ancient dream treatises, especially ''Oneirocritica'', composed by Artemidorus about 200CE, in order to understand the symbolism of dreams. Their interpretations varied widely, and meanings were based not only on the subject matter of the dream, but also on the dreamer’s gender, social status, dominant humor, or profession, as well as the time of year or night the dream was had.<br />
<br />
Thomas Hill’s text was very popular in Renaissance England, succinctly explaining the meanings of hundreds of dreams. For example, to dream of picking green apples from a tree meant good fortune, while dreaming of drinking thinned mustard meant one would be accused of murder.<br />
<br />
Philip Goodwin’s book provides a guide for interpreting the mysterious divine and demonic visitations that a person might experience while sleeping and dreaming. He also advocates prayer before sleeping and after waking, and suggests that shorter stretches of sleep may bring better dreams.<br />
<br />
Marc de Vulson believed that dreams could be both instructional and amusing. He argues that since true events are foretold in dreams, it would be foolish to ignore them. He explains what dreams about plays and pastimes mean. For example, dreaming you see a comedy on stage foretells success; dreaming of a tragedy means “grief and affliction.”<br />
<br />
Richard Saunders believed that the same dream had different meanings depending on a person’s dominant humor and the time of year. Thus, during the third phase of Leo (mid-August), dreaming one was “stark naked in a Church” would be a bad dream for a person of sanguine humor but a good dream for a melancholic person.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*''John Dee''. Engraving, [London, England]: Hunt & Clarke, 1827. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256248 ART File D311 no.1 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/31lemq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Hill. ''The moste pleasaunte arte of the interpretacion of dreames, whereunto is annexed sundry problemes with apte aunsweares neare agreeing to the matter, and very rare examples, not the like the extant in the English tongue''. London: Thomas Marsh, 1576. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=168488 STC 13498] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/nkp6ll LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Philip Goodwin. ''The mystery of dreames, historically discoursed; or A treatise; wherein is clearly discovered, the secret yet certain good or evil, the inconsidered and yet assured truth or falsity, virtue or vanity, misery or mercy, of mens differing dreames''. London: A.M. for Francis Tyton, 1658. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=139001 157- 690q]<br />
*Marc de Vulson. ''The court of curiositie''. London: J[ames]. C[ottrell]. for William Crooke, 1669. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=149323 165-039q].<br />
*Richard Saunders. ''Saunders physiognomie, and chiromancie, metoposcopie, the symmetrical proportions and signal moles of the body, fully and accurately explained; with their natural-predictive significations both to men and women. being delightful and profitable: with the subject of dreams made plain: whereunto is added the art of memory''. London: H. Brugis, for Nathaniel Brook, 1671. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=132723 S755] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9222tm LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Dream Control===<br />
<br />
While some people believed dreams could be regulated through prayer or a healthy diet, others had more elaborate methods for controlling them. These included such strategies as wearing certain kinds of gemstones or imbibing potions with fanciful components such as dragon’s tongue, or rubbing one’s temples with lapwing’s blood. The desire to avoid nightmares, or “terrors of the night,”led to the circulation of these recipes in manuscript.<br />
<br />
Thomas Nichols’s lapidary, or book on gemstones, explains how specific stones can affect dreams. For example, he shares reports that wearing a ruby in an amulet or drinking ground-up rubies will drive away “terrible dreams” as well as sadness, evil thoughts, and evil spirits. It was a widely held belief that gemstones could help control dreams. Wearing a crystal or ruby around one’s neck prevented nightmares. Children were advised to wear emeralds to avoid nightmares. Wearing an amethyst caused exciting dreams and prevented drunkenness. And wearing an onyx to bed caused the wearer to dream of a departed friend.<br />
<br />
Plants, as we've seen throughout the exhibition, were used for many medicinal purposes, and controlling dreams was yet another way to use them. Nicholas Culpeper composed a directory of over three hundred plants, and it includes several that could control dreams. One entry describes polypody, a variety of fern thought to be most medicinally powerful when it grows on oak stumps or trunks. Drinking liquid distilled from its roots and leaves prevents “fearful or troublesome sleeps or dreams.”<br />
<br />
A very popular book with cures and recipes for a wide range of ailments, from how to heal ringworm to how to “make the haire fall off” was ''The secrets of Alexis''. One recipe explains how to see wild beasts in a dream; it also includes a number of recipes for inducing sleep.<br />
<br />
Various animal parts were used in recipes in much the same way as plants or gemstones. Edward Topsell's ''Historie of serpents'' is a spectacularly illustrated and hand-colored book, devoted to serpents (including [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2mr0p7 dragons]). According to Topsell, eating the wine-soaked tongue or gall of a dragon could prevent nightmares.<br />
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<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*Thomas Nicols. ''A lapidary: or, The history of pretious stones: with cautions for the undeceiving of all those that deal with pretious stones''. Cambridge: Printed by Thomas Buck, 1652. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=152193 154-179q].<br />
*Nicholas Culpeper. ''The English physician enlarged; with three hundred sixty and nine medicines, made of English herbs, that were not in any impression until this. Being an astrologo-physical discourse of the vulgar herbs of this nation; containing a compleat method of physick, whereby a man may preserve his body in health, or cure himself, being sick, for three pence charge, with such things only as grow in England, they being most fit for English bodies''. London, 1698. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=145821 C7512.2].<br />
*Alessio Piemontese. ''The secrets of Alexis: containing many excellent remedies against diuers diseases, wounds, and other accidents. With the maner to make distillations, parfumes, confitures, dyings, colours, fusions, and meltings. ...''. Translation by William Ward (parts 1-3) and Richard Androse (part 4) of a French version. London: William Stansby for Richard Meighen and Thomas Jones, 1615. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=158131 STC 299] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/p62ss7 Binding image on LUNA].<br />
*Edward Topsell. ''The historie of serpents''. London: William Jaggard, 1608. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169268 STC 24124 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/64l1eq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Nightmares===<br />
[[File:ART File S528K8 no.80.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Act V, Scene 3 of ''Richard III'', as the king experiences horrific nightmares. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/t50qq5 22200].]]<br />
A dream called “the Mare” was specifically described by Nicholas Culpeper “as when someone was sleeping to feel an uncommon oppression or weight about his breast or stomach, which he can be no means shake off. He groans, and sometimes cries out, though oftener he attempts to speak, but in vain.” Sleepers often believed that a demon—a succubus or an incubus—had visited them in their sleep in an attempt to breach their chastity. It was said that those of a melancholy humor often had frightening dreams of dark places, falls from high turrets, and furious beasts. Nightmares and ominous dreams are used to great dramatic effect in plays such as Shakespeare’s [[Richard III|''Richard III'']].<br />
<br />
Act I of Shakespeare’s ''Richard III'' ends with the murder of the Duke of Clarence, presaged by the dream of drowning he recounts at the start of the scene. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z2q8l Here], just as the dream is about to end, howling fiends seize the terrified Clarence to take him to hell.<br />
<br />
In the same play, Richard III has a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2ljk3m troubled sleep] on the eve of the Battle of Bosworth Field. Visited by the ghosts of those whose deaths he caused, he dreams the battle is in progress. As the last ghost leaves, he awakens with a start shouting “Give me another horse; bind up my wounds. Have mercy, Jesu!”<br />
<br />
Thomas Tryon believed that dreams of demonic visitations like Richard III's were caused by sleeping on one’s back, eating heavy suppers just before bed, and drinking spirits in excess. He suggests that nightmares could be avoided by sleeping on one’s side and eating a healthier diet.<br />
<br />
Thomas Nash argues that dreams are based on thoughts and experiences that happen over the course of the day: “A dream is nothing else but a bubbling scum or froth of the fancy, which the day hath left undigested.” As for nightmares, Nash claims they are the result of guilty feelings. For example, the dreadful sins of treason and murder would cause terrible dreams.<br />
<br />
Physician Jacques Ferrand wrote a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kq620d book] on the causes, symptoms, and cures of “Love, or Erotique Melancholy.” Ferrand describes terrifying instances of people, mostly women, who believe that they were raped by the devil in their sleep, “when as in truth they were only troubled with the Nightmare.”<br />
<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*James Neagle after Thomas Stothard. ''King Richard III, act 1, sc. 4''. Engraving, London: Geo. Kearsley, 1804. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256264 ART File S528k8 no.8 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z2q8l LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*William Sharp after John Opie. ''Richard IIID., Act 5 Scene 3, in the tent, Richard asleep, ghosts of persons he had murdered''. Engraving, London: Mr. Woodmason, 1794. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=254208 ART File S528k8 no.80 (size M)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2ljk3m LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Jacques Ferrand. ''Erotomania or A treatise discoursing of the essence, causes, symptomes, prognosticks, and cure of love, or erotique melancholy''. Oxford: L. Lichfield, 1640. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=159189 STC 10829] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kq620d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Supernatural and Divine Dreams===<br />
<br />
Martyrs in both Catholic and Protestant martyrologies, including John Foxe’s ''Actes and Monuments'', were often portrayed as having prophetic dreams. It was also believed that angels regularly visited people in their dreams, and a frequent narrative technique to give a text authenticity was to describe how the author was sleeping when visited in a dream by divine beings who encouraged the writing of their work.<br />
<br />
In 1556, Agnes Potten was sentenced to be burned for heresy, a victim of the persecutions of Protestants under Mary I. John Foxe relates in his book of martyrs that, the night before her death, she had a foretelling dream in which she “saw a bright burning fyre, ryght up as a pole, and on the syde of the fire she thought there stoode a number of Q[ueen] Maries friendes looking on.”<br />
<br />
Other penned prophetic dreams are less dire: In ''The book of the city of ladies'', Christine de Pisan, who made her living as an author prior to the printing press, writes that she was inspired by a dream to build an allegorical city honoring women. In a fifteenth-century French manuscript copy of her masterpiece, on loan from The Trustees of the Boston Public Library, Christine is depicted being pulled out of bed by the three female virtues—Reason, Rectitude, and Justice—who assist her in building her city.<br />
<br />
In his poetical work, ''The hierarchie of the blessed angels'', the playwright Thomas Heywood writes about the many properties of angels, one being their ability to enter a dream and help a good Christian find the right path in the waking life.<br />
<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*John Foxe. ''Actes and Monuments of matters most speciall and memorable''. London: Peter Short, 1596. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169331 STC 11226 copy 3] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/m1wfc8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*LOAN from [http://www.bpl.org/research/rb/index.htm Rare Books and Manuscripts Department], The Trustees of the Boston Public Library, MA. Christine, de Pisan. ''The book of the city of ladies''. France, 1405. BPL call number: Ms.f.Med.101 and [https://archive.org/details/lelivredestroisv00chri Internet Archive].<br />
*Thomas Heywood. ''The hierarchie of the blessed angells''. London: Adam Islip, 1635. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169414 STC 13327] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ykjt11 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Political Dreams===<br />
[[File:157- 844q frontispiece.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Charles I the evening before and the day of his execution. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sob66u 17997].]]<br />
Religion and politics were deeply intertwined in Renaissance England. The threats to sixteenth-century Protestants in Mary I’s reign were dramatized in “dream” scenes in plays about such politically significant characters as Princess Elizabeth (the future queen) and Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Suffolk. In the seventeenth century, the struggles between Royalists who supported Charles I and Parliamentarians were described in dreams in a series of political pamphlets.<br />
<br />
John Quarles writes in couplets about his dream of the 1649 execution of Charles I. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/857u2x images] at the beginning of his poem show Charles the night before his death dreaming of his wife and son while an angel prepares to replace the crown he lost on earth with a heavenly one. Opposite this, we see the stark reality of Charles about to be executed.<br />
<br />
In his [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ui7pkj dramatization] of the dangers experienced by the Protestant Princess Elizabeth in the reign of her Catholic half-sister Mary, Thomas Heywood includes “a dumb show” (a scene played silently) while Elizabeth sleeps. In the dumb show, angels stop the villain Winchester from killing the sleeping princess and place a Bible in her hands. Elizabeth wakes, as if from a dream, not knowing how the Bible materialized.<br />
<br />
After the execution of Charles I in 1649, his son Charles sought help in Scotland to claim the throne. According to James Douglas, the young Charles dreamt he saw a spider with a crown hanging over its head and two other crowns at the end of the thread. As the spider lowered itself down the cobweb, it fell and lost everything. Despite the dire portent of this dream, Charles II was restored as king in 1660.<br />
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<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*John Quarles. ''Regale lectum miseriæ: or, A kingly bed of miserie. In which is contained, a dreame: with an elegie upon the martyrdome of Charls, late King of England, of blessed memory: and another upon the Right Honourable, the Lord Capel''. London, 1649. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=147365 157-844q] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/opi363 LUNA Digital Image]<br />
*Thomas Heywood. ''If you know not me, you know no bodie: or, The troubles of Queene Elizabeth''. London, 1605. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=161231 STC 13328]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ui7pkj title page].<br />
<br />
===Arise for It Is Day===<br />
<br />
From rinsing out one’s mouth to throwing open the windows to air out a stuffy bedchamber, rituals for waking were as common as rituals for going to sleep, and a new day was often welcomed with prayer. The renewal inherent in the daily cycle seemed an inspiration for many: the printer John Day took as his [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/60g3ha printer’s device] a sunrise scene and the phrase “Arise for It Is Day” (punning off of his own name), while many authors celebrated the new day with carpe diem verses and morning songs, or ''aubades''.<br />
<br />
“Get up, get up for shame” begins Robert Herrick’s famous “carpe diem” (seize the day) poem, as the speaker tries to rouse his “sweet-Slug-a-bed.” While Corinna stays in bed, youths rejoice in May Day revelry, exchanging flirtatious glances, playing kissing games, and rolling in the grass until plain gowns become green.<br />
<br />
Thomas Tryon, who had prescriptions for how to sleep, also wrote on waking and health, and was particularly concerned with preventing the “generation of bugs”—a common household problem. Tryon advises that “there is nothing better…than every Morning when you rise to set open your Windows, and lay open your Bed-cloaths.” He believed this would release “the gross humid Steams” from the bed and would prevent fleas and other bugs from breeding.<br />
<br />
John Evans, the compiler of a literary commonplace book, devotes a column to the topic “Awake,” “Awaked,” and “Awaking.” He provides quotations from eight different sources, including two Shakespeare plays ([[Henry IV, Part 2|''Henry IV, pt. 2'']] and [[Julius Caesar|''Julius Caesar'']]). Two extracts are from Francis Quarles’ ''Emblems'' and three extracts are from a song in Cosmo Manuche’s ''The Bastard'', a play published in 1652.<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*William Tyndale. ''The whole workes of W. Tyndall, John Frith, and Doct. Barnes, three worthy martyrs, and principall teachers of this Churche of England, collected and compiled in one tome togither, beyng before scattered, and now in print here exhibited to the Church''. London: John Day, 1573. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=167157 STC 24436 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/hagxt2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Robert Herrick. ''Hesperides: or, The vvorks both humane & divine of Robert Herrick Esq''. London, 1648. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=153584 H1596] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/el084g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*John Evans. ''Hesperides, or, The Muses garden''. Manuscript, ca. 1655-1659. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=221182 V.b.93] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/s903z1 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Additional items exhibited===<br />
<br />
*''Hortus sanitatis''. London, 1536. Call number: QH41 H48 1536 Cage and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/tud090 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Replica early 17th-century man's night shirt. Linen with blackwork embroidery. By Emma Lehman, 2008, based on an original in the Fashion Museum, Bath.<br />
*''The New Testament of ovr Lord Iesvs Christ. Translated out of the Greeke by Theod. Beza, and Englished by L. Tomson''. Bound with: ''The whole booke of Psalmes: collected into English meeter by T. Sternhold, I. Hopkins, W. Whittingham, and others, conferred with the Hebrew, with apt notes to sing them withall. Newly set foorth, and allowed to be sung in all churches, of all the people together, before and after morning and euening prayer, as also before and after sermons. Moreouer in priuate houses, for their godly solace and comfort, laying apart all vngodly songs and ballads, which tend onely to the nourishing of vice, and corrupting of youth''. London: Robert Barker, ca. 1610. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170019 STC 2907] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8hr271 LUNA Digital Image] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/1vmjuw Binding image on LUNA].<br />
*Richard Brathwaite. ''The English gentlewoman, drawne out to the full body: expressing, what habilliments doe best attire her, what ornaments doe best adorne her, what complements doe best accomplish her''. London: B. Alsop and T. Favvcet, for Michaell Sparke, 1631. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169488 STC 3565] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sd5y05 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Rembert Dodoens. ''A niewe herball, or historie of plantes: wherein is contayned the whole discourse and perfect description of all sortes of herbs and plantes''. London: Henry Loë, 1578. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170691 STC 6984 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/x77ah5 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Walkington. ''The optick glasse of humors or The touchstone of a golden temperature, or the Philosophers stone to make a golden temper''. Oxford: W[illiam]. T[urner], 1631?. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=168005 STC 24968] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/jz1y47 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*George Gower. ''The Plimpton "Sieve" Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I.'' Oil on panel, 1579. Call number: [http://shakespeare.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=128729 ART 246171 (framed)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/00o3y8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Archie Armstrong. ''Archy’s dream''. London, 1641. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=152564 A3708] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/241m0d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Beroaldo. ''Le Tableav des Riches Inventions''. 1600. Call number: PQ4619.C9 F8 1600 Cage and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/253o9i LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
==Supplemental material==<br />
<br />
===[[To Sleep, Perchance to Dream children's exhibition|''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' children's exhibition]]===<br />
<br />
====[[:File:To Sleep Perchance to Dream FAMILY GUIDE.pdf|''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' family guide]]====<br />
<br />
====Lying In====<br />
<br />
Listen to exhibitions manager Caryn Lazzuri discuss one specific use for the bedchamber.<br />
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<br />
<br />
*John Geninges. ''The life and death of Mr. Edmund Geninges priest, crowned with martyrdome at London, the 10. day of November, in the yeare M.D.XCI''. 1614. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=159679 STC 11728 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/14l58g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
====A Counterfeit Death====<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lj2285 title page] of Walter Raleigh's ''History of the World''.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*Walter Raleigh. ''The discoverie of the large, rich, and bewtiful empire of Guiana, with a relation of the great and golden citie of Manoa (which the Spanyards call El Dorado) and the provinces of Emeria, Arromaia, Amapaia, and other countries, with their rivers, adjoyning''. London: Robert Robinson, 1596. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=163767 STC 20634 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/m7sxz7 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Walter Raleigh. ''The history of the world''. London: [William Stansby] for Walter Burre, 1614. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=166411 STC 20637] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/15194v LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
====Satan and the Sleeping Eve====<br />
<br />
*John Milton. ''Paradise lost. A poem in twelve books''. London: Miles Flesher, 1688. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=135784 M2147] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lcgja9 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Video===<br />
<br />
Scholars Garrett Sullivan and Carole Levin discuss what at Elizabethan bedchamber may have been like.<br />
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<html5media height="180" width="320">https://www.youtube.com/embed/21j7HNmpeN8</html5media><br />
<br />
Trouble falling asleep is nothing new. Exhibition curator Carole Levine talks about DIY Elizabethan remedies for insomnia.<br />
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<html5media height="180" width="320">https://www.youtube.com/embed/SQdj4I5FBho</html5media><br />
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[[Category: Public programs]]<br />
[[Category: Exhibitions]]<br />
[[Category: 15th century]]<br />
[[Category: 16th century]]<br />
[[Category: 17th century]]<br />
[[Category: 18th century]]<br />
[[Category: Collection]]<br />
[[Category: Manuscripts]]<br />
[[Category: Art]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=To_Sleep,_Perchance_to_Dream&diff=35832To Sleep, Perchance to Dream2021-10-13T14:56:30Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* Supplemental material */</p>
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<div>[[File:A3708 title page.jpg|thumb|right|290px|The title page of ''Archy's dream'', a former court jester's account. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ey1g87 22186].]]<br />
''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'', one of the [[Exhibitions at the Folger]], opened on February 19, 2009 and closed May 30, 2009. The exhibition was curated by [[Carole Levin]] and [[Garrett Sullivan]] with Steven K. Galbraith and [[Heather Wolfe]] as consultants. The exhibition [http://shop.folger.edu/store/165035%21165/To+Sleep%2C+Perchance+to+Dream catalog] can be purchased from the Folger Shop.<br />
<br />
While sleeping and dreaming are universal experiences, each culture and historical period understands them in distinctive ways. This exhibition explores the ethereal realm of sleeping and dreaming in Renaissance England, from the beliefs, rituals, and habits of sleepers to the role of dream interpreters and interpretations in public and private life. <br />
<br />
The habits and attitudes of both royalty and commoners toward sleep and dreams provide us with a glimpse into a world that has strong connections with, and striking differences from, our own. Sufferers of insomnia and nightmares attempted to cure themselves with a variety of remedies—from herbal concoctions to magic. They adhered to specific rituals for going to bed and held beliefs about when it was or was not appropriate to sleep.<br />
<br />
Through a variety of printed, handwritten, and visual materials, including literary texts by Shakespeare, Milton, and others, ''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' explores the vibrancy of early modern views of sleeping and dreaming. Nightclothes, gemstones, recipes and ingredients for curing nightmares and inducing sleep, and records of dreams about or by historical figures, provide a vivid glimpse of the various ways in which the Renaissance English prepared for sleep and sought to control and understand their dreams.<br />
<br />
==Contents of the exhibition==<br />
<br />
===Preparing for Sleep===<br />
<br />
Medical writers understood sleep to be crucial to the maintenance of physical well-being, and offered specific instructions for a range of bedtime matters, such as identifying the best place to sleep, choosing a bed least likely to attract vermin, and selecting the most appropriate night clothes. Preparing for sleep was also a spiritual matter. Because of the widely held fear that one might die while asleep, saying one’s prayers was an important nightly ritual.<br />
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Several texts give insight into how people prepared for sleep in Renaissance England. Church of England clergyman Richard Day’s text, ''A booke of Christian prayers'', offers both a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/rx1fp7 bedtime prayer] as well as images of [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/f0n2mi sleepers sharing a bed]. Primarily for reasons of economy and warmth, bed-sharing was a common practice in early modern households and in university settings.<br />
<br />
Thomas Tryon’s ''A treatise of cleanness in meats and drinks, of the preparation of food, the excellency of good airs, and the benefits of clean sweet beds'' offers a wealth of sleep-related advice, which he summarizes as follows: “Therefore moderate Clothing, hard Beds, Houses that stand so as that the pleasant Briezes of Wind may air and refresh them, and also Houses that are full of Windows, are to be preferr’d.” He also notes that featherbeds breed vermin (a common problem in early modern beds) and are to be avoided.<br />
<br />
Finally, Thomas Cogan's ''The haven of health'' covers topics such as the “most fit” place in which to sleep, the best way to make the bed, and the appropriate posture for sleeping. Cogan also notes that “he that sleepeth with his mouth close[d] hath commonly an ill breath and foule teeth.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Richard Day. ''A booke of Christian prayers, collected out of the auncient writers, and best learned in our tyme, worthy to be read with an earnest mynde of all Christians, in these daungerous and troublesome dayes, that God for Christes sake will yet still be mercyfull unto us''. London: John Day, 1578. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169150 STC 6429] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/26122y LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Tryon. ''A treatise of cleanness in meats and drinks, of the preparation of food, the excellency of good airs, and the benefits of clean sweet beds''. London, 1682. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=151430 T3196].<br />
*Thomas Cogan. ''The hauen of health: chiefely gathered for the comfort of students, and consequently of all those that have a care of their health, amplified upon five words of Hippocrates, written Epid. 6 Labor, cibus, potio, somnus, Venus''. London: Henrie Midleton, for William Norton, 1584. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=160716 STC 5478] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/zx755i LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===When We Sleep===<br />
[[File:V.a.311 24r.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Thomas Fella's 'F' in his alphabet of moral advice. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/53zun2 23585].]]<br />
Night-time slumber was divided into “first” and “second” sleeps, separated by a period of wakeful activity. How many hours one should sleep was dictated by one’s humoral “complexion”—that is, the balance in the body of the four humors (blood, phlegm, choler or bile, and melancholy or black bile). Sleep was associated with cold and moisture, and therefore with phlegm, a cold, wet humor. Napping during the day was discouraged, as it was believed to cause, in the words of Thomas Cogan, “great domage & hurt of body.” And sleeping too much was both a physical and spiritual transgression.<br />
<br />
Sleep was thought to be associated with the humors, which were closely related to a person's temperament. Both sloth and forgetfulness were moral vices associated with sleeping too long or at the wrong time of day.<br />
<br />
Thomas Fella's heavily-illustrated miscellany includes an “alphabet” of moral advice. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/w5f6ax letter F] is devoted to sleep—particularly the fitful sleep of the rich as compared to the sweet sleep of “a laboring man.”<br />
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And Scipion Du Plesis' ''The Resolver'', a translation of the French ''Curiosité naturelle'', poses and answers a question about the relative strength of “first sleep” that foregrounds the importance of digestion— namely that it produces fumes that ascend to the brain, and provokes sleep by “stop[ping] the conduits of the Senses.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Thomas Fella. ''A booke of diveirs devises and sortes of pictures, with the alphabete of letters, deuised and drawne with the pen''. Manuscript, ca. 1585-1622. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=243917 V.a.311] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/53zun2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Scipion Dupleix. ''The resoluer; or Curiosities of nature written in French by Scipio Du Plesis counseller and historiographer to the French King. Vsefull & pleasant for all''. London: N. & I. Okes, [1635]. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=163893 STC 7362].<br />
<br />
===What is Sleep? From the Medical to the Metaphorical===<br />
<br />
In ''The Anatomy of Melancholy'', Robert Burton defined sleep as a “binding” of the senses. This “binding” was routinely described as the product of digestion, thought to be sleep’s primary cause. Medical writers asserted that fumes produced during digestion ascended from the stomach to the brain, where they impeded the passage of the “animal spirits” responsible for rational and sensory activity. At the same time, sleep had non-medical significance, lending itself to a variety of literary and allegorical interpretations.<br />
<br />
Sleep was represented in a variety of literature of the day. Samuel Daniel’s influential sonnet sequence, ''Delia'', features a poem addressed to “Care-charmer sleepe,” the most famous example of a sub-genre of poetry devoted to sleep. Other Elizabethans who wrote on this topic include Sir Philip Sidney and William Shakespeare.<br />
<br />
Richard Braithwaite, an Oxford-educated poet and satirist, wrote a compendium of stories and aphorisms with a range of moralizing functions, from teaching moderation to scrutinizing fashion, but it takes its title—''Art Asleep Husband? A boulster lecture''—from the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8m12o7 figure of a scolding wife] “lecturing” her husband while he pretends to sleep.<br />
<br />
Medical writers, like Somerset physician Tobias Venner, also had something to say about the benefits and detriments of certain sleep. Venner argues for the benefits of sleeping with one’s mouth open. He also stresses sleep’s link to “concoction,” or digestion, which he deems “the root of life.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Richard Brathwaite. ''Ar’t asleepe husband?'' London: R. Bishop, for R[ichard]. B[est]., 1640. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=161261 STC 3555] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8j34q2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===To Make One Sleep===<br />
<br />
Judging from the large number of surviving manuscript recipes (or “receipts”) for insomnia, sleep disorders were as great a problem in early modern England as they are today. The ingredients in these recipes range from the unsurprising (poppies) to the somewhat puzzling (lettuce). However, the effectiveness of some ingredients lies in the perceived connection between physiology and the properties of the substance itself: lettuce, like sleep, was thought of as cold and wet, which is why it was believed to provoke sleep in the sleepless.<br />
<br />
Mary Granville and her daughter Anne (Granville) Dewes include a recipe against insomnia in their receipt book—"To make one sleepe." The afflicted person is advised to wet two linen cloths with a mixture of strained ivy leaves and white wine vinegar, and then apply the cloths to the forehead and temples.<br />
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Another miscellany includes a recipe for “A Dormant Drink” designed to induce continuous sleep for two full days. For some reason, all of the ingredients’ names are written backwards (“yppop” for poppy, “ecittel” for lettice).<br />
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Mrs. Corlyon's receipt book contains the three following recipes: the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z369w6 first] produces a “liquor” comprised of ingredients such as rose water, “Woemans milke,” and wine vinegar, to be applied to the forehead and temples. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/19xo5r second recipe] is a drink made primarily of “White lettice seede” and sugar, to be followed by “a draft of posset ale” (milk curdled with ale). The third recipe consists of a warm drink of white poppy seed powder and posset ale made with violets, strawberry leaves, and “singfoyle” (cinquefoil).<br />
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====Items included====<br />
<br />
*Grenville Family. [[Cookery and medicinal recipes of the Granville family, ca. 1640 – ca. 1750 V.a.430|''Cookery and medicinal recipes of the Granville family'']]. Manuscript, ca. 1640 – ca. 1750. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=231288 V.a.430]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/11yh7x p.1].<br />
*''Historical extracts''. Manuscript, ca. 1625. [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=193388 X.d.393]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/08iabr leaf 34].<br />
*Mrs. Corlyon. ''A booke of such medicines as have been approved by the speciall practize of Mrs. Corlyon''. Manuscript, ca. 1606. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=230598 V.a.388]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z369w6 p. 18–19].<br />
<br />
===Herbals===<br />
<br />
Herbals provide physical descriptions of plants, with particular attention to their various medicinal virtues. Thus, they were an important resource for recipes. Recipes meant to provoke sleep might require mandrake or Indian dreamer, while those that roused the sufferer from sleep-related diseases such as lethargy might call for mustard plant.<br />
<br />
This [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/b41nr5 fanciful illustration] is the mandrake, a plant whose root was taken to resemble the human form and which purportedly shrieked when removed from the ground. A narcotic plant, the mandrake’s effects were, in John Donne’s words, “betwixt sleep and poison.” Shakespeare references the mandrake’s soporific qualities in ''[[Othello|Othello]]'' and [[Antony and Cleopatra|''Anthony and Cleopatra'']].<br />
<br />
The Indian Dreamer, which resembles hemp, was another plant used to cause sleep but can also “grow great dreamers according to their humours and dispositions….”<br />
<br />
But, for those who had too much of sleep, other plant cures were available. Towards the end of an entry devoted to the mustard plant, Rembert Dodoens discusses “Lethargie or drowsie evill,” a disease in which people “cannot waken themselves.” He advises using a paste of mustard and figs to create heat, thus removing the cold humors that cause excess sleep.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
<br />
*''Ortus sanitatis: de herbis et plantis, de animalibus et reptilibus, de auibus et volatilibus, de piscibus et natatilibus, de lapidibus et in terre venis nascentibus, de vrinis et ea rum speciebus, tabula medicinalis cum directorio generali per omnes tractatus''. Strasbourg: Johann Prüss, not after Oct. 21, 1497. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=95984 INC H417 Copy 1 Massey] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/68b7nj LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Richard Haydock: The Sleeping Preacher===<br />
<br />
In 1605, a medical doctor named Richard Haydock attracted the attention of James I because of his ability to deliver brilliant sermons while in a deep sleep. Haydock had a passion for preaching, but ended up studying medicine instead because of a debilitating stutter. After inviting Haydock to court to hear the sleeping sermons himself, James I exposed Haydock as a fraud. However, because his sermons had been so pro-monarchy, his only punishment was publicly confessing his deceit. The prefatory material to Haydock’s [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/cej765 treatise on dreams], ''Oneirologia'', served as his confession.<br />
<br />
To express his gratitude to the king for his leniency and to acknowledge his earlier deception, Haydock composed a treatise on dreams, and he [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/4si4kj dedicated his manuscript] to King James. No doubt he hoped that James would be pleased to be referred to as a son of King Solomon, known for his wisdom, and that he would be interested in a text on dreams. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/5k55u5 Chapter four] of Haydock’s work concentrates on what happens in the mind when the body is asleep. He assures his readers that when drowsy vapors take over common sense, fantasy must be freed or there will be no dreams. The manuscript was never published, and the copy at the Folger is the only copy known to exist.<br />
<br />
The story of King James unmasking Haydock’s fraud was a popular one that appeared in many seventeenth-century histories, including Sir Richard Baker’s ''A Chronicle of the Kings of England''. It was not only an interesting story in itself, but it also allowed historians to praise the king for his “admirable sagacity in discovering of Fictions.”<br />
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On this [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/286p8o frontispiece], Richard Haydock (an artist as well as a preacher) has engraved a portrait of himself.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo. ''A tracte containing the artes of curious paintinge carvinge & buildinge written first in Italian by Io: Paul Lomatius painter of Milan and Englished by R.H. student in physik''. Oxford: Joseph Barnes for R[ichard] H[aydock], 1598. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=164109 STC 16698 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/286p8o LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Richard Haydock. ''Oneirologia, or, A briefe discourse of the nature of dreames''. Manuscript, 1605. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=270907 J.a.1 (5)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/32gch3 LUNA Digital Image]<br />
<br />
===James I===<br />
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[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/94qsi7 James I] was fascinated by strange phenomena and supernatural events. He wrote a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/j55g5o treatise on witchcraft], but later became more interested in exposing fraudulent supernatural events, such as the sermons of Richard Haydock, “the sleeping preacher.” James I’s writings on dreams reveal a deep skepticism of their significance. In 1622, however, he felt quite differently when he had a dream that foretold his own death.<br />
<br />
King James’s treatise on witchcraft, ''Daemonologie'', includes a section on nightmares. Although he strongly believed in the power and danger of witches, he was far more skeptical about dreams. In this treatise, James claims that nightmares result from natural causes rather than from demons, or succubi.<br />
<br />
King James also wrote the ''Basilikon Doron'' as an educational guide for his son Henry, Prince of Wales. In a section on sleep, he advises Henry to “take no heede to any of your dreames,” because prophecies and visions no longer occur. James believed those ceased with the coming of Christ.<br />
<br />
Arthur Wilson's ''The history of Great Britain'' includes the story of James I and Richard Haydock, the “Sleeping Preacher,” as the prime example of “brutish imposters” exposed by the king’s reason. Wilson also shared James’ belief that dreams are not supernatural, stating in the preface that he is “not like one in a Dream, who starts at the horror of the Object which his own imagination creates.”<br />
<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
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*James I. ''Daemonologie, in forme of a dialogue''. Edinburgh: Robert Walde-graue, 1597. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=162293 STC 14364] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9ln3cq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*James I. ''The workes of the most high and mightie prince, James by the grace of God King of Great Britaine, France and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c''. London: Robert Barker and John Bill, 1616. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169364 STC 14344 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/77b94d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Definitions of Dreams===<br />
<br />
Beliefs about dreams were wide-ranging: while some people believed dreams were simply the fragments of the day retold or the result of food or drink partaken, others thought dreams were an expression of guilt over an action taken or considered, or were influenced by a person’s dominant humor. Many people believed that dreams came directly from God, angels, or demons and that they exposed a person’s character as virtuous or venal. <br />
<br />
Dreams could be divided into three categories: divine, supernatural, and natural and they were thought to foretell the future. Many were convinced that if they could unlock the meaning of dreams, they could know the future.<br />
<br />
Wilhelm Scribonius defines a dream as “an inward act of the mind” while the body is sleeping. The soul creates dreams from the spirits of the brain, and the most pleasant dreams come as morning approaches, when the spirits are most pure.<br />
<br />
William Vaughan writes about both sleep and dreams in his treatise on personal health. He warns of the dangers of sleeping at noon and observes that dreams could either be a remembrance of the past or “significants of things to come.”<br />
<br />
Thomas Cooper argues that some dreams are natural and might inform us “of the sinnes of the heart,” since what we think or do during the day returns as dreams at night. But he is most concerned with dreams that came from God—moving us toward true worship—and Satan, who puts into the brain “Divellish Dreames” hoping to turn us toward evil.<br />
<br />
In a very popular text which he revised throughout his life, Owen Felltham argues that the best use someone can make of their dreams is to gain greater self-understanding. The mind continues to work even in the depths of sleep, and dreams show us our inclinations.<br />
<br />
===Dream Interpretation===<br />
<br />
A range of early modern books offered dream interpretation, and physicians or astrologers would frequently interpret dreams for payment. Scholars such as Thomas Hill, Marc de Vulson, and Richard Saunders studied ancient dream treatises, especially ''Oneirocritica'', composed by Artemidorus about 200CE, in order to understand the symbolism of dreams. Their interpretations varied widely, and meanings were based not only on the subject matter of the dream, but also on the dreamer’s gender, social status, dominant humor, or profession, as well as the time of year or night the dream was had.<br />
<br />
Thomas Hill’s text was very popular in Renaissance England, succinctly explaining the meanings of hundreds of dreams. For example, to dream of picking green apples from a tree meant good fortune, while dreaming of drinking thinned mustard meant one would be accused of murder.<br />
<br />
Philip Goodwin’s book provides a guide for interpreting the mysterious divine and demonic visitations that a person might experience while sleeping and dreaming. He also advocates prayer before sleeping and after waking, and suggests that shorter stretches of sleep may bring better dreams.<br />
<br />
Marc de Vulson believed that dreams could be both instructional and amusing. He argues that since true events are foretold in dreams, it would be foolish to ignore them. He explains what dreams about plays and pastimes mean. For example, dreaming you see a comedy on stage foretells success; dreaming of a tragedy means “grief and affliction.”<br />
<br />
Richard Saunders believed that the same dream had different meanings depending on a person’s dominant humor and the time of year. Thus, during the third phase of Leo (mid-August), dreaming one was “stark naked in a Church” would be a bad dream for a person of sanguine humor but a good dream for a melancholic person.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
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*''John Dee''. Engraving, [London, England]: Hunt & Clarke, 1827. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256248 ART File D311 no.1 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/31lemq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Hill. ''The moste pleasaunte arte of the interpretacion of dreames, whereunto is annexed sundry problemes with apte aunsweares neare agreeing to the matter, and very rare examples, not the like the extant in the English tongue''. London: Thomas Marsh, 1576. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=168488 STC 13498] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/nkp6ll LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Philip Goodwin. ''The mystery of dreames, historically discoursed; or A treatise; wherein is clearly discovered, the secret yet certain good or evil, the inconsidered and yet assured truth or falsity, virtue or vanity, misery or mercy, of mens differing dreames''. London: A.M. for Francis Tyton, 1658. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=139001 157- 690q]<br />
*Marc de Vulson. ''The court of curiositie''. London: J[ames]. C[ottrell]. for William Crooke, 1669. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=149323 165-039q].<br />
*Richard Saunders. ''Saunders physiognomie, and chiromancie, metoposcopie, the symmetrical proportions and signal moles of the body, fully and accurately explained; with their natural-predictive significations both to men and women. being delightful and profitable: with the subject of dreams made plain: whereunto is added the art of memory''. London: H. Brugis, for Nathaniel Brook, 1671. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=132723 S755] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9222tm LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Dream Control===<br />
<br />
While some people believed dreams could be regulated through prayer or a healthy diet, others had more elaborate methods for controlling them. These included such strategies as wearing certain kinds of gemstones or imbibing potions with fanciful components such as dragon’s tongue, or rubbing one’s temples with lapwing’s blood. The desire to avoid nightmares, or “terrors of the night,”led to the circulation of these recipes in manuscript.<br />
<br />
Thomas Nichols’s lapidary, or book on gemstones, explains how specific stones can affect dreams. For example, he shares reports that wearing a ruby in an amulet or drinking ground-up rubies will drive away “terrible dreams” as well as sadness, evil thoughts, and evil spirits. It was a widely held belief that gemstones could help control dreams. Wearing a crystal or ruby around one’s neck prevented nightmares. Children were advised to wear emeralds to avoid nightmares. Wearing an amethyst caused exciting dreams and prevented drunkenness. And wearing an onyx to bed caused the wearer to dream of a departed friend.<br />
<br />
Plants, as we've seen throughout the exhibition, were used for many medicinal purposes, and controlling dreams was yet another way to use them. Nicholas Culpeper composed a directory of over three hundred plants, and it includes several that could control dreams. One entry describes polypody, a variety of fern thought to be most medicinally powerful when it grows on oak stumps or trunks. Drinking liquid distilled from its roots and leaves prevents “fearful or troublesome sleeps or dreams.”<br />
<br />
A very popular book with cures and recipes for a wide range of ailments, from how to heal ringworm to how to “make the haire fall off” was ''The secrets of Alexis''. One recipe explains how to see wild beasts in a dream; it also includes a number of recipes for inducing sleep.<br />
<br />
Various animal parts were used in recipes in much the same way as plants or gemstones. Edward Topsell's ''Historie of serpents'' is a spectacularly illustrated and hand-colored book, devoted to serpents (including [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2mr0p7 dragons]). According to Topsell, eating the wine-soaked tongue or gall of a dragon could prevent nightmares.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*Thomas Nicols. ''A lapidary: or, The history of pretious stones: with cautions for the undeceiving of all those that deal with pretious stones''. Cambridge: Printed by Thomas Buck, 1652. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=152193 154-179q].<br />
*Nicholas Culpeper. ''The English physician enlarged; with three hundred sixty and nine medicines, made of English herbs, that were not in any impression until this. Being an astrologo-physical discourse of the vulgar herbs of this nation; containing a compleat method of physick, whereby a man may preserve his body in health, or cure himself, being sick, for three pence charge, with such things only as grow in England, they being most fit for English bodies''. London, 1698. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=145821 C7512.2].<br />
*Alessio Piemontese. ''The secrets of Alexis: containing many excellent remedies against diuers diseases, wounds, and other accidents. With the maner to make distillations, parfumes, confitures, dyings, colours, fusions, and meltings. ...''. Translation by William Ward (parts 1-3) and Richard Androse (part 4) of a French version. London: William Stansby for Richard Meighen and Thomas Jones, 1615. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=158131 STC 299] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/p62ss7 Binding image on LUNA].<br />
*Edward Topsell. ''The historie of serpents''. London: William Jaggard, 1608. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169268 STC 24124 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/64l1eq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Nightmares===<br />
[[File:ART File S528K8 no.80.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Act V, Scene 3 of ''Richard III'', as the king experiences horrific nightmares. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/t50qq5 22200].]]<br />
A dream called “the Mare” was specifically described by Nicholas Culpeper “as when someone was sleeping to feel an uncommon oppression or weight about his breast or stomach, which he can be no means shake off. He groans, and sometimes cries out, though oftener he attempts to speak, but in vain.” Sleepers often believed that a demon—a succubus or an incubus—had visited them in their sleep in an attempt to breach their chastity. It was said that those of a melancholy humor often had frightening dreams of dark places, falls from high turrets, and furious beasts. Nightmares and ominous dreams are used to great dramatic effect in plays such as Shakespeare’s [[Richard III|''Richard III'']].<br />
<br />
Act I of Shakespeare’s ''Richard III'' ends with the murder of the Duke of Clarence, presaged by the dream of drowning he recounts at the start of the scene. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z2q8l Here], just as the dream is about to end, howling fiends seize the terrified Clarence to take him to hell.<br />
<br />
In the same play, Richard III has a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2ljk3m troubled sleep] on the eve of the Battle of Bosworth Field. Visited by the ghosts of those whose deaths he caused, he dreams the battle is in progress. As the last ghost leaves, he awakens with a start shouting “Give me another horse; bind up my wounds. Have mercy, Jesu!”<br />
<br />
Thomas Tryon believed that dreams of demonic visitations like Richard III's were caused by sleeping on one’s back, eating heavy suppers just before bed, and drinking spirits in excess. He suggests that nightmares could be avoided by sleeping on one’s side and eating a healthier diet.<br />
<br />
Thomas Nash argues that dreams are based on thoughts and experiences that happen over the course of the day: “A dream is nothing else but a bubbling scum or froth of the fancy, which the day hath left undigested.” As for nightmares, Nash claims they are the result of guilty feelings. For example, the dreadful sins of treason and murder would cause terrible dreams.<br />
<br />
Physician Jacques Ferrand wrote a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kq620d book] on the causes, symptoms, and cures of “Love, or Erotique Melancholy.” Ferrand describes terrifying instances of people, mostly women, who believe that they were raped by the devil in their sleep, “when as in truth they were only troubled with the Nightmare.”<br />
<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*James Neagle after Thomas Stothard. ''King Richard III, act 1, sc. 4''. Engraving, London: Geo. Kearsley, 1804. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256264 ART File S528k8 no.8 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z2q8l LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*William Sharp after John Opie. ''Richard IIID., Act 5 Scene 3, in the tent, Richard asleep, ghosts of persons he had murdered''. Engraving, London: Mr. Woodmason, 1794. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=254208 ART File S528k8 no.80 (size M)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2ljk3m LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Jacques Ferrand. ''Erotomania or A treatise discoursing of the essence, causes, symptomes, prognosticks, and cure of love, or erotique melancholy''. Oxford: L. Lichfield, 1640. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=159189 STC 10829] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kq620d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Supernatural and Divine Dreams===<br />
<br />
Martyrs in both Catholic and Protestant martyrologies, including John Foxe’s ''Actes and Monuments'', were often portrayed as having prophetic dreams. It was also believed that angels regularly visited people in their dreams, and a frequent narrative technique to give a text authenticity was to describe how the author was sleeping when visited in a dream by divine beings who encouraged the writing of their work.<br />
<br />
In 1556, Agnes Potten was sentenced to be burned for heresy, a victim of the persecutions of Protestants under Mary I. John Foxe relates in his book of martyrs that, the night before her death, she had a foretelling dream in which she “saw a bright burning fyre, ryght up as a pole, and on the syde of the fire she thought there stoode a number of Q[ueen] Maries friendes looking on.”<br />
<br />
Other penned prophetic dreams are less dire: In ''The book of the city of ladies'', Christine de Pisan, who made her living as an author prior to the printing press, writes that she was inspired by a dream to build an allegorical city honoring women. In a fifteenth-century French manuscript copy of her masterpiece, on loan from The Trustees of the Boston Public Library, Christine is depicted being pulled out of bed by the three female virtues—Reason, Rectitude, and Justice—who assist her in building her city.<br />
<br />
In his poetical work, ''The hierarchie of the blessed angels'', the playwright Thomas Heywood writes about the many properties of angels, one being their ability to enter a dream and help a good Christian find the right path in the waking life.<br />
<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*John Foxe. ''Actes and Monuments of matters most speciall and memorable''. London: Peter Short, 1596. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169331 STC 11226 copy 3] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/m1wfc8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*LOAN from [http://www.bpl.org/research/rb/index.htm Rare Books and Manuscripts Department], The Trustees of the Boston Public Library, MA. Christine, de Pisan. ''The book of the city of ladies''. France, 1405. BPL call number: Ms.f.Med.101 and [https://archive.org/details/lelivredestroisv00chri Internet Archive].<br />
*Thomas Heywood. ''The hierarchie of the blessed angells''. London: Adam Islip, 1635. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169414 STC 13327] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ykjt11 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Political Dreams===<br />
[[File:157- 844q frontispiece.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Charles I the evening before and the day of his execution. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sob66u 17997].]]<br />
Religion and politics were deeply intertwined in Renaissance England. The threats to sixteenth-century Protestants in Mary I’s reign were dramatized in “dream” scenes in plays about such politically significant characters as Princess Elizabeth (the future queen) and Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Suffolk. In the seventeenth century, the struggles between Royalists who supported Charles I and Parliamentarians were described in dreams in a series of political pamphlets.<br />
<br />
John Quarles writes in couplets about his dream of the 1649 execution of Charles I. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/857u2x images] at the beginning of his poem show Charles the night before his death dreaming of his wife and son while an angel prepares to replace the crown he lost on earth with a heavenly one. Opposite this, we see the stark reality of Charles about to be executed.<br />
<br />
In his [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ui7pkj dramatization] of the dangers experienced by the Protestant Princess Elizabeth in the reign of her Catholic half-sister Mary, Thomas Heywood includes “a dumb show” (a scene played silently) while Elizabeth sleeps. In the dumb show, angels stop the villain Winchester from killing the sleeping princess and place a Bible in her hands. Elizabeth wakes, as if from a dream, not knowing how the Bible materialized.<br />
<br />
After the execution of Charles I in 1649, his son Charles sought help in Scotland to claim the throne. According to James Douglas, the young Charles dreamt he saw a spider with a crown hanging over its head and two other crowns at the end of the thread. As the spider lowered itself down the cobweb, it fell and lost everything. Despite the dire portent of this dream, Charles II was restored as king in 1660.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*John Quarles. ''Regale lectum miseriæ: or, A kingly bed of miserie. In which is contained, a dreame: with an elegie upon the martyrdome of Charls, late King of England, of blessed memory: and another upon the Right Honourable, the Lord Capel''. London, 1649. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=147365 157-844q] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/opi363 LUNA Digital Image]<br />
*Thomas Heywood. ''If you know not me, you know no bodie: or, The troubles of Queene Elizabeth''. London, 1605. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=161231 STC 13328]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ui7pkj title page].<br />
<br />
===Arise for It Is Day===<br />
<br />
From rinsing out one’s mouth to throwing open the windows to air out a stuffy bedchamber, rituals for waking were as common as rituals for going to sleep, and a new day was often welcomed with prayer. The renewal inherent in the daily cycle seemed an inspiration for many: the printer John Day took as his [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/60g3ha printer’s device] a sunrise scene and the phrase “Arise for It Is Day” (punning off of his own name), while many authors celebrated the new day with carpe diem verses and morning songs, or ''aubades''.<br />
<br />
“Get up, get up for shame” begins Robert Herrick’s famous “carpe diem” (seize the day) poem, as the speaker tries to rouse his “sweet-Slug-a-bed.” While Corinna stays in bed, youths rejoice in May Day revelry, exchanging flirtatious glances, playing kissing games, and rolling in the grass until plain gowns become green.<br />
<br />
Thomas Tryon, who had prescriptions for how to sleep, also wrote on waking and health, and was particularly concerned with preventing the “generation of bugs”—a common household problem. Tryon advises that “there is nothing better…than every Morning when you rise to set open your Windows, and lay open your Bed-cloaths.” He believed this would release “the gross humid Steams” from the bed and would prevent fleas and other bugs from breeding.<br />
<br />
John Evans, the compiler of a literary commonplace book, devotes a column to the topic “Awake,” “Awaked,” and “Awaking.” He provides quotations from eight different sources, including two Shakespeare plays ([[Henry IV, Part 2|''Henry IV, pt. 2'']] and [[Julius Caesar|''Julius Caesar'']]). Two extracts are from Francis Quarles’ ''Emblems'' and three extracts are from a song in Cosmo Manuche’s ''The Bastard'', a play published in 1652.<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*William Tyndale. ''The whole workes of W. Tyndall, John Frith, and Doct. Barnes, three worthy martyrs, and principall teachers of this Churche of England, collected and compiled in one tome togither, beyng before scattered, and now in print here exhibited to the Church''. London: John Day, 1573. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=167157 STC 24436 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/hagxt2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Robert Herrick. ''Hesperides: or, The vvorks both humane & divine of Robert Herrick Esq''. London, 1648. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=153584 H1596] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/el084g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*John Evans. ''Hesperides, or, The Muses garden''. Manuscript, ca. 1655-1659. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=221182 V.b.93] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/s903z1 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Additional items exhibited===<br />
<br />
*''Hortus sanitatis''. London, 1536. Call number: QH41 H48 1536 Cage and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/tud090 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Replica early 17th-century man's night shirt. Linen with blackwork embroidery. By Emma Lehman, 2008, based on an original in the Fashion Museum, Bath.<br />
*''The New Testament of ovr Lord Iesvs Christ. Translated out of the Greeke by Theod. Beza, and Englished by L. Tomson''. Bound with: ''The whole booke of Psalmes: collected into English meeter by T. Sternhold, I. Hopkins, W. Whittingham, and others, conferred with the Hebrew, with apt notes to sing them withall. Newly set foorth, and allowed to be sung in all churches, of all the people together, before and after morning and euening prayer, as also before and after sermons. Moreouer in priuate houses, for their godly solace and comfort, laying apart all vngodly songs and ballads, which tend onely to the nourishing of vice, and corrupting of youth''. London: Robert Barker, ca. 1610. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170019 STC 2907] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8hr271 LUNA Digital Image] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/1vmjuw Binding image on LUNA].<br />
*Richard Brathwaite. ''The English gentlewoman, drawne out to the full body: expressing, what habilliments doe best attire her, what ornaments doe best adorne her, what complements doe best accomplish her''. London: B. Alsop and T. Favvcet, for Michaell Sparke, 1631. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169488 STC 3565] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sd5y05 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Rembert Dodoens. ''A niewe herball, or historie of plantes: wherein is contayned the whole discourse and perfect description of all sortes of herbs and plantes''. London: Henry Loë, 1578. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170691 STC 6984 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/x77ah5 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Walkington. ''The optick glasse of humors or The touchstone of a golden temperature, or the Philosophers stone to make a golden temper''. Oxford: W[illiam]. T[urner], 1631?. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=168005 STC 24968] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/jz1y47 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*George Gower. ''The Plimpton "Sieve" Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I.'' Oil on panel, 1579. Call number: [http://shakespeare.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=128729 ART 246171 (framed)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/00o3y8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Archie Armstrong. ''Archy’s dream''. London, 1641. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=152564 A3708] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/241m0d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Beroaldo. ''Le Tableav des Riches Inventions''. 1600. Call number: PQ4619.C9 F8 1600 Cage and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/253o9i LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
==Supplemental material==<br />
<br />
===[[To Sleep, Perchance to Dream children's exhibition|''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' children's exhibition]]===<br />
<br />
====[[:File:To Sleep Perchance to Dream FAMILY GUIDE.pdf|''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' family guide]]====<br />
<br />
====Lying In====<br />
<br />
Listen to exhibitions manager Caryn Lazzuri discuss one specific use for the bedchamber.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*John Geninges. ''The life and death of Mr. Edmund Geninges priest, crowned with martyrdome at London, the 10. day of November, in the yeare M.D.XCI''. 1614. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=159679 STC 11728 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/14l58g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
====A Counterfeit Death====<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lj2285 title page] of Walter Raleigh's ''History of the World''.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*Walter Raleigh. ''The discoverie of the large, rich, and bewtiful empire of Guiana, with a relation of the great and golden citie of Manoa (which the Spanyards call El Dorado) and the provinces of Emeria, Arromaia, Amapaia, and other countries, with their rivers, adjoyning''. London: Robert Robinson, 1596. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=163767 STC 20634 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/m7sxz7 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Walter Raleigh. ''The history of the world''. London: [William Stansby] for Walter Burre, 1614. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=166411 STC 20637] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/15194v LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
====Satan and the Sleeping Eve====<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss an [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/b7uz8b engraving] depicting Book IV of Milton's ''Paradise lost''.<br />
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<br />
<br />
*John Milton. ''Paradise lost. A poem in twelve books''. London: Miles Flesher, 1688. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=135784 M2147] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lcgja9 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Video===<br />
<br />
Scholars Garrett Sullivan and Carole Levin discuss what at Elizabethan bedchamber may have been like.<br />
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<html5media height="180" width="320">https://www.youtube.com/embed/21j7HNmpeN8</html5media><br />
<br />
Trouble falling asleep is nothing new. Exhibition curator Carole Levine talks about DIY Elizabethan remedies for insomnia.<br />
<br />
<html5media height="180" width="320">https://www.youtube.com/embed/SQdj4I5FBho</html5media><br />
<br />
[[Category: Public programs]]<br />
[[Category: Exhibitions]]<br />
[[Category: 15th century]]<br />
[[Category: 16th century]]<br />
[[Category: 17th century]]<br />
[[Category: 18th century]]<br />
[[Category: Collection]]<br />
[[Category: Manuscripts]]<br />
[[Category: Art]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=To_Sleep,_Perchance_to_Dream&diff=35831To Sleep, Perchance to Dream2021-10-13T14:56:07Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* Political Dreams */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:A3708 title page.jpg|thumb|right|290px|The title page of ''Archy's dream'', a former court jester's account. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ey1g87 22186].]]<br />
''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'', one of the [[Exhibitions at the Folger]], opened on February 19, 2009 and closed May 30, 2009. The exhibition was curated by [[Carole Levin]] and [[Garrett Sullivan]] with Steven K. Galbraith and [[Heather Wolfe]] as consultants. The exhibition [http://shop.folger.edu/store/165035%21165/To+Sleep%2C+Perchance+to+Dream catalog] can be purchased from the Folger Shop.<br />
<br />
While sleeping and dreaming are universal experiences, each culture and historical period understands them in distinctive ways. This exhibition explores the ethereal realm of sleeping and dreaming in Renaissance England, from the beliefs, rituals, and habits of sleepers to the role of dream interpreters and interpretations in public and private life. <br />
<br />
The habits and attitudes of both royalty and commoners toward sleep and dreams provide us with a glimpse into a world that has strong connections with, and striking differences from, our own. Sufferers of insomnia and nightmares attempted to cure themselves with a variety of remedies—from herbal concoctions to magic. They adhered to specific rituals for going to bed and held beliefs about when it was or was not appropriate to sleep.<br />
<br />
Through a variety of printed, handwritten, and visual materials, including literary texts by Shakespeare, Milton, and others, ''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' explores the vibrancy of early modern views of sleeping and dreaming. Nightclothes, gemstones, recipes and ingredients for curing nightmares and inducing sleep, and records of dreams about or by historical figures, provide a vivid glimpse of the various ways in which the Renaissance English prepared for sleep and sought to control and understand their dreams.<br />
<br />
==Contents of the exhibition==<br />
<br />
===Preparing for Sleep===<br />
<br />
Medical writers understood sleep to be crucial to the maintenance of physical well-being, and offered specific instructions for a range of bedtime matters, such as identifying the best place to sleep, choosing a bed least likely to attract vermin, and selecting the most appropriate night clothes. Preparing for sleep was also a spiritual matter. Because of the widely held fear that one might die while asleep, saying one’s prayers was an important nightly ritual.<br />
<br />
Several texts give insight into how people prepared for sleep in Renaissance England. Church of England clergyman Richard Day’s text, ''A booke of Christian prayers'', offers both a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/rx1fp7 bedtime prayer] as well as images of [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/f0n2mi sleepers sharing a bed]. Primarily for reasons of economy and warmth, bed-sharing was a common practice in early modern households and in university settings.<br />
<br />
Thomas Tryon’s ''A treatise of cleanness in meats and drinks, of the preparation of food, the excellency of good airs, and the benefits of clean sweet beds'' offers a wealth of sleep-related advice, which he summarizes as follows: “Therefore moderate Clothing, hard Beds, Houses that stand so as that the pleasant Briezes of Wind may air and refresh them, and also Houses that are full of Windows, are to be preferr’d.” He also notes that featherbeds breed vermin (a common problem in early modern beds) and are to be avoided.<br />
<br />
Finally, Thomas Cogan's ''The haven of health'' covers topics such as the “most fit” place in which to sleep, the best way to make the bed, and the appropriate posture for sleeping. Cogan also notes that “he that sleepeth with his mouth close[d] hath commonly an ill breath and foule teeth.”<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*Richard Day. ''A booke of Christian prayers, collected out of the auncient writers, and best learned in our tyme, worthy to be read with an earnest mynde of all Christians, in these daungerous and troublesome dayes, that God for Christes sake will yet still be mercyfull unto us''. London: John Day, 1578. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169150 STC 6429] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/26122y LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Tryon. ''A treatise of cleanness in meats and drinks, of the preparation of food, the excellency of good airs, and the benefits of clean sweet beds''. London, 1682. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=151430 T3196].<br />
*Thomas Cogan. ''The hauen of health: chiefely gathered for the comfort of students, and consequently of all those that have a care of their health, amplified upon five words of Hippocrates, written Epid. 6 Labor, cibus, potio, somnus, Venus''. London: Henrie Midleton, for William Norton, 1584. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=160716 STC 5478] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/zx755i LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===When We Sleep===<br />
[[File:V.a.311 24r.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Thomas Fella's 'F' in his alphabet of moral advice. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/53zun2 23585].]]<br />
Night-time slumber was divided into “first” and “second” sleeps, separated by a period of wakeful activity. How many hours one should sleep was dictated by one’s humoral “complexion”—that is, the balance in the body of the four humors (blood, phlegm, choler or bile, and melancholy or black bile). Sleep was associated with cold and moisture, and therefore with phlegm, a cold, wet humor. Napping during the day was discouraged, as it was believed to cause, in the words of Thomas Cogan, “great domage & hurt of body.” And sleeping too much was both a physical and spiritual transgression.<br />
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Sleep was thought to be associated with the humors, which were closely related to a person's temperament. Both sloth and forgetfulness were moral vices associated with sleeping too long or at the wrong time of day.<br />
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Thomas Fella's heavily-illustrated miscellany includes an “alphabet” of moral advice. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/w5f6ax letter F] is devoted to sleep—particularly the fitful sleep of the rich as compared to the sweet sleep of “a laboring man.”<br />
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And Scipion Du Plesis' ''The Resolver'', a translation of the French ''Curiosité naturelle'', poses and answers a question about the relative strength of “first sleep” that foregrounds the importance of digestion— namely that it produces fumes that ascend to the brain, and provokes sleep by “stop[ping] the conduits of the Senses.”<br />
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*Thomas Fella. ''A booke of diveirs devises and sortes of pictures, with the alphabete of letters, deuised and drawne with the pen''. Manuscript, ca. 1585-1622. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=243917 V.a.311] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/53zun2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Scipion Dupleix. ''The resoluer; or Curiosities of nature written in French by Scipio Du Plesis counseller and historiographer to the French King. Vsefull & pleasant for all''. London: N. & I. Okes, [1635]. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=163893 STC 7362].<br />
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===What is Sleep? From the Medical to the Metaphorical===<br />
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In ''The Anatomy of Melancholy'', Robert Burton defined sleep as a “binding” of the senses. This “binding” was routinely described as the product of digestion, thought to be sleep’s primary cause. Medical writers asserted that fumes produced during digestion ascended from the stomach to the brain, where they impeded the passage of the “animal spirits” responsible for rational and sensory activity. At the same time, sleep had non-medical significance, lending itself to a variety of literary and allegorical interpretations.<br />
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Sleep was represented in a variety of literature of the day. Samuel Daniel’s influential sonnet sequence, ''Delia'', features a poem addressed to “Care-charmer sleepe,” the most famous example of a sub-genre of poetry devoted to sleep. Other Elizabethans who wrote on this topic include Sir Philip Sidney and William Shakespeare.<br />
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Richard Braithwaite, an Oxford-educated poet and satirist, wrote a compendium of stories and aphorisms with a range of moralizing functions, from teaching moderation to scrutinizing fashion, but it takes its title—''Art Asleep Husband? A boulster lecture''—from the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8m12o7 figure of a scolding wife] “lecturing” her husband while he pretends to sleep.<br />
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Medical writers, like Somerset physician Tobias Venner, also had something to say about the benefits and detriments of certain sleep. Venner argues for the benefits of sleeping with one’s mouth open. He also stresses sleep’s link to “concoction,” or digestion, which he deems “the root of life.”<br />
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*Richard Brathwaite. ''Ar’t asleepe husband?'' London: R. Bishop, for R[ichard]. B[est]., 1640. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=161261 STC 3555] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8j34q2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===To Make One Sleep===<br />
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Judging from the large number of surviving manuscript recipes (or “receipts”) for insomnia, sleep disorders were as great a problem in early modern England as they are today. The ingredients in these recipes range from the unsurprising (poppies) to the somewhat puzzling (lettuce). However, the effectiveness of some ingredients lies in the perceived connection between physiology and the properties of the substance itself: lettuce, like sleep, was thought of as cold and wet, which is why it was believed to provoke sleep in the sleepless.<br />
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Mary Granville and her daughter Anne (Granville) Dewes include a recipe against insomnia in their receipt book—"To make one sleepe." The afflicted person is advised to wet two linen cloths with a mixture of strained ivy leaves and white wine vinegar, and then apply the cloths to the forehead and temples.<br />
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Another miscellany includes a recipe for “A Dormant Drink” designed to induce continuous sleep for two full days. For some reason, all of the ingredients’ names are written backwards (“yppop” for poppy, “ecittel” for lettice).<br />
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Mrs. Corlyon's receipt book contains the three following recipes: the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z369w6 first] produces a “liquor” comprised of ingredients such as rose water, “Woemans milke,” and wine vinegar, to be applied to the forehead and temples. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/19xo5r second recipe] is a drink made primarily of “White lettice seede” and sugar, to be followed by “a draft of posset ale” (milk curdled with ale). The third recipe consists of a warm drink of white poppy seed powder and posset ale made with violets, strawberry leaves, and “singfoyle” (cinquefoil).<br />
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*Grenville Family. [[Cookery and medicinal recipes of the Granville family, ca. 1640 – ca. 1750 V.a.430|''Cookery and medicinal recipes of the Granville family'']]. Manuscript, ca. 1640 – ca. 1750. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=231288 V.a.430]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/11yh7x p.1].<br />
*''Historical extracts''. Manuscript, ca. 1625. [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=193388 X.d.393]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/08iabr leaf 34].<br />
*Mrs. Corlyon. ''A booke of such medicines as have been approved by the speciall practize of Mrs. Corlyon''. Manuscript, ca. 1606. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=230598 V.a.388]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z369w6 p. 18–19].<br />
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===Herbals===<br />
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Herbals provide physical descriptions of plants, with particular attention to their various medicinal virtues. Thus, they were an important resource for recipes. Recipes meant to provoke sleep might require mandrake or Indian dreamer, while those that roused the sufferer from sleep-related diseases such as lethargy might call for mustard plant.<br />
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This [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/b41nr5 fanciful illustration] is the mandrake, a plant whose root was taken to resemble the human form and which purportedly shrieked when removed from the ground. A narcotic plant, the mandrake’s effects were, in John Donne’s words, “betwixt sleep and poison.” Shakespeare references the mandrake’s soporific qualities in ''[[Othello|Othello]]'' and [[Antony and Cleopatra|''Anthony and Cleopatra'']].<br />
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The Indian Dreamer, which resembles hemp, was another plant used to cause sleep but can also “grow great dreamers according to their humours and dispositions….”<br />
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But, for those who had too much of sleep, other plant cures were available. Towards the end of an entry devoted to the mustard plant, Rembert Dodoens discusses “Lethargie or drowsie evill,” a disease in which people “cannot waken themselves.” He advises using a paste of mustard and figs to create heat, thus removing the cold humors that cause excess sleep.<br />
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*''Ortus sanitatis: de herbis et plantis, de animalibus et reptilibus, de auibus et volatilibus, de piscibus et natatilibus, de lapidibus et in terre venis nascentibus, de vrinis et ea rum speciebus, tabula medicinalis cum directorio generali per omnes tractatus''. Strasbourg: Johann Prüss, not after Oct. 21, 1497. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=95984 INC H417 Copy 1 Massey] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/68b7nj LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Richard Haydock: The Sleeping Preacher===<br />
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In 1605, a medical doctor named Richard Haydock attracted the attention of James I because of his ability to deliver brilliant sermons while in a deep sleep. Haydock had a passion for preaching, but ended up studying medicine instead because of a debilitating stutter. After inviting Haydock to court to hear the sleeping sermons himself, James I exposed Haydock as a fraud. However, because his sermons had been so pro-monarchy, his only punishment was publicly confessing his deceit. The prefatory material to Haydock’s [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/cej765 treatise on dreams], ''Oneirologia'', served as his confession.<br />
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To express his gratitude to the king for his leniency and to acknowledge his earlier deception, Haydock composed a treatise on dreams, and he [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/4si4kj dedicated his manuscript] to King James. No doubt he hoped that James would be pleased to be referred to as a son of King Solomon, known for his wisdom, and that he would be interested in a text on dreams. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/5k55u5 Chapter four] of Haydock’s work concentrates on what happens in the mind when the body is asleep. He assures his readers that when drowsy vapors take over common sense, fantasy must be freed or there will be no dreams. The manuscript was never published, and the copy at the Folger is the only copy known to exist.<br />
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The story of King James unmasking Haydock’s fraud was a popular one that appeared in many seventeenth-century histories, including Sir Richard Baker’s ''A Chronicle of the Kings of England''. It was not only an interesting story in itself, but it also allowed historians to praise the king for his “admirable sagacity in discovering of Fictions.”<br />
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On this [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/286p8o frontispiece], Richard Haydock (an artist as well as a preacher) has engraved a portrait of himself.<br />
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*Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo. ''A tracte containing the artes of curious paintinge carvinge & buildinge written first in Italian by Io: Paul Lomatius painter of Milan and Englished by R.H. student in physik''. Oxford: Joseph Barnes for R[ichard] H[aydock], 1598. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=164109 STC 16698 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/286p8o LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Richard Haydock. ''Oneirologia, or, A briefe discourse of the nature of dreames''. Manuscript, 1605. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=270907 J.a.1 (5)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/32gch3 LUNA Digital Image]<br />
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===James I===<br />
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[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/94qsi7 James I] was fascinated by strange phenomena and supernatural events. He wrote a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/j55g5o treatise on witchcraft], but later became more interested in exposing fraudulent supernatural events, such as the sermons of Richard Haydock, “the sleeping preacher.” James I’s writings on dreams reveal a deep skepticism of their significance. In 1622, however, he felt quite differently when he had a dream that foretold his own death.<br />
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King James’s treatise on witchcraft, ''Daemonologie'', includes a section on nightmares. Although he strongly believed in the power and danger of witches, he was far more skeptical about dreams. In this treatise, James claims that nightmares result from natural causes rather than from demons, or succubi.<br />
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King James also wrote the ''Basilikon Doron'' as an educational guide for his son Henry, Prince of Wales. In a section on sleep, he advises Henry to “take no heede to any of your dreames,” because prophecies and visions no longer occur. James believed those ceased with the coming of Christ.<br />
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Arthur Wilson's ''The history of Great Britain'' includes the story of James I and Richard Haydock, the “Sleeping Preacher,” as the prime example of “brutish imposters” exposed by the king’s reason. Wilson also shared James’ belief that dreams are not supernatural, stating in the preface that he is “not like one in a Dream, who starts at the horror of the Object which his own imagination creates.”<br />
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*James I. ''Daemonologie, in forme of a dialogue''. Edinburgh: Robert Walde-graue, 1597. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=162293 STC 14364] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9ln3cq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*James I. ''The workes of the most high and mightie prince, James by the grace of God King of Great Britaine, France and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c''. London: Robert Barker and John Bill, 1616. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169364 STC 14344 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/77b94d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Definitions of Dreams===<br />
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Beliefs about dreams were wide-ranging: while some people believed dreams were simply the fragments of the day retold or the result of food or drink partaken, others thought dreams were an expression of guilt over an action taken or considered, or were influenced by a person’s dominant humor. Many people believed that dreams came directly from God, angels, or demons and that they exposed a person’s character as virtuous or venal. <br />
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Dreams could be divided into three categories: divine, supernatural, and natural and they were thought to foretell the future. Many were convinced that if they could unlock the meaning of dreams, they could know the future.<br />
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Wilhelm Scribonius defines a dream as “an inward act of the mind” while the body is sleeping. The soul creates dreams from the spirits of the brain, and the most pleasant dreams come as morning approaches, when the spirits are most pure.<br />
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William Vaughan writes about both sleep and dreams in his treatise on personal health. He warns of the dangers of sleeping at noon and observes that dreams could either be a remembrance of the past or “significants of things to come.”<br />
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Thomas Cooper argues that some dreams are natural and might inform us “of the sinnes of the heart,” since what we think or do during the day returns as dreams at night. But he is most concerned with dreams that came from God—moving us toward true worship—and Satan, who puts into the brain “Divellish Dreames” hoping to turn us toward evil.<br />
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In a very popular text which he revised throughout his life, Owen Felltham argues that the best use someone can make of their dreams is to gain greater self-understanding. The mind continues to work even in the depths of sleep, and dreams show us our inclinations.<br />
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===Dream Interpretation===<br />
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A range of early modern books offered dream interpretation, and physicians or astrologers would frequently interpret dreams for payment. Scholars such as Thomas Hill, Marc de Vulson, and Richard Saunders studied ancient dream treatises, especially ''Oneirocritica'', composed by Artemidorus about 200CE, in order to understand the symbolism of dreams. Their interpretations varied widely, and meanings were based not only on the subject matter of the dream, but also on the dreamer’s gender, social status, dominant humor, or profession, as well as the time of year or night the dream was had.<br />
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Thomas Hill’s text was very popular in Renaissance England, succinctly explaining the meanings of hundreds of dreams. For example, to dream of picking green apples from a tree meant good fortune, while dreaming of drinking thinned mustard meant one would be accused of murder.<br />
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Philip Goodwin’s book provides a guide for interpreting the mysterious divine and demonic visitations that a person might experience while sleeping and dreaming. He also advocates prayer before sleeping and after waking, and suggests that shorter stretches of sleep may bring better dreams.<br />
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Marc de Vulson believed that dreams could be both instructional and amusing. He argues that since true events are foretold in dreams, it would be foolish to ignore them. He explains what dreams about plays and pastimes mean. For example, dreaming you see a comedy on stage foretells success; dreaming of a tragedy means “grief and affliction.”<br />
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Richard Saunders believed that the same dream had different meanings depending on a person’s dominant humor and the time of year. Thus, during the third phase of Leo (mid-August), dreaming one was “stark naked in a Church” would be a bad dream for a person of sanguine humor but a good dream for a melancholic person.<br />
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*''John Dee''. Engraving, [London, England]: Hunt & Clarke, 1827. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256248 ART File D311 no.1 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/31lemq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Hill. ''The moste pleasaunte arte of the interpretacion of dreames, whereunto is annexed sundry problemes with apte aunsweares neare agreeing to the matter, and very rare examples, not the like the extant in the English tongue''. London: Thomas Marsh, 1576. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=168488 STC 13498] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/nkp6ll LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Philip Goodwin. ''The mystery of dreames, historically discoursed; or A treatise; wherein is clearly discovered, the secret yet certain good or evil, the inconsidered and yet assured truth or falsity, virtue or vanity, misery or mercy, of mens differing dreames''. London: A.M. for Francis Tyton, 1658. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=139001 157- 690q]<br />
*Marc de Vulson. ''The court of curiositie''. London: J[ames]. C[ottrell]. for William Crooke, 1669. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=149323 165-039q].<br />
*Richard Saunders. ''Saunders physiognomie, and chiromancie, metoposcopie, the symmetrical proportions and signal moles of the body, fully and accurately explained; with their natural-predictive significations both to men and women. being delightful and profitable: with the subject of dreams made plain: whereunto is added the art of memory''. London: H. Brugis, for Nathaniel Brook, 1671. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=132723 S755] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9222tm LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Dream Control===<br />
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While some people believed dreams could be regulated through prayer or a healthy diet, others had more elaborate methods for controlling them. These included such strategies as wearing certain kinds of gemstones or imbibing potions with fanciful components such as dragon’s tongue, or rubbing one’s temples with lapwing’s blood. The desire to avoid nightmares, or “terrors of the night,”led to the circulation of these recipes in manuscript.<br />
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Thomas Nichols’s lapidary, or book on gemstones, explains how specific stones can affect dreams. For example, he shares reports that wearing a ruby in an amulet or drinking ground-up rubies will drive away “terrible dreams” as well as sadness, evil thoughts, and evil spirits. It was a widely held belief that gemstones could help control dreams. Wearing a crystal or ruby around one’s neck prevented nightmares. Children were advised to wear emeralds to avoid nightmares. Wearing an amethyst caused exciting dreams and prevented drunkenness. And wearing an onyx to bed caused the wearer to dream of a departed friend.<br />
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Plants, as we've seen throughout the exhibition, were used for many medicinal purposes, and controlling dreams was yet another way to use them. Nicholas Culpeper composed a directory of over three hundred plants, and it includes several that could control dreams. One entry describes polypody, a variety of fern thought to be most medicinally powerful when it grows on oak stumps or trunks. Drinking liquid distilled from its roots and leaves prevents “fearful or troublesome sleeps or dreams.”<br />
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A very popular book with cures and recipes for a wide range of ailments, from how to heal ringworm to how to “make the haire fall off” was ''The secrets of Alexis''. One recipe explains how to see wild beasts in a dream; it also includes a number of recipes for inducing sleep.<br />
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Various animal parts were used in recipes in much the same way as plants or gemstones. Edward Topsell's ''Historie of serpents'' is a spectacularly illustrated and hand-colored book, devoted to serpents (including [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2mr0p7 dragons]). According to Topsell, eating the wine-soaked tongue or gall of a dragon could prevent nightmares.<br />
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*Thomas Nicols. ''A lapidary: or, The history of pretious stones: with cautions for the undeceiving of all those that deal with pretious stones''. Cambridge: Printed by Thomas Buck, 1652. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=152193 154-179q].<br />
*Nicholas Culpeper. ''The English physician enlarged; with three hundred sixty and nine medicines, made of English herbs, that were not in any impression until this. Being an astrologo-physical discourse of the vulgar herbs of this nation; containing a compleat method of physick, whereby a man may preserve his body in health, or cure himself, being sick, for three pence charge, with such things only as grow in England, they being most fit for English bodies''. London, 1698. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=145821 C7512.2].<br />
*Alessio Piemontese. ''The secrets of Alexis: containing many excellent remedies against diuers diseases, wounds, and other accidents. With the maner to make distillations, parfumes, confitures, dyings, colours, fusions, and meltings. ...''. Translation by William Ward (parts 1-3) and Richard Androse (part 4) of a French version. London: William Stansby for Richard Meighen and Thomas Jones, 1615. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=158131 STC 299] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/p62ss7 Binding image on LUNA].<br />
*Edward Topsell. ''The historie of serpents''. London: William Jaggard, 1608. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169268 STC 24124 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/64l1eq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Nightmares===<br />
[[File:ART File S528K8 no.80.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Act V, Scene 3 of ''Richard III'', as the king experiences horrific nightmares. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/t50qq5 22200].]]<br />
A dream called “the Mare” was specifically described by Nicholas Culpeper “as when someone was sleeping to feel an uncommon oppression or weight about his breast or stomach, which he can be no means shake off. He groans, and sometimes cries out, though oftener he attempts to speak, but in vain.” Sleepers often believed that a demon—a succubus or an incubus—had visited them in their sleep in an attempt to breach their chastity. It was said that those of a melancholy humor often had frightening dreams of dark places, falls from high turrets, and furious beasts. Nightmares and ominous dreams are used to great dramatic effect in plays such as Shakespeare’s [[Richard III|''Richard III'']].<br />
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Act I of Shakespeare’s ''Richard III'' ends with the murder of the Duke of Clarence, presaged by the dream of drowning he recounts at the start of the scene. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z2q8l Here], just as the dream is about to end, howling fiends seize the terrified Clarence to take him to hell.<br />
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In the same play, Richard III has a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2ljk3m troubled sleep] on the eve of the Battle of Bosworth Field. Visited by the ghosts of those whose deaths he caused, he dreams the battle is in progress. As the last ghost leaves, he awakens with a start shouting “Give me another horse; bind up my wounds. Have mercy, Jesu!”<br />
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Thomas Tryon believed that dreams of demonic visitations like Richard III's were caused by sleeping on one’s back, eating heavy suppers just before bed, and drinking spirits in excess. He suggests that nightmares could be avoided by sleeping on one’s side and eating a healthier diet.<br />
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Thomas Nash argues that dreams are based on thoughts and experiences that happen over the course of the day: “A dream is nothing else but a bubbling scum or froth of the fancy, which the day hath left undigested.” As for nightmares, Nash claims they are the result of guilty feelings. For example, the dreadful sins of treason and murder would cause terrible dreams.<br />
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Physician Jacques Ferrand wrote a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kq620d book] on the causes, symptoms, and cures of “Love, or Erotique Melancholy.” Ferrand describes terrifying instances of people, mostly women, who believe that they were raped by the devil in their sleep, “when as in truth they were only troubled with the Nightmare.”<br />
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*James Neagle after Thomas Stothard. ''King Richard III, act 1, sc. 4''. Engraving, London: Geo. Kearsley, 1804. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256264 ART File S528k8 no.8 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z2q8l LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*William Sharp after John Opie. ''Richard IIID., Act 5 Scene 3, in the tent, Richard asleep, ghosts of persons he had murdered''. Engraving, London: Mr. Woodmason, 1794. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=254208 ART File S528k8 no.80 (size M)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2ljk3m LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Jacques Ferrand. ''Erotomania or A treatise discoursing of the essence, causes, symptomes, prognosticks, and cure of love, or erotique melancholy''. Oxford: L. Lichfield, 1640. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=159189 STC 10829] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kq620d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Supernatural and Divine Dreams===<br />
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Martyrs in both Catholic and Protestant martyrologies, including John Foxe’s ''Actes and Monuments'', were often portrayed as having prophetic dreams. It was also believed that angels regularly visited people in their dreams, and a frequent narrative technique to give a text authenticity was to describe how the author was sleeping when visited in a dream by divine beings who encouraged the writing of their work.<br />
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In 1556, Agnes Potten was sentenced to be burned for heresy, a victim of the persecutions of Protestants under Mary I. John Foxe relates in his book of martyrs that, the night before her death, she had a foretelling dream in which she “saw a bright burning fyre, ryght up as a pole, and on the syde of the fire she thought there stoode a number of Q[ueen] Maries friendes looking on.”<br />
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Other penned prophetic dreams are less dire: In ''The book of the city of ladies'', Christine de Pisan, who made her living as an author prior to the printing press, writes that she was inspired by a dream to build an allegorical city honoring women. In a fifteenth-century French manuscript copy of her masterpiece, on loan from The Trustees of the Boston Public Library, Christine is depicted being pulled out of bed by the three female virtues—Reason, Rectitude, and Justice—who assist her in building her city.<br />
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In his poetical work, ''The hierarchie of the blessed angels'', the playwright Thomas Heywood writes about the many properties of angels, one being their ability to enter a dream and help a good Christian find the right path in the waking life.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*John Foxe. ''Actes and Monuments of matters most speciall and memorable''. London: Peter Short, 1596. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169331 STC 11226 copy 3] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/m1wfc8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*LOAN from [http://www.bpl.org/research/rb/index.htm Rare Books and Manuscripts Department], The Trustees of the Boston Public Library, MA. Christine, de Pisan. ''The book of the city of ladies''. France, 1405. BPL call number: Ms.f.Med.101 and [https://archive.org/details/lelivredestroisv00chri Internet Archive].<br />
*Thomas Heywood. ''The hierarchie of the blessed angells''. London: Adam Islip, 1635. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169414 STC 13327] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ykjt11 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Political Dreams===<br />
[[File:157- 844q frontispiece.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Charles I the evening before and the day of his execution. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sob66u 17997].]]<br />
Religion and politics were deeply intertwined in Renaissance England. The threats to sixteenth-century Protestants in Mary I’s reign were dramatized in “dream” scenes in plays about such politically significant characters as Princess Elizabeth (the future queen) and Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Suffolk. In the seventeenth century, the struggles between Royalists who supported Charles I and Parliamentarians were described in dreams in a series of political pamphlets.<br />
<br />
John Quarles writes in couplets about his dream of the 1649 execution of Charles I. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/857u2x images] at the beginning of his poem show Charles the night before his death dreaming of his wife and son while an angel prepares to replace the crown he lost on earth with a heavenly one. Opposite this, we see the stark reality of Charles about to be executed.<br />
<br />
In his [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ui7pkj dramatization] of the dangers experienced by the Protestant Princess Elizabeth in the reign of her Catholic half-sister Mary, Thomas Heywood includes “a dumb show” (a scene played silently) while Elizabeth sleeps. In the dumb show, angels stop the villain Winchester from killing the sleeping princess and place a Bible in her hands. Elizabeth wakes, as if from a dream, not knowing how the Bible materialized.<br />
<br />
After the execution of Charles I in 1649, his son Charles sought help in Scotland to claim the throne. According to James Douglas, the young Charles dreamt he saw a spider with a crown hanging over its head and two other crowns at the end of the thread. As the spider lowered itself down the cobweb, it fell and lost everything. Despite the dire portent of this dream, Charles II was restored as king in 1660.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*John Quarles. ''Regale lectum miseriæ: or, A kingly bed of miserie. In which is contained, a dreame: with an elegie upon the martyrdome of Charls, late King of England, of blessed memory: and another upon the Right Honourable, the Lord Capel''. London, 1649. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=147365 157-844q] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/opi363 LUNA Digital Image]<br />
*Thomas Heywood. ''If you know not me, you know no bodie: or, The troubles of Queene Elizabeth''. London, 1605. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=161231 STC 13328]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ui7pkj title page].<br />
<br />
===Arise for It Is Day===<br />
<br />
From rinsing out one’s mouth to throwing open the windows to air out a stuffy bedchamber, rituals for waking were as common as rituals for going to sleep, and a new day was often welcomed with prayer. The renewal inherent in the daily cycle seemed an inspiration for many: the printer John Day took as his [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/60g3ha printer’s device] a sunrise scene and the phrase “Arise for It Is Day” (punning off of his own name), while many authors celebrated the new day with carpe diem verses and morning songs, or ''aubades''.<br />
<br />
“Get up, get up for shame” begins Robert Herrick’s famous “carpe diem” (seize the day) poem, as the speaker tries to rouse his “sweet-Slug-a-bed.” While Corinna stays in bed, youths rejoice in May Day revelry, exchanging flirtatious glances, playing kissing games, and rolling in the grass until plain gowns become green.<br />
<br />
Thomas Tryon, who had prescriptions for how to sleep, also wrote on waking and health, and was particularly concerned with preventing the “generation of bugs”—a common household problem. Tryon advises that “there is nothing better…than every Morning when you rise to set open your Windows, and lay open your Bed-cloaths.” He believed this would release “the gross humid Steams” from the bed and would prevent fleas and other bugs from breeding.<br />
<br />
John Evans, the compiler of a literary commonplace book, devotes a column to the topic “Awake,” “Awaked,” and “Awaking.” He provides quotations from eight different sources, including two Shakespeare plays ([[Henry IV, Part 2|''Henry IV, pt. 2'']] and [[Julius Caesar|''Julius Caesar'']]). Two extracts are from Francis Quarles’ ''Emblems'' and three extracts are from a song in Cosmo Manuche’s ''The Bastard'', a play published in 1652.<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*William Tyndale. ''The whole workes of W. Tyndall, John Frith, and Doct. Barnes, three worthy martyrs, and principall teachers of this Churche of England, collected and compiled in one tome togither, beyng before scattered, and now in print here exhibited to the Church''. London: John Day, 1573. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=167157 STC 24436 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/hagxt2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Robert Herrick. ''Hesperides: or, The vvorks both humane & divine of Robert Herrick Esq''. London, 1648. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=153584 H1596] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/el084g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*John Evans. ''Hesperides, or, The Muses garden''. Manuscript, ca. 1655-1659. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=221182 V.b.93] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/s903z1 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Additional items exhibited===<br />
<br />
*''Hortus sanitatis''. London, 1536. Call number: QH41 H48 1536 Cage and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/tud090 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Replica early 17th-century man's night shirt. Linen with blackwork embroidery. By Emma Lehman, 2008, based on an original in the Fashion Museum, Bath.<br />
*''The New Testament of ovr Lord Iesvs Christ. Translated out of the Greeke by Theod. Beza, and Englished by L. Tomson''. Bound with: ''The whole booke of Psalmes: collected into English meeter by T. Sternhold, I. Hopkins, W. Whittingham, and others, conferred with the Hebrew, with apt notes to sing them withall. Newly set foorth, and allowed to be sung in all churches, of all the people together, before and after morning and euening prayer, as also before and after sermons. Moreouer in priuate houses, for their godly solace and comfort, laying apart all vngodly songs and ballads, which tend onely to the nourishing of vice, and corrupting of youth''. London: Robert Barker, ca. 1610. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170019 STC 2907] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8hr271 LUNA Digital Image] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/1vmjuw Binding image on LUNA].<br />
*Richard Brathwaite. ''The English gentlewoman, drawne out to the full body: expressing, what habilliments doe best attire her, what ornaments doe best adorne her, what complements doe best accomplish her''. London: B. Alsop and T. Favvcet, for Michaell Sparke, 1631. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169488 STC 3565] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sd5y05 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Rembert Dodoens. ''A niewe herball, or historie of plantes: wherein is contayned the whole discourse and perfect description of all sortes of herbs and plantes''. London: Henry Loë, 1578. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170691 STC 6984 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/x77ah5 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Walkington. ''The optick glasse of humors or The touchstone of a golden temperature, or the Philosophers stone to make a golden temper''. Oxford: W[illiam]. T[urner], 1631?. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=168005 STC 24968] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/jz1y47 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*George Gower. ''The Plimpton "Sieve" Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I.'' Oil on panel, 1579. Call number: [http://shakespeare.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=128729 ART 246171 (framed)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/00o3y8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Archie Armstrong. ''Archy’s dream''. London, 1641. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=152564 A3708] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/241m0d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Beroaldo. ''Le Tableav des Riches Inventions''. 1600. Call number: PQ4619.C9 F8 1600 Cage and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/253o9i LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
==Supplemental material==<br />
<br />
===[[To Sleep, Perchance to Dream children's exhibition|''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' children's exhibition]]===<br />
<br />
====[[:File:To Sleep Perchance to Dream FAMILY GUIDE.pdf|''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' family guide]]====<br />
<br />
===Audio Tour===<br />
<br />
Explore ''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' through this [http://old.folger.edu/Content/Whats-On/Folger-Exhibitions/Past-Exhibitions/To-Sleep-Perchance-to-Dream/To-Sleep-Audio-Tour.cfm Audio Tour].<br />
<br />
====Lying In====<br />
<br />
Listen to exhibitions manager Caryn Lazzuri discuss one specific use for the bedchamber.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*John Geninges. ''The life and death of Mr. Edmund Geninges priest, crowned with martyrdome at London, the 10. day of November, in the yeare M.D.XCI''. 1614. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=159679 STC 11728 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/14l58g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
====A Counterfeit Death====<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lj2285 title page] of Walter Raleigh's ''History of the World''.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*Walter Raleigh. ''The discoverie of the large, rich, and bewtiful empire of Guiana, with a relation of the great and golden citie of Manoa (which the Spanyards call El Dorado) and the provinces of Emeria, Arromaia, Amapaia, and other countries, with their rivers, adjoyning''. London: Robert Robinson, 1596. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=163767 STC 20634 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/m7sxz7 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Walter Raleigh. ''The history of the world''. London: [William Stansby] for Walter Burre, 1614. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=166411 STC 20637] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/15194v LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
====Satan and the Sleeping Eve====<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss an [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/b7uz8b engraving] depicting Book IV of Milton's ''Paradise lost''.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*John Milton. ''Paradise lost. A poem in twelve books''. London: Miles Flesher, 1688. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=135784 M2147] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lcgja9 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Video===<br />
<br />
Scholars Garrett Sullivan and Carole Levin discuss what at Elizabethan bedchamber may have been like.<br />
<br />
<html5media height="180" width="320">https://www.youtube.com/embed/21j7HNmpeN8</html5media><br />
<br />
Trouble falling asleep is nothing new. Exhibition curator Carole Levine talks about DIY Elizabethan remedies for insomnia.<br />
<br />
<html5media height="180" width="320">https://www.youtube.com/embed/SQdj4I5FBho</html5media><br />
<br />
[[Category: Public programs]]<br />
[[Category: Exhibitions]]<br />
[[Category: 15th century]]<br />
[[Category: 16th century]]<br />
[[Category: 17th century]]<br />
[[Category: 18th century]]<br />
[[Category: Collection]]<br />
[[Category: Manuscripts]]<br />
[[Category: Art]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=To_Sleep,_Perchance_to_Dream&diff=35830To Sleep, Perchance to Dream2021-10-13T14:55:54Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* Supernatural and Divine Dreams */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:A3708 title page.jpg|thumb|right|290px|The title page of ''Archy's dream'', a former court jester's account. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ey1g87 22186].]]<br />
''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'', one of the [[Exhibitions at the Folger]], opened on February 19, 2009 and closed May 30, 2009. The exhibition was curated by [[Carole Levin]] and [[Garrett Sullivan]] with Steven K. Galbraith and [[Heather Wolfe]] as consultants. The exhibition [http://shop.folger.edu/store/165035%21165/To+Sleep%2C+Perchance+to+Dream catalog] can be purchased from the Folger Shop.<br />
<br />
While sleeping and dreaming are universal experiences, each culture and historical period understands them in distinctive ways. This exhibition explores the ethereal realm of sleeping and dreaming in Renaissance England, from the beliefs, rituals, and habits of sleepers to the role of dream interpreters and interpretations in public and private life. <br />
<br />
The habits and attitudes of both royalty and commoners toward sleep and dreams provide us with a glimpse into a world that has strong connections with, and striking differences from, our own. Sufferers of insomnia and nightmares attempted to cure themselves with a variety of remedies—from herbal concoctions to magic. They adhered to specific rituals for going to bed and held beliefs about when it was or was not appropriate to sleep.<br />
<br />
Through a variety of printed, handwritten, and visual materials, including literary texts by Shakespeare, Milton, and others, ''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' explores the vibrancy of early modern views of sleeping and dreaming. Nightclothes, gemstones, recipes and ingredients for curing nightmares and inducing sleep, and records of dreams about or by historical figures, provide a vivid glimpse of the various ways in which the Renaissance English prepared for sleep and sought to control and understand their dreams.<br />
<br />
==Contents of the exhibition==<br />
<br />
===Preparing for Sleep===<br />
<br />
Medical writers understood sleep to be crucial to the maintenance of physical well-being, and offered specific instructions for a range of bedtime matters, such as identifying the best place to sleep, choosing a bed least likely to attract vermin, and selecting the most appropriate night clothes. Preparing for sleep was also a spiritual matter. Because of the widely held fear that one might die while asleep, saying one’s prayers was an important nightly ritual.<br />
<br />
Several texts give insight into how people prepared for sleep in Renaissance England. Church of England clergyman Richard Day’s text, ''A booke of Christian prayers'', offers both a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/rx1fp7 bedtime prayer] as well as images of [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/f0n2mi sleepers sharing a bed]. Primarily for reasons of economy and warmth, bed-sharing was a common practice in early modern households and in university settings.<br />
<br />
Thomas Tryon’s ''A treatise of cleanness in meats and drinks, of the preparation of food, the excellency of good airs, and the benefits of clean sweet beds'' offers a wealth of sleep-related advice, which he summarizes as follows: “Therefore moderate Clothing, hard Beds, Houses that stand so as that the pleasant Briezes of Wind may air and refresh them, and also Houses that are full of Windows, are to be preferr’d.” He also notes that featherbeds breed vermin (a common problem in early modern beds) and are to be avoided.<br />
<br />
Finally, Thomas Cogan's ''The haven of health'' covers topics such as the “most fit” place in which to sleep, the best way to make the bed, and the appropriate posture for sleeping. Cogan also notes that “he that sleepeth with his mouth close[d] hath commonly an ill breath and foule teeth.”<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*Richard Day. ''A booke of Christian prayers, collected out of the auncient writers, and best learned in our tyme, worthy to be read with an earnest mynde of all Christians, in these daungerous and troublesome dayes, that God for Christes sake will yet still be mercyfull unto us''. London: John Day, 1578. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169150 STC 6429] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/26122y LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Tryon. ''A treatise of cleanness in meats and drinks, of the preparation of food, the excellency of good airs, and the benefits of clean sweet beds''. London, 1682. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=151430 T3196].<br />
*Thomas Cogan. ''The hauen of health: chiefely gathered for the comfort of students, and consequently of all those that have a care of their health, amplified upon five words of Hippocrates, written Epid. 6 Labor, cibus, potio, somnus, Venus''. London: Henrie Midleton, for William Norton, 1584. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=160716 STC 5478] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/zx755i LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===When We Sleep===<br />
[[File:V.a.311 24r.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Thomas Fella's 'F' in his alphabet of moral advice. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/53zun2 23585].]]<br />
Night-time slumber was divided into “first” and “second” sleeps, separated by a period of wakeful activity. How many hours one should sleep was dictated by one’s humoral “complexion”—that is, the balance in the body of the four humors (blood, phlegm, choler or bile, and melancholy or black bile). Sleep was associated with cold and moisture, and therefore with phlegm, a cold, wet humor. Napping during the day was discouraged, as it was believed to cause, in the words of Thomas Cogan, “great domage & hurt of body.” And sleeping too much was both a physical and spiritual transgression.<br />
<br />
Sleep was thought to be associated with the humors, which were closely related to a person's temperament. Both sloth and forgetfulness were moral vices associated with sleeping too long or at the wrong time of day.<br />
<br />
Thomas Fella's heavily-illustrated miscellany includes an “alphabet” of moral advice. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/w5f6ax letter F] is devoted to sleep—particularly the fitful sleep of the rich as compared to the sweet sleep of “a laboring man.”<br />
<br />
And Scipion Du Plesis' ''The Resolver'', a translation of the French ''Curiosité naturelle'', poses and answers a question about the relative strength of “first sleep” that foregrounds the importance of digestion— namely that it produces fumes that ascend to the brain, and provokes sleep by “stop[ping] the conduits of the Senses.”<br />
<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*Thomas Fella. ''A booke of diveirs devises and sortes of pictures, with the alphabete of letters, deuised and drawne with the pen''. Manuscript, ca. 1585-1622. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=243917 V.a.311] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/53zun2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Scipion Dupleix. ''The resoluer; or Curiosities of nature written in French by Scipio Du Plesis counseller and historiographer to the French King. Vsefull & pleasant for all''. London: N. & I. Okes, [1635]. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=163893 STC 7362].<br />
<br />
===What is Sleep? From the Medical to the Metaphorical===<br />
<br />
In ''The Anatomy of Melancholy'', Robert Burton defined sleep as a “binding” of the senses. This “binding” was routinely described as the product of digestion, thought to be sleep’s primary cause. Medical writers asserted that fumes produced during digestion ascended from the stomach to the brain, where they impeded the passage of the “animal spirits” responsible for rational and sensory activity. At the same time, sleep had non-medical significance, lending itself to a variety of literary and allegorical interpretations.<br />
<br />
Sleep was represented in a variety of literature of the day. Samuel Daniel’s influential sonnet sequence, ''Delia'', features a poem addressed to “Care-charmer sleepe,” the most famous example of a sub-genre of poetry devoted to sleep. Other Elizabethans who wrote on this topic include Sir Philip Sidney and William Shakespeare.<br />
<br />
Richard Braithwaite, an Oxford-educated poet and satirist, wrote a compendium of stories and aphorisms with a range of moralizing functions, from teaching moderation to scrutinizing fashion, but it takes its title—''Art Asleep Husband? A boulster lecture''—from the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8m12o7 figure of a scolding wife] “lecturing” her husband while he pretends to sleep.<br />
<br />
Medical writers, like Somerset physician Tobias Venner, also had something to say about the benefits and detriments of certain sleep. Venner argues for the benefits of sleeping with one’s mouth open. He also stresses sleep’s link to “concoction,” or digestion, which he deems “the root of life.”<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*Richard Brathwaite. ''Ar’t asleepe husband?'' London: R. Bishop, for R[ichard]. B[est]., 1640. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=161261 STC 3555] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8j34q2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===To Make One Sleep===<br />
<br />
Judging from the large number of surviving manuscript recipes (or “receipts”) for insomnia, sleep disorders were as great a problem in early modern England as they are today. The ingredients in these recipes range from the unsurprising (poppies) to the somewhat puzzling (lettuce). However, the effectiveness of some ingredients lies in the perceived connection between physiology and the properties of the substance itself: lettuce, like sleep, was thought of as cold and wet, which is why it was believed to provoke sleep in the sleepless.<br />
<br />
Mary Granville and her daughter Anne (Granville) Dewes include a recipe against insomnia in their receipt book—"To make one sleepe." The afflicted person is advised to wet two linen cloths with a mixture of strained ivy leaves and white wine vinegar, and then apply the cloths to the forehead and temples.<br />
<br />
Another miscellany includes a recipe for “A Dormant Drink” designed to induce continuous sleep for two full days. For some reason, all of the ingredients’ names are written backwards (“yppop” for poppy, “ecittel” for lettice).<br />
<br />
Mrs. Corlyon's receipt book contains the three following recipes: the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z369w6 first] produces a “liquor” comprised of ingredients such as rose water, “Woemans milke,” and wine vinegar, to be applied to the forehead and temples. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/19xo5r second recipe] is a drink made primarily of “White lettice seede” and sugar, to be followed by “a draft of posset ale” (milk curdled with ale). The third recipe consists of a warm drink of white poppy seed powder and posset ale made with violets, strawberry leaves, and “singfoyle” (cinquefoil).<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*Grenville Family. [[Cookery and medicinal recipes of the Granville family, ca. 1640 – ca. 1750 V.a.430|''Cookery and medicinal recipes of the Granville family'']]. Manuscript, ca. 1640 – ca. 1750. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=231288 V.a.430]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/11yh7x p.1].<br />
*''Historical extracts''. Manuscript, ca. 1625. [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=193388 X.d.393]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/08iabr leaf 34].<br />
*Mrs. Corlyon. ''A booke of such medicines as have been approved by the speciall practize of Mrs. Corlyon''. Manuscript, ca. 1606. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=230598 V.a.388]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z369w6 p. 18–19].<br />
<br />
===Herbals===<br />
<br />
Herbals provide physical descriptions of plants, with particular attention to their various medicinal virtues. Thus, they were an important resource for recipes. Recipes meant to provoke sleep might require mandrake or Indian dreamer, while those that roused the sufferer from sleep-related diseases such as lethargy might call for mustard plant.<br />
<br />
This [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/b41nr5 fanciful illustration] is the mandrake, a plant whose root was taken to resemble the human form and which purportedly shrieked when removed from the ground. A narcotic plant, the mandrake’s effects were, in John Donne’s words, “betwixt sleep and poison.” Shakespeare references the mandrake’s soporific qualities in ''[[Othello|Othello]]'' and [[Antony and Cleopatra|''Anthony and Cleopatra'']].<br />
<br />
The Indian Dreamer, which resembles hemp, was another plant used to cause sleep but can also “grow great dreamers according to their humours and dispositions….”<br />
<br />
But, for those who had too much of sleep, other plant cures were available. Towards the end of an entry devoted to the mustard plant, Rembert Dodoens discusses “Lethargie or drowsie evill,” a disease in which people “cannot waken themselves.” He advises using a paste of mustard and figs to create heat, thus removing the cold humors that cause excess sleep.<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*''Ortus sanitatis: de herbis et plantis, de animalibus et reptilibus, de auibus et volatilibus, de piscibus et natatilibus, de lapidibus et in terre venis nascentibus, de vrinis et ea rum speciebus, tabula medicinalis cum directorio generali per omnes tractatus''. Strasbourg: Johann Prüss, not after Oct. 21, 1497. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=95984 INC H417 Copy 1 Massey] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/68b7nj LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Richard Haydock: The Sleeping Preacher===<br />
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In 1605, a medical doctor named Richard Haydock attracted the attention of James I because of his ability to deliver brilliant sermons while in a deep sleep. Haydock had a passion for preaching, but ended up studying medicine instead because of a debilitating stutter. After inviting Haydock to court to hear the sleeping sermons himself, James I exposed Haydock as a fraud. However, because his sermons had been so pro-monarchy, his only punishment was publicly confessing his deceit. The prefatory material to Haydock’s [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/cej765 treatise on dreams], ''Oneirologia'', served as his confession.<br />
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To express his gratitude to the king for his leniency and to acknowledge his earlier deception, Haydock composed a treatise on dreams, and he [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/4si4kj dedicated his manuscript] to King James. No doubt he hoped that James would be pleased to be referred to as a son of King Solomon, known for his wisdom, and that he would be interested in a text on dreams. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/5k55u5 Chapter four] of Haydock’s work concentrates on what happens in the mind when the body is asleep. He assures his readers that when drowsy vapors take over common sense, fantasy must be freed or there will be no dreams. The manuscript was never published, and the copy at the Folger is the only copy known to exist.<br />
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The story of King James unmasking Haydock’s fraud was a popular one that appeared in many seventeenth-century histories, including Sir Richard Baker’s ''A Chronicle of the Kings of England''. It was not only an interesting story in itself, but it also allowed historians to praise the king for his “admirable sagacity in discovering of Fictions.”<br />
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On this [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/286p8o frontispiece], Richard Haydock (an artist as well as a preacher) has engraved a portrait of himself.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo. ''A tracte containing the artes of curious paintinge carvinge & buildinge written first in Italian by Io: Paul Lomatius painter of Milan and Englished by R.H. student in physik''. Oxford: Joseph Barnes for R[ichard] H[aydock], 1598. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=164109 STC 16698 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/286p8o LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Richard Haydock. ''Oneirologia, or, A briefe discourse of the nature of dreames''. Manuscript, 1605. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=270907 J.a.1 (5)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/32gch3 LUNA Digital Image]<br />
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===James I===<br />
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[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/94qsi7 James I] was fascinated by strange phenomena and supernatural events. He wrote a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/j55g5o treatise on witchcraft], but later became more interested in exposing fraudulent supernatural events, such as the sermons of Richard Haydock, “the sleeping preacher.” James I’s writings on dreams reveal a deep skepticism of their significance. In 1622, however, he felt quite differently when he had a dream that foretold his own death.<br />
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King James’s treatise on witchcraft, ''Daemonologie'', includes a section on nightmares. Although he strongly believed in the power and danger of witches, he was far more skeptical about dreams. In this treatise, James claims that nightmares result from natural causes rather than from demons, or succubi.<br />
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King James also wrote the ''Basilikon Doron'' as an educational guide for his son Henry, Prince of Wales. In a section on sleep, he advises Henry to “take no heede to any of your dreames,” because prophecies and visions no longer occur. James believed those ceased with the coming of Christ.<br />
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Arthur Wilson's ''The history of Great Britain'' includes the story of James I and Richard Haydock, the “Sleeping Preacher,” as the prime example of “brutish imposters” exposed by the king’s reason. Wilson also shared James’ belief that dreams are not supernatural, stating in the preface that he is “not like one in a Dream, who starts at the horror of the Object which his own imagination creates.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*James I. ''Daemonologie, in forme of a dialogue''. Edinburgh: Robert Walde-graue, 1597. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=162293 STC 14364] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9ln3cq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*James I. ''The workes of the most high and mightie prince, James by the grace of God King of Great Britaine, France and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c''. London: Robert Barker and John Bill, 1616. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169364 STC 14344 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/77b94d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Definitions of Dreams===<br />
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Beliefs about dreams were wide-ranging: while some people believed dreams were simply the fragments of the day retold or the result of food or drink partaken, others thought dreams were an expression of guilt over an action taken or considered, or were influenced by a person’s dominant humor. Many people believed that dreams came directly from God, angels, or demons and that they exposed a person’s character as virtuous or venal. <br />
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Dreams could be divided into three categories: divine, supernatural, and natural and they were thought to foretell the future. Many were convinced that if they could unlock the meaning of dreams, they could know the future.<br />
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Wilhelm Scribonius defines a dream as “an inward act of the mind” while the body is sleeping. The soul creates dreams from the spirits of the brain, and the most pleasant dreams come as morning approaches, when the spirits are most pure.<br />
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William Vaughan writes about both sleep and dreams in his treatise on personal health. He warns of the dangers of sleeping at noon and observes that dreams could either be a remembrance of the past or “significants of things to come.”<br />
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Thomas Cooper argues that some dreams are natural and might inform us “of the sinnes of the heart,” since what we think or do during the day returns as dreams at night. But he is most concerned with dreams that came from God—moving us toward true worship—and Satan, who puts into the brain “Divellish Dreames” hoping to turn us toward evil.<br />
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In a very popular text which he revised throughout his life, Owen Felltham argues that the best use someone can make of their dreams is to gain greater self-understanding. The mind continues to work even in the depths of sleep, and dreams show us our inclinations.<br />
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===Dream Interpretation===<br />
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A range of early modern books offered dream interpretation, and physicians or astrologers would frequently interpret dreams for payment. Scholars such as Thomas Hill, Marc de Vulson, and Richard Saunders studied ancient dream treatises, especially ''Oneirocritica'', composed by Artemidorus about 200CE, in order to understand the symbolism of dreams. Their interpretations varied widely, and meanings were based not only on the subject matter of the dream, but also on the dreamer’s gender, social status, dominant humor, or profession, as well as the time of year or night the dream was had.<br />
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Thomas Hill’s text was very popular in Renaissance England, succinctly explaining the meanings of hundreds of dreams. For example, to dream of picking green apples from a tree meant good fortune, while dreaming of drinking thinned mustard meant one would be accused of murder.<br />
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Philip Goodwin’s book provides a guide for interpreting the mysterious divine and demonic visitations that a person might experience while sleeping and dreaming. He also advocates prayer before sleeping and after waking, and suggests that shorter stretches of sleep may bring better dreams.<br />
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Marc de Vulson believed that dreams could be both instructional and amusing. He argues that since true events are foretold in dreams, it would be foolish to ignore them. He explains what dreams about plays and pastimes mean. For example, dreaming you see a comedy on stage foretells success; dreaming of a tragedy means “grief and affliction.”<br />
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Richard Saunders believed that the same dream had different meanings depending on a person’s dominant humor and the time of year. Thus, during the third phase of Leo (mid-August), dreaming one was “stark naked in a Church” would be a bad dream for a person of sanguine humor but a good dream for a melancholic person.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*''John Dee''. Engraving, [London, England]: Hunt & Clarke, 1827. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256248 ART File D311 no.1 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/31lemq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Hill. ''The moste pleasaunte arte of the interpretacion of dreames, whereunto is annexed sundry problemes with apte aunsweares neare agreeing to the matter, and very rare examples, not the like the extant in the English tongue''. London: Thomas Marsh, 1576. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=168488 STC 13498] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/nkp6ll LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Philip Goodwin. ''The mystery of dreames, historically discoursed; or A treatise; wherein is clearly discovered, the secret yet certain good or evil, the inconsidered and yet assured truth or falsity, virtue or vanity, misery or mercy, of mens differing dreames''. London: A.M. for Francis Tyton, 1658. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=139001 157- 690q]<br />
*Marc de Vulson. ''The court of curiositie''. London: J[ames]. C[ottrell]. for William Crooke, 1669. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=149323 165-039q].<br />
*Richard Saunders. ''Saunders physiognomie, and chiromancie, metoposcopie, the symmetrical proportions and signal moles of the body, fully and accurately explained; with their natural-predictive significations both to men and women. being delightful and profitable: with the subject of dreams made plain: whereunto is added the art of memory''. London: H. Brugis, for Nathaniel Brook, 1671. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=132723 S755] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9222tm LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Dream Control===<br />
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While some people believed dreams could be regulated through prayer or a healthy diet, others had more elaborate methods for controlling them. These included such strategies as wearing certain kinds of gemstones or imbibing potions with fanciful components such as dragon’s tongue, or rubbing one’s temples with lapwing’s blood. The desire to avoid nightmares, or “terrors of the night,”led to the circulation of these recipes in manuscript.<br />
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Thomas Nichols’s lapidary, or book on gemstones, explains how specific stones can affect dreams. For example, he shares reports that wearing a ruby in an amulet or drinking ground-up rubies will drive away “terrible dreams” as well as sadness, evil thoughts, and evil spirits. It was a widely held belief that gemstones could help control dreams. Wearing a crystal or ruby around one’s neck prevented nightmares. Children were advised to wear emeralds to avoid nightmares. Wearing an amethyst caused exciting dreams and prevented drunkenness. And wearing an onyx to bed caused the wearer to dream of a departed friend.<br />
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Plants, as we've seen throughout the exhibition, were used for many medicinal purposes, and controlling dreams was yet another way to use them. Nicholas Culpeper composed a directory of over three hundred plants, and it includes several that could control dreams. One entry describes polypody, a variety of fern thought to be most medicinally powerful when it grows on oak stumps or trunks. Drinking liquid distilled from its roots and leaves prevents “fearful or troublesome sleeps or dreams.”<br />
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A very popular book with cures and recipes for a wide range of ailments, from how to heal ringworm to how to “make the haire fall off” was ''The secrets of Alexis''. One recipe explains how to see wild beasts in a dream; it also includes a number of recipes for inducing sleep.<br />
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Various animal parts were used in recipes in much the same way as plants or gemstones. Edward Topsell's ''Historie of serpents'' is a spectacularly illustrated and hand-colored book, devoted to serpents (including [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2mr0p7 dragons]). According to Topsell, eating the wine-soaked tongue or gall of a dragon could prevent nightmares.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Thomas Nicols. ''A lapidary: or, The history of pretious stones: with cautions for the undeceiving of all those that deal with pretious stones''. Cambridge: Printed by Thomas Buck, 1652. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=152193 154-179q].<br />
*Nicholas Culpeper. ''The English physician enlarged; with three hundred sixty and nine medicines, made of English herbs, that were not in any impression until this. Being an astrologo-physical discourse of the vulgar herbs of this nation; containing a compleat method of physick, whereby a man may preserve his body in health, or cure himself, being sick, for three pence charge, with such things only as grow in England, they being most fit for English bodies''. London, 1698. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=145821 C7512.2].<br />
*Alessio Piemontese. ''The secrets of Alexis: containing many excellent remedies against diuers diseases, wounds, and other accidents. With the maner to make distillations, parfumes, confitures, dyings, colours, fusions, and meltings. ...''. Translation by William Ward (parts 1-3) and Richard Androse (part 4) of a French version. London: William Stansby for Richard Meighen and Thomas Jones, 1615. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=158131 STC 299] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/p62ss7 Binding image on LUNA].<br />
*Edward Topsell. ''The historie of serpents''. London: William Jaggard, 1608. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169268 STC 24124 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/64l1eq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Nightmares===<br />
[[File:ART File S528K8 no.80.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Act V, Scene 3 of ''Richard III'', as the king experiences horrific nightmares. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/t50qq5 22200].]]<br />
A dream called “the Mare” was specifically described by Nicholas Culpeper “as when someone was sleeping to feel an uncommon oppression or weight about his breast or stomach, which he can be no means shake off. He groans, and sometimes cries out, though oftener he attempts to speak, but in vain.” Sleepers often believed that a demon—a succubus or an incubus—had visited them in their sleep in an attempt to breach their chastity. It was said that those of a melancholy humor often had frightening dreams of dark places, falls from high turrets, and furious beasts. Nightmares and ominous dreams are used to great dramatic effect in plays such as Shakespeare’s [[Richard III|''Richard III'']].<br />
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Act I of Shakespeare’s ''Richard III'' ends with the murder of the Duke of Clarence, presaged by the dream of drowning he recounts at the start of the scene. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z2q8l Here], just as the dream is about to end, howling fiends seize the terrified Clarence to take him to hell.<br />
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In the same play, Richard III has a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2ljk3m troubled sleep] on the eve of the Battle of Bosworth Field. Visited by the ghosts of those whose deaths he caused, he dreams the battle is in progress. As the last ghost leaves, he awakens with a start shouting “Give me another horse; bind up my wounds. Have mercy, Jesu!”<br />
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Thomas Tryon believed that dreams of demonic visitations like Richard III's were caused by sleeping on one’s back, eating heavy suppers just before bed, and drinking spirits in excess. He suggests that nightmares could be avoided by sleeping on one’s side and eating a healthier diet.<br />
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Thomas Nash argues that dreams are based on thoughts and experiences that happen over the course of the day: “A dream is nothing else but a bubbling scum or froth of the fancy, which the day hath left undigested.” As for nightmares, Nash claims they are the result of guilty feelings. For example, the dreadful sins of treason and murder would cause terrible dreams.<br />
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Physician Jacques Ferrand wrote a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kq620d book] on the causes, symptoms, and cures of “Love, or Erotique Melancholy.” Ferrand describes terrifying instances of people, mostly women, who believe that they were raped by the devil in their sleep, “when as in truth they were only troubled with the Nightmare.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*James Neagle after Thomas Stothard. ''King Richard III, act 1, sc. 4''. Engraving, London: Geo. Kearsley, 1804. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256264 ART File S528k8 no.8 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z2q8l LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*William Sharp after John Opie. ''Richard IIID., Act 5 Scene 3, in the tent, Richard asleep, ghosts of persons he had murdered''. Engraving, London: Mr. Woodmason, 1794. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=254208 ART File S528k8 no.80 (size M)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2ljk3m LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Jacques Ferrand. ''Erotomania or A treatise discoursing of the essence, causes, symptomes, prognosticks, and cure of love, or erotique melancholy''. Oxford: L. Lichfield, 1640. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=159189 STC 10829] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kq620d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Supernatural and Divine Dreams===<br />
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Martyrs in both Catholic and Protestant martyrologies, including John Foxe’s ''Actes and Monuments'', were often portrayed as having prophetic dreams. It was also believed that angels regularly visited people in their dreams, and a frequent narrative technique to give a text authenticity was to describe how the author was sleeping when visited in a dream by divine beings who encouraged the writing of their work.<br />
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In 1556, Agnes Potten was sentenced to be burned for heresy, a victim of the persecutions of Protestants under Mary I. John Foxe relates in his book of martyrs that, the night before her death, she had a foretelling dream in which she “saw a bright burning fyre, ryght up as a pole, and on the syde of the fire she thought there stoode a number of Q[ueen] Maries friendes looking on.”<br />
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Other penned prophetic dreams are less dire: In ''The book of the city of ladies'', Christine de Pisan, who made her living as an author prior to the printing press, writes that she was inspired by a dream to build an allegorical city honoring women. In a fifteenth-century French manuscript copy of her masterpiece, on loan from The Trustees of the Boston Public Library, Christine is depicted being pulled out of bed by the three female virtues—Reason, Rectitude, and Justice—who assist her in building her city.<br />
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In his poetical work, ''The hierarchie of the blessed angels'', the playwright Thomas Heywood writes about the many properties of angels, one being their ability to enter a dream and help a good Christian find the right path in the waking life.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*John Foxe. ''Actes and Monuments of matters most speciall and memorable''. London: Peter Short, 1596. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169331 STC 11226 copy 3] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/m1wfc8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*LOAN from [http://www.bpl.org/research/rb/index.htm Rare Books and Manuscripts Department], The Trustees of the Boston Public Library, MA. Christine, de Pisan. ''The book of the city of ladies''. France, 1405. BPL call number: Ms.f.Med.101 and [https://archive.org/details/lelivredestroisv00chri Internet Archive].<br />
*Thomas Heywood. ''The hierarchie of the blessed angells''. London: Adam Islip, 1635. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169414 STC 13327] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ykjt11 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Political Dreams===<br />
[[File:157- 844q frontispiece.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Charles I the evening before and the day of his execution. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sob66u 17997].]]<br />
Religion and politics were deeply intertwined in Renaissance England. The threats to sixteenth-century Protestants in Mary I’s reign were dramatized in “dream” scenes in plays about such politically significant characters as Princess Elizabeth (the future queen) and Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Suffolk. In the seventeenth century, the struggles between Royalists who supported Charles I and Parliamentarians were described in dreams in a series of political pamphlets.<br />
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John Quarles writes in couplets about his dream of the 1649 execution of Charles I. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/857u2x images] at the beginning of his poem show Charles the night before his death dreaming of his wife and son while an angel prepares to replace the crown he lost on earth with a heavenly one. Opposite this, we see the stark reality of Charles about to be executed.<br />
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In his [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ui7pkj dramatization] of the dangers experienced by the Protestant Princess Elizabeth in the reign of her Catholic half-sister Mary, Thomas Heywood includes “a dumb show” (a scene played silently) while Elizabeth sleeps. In the dumb show, angels stop the villain Winchester from killing the sleeping princess and place a Bible in her hands. Elizabeth wakes, as if from a dream, not knowing how the Bible materialized.<br />
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After the execution of Charles I in 1649, his son Charles sought help in Scotland to claim the throne. According to James Douglas, the young Charles dreamt he saw a spider with a crown hanging over its head and two other crowns at the end of the thread. As the spider lowered itself down the cobweb, it fell and lost everything. Despite the dire portent of this dream, Charles II was restored as king in 1660.<br />
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Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss Heywood's play.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*John Quarles. ''Regale lectum miseriæ: or, A kingly bed of miserie. In which is contained, a dreame: with an elegie upon the martyrdome of Charls, late King of England, of blessed memory: and another upon the Right Honourable, the Lord Capel''. London, 1649. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=147365 157-844q] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/opi363 LUNA Digital Image]<br />
*Thomas Heywood. ''If you know not me, you know no bodie: or, The troubles of Queene Elizabeth''. London, 1605. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=161231 STC 13328]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ui7pkj title page].<br />
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===Arise for It Is Day===<br />
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From rinsing out one’s mouth to throwing open the windows to air out a stuffy bedchamber, rituals for waking were as common as rituals for going to sleep, and a new day was often welcomed with prayer. The renewal inherent in the daily cycle seemed an inspiration for many: the printer John Day took as his [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/60g3ha printer’s device] a sunrise scene and the phrase “Arise for It Is Day” (punning off of his own name), while many authors celebrated the new day with carpe diem verses and morning songs, or ''aubades''.<br />
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“Get up, get up for shame” begins Robert Herrick’s famous “carpe diem” (seize the day) poem, as the speaker tries to rouse his “sweet-Slug-a-bed.” While Corinna stays in bed, youths rejoice in May Day revelry, exchanging flirtatious glances, playing kissing games, and rolling in the grass until plain gowns become green.<br />
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Thomas Tryon, who had prescriptions for how to sleep, also wrote on waking and health, and was particularly concerned with preventing the “generation of bugs”—a common household problem. Tryon advises that “there is nothing better…than every Morning when you rise to set open your Windows, and lay open your Bed-cloaths.” He believed this would release “the gross humid Steams” from the bed and would prevent fleas and other bugs from breeding.<br />
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John Evans, the compiler of a literary commonplace book, devotes a column to the topic “Awake,” “Awaked,” and “Awaking.” He provides quotations from eight different sources, including two Shakespeare plays ([[Henry IV, Part 2|''Henry IV, pt. 2'']] and [[Julius Caesar|''Julius Caesar'']]). Two extracts are from Francis Quarles’ ''Emblems'' and three extracts are from a song in Cosmo Manuche’s ''The Bastard'', a play published in 1652.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*William Tyndale. ''The whole workes of W. Tyndall, John Frith, and Doct. Barnes, three worthy martyrs, and principall teachers of this Churche of England, collected and compiled in one tome togither, beyng before scattered, and now in print here exhibited to the Church''. London: John Day, 1573. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=167157 STC 24436 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/hagxt2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Robert Herrick. ''Hesperides: or, The vvorks both humane & divine of Robert Herrick Esq''. London, 1648. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=153584 H1596] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/el084g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*John Evans. ''Hesperides, or, The Muses garden''. Manuscript, ca. 1655-1659. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=221182 V.b.93] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/s903z1 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Additional items exhibited===<br />
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*''Hortus sanitatis''. London, 1536. Call number: QH41 H48 1536 Cage and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/tud090 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Replica early 17th-century man's night shirt. Linen with blackwork embroidery. By Emma Lehman, 2008, based on an original in the Fashion Museum, Bath.<br />
*''The New Testament of ovr Lord Iesvs Christ. Translated out of the Greeke by Theod. Beza, and Englished by L. Tomson''. Bound with: ''The whole booke of Psalmes: collected into English meeter by T. Sternhold, I. Hopkins, W. Whittingham, and others, conferred with the Hebrew, with apt notes to sing them withall. Newly set foorth, and allowed to be sung in all churches, of all the people together, before and after morning and euening prayer, as also before and after sermons. Moreouer in priuate houses, for their godly solace and comfort, laying apart all vngodly songs and ballads, which tend onely to the nourishing of vice, and corrupting of youth''. London: Robert Barker, ca. 1610. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170019 STC 2907] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8hr271 LUNA Digital Image] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/1vmjuw Binding image on LUNA].<br />
*Richard Brathwaite. ''The English gentlewoman, drawne out to the full body: expressing, what habilliments doe best attire her, what ornaments doe best adorne her, what complements doe best accomplish her''. London: B. Alsop and T. Favvcet, for Michaell Sparke, 1631. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169488 STC 3565] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sd5y05 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Rembert Dodoens. ''A niewe herball, or historie of plantes: wherein is contayned the whole discourse and perfect description of all sortes of herbs and plantes''. London: Henry Loë, 1578. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170691 STC 6984 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/x77ah5 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Walkington. ''The optick glasse of humors or The touchstone of a golden temperature, or the Philosophers stone to make a golden temper''. Oxford: W[illiam]. T[urner], 1631?. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=168005 STC 24968] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/jz1y47 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*George Gower. ''The Plimpton "Sieve" Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I.'' Oil on panel, 1579. Call number: [http://shakespeare.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=128729 ART 246171 (framed)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/00o3y8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Archie Armstrong. ''Archy’s dream''. London, 1641. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=152564 A3708] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/241m0d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Beroaldo. ''Le Tableav des Riches Inventions''. 1600. Call number: PQ4619.C9 F8 1600 Cage and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/253o9i LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
==Supplemental material==<br />
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===[[To Sleep, Perchance to Dream children's exhibition|''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' children's exhibition]]===<br />
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====[[:File:To Sleep Perchance to Dream FAMILY GUIDE.pdf|''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' family guide]]====<br />
<br />
===Audio Tour===<br />
<br />
Explore ''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' through this [http://old.folger.edu/Content/Whats-On/Folger-Exhibitions/Past-Exhibitions/To-Sleep-Perchance-to-Dream/To-Sleep-Audio-Tour.cfm Audio Tour].<br />
<br />
====Lying In====<br />
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Listen to exhibitions manager Caryn Lazzuri discuss one specific use for the bedchamber.<br />
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*John Geninges. ''The life and death of Mr. Edmund Geninges priest, crowned with martyrdome at London, the 10. day of November, in the yeare M.D.XCI''. 1614. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=159679 STC 11728 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/14l58g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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====A Counterfeit Death====<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lj2285 title page] of Walter Raleigh's ''History of the World''.<br />
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*Walter Raleigh. ''The discoverie of the large, rich, and bewtiful empire of Guiana, with a relation of the great and golden citie of Manoa (which the Spanyards call El Dorado) and the provinces of Emeria, Arromaia, Amapaia, and other countries, with their rivers, adjoyning''. London: Robert Robinson, 1596. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=163767 STC 20634 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/m7sxz7 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Walter Raleigh. ''The history of the world''. London: [William Stansby] for Walter Burre, 1614. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=166411 STC 20637] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/15194v LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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====Satan and the Sleeping Eve====<br />
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Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss an [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/b7uz8b engraving] depicting Book IV of Milton's ''Paradise lost''.<br />
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*John Milton. ''Paradise lost. A poem in twelve books''. London: Miles Flesher, 1688. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=135784 M2147] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lcgja9 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Video===<br />
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Scholars Garrett Sullivan and Carole Levin discuss what at Elizabethan bedchamber may have been like.<br />
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<html5media height="180" width="320">https://www.youtube.com/embed/21j7HNmpeN8</html5media><br />
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Trouble falling asleep is nothing new. Exhibition curator Carole Levine talks about DIY Elizabethan remedies for insomnia.<br />
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<html5media height="180" width="320">https://www.youtube.com/embed/SQdj4I5FBho</html5media><br />
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[[Category: Public programs]]<br />
[[Category: Exhibitions]]<br />
[[Category: 15th century]]<br />
[[Category: 16th century]]<br />
[[Category: 17th century]]<br />
[[Category: 18th century]]<br />
[[Category: Collection]]<br />
[[Category: Manuscripts]]<br />
[[Category: Art]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=To_Sleep,_Perchance_to_Dream&diff=35829To Sleep, Perchance to Dream2021-10-13T14:55:40Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* Nightmares */</p>
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<div>[[File:A3708 title page.jpg|thumb|right|290px|The title page of ''Archy's dream'', a former court jester's account. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ey1g87 22186].]]<br />
''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'', one of the [[Exhibitions at the Folger]], opened on February 19, 2009 and closed May 30, 2009. The exhibition was curated by [[Carole Levin]] and [[Garrett Sullivan]] with Steven K. Galbraith and [[Heather Wolfe]] as consultants. The exhibition [http://shop.folger.edu/store/165035%21165/To+Sleep%2C+Perchance+to+Dream catalog] can be purchased from the Folger Shop.<br />
<br />
While sleeping and dreaming are universal experiences, each culture and historical period understands them in distinctive ways. This exhibition explores the ethereal realm of sleeping and dreaming in Renaissance England, from the beliefs, rituals, and habits of sleepers to the role of dream interpreters and interpretations in public and private life. <br />
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The habits and attitudes of both royalty and commoners toward sleep and dreams provide us with a glimpse into a world that has strong connections with, and striking differences from, our own. Sufferers of insomnia and nightmares attempted to cure themselves with a variety of remedies—from herbal concoctions to magic. They adhered to specific rituals for going to bed and held beliefs about when it was or was not appropriate to sleep.<br />
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Through a variety of printed, handwritten, and visual materials, including literary texts by Shakespeare, Milton, and others, ''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' explores the vibrancy of early modern views of sleeping and dreaming. Nightclothes, gemstones, recipes and ingredients for curing nightmares and inducing sleep, and records of dreams about or by historical figures, provide a vivid glimpse of the various ways in which the Renaissance English prepared for sleep and sought to control and understand their dreams.<br />
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==Contents of the exhibition==<br />
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===Preparing for Sleep===<br />
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Medical writers understood sleep to be crucial to the maintenance of physical well-being, and offered specific instructions for a range of bedtime matters, such as identifying the best place to sleep, choosing a bed least likely to attract vermin, and selecting the most appropriate night clothes. Preparing for sleep was also a spiritual matter. Because of the widely held fear that one might die while asleep, saying one’s prayers was an important nightly ritual.<br />
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Several texts give insight into how people prepared for sleep in Renaissance England. Church of England clergyman Richard Day’s text, ''A booke of Christian prayers'', offers both a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/rx1fp7 bedtime prayer] as well as images of [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/f0n2mi sleepers sharing a bed]. Primarily for reasons of economy and warmth, bed-sharing was a common practice in early modern households and in university settings.<br />
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Thomas Tryon’s ''A treatise of cleanness in meats and drinks, of the preparation of food, the excellency of good airs, and the benefits of clean sweet beds'' offers a wealth of sleep-related advice, which he summarizes as follows: “Therefore moderate Clothing, hard Beds, Houses that stand so as that the pleasant Briezes of Wind may air and refresh them, and also Houses that are full of Windows, are to be preferr’d.” He also notes that featherbeds breed vermin (a common problem in early modern beds) and are to be avoided.<br />
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Finally, Thomas Cogan's ''The haven of health'' covers topics such as the “most fit” place in which to sleep, the best way to make the bed, and the appropriate posture for sleeping. Cogan also notes that “he that sleepeth with his mouth close[d] hath commonly an ill breath and foule teeth.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Richard Day. ''A booke of Christian prayers, collected out of the auncient writers, and best learned in our tyme, worthy to be read with an earnest mynde of all Christians, in these daungerous and troublesome dayes, that God for Christes sake will yet still be mercyfull unto us''. London: John Day, 1578. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169150 STC 6429] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/26122y LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Tryon. ''A treatise of cleanness in meats and drinks, of the preparation of food, the excellency of good airs, and the benefits of clean sweet beds''. London, 1682. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=151430 T3196].<br />
*Thomas Cogan. ''The hauen of health: chiefely gathered for the comfort of students, and consequently of all those that have a care of their health, amplified upon five words of Hippocrates, written Epid. 6 Labor, cibus, potio, somnus, Venus''. London: Henrie Midleton, for William Norton, 1584. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=160716 STC 5478] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/zx755i LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===When We Sleep===<br />
[[File:V.a.311 24r.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Thomas Fella's 'F' in his alphabet of moral advice. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/53zun2 23585].]]<br />
Night-time slumber was divided into “first” and “second” sleeps, separated by a period of wakeful activity. How many hours one should sleep was dictated by one’s humoral “complexion”—that is, the balance in the body of the four humors (blood, phlegm, choler or bile, and melancholy or black bile). Sleep was associated with cold and moisture, and therefore with phlegm, a cold, wet humor. Napping during the day was discouraged, as it was believed to cause, in the words of Thomas Cogan, “great domage & hurt of body.” And sleeping too much was both a physical and spiritual transgression.<br />
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Sleep was thought to be associated with the humors, which were closely related to a person's temperament. Both sloth and forgetfulness were moral vices associated with sleeping too long or at the wrong time of day.<br />
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Thomas Fella's heavily-illustrated miscellany includes an “alphabet” of moral advice. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/w5f6ax letter F] is devoted to sleep—particularly the fitful sleep of the rich as compared to the sweet sleep of “a laboring man.”<br />
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And Scipion Du Plesis' ''The Resolver'', a translation of the French ''Curiosité naturelle'', poses and answers a question about the relative strength of “first sleep” that foregrounds the importance of digestion— namely that it produces fumes that ascend to the brain, and provokes sleep by “stop[ping] the conduits of the Senses.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Thomas Fella. ''A booke of diveirs devises and sortes of pictures, with the alphabete of letters, deuised and drawne with the pen''. Manuscript, ca. 1585-1622. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=243917 V.a.311] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/53zun2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Scipion Dupleix. ''The resoluer; or Curiosities of nature written in French by Scipio Du Plesis counseller and historiographer to the French King. Vsefull & pleasant for all''. London: N. & I. Okes, [1635]. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=163893 STC 7362].<br />
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===What is Sleep? From the Medical to the Metaphorical===<br />
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In ''The Anatomy of Melancholy'', Robert Burton defined sleep as a “binding” of the senses. This “binding” was routinely described as the product of digestion, thought to be sleep’s primary cause. Medical writers asserted that fumes produced during digestion ascended from the stomach to the brain, where they impeded the passage of the “animal spirits” responsible for rational and sensory activity. At the same time, sleep had non-medical significance, lending itself to a variety of literary and allegorical interpretations.<br />
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Sleep was represented in a variety of literature of the day. Samuel Daniel’s influential sonnet sequence, ''Delia'', features a poem addressed to “Care-charmer sleepe,” the most famous example of a sub-genre of poetry devoted to sleep. Other Elizabethans who wrote on this topic include Sir Philip Sidney and William Shakespeare.<br />
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Richard Braithwaite, an Oxford-educated poet and satirist, wrote a compendium of stories and aphorisms with a range of moralizing functions, from teaching moderation to scrutinizing fashion, but it takes its title—''Art Asleep Husband? A boulster lecture''—from the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8m12o7 figure of a scolding wife] “lecturing” her husband while he pretends to sleep.<br />
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Medical writers, like Somerset physician Tobias Venner, also had something to say about the benefits and detriments of certain sleep. Venner argues for the benefits of sleeping with one’s mouth open. He also stresses sleep’s link to “concoction,” or digestion, which he deems “the root of life.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Richard Brathwaite. ''Ar’t asleepe husband?'' London: R. Bishop, for R[ichard]. B[est]., 1640. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=161261 STC 3555] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8j34q2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===To Make One Sleep===<br />
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Judging from the large number of surviving manuscript recipes (or “receipts”) for insomnia, sleep disorders were as great a problem in early modern England as they are today. The ingredients in these recipes range from the unsurprising (poppies) to the somewhat puzzling (lettuce). However, the effectiveness of some ingredients lies in the perceived connection between physiology and the properties of the substance itself: lettuce, like sleep, was thought of as cold and wet, which is why it was believed to provoke sleep in the sleepless.<br />
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Mary Granville and her daughter Anne (Granville) Dewes include a recipe against insomnia in their receipt book—"To make one sleepe." The afflicted person is advised to wet two linen cloths with a mixture of strained ivy leaves and white wine vinegar, and then apply the cloths to the forehead and temples.<br />
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Another miscellany includes a recipe for “A Dormant Drink” designed to induce continuous sleep for two full days. For some reason, all of the ingredients’ names are written backwards (“yppop” for poppy, “ecittel” for lettice).<br />
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Mrs. Corlyon's receipt book contains the three following recipes: the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z369w6 first] produces a “liquor” comprised of ingredients such as rose water, “Woemans milke,” and wine vinegar, to be applied to the forehead and temples. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/19xo5r second recipe] is a drink made primarily of “White lettice seede” and sugar, to be followed by “a draft of posset ale” (milk curdled with ale). The third recipe consists of a warm drink of white poppy seed powder and posset ale made with violets, strawberry leaves, and “singfoyle” (cinquefoil).<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Grenville Family. [[Cookery and medicinal recipes of the Granville family, ca. 1640 – ca. 1750 V.a.430|''Cookery and medicinal recipes of the Granville family'']]. Manuscript, ca. 1640 – ca. 1750. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=231288 V.a.430]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/11yh7x p.1].<br />
*''Historical extracts''. Manuscript, ca. 1625. [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=193388 X.d.393]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/08iabr leaf 34].<br />
*Mrs. Corlyon. ''A booke of such medicines as have been approved by the speciall practize of Mrs. Corlyon''. Manuscript, ca. 1606. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=230598 V.a.388]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z369w6 p. 18–19].<br />
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===Herbals===<br />
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Herbals provide physical descriptions of plants, with particular attention to their various medicinal virtues. Thus, they were an important resource for recipes. Recipes meant to provoke sleep might require mandrake or Indian dreamer, while those that roused the sufferer from sleep-related diseases such as lethargy might call for mustard plant.<br />
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This [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/b41nr5 fanciful illustration] is the mandrake, a plant whose root was taken to resemble the human form and which purportedly shrieked when removed from the ground. A narcotic plant, the mandrake’s effects were, in John Donne’s words, “betwixt sleep and poison.” Shakespeare references the mandrake’s soporific qualities in ''[[Othello|Othello]]'' and [[Antony and Cleopatra|''Anthony and Cleopatra'']].<br />
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The Indian Dreamer, which resembles hemp, was another plant used to cause sleep but can also “grow great dreamers according to their humours and dispositions….”<br />
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But, for those who had too much of sleep, other plant cures were available. Towards the end of an entry devoted to the mustard plant, Rembert Dodoens discusses “Lethargie or drowsie evill,” a disease in which people “cannot waken themselves.” He advises using a paste of mustard and figs to create heat, thus removing the cold humors that cause excess sleep.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*''Ortus sanitatis: de herbis et plantis, de animalibus et reptilibus, de auibus et volatilibus, de piscibus et natatilibus, de lapidibus et in terre venis nascentibus, de vrinis et ea rum speciebus, tabula medicinalis cum directorio generali per omnes tractatus''. Strasbourg: Johann Prüss, not after Oct. 21, 1497. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=95984 INC H417 Copy 1 Massey] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/68b7nj LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Richard Haydock: The Sleeping Preacher===<br />
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In 1605, a medical doctor named Richard Haydock attracted the attention of James I because of his ability to deliver brilliant sermons while in a deep sleep. Haydock had a passion for preaching, but ended up studying medicine instead because of a debilitating stutter. After inviting Haydock to court to hear the sleeping sermons himself, James I exposed Haydock as a fraud. However, because his sermons had been so pro-monarchy, his only punishment was publicly confessing his deceit. The prefatory material to Haydock’s [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/cej765 treatise on dreams], ''Oneirologia'', served as his confession.<br />
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To express his gratitude to the king for his leniency and to acknowledge his earlier deception, Haydock composed a treatise on dreams, and he [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/4si4kj dedicated his manuscript] to King James. No doubt he hoped that James would be pleased to be referred to as a son of King Solomon, known for his wisdom, and that he would be interested in a text on dreams. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/5k55u5 Chapter four] of Haydock’s work concentrates on what happens in the mind when the body is asleep. He assures his readers that when drowsy vapors take over common sense, fantasy must be freed or there will be no dreams. The manuscript was never published, and the copy at the Folger is the only copy known to exist.<br />
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The story of King James unmasking Haydock’s fraud was a popular one that appeared in many seventeenth-century histories, including Sir Richard Baker’s ''A Chronicle of the Kings of England''. It was not only an interesting story in itself, but it also allowed historians to praise the king for his “admirable sagacity in discovering of Fictions.”<br />
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On this [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/286p8o frontispiece], Richard Haydock (an artist as well as a preacher) has engraved a portrait of himself.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo. ''A tracte containing the artes of curious paintinge carvinge & buildinge written first in Italian by Io: Paul Lomatius painter of Milan and Englished by R.H. student in physik''. Oxford: Joseph Barnes for R[ichard] H[aydock], 1598. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=164109 STC 16698 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/286p8o LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Richard Haydock. ''Oneirologia, or, A briefe discourse of the nature of dreames''. Manuscript, 1605. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=270907 J.a.1 (5)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/32gch3 LUNA Digital Image]<br />
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===James I===<br />
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[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/94qsi7 James I] was fascinated by strange phenomena and supernatural events. He wrote a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/j55g5o treatise on witchcraft], but later became more interested in exposing fraudulent supernatural events, such as the sermons of Richard Haydock, “the sleeping preacher.” James I’s writings on dreams reveal a deep skepticism of their significance. In 1622, however, he felt quite differently when he had a dream that foretold his own death.<br />
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King James’s treatise on witchcraft, ''Daemonologie'', includes a section on nightmares. Although he strongly believed in the power and danger of witches, he was far more skeptical about dreams. In this treatise, James claims that nightmares result from natural causes rather than from demons, or succubi.<br />
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King James also wrote the ''Basilikon Doron'' as an educational guide for his son Henry, Prince of Wales. In a section on sleep, he advises Henry to “take no heede to any of your dreames,” because prophecies and visions no longer occur. James believed those ceased with the coming of Christ.<br />
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Arthur Wilson's ''The history of Great Britain'' includes the story of James I and Richard Haydock, the “Sleeping Preacher,” as the prime example of “brutish imposters” exposed by the king’s reason. Wilson also shared James’ belief that dreams are not supernatural, stating in the preface that he is “not like one in a Dream, who starts at the horror of the Object which his own imagination creates.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*James I. ''Daemonologie, in forme of a dialogue''. Edinburgh: Robert Walde-graue, 1597. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=162293 STC 14364] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9ln3cq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*James I. ''The workes of the most high and mightie prince, James by the grace of God King of Great Britaine, France and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c''. London: Robert Barker and John Bill, 1616. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169364 STC 14344 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/77b94d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Definitions of Dreams===<br />
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Beliefs about dreams were wide-ranging: while some people believed dreams were simply the fragments of the day retold or the result of food or drink partaken, others thought dreams were an expression of guilt over an action taken or considered, or were influenced by a person’s dominant humor. Many people believed that dreams came directly from God, angels, or demons and that they exposed a person’s character as virtuous or venal. <br />
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Dreams could be divided into three categories: divine, supernatural, and natural and they were thought to foretell the future. Many were convinced that if they could unlock the meaning of dreams, they could know the future.<br />
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Wilhelm Scribonius defines a dream as “an inward act of the mind” while the body is sleeping. The soul creates dreams from the spirits of the brain, and the most pleasant dreams come as morning approaches, when the spirits are most pure.<br />
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William Vaughan writes about both sleep and dreams in his treatise on personal health. He warns of the dangers of sleeping at noon and observes that dreams could either be a remembrance of the past or “significants of things to come.”<br />
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Thomas Cooper argues that some dreams are natural and might inform us “of the sinnes of the heart,” since what we think or do during the day returns as dreams at night. But he is most concerned with dreams that came from God—moving us toward true worship—and Satan, who puts into the brain “Divellish Dreames” hoping to turn us toward evil.<br />
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In a very popular text which he revised throughout his life, Owen Felltham argues that the best use someone can make of their dreams is to gain greater self-understanding. The mind continues to work even in the depths of sleep, and dreams show us our inclinations.<br />
<br />
===Dream Interpretation===<br />
<br />
A range of early modern books offered dream interpretation, and physicians or astrologers would frequently interpret dreams for payment. Scholars such as Thomas Hill, Marc de Vulson, and Richard Saunders studied ancient dream treatises, especially ''Oneirocritica'', composed by Artemidorus about 200CE, in order to understand the symbolism of dreams. Their interpretations varied widely, and meanings were based not only on the subject matter of the dream, but also on the dreamer’s gender, social status, dominant humor, or profession, as well as the time of year or night the dream was had.<br />
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Thomas Hill’s text was very popular in Renaissance England, succinctly explaining the meanings of hundreds of dreams. For example, to dream of picking green apples from a tree meant good fortune, while dreaming of drinking thinned mustard meant one would be accused of murder.<br />
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Philip Goodwin’s book provides a guide for interpreting the mysterious divine and demonic visitations that a person might experience while sleeping and dreaming. He also advocates prayer before sleeping and after waking, and suggests that shorter stretches of sleep may bring better dreams.<br />
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Marc de Vulson believed that dreams could be both instructional and amusing. He argues that since true events are foretold in dreams, it would be foolish to ignore them. He explains what dreams about plays and pastimes mean. For example, dreaming you see a comedy on stage foretells success; dreaming of a tragedy means “grief and affliction.”<br />
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Richard Saunders believed that the same dream had different meanings depending on a person’s dominant humor and the time of year. Thus, during the third phase of Leo (mid-August), dreaming one was “stark naked in a Church” would be a bad dream for a person of sanguine humor but a good dream for a melancholic person.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*''John Dee''. Engraving, [London, England]: Hunt & Clarke, 1827. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256248 ART File D311 no.1 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/31lemq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Hill. ''The moste pleasaunte arte of the interpretacion of dreames, whereunto is annexed sundry problemes with apte aunsweares neare agreeing to the matter, and very rare examples, not the like the extant in the English tongue''. London: Thomas Marsh, 1576. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=168488 STC 13498] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/nkp6ll LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Philip Goodwin. ''The mystery of dreames, historically discoursed; or A treatise; wherein is clearly discovered, the secret yet certain good or evil, the inconsidered and yet assured truth or falsity, virtue or vanity, misery or mercy, of mens differing dreames''. London: A.M. for Francis Tyton, 1658. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=139001 157- 690q]<br />
*Marc de Vulson. ''The court of curiositie''. London: J[ames]. C[ottrell]. for William Crooke, 1669. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=149323 165-039q].<br />
*Richard Saunders. ''Saunders physiognomie, and chiromancie, metoposcopie, the symmetrical proportions and signal moles of the body, fully and accurately explained; with their natural-predictive significations both to men and women. being delightful and profitable: with the subject of dreams made plain: whereunto is added the art of memory''. London: H. Brugis, for Nathaniel Brook, 1671. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=132723 S755] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9222tm LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Dream Control===<br />
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While some people believed dreams could be regulated through prayer or a healthy diet, others had more elaborate methods for controlling them. These included such strategies as wearing certain kinds of gemstones or imbibing potions with fanciful components such as dragon’s tongue, or rubbing one’s temples with lapwing’s blood. The desire to avoid nightmares, or “terrors of the night,”led to the circulation of these recipes in manuscript.<br />
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Thomas Nichols’s lapidary, or book on gemstones, explains how specific stones can affect dreams. For example, he shares reports that wearing a ruby in an amulet or drinking ground-up rubies will drive away “terrible dreams” as well as sadness, evil thoughts, and evil spirits. It was a widely held belief that gemstones could help control dreams. Wearing a crystal or ruby around one’s neck prevented nightmares. Children were advised to wear emeralds to avoid nightmares. Wearing an amethyst caused exciting dreams and prevented drunkenness. And wearing an onyx to bed caused the wearer to dream of a departed friend.<br />
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Plants, as we've seen throughout the exhibition, were used for many medicinal purposes, and controlling dreams was yet another way to use them. Nicholas Culpeper composed a directory of over three hundred plants, and it includes several that could control dreams. One entry describes polypody, a variety of fern thought to be most medicinally powerful when it grows on oak stumps or trunks. Drinking liquid distilled from its roots and leaves prevents “fearful or troublesome sleeps or dreams.”<br />
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A very popular book with cures and recipes for a wide range of ailments, from how to heal ringworm to how to “make the haire fall off” was ''The secrets of Alexis''. One recipe explains how to see wild beasts in a dream; it also includes a number of recipes for inducing sleep.<br />
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Various animal parts were used in recipes in much the same way as plants or gemstones. Edward Topsell's ''Historie of serpents'' is a spectacularly illustrated and hand-colored book, devoted to serpents (including [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2mr0p7 dragons]). According to Topsell, eating the wine-soaked tongue or gall of a dragon could prevent nightmares.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Thomas Nicols. ''A lapidary: or, The history of pretious stones: with cautions for the undeceiving of all those that deal with pretious stones''. Cambridge: Printed by Thomas Buck, 1652. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=152193 154-179q].<br />
*Nicholas Culpeper. ''The English physician enlarged; with three hundred sixty and nine medicines, made of English herbs, that were not in any impression until this. Being an astrologo-physical discourse of the vulgar herbs of this nation; containing a compleat method of physick, whereby a man may preserve his body in health, or cure himself, being sick, for three pence charge, with such things only as grow in England, they being most fit for English bodies''. London, 1698. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=145821 C7512.2].<br />
*Alessio Piemontese. ''The secrets of Alexis: containing many excellent remedies against diuers diseases, wounds, and other accidents. With the maner to make distillations, parfumes, confitures, dyings, colours, fusions, and meltings. ...''. Translation by William Ward (parts 1-3) and Richard Androse (part 4) of a French version. London: William Stansby for Richard Meighen and Thomas Jones, 1615. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=158131 STC 299] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/p62ss7 Binding image on LUNA].<br />
*Edward Topsell. ''The historie of serpents''. London: William Jaggard, 1608. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169268 STC 24124 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/64l1eq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Nightmares===<br />
[[File:ART File S528K8 no.80.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Act V, Scene 3 of ''Richard III'', as the king experiences horrific nightmares. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/t50qq5 22200].]]<br />
A dream called “the Mare” was specifically described by Nicholas Culpeper “as when someone was sleeping to feel an uncommon oppression or weight about his breast or stomach, which he can be no means shake off. He groans, and sometimes cries out, though oftener he attempts to speak, but in vain.” Sleepers often believed that a demon—a succubus or an incubus—had visited them in their sleep in an attempt to breach their chastity. It was said that those of a melancholy humor often had frightening dreams of dark places, falls from high turrets, and furious beasts. Nightmares and ominous dreams are used to great dramatic effect in plays such as Shakespeare’s [[Richard III|''Richard III'']].<br />
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Act I of Shakespeare’s ''Richard III'' ends with the murder of the Duke of Clarence, presaged by the dream of drowning he recounts at the start of the scene. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z2q8l Here], just as the dream is about to end, howling fiends seize the terrified Clarence to take him to hell.<br />
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In the same play, Richard III has a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2ljk3m troubled sleep] on the eve of the Battle of Bosworth Field. Visited by the ghosts of those whose deaths he caused, he dreams the battle is in progress. As the last ghost leaves, he awakens with a start shouting “Give me another horse; bind up my wounds. Have mercy, Jesu!”<br />
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Thomas Tryon believed that dreams of demonic visitations like Richard III's were caused by sleeping on one’s back, eating heavy suppers just before bed, and drinking spirits in excess. He suggests that nightmares could be avoided by sleeping on one’s side and eating a healthier diet.<br />
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Thomas Nash argues that dreams are based on thoughts and experiences that happen over the course of the day: “A dream is nothing else but a bubbling scum or froth of the fancy, which the day hath left undigested.” As for nightmares, Nash claims they are the result of guilty feelings. For example, the dreadful sins of treason and murder would cause terrible dreams.<br />
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Physician Jacques Ferrand wrote a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kq620d book] on the causes, symptoms, and cures of “Love, or Erotique Melancholy.” Ferrand describes terrifying instances of people, mostly women, who believe that they were raped by the devil in their sleep, “when as in truth they were only troubled with the Nightmare.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*James Neagle after Thomas Stothard. ''King Richard III, act 1, sc. 4''. Engraving, London: Geo. Kearsley, 1804. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256264 ART File S528k8 no.8 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z2q8l LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*William Sharp after John Opie. ''Richard IIID., Act 5 Scene 3, in the tent, Richard asleep, ghosts of persons he had murdered''. Engraving, London: Mr. Woodmason, 1794. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=254208 ART File S528k8 no.80 (size M)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2ljk3m LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Jacques Ferrand. ''Erotomania or A treatise discoursing of the essence, causes, symptomes, prognosticks, and cure of love, or erotique melancholy''. Oxford: L. Lichfield, 1640. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=159189 STC 10829] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kq620d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Supernatural and Divine Dreams===<br />
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Martyrs in both Catholic and Protestant martyrologies, including John Foxe’s ''Actes and Monuments'', were often portrayed as having prophetic dreams. It was also believed that angels regularly visited people in their dreams, and a frequent narrative technique to give a text authenticity was to describe how the author was sleeping when visited in a dream by divine beings who encouraged the writing of their work.<br />
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In 1556, Agnes Potten was sentenced to be burned for heresy, a victim of the persecutions of Protestants under Mary I. John Foxe relates in his book of martyrs that, the night before her death, she had a foretelling dream in which she “saw a bright burning fyre, ryght up as a pole, and on the syde of the fire she thought there stoode a number of Q[ueen] Maries friendes looking on.”<br />
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Other penned prophetic dreams are less dire: In ''The book of the city of ladies'', Christine de Pisan, who made her living as an author prior to the printing press, writes that she was inspired by a dream to build an allegorical city honoring women. In a fifteenth-century French manuscript copy of her masterpiece, on loan from The Trustees of the Boston Public Library, Christine is depicted being pulled out of bed by the three female virtues—Reason, Rectitude, and Justice—who assist her in building her city.<br />
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In his poetical work, ''The hierarchie of the blessed angels'', the playwright Thomas Heywood writes about the many properties of angels, one being their ability to enter a dream and help a good Christian find the right path in the waking life.<br />
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Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss Christin de Pisan.<br />
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Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss one way sleep has spiritual overtones.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*John Foxe. ''Actes and Monuments of matters most speciall and memorable''. London: Peter Short, 1596. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169331 STC 11226 copy 3] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/m1wfc8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*LOAN from [http://www.bpl.org/research/rb/index.htm Rare Books and Manuscripts Department], The Trustees of the Boston Public Library, MA. Christine, de Pisan. ''The book of the city of ladies''. France, 1405. BPL call number: Ms.f.Med.101 and [https://archive.org/details/lelivredestroisv00chri Internet Archive].<br />
*Thomas Heywood. ''The hierarchie of the blessed angells''. London: Adam Islip, 1635. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169414 STC 13327] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ykjt11 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Political Dreams===<br />
[[File:157- 844q frontispiece.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Charles I the evening before and the day of his execution. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sob66u 17997].]]<br />
Religion and politics were deeply intertwined in Renaissance England. The threats to sixteenth-century Protestants in Mary I’s reign were dramatized in “dream” scenes in plays about such politically significant characters as Princess Elizabeth (the future queen) and Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Suffolk. In the seventeenth century, the struggles between Royalists who supported Charles I and Parliamentarians were described in dreams in a series of political pamphlets.<br />
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John Quarles writes in couplets about his dream of the 1649 execution of Charles I. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/857u2x images] at the beginning of his poem show Charles the night before his death dreaming of his wife and son while an angel prepares to replace the crown he lost on earth with a heavenly one. Opposite this, we see the stark reality of Charles about to be executed.<br />
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In his [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ui7pkj dramatization] of the dangers experienced by the Protestant Princess Elizabeth in the reign of her Catholic half-sister Mary, Thomas Heywood includes “a dumb show” (a scene played silently) while Elizabeth sleeps. In the dumb show, angels stop the villain Winchester from killing the sleeping princess and place a Bible in her hands. Elizabeth wakes, as if from a dream, not knowing how the Bible materialized.<br />
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After the execution of Charles I in 1649, his son Charles sought help in Scotland to claim the throne. According to James Douglas, the young Charles dreamt he saw a spider with a crown hanging over its head and two other crowns at the end of the thread. As the spider lowered itself down the cobweb, it fell and lost everything. Despite the dire portent of this dream, Charles II was restored as king in 1660.<br />
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Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss Heywood's play.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*John Quarles. ''Regale lectum miseriæ: or, A kingly bed of miserie. In which is contained, a dreame: with an elegie upon the martyrdome of Charls, late King of England, of blessed memory: and another upon the Right Honourable, the Lord Capel''. London, 1649. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=147365 157-844q] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/opi363 LUNA Digital Image]<br />
*Thomas Heywood. ''If you know not me, you know no bodie: or, The troubles of Queene Elizabeth''. London, 1605. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=161231 STC 13328]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ui7pkj title page].<br />
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===Arise for It Is Day===<br />
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From rinsing out one’s mouth to throwing open the windows to air out a stuffy bedchamber, rituals for waking were as common as rituals for going to sleep, and a new day was often welcomed with prayer. The renewal inherent in the daily cycle seemed an inspiration for many: the printer John Day took as his [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/60g3ha printer’s device] a sunrise scene and the phrase “Arise for It Is Day” (punning off of his own name), while many authors celebrated the new day with carpe diem verses and morning songs, or ''aubades''.<br />
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“Get up, get up for shame” begins Robert Herrick’s famous “carpe diem” (seize the day) poem, as the speaker tries to rouse his “sweet-Slug-a-bed.” While Corinna stays in bed, youths rejoice in May Day revelry, exchanging flirtatious glances, playing kissing games, and rolling in the grass until plain gowns become green.<br />
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Thomas Tryon, who had prescriptions for how to sleep, also wrote on waking and health, and was particularly concerned with preventing the “generation of bugs”—a common household problem. Tryon advises that “there is nothing better…than every Morning when you rise to set open your Windows, and lay open your Bed-cloaths.” He believed this would release “the gross humid Steams” from the bed and would prevent fleas and other bugs from breeding.<br />
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John Evans, the compiler of a literary commonplace book, devotes a column to the topic “Awake,” “Awaked,” and “Awaking.” He provides quotations from eight different sources, including two Shakespeare plays ([[Henry IV, Part 2|''Henry IV, pt. 2'']] and [[Julius Caesar|''Julius Caesar'']]). Two extracts are from Francis Quarles’ ''Emblems'' and three extracts are from a song in Cosmo Manuche’s ''The Bastard'', a play published in 1652.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*William Tyndale. ''The whole workes of W. Tyndall, John Frith, and Doct. Barnes, three worthy martyrs, and principall teachers of this Churche of England, collected and compiled in one tome togither, beyng before scattered, and now in print here exhibited to the Church''. London: John Day, 1573. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=167157 STC 24436 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/hagxt2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Robert Herrick. ''Hesperides: or, The vvorks both humane & divine of Robert Herrick Esq''. London, 1648. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=153584 H1596] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/el084g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*John Evans. ''Hesperides, or, The Muses garden''. Manuscript, ca. 1655-1659. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=221182 V.b.93] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/s903z1 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Additional items exhibited===<br />
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*''Hortus sanitatis''. London, 1536. Call number: QH41 H48 1536 Cage and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/tud090 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Replica early 17th-century man's night shirt. Linen with blackwork embroidery. By Emma Lehman, 2008, based on an original in the Fashion Museum, Bath.<br />
*''The New Testament of ovr Lord Iesvs Christ. Translated out of the Greeke by Theod. Beza, and Englished by L. Tomson''. Bound with: ''The whole booke of Psalmes: collected into English meeter by T. Sternhold, I. Hopkins, W. Whittingham, and others, conferred with the Hebrew, with apt notes to sing them withall. Newly set foorth, and allowed to be sung in all churches, of all the people together, before and after morning and euening prayer, as also before and after sermons. Moreouer in priuate houses, for their godly solace and comfort, laying apart all vngodly songs and ballads, which tend onely to the nourishing of vice, and corrupting of youth''. London: Robert Barker, ca. 1610. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170019 STC 2907] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8hr271 LUNA Digital Image] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/1vmjuw Binding image on LUNA].<br />
*Richard Brathwaite. ''The English gentlewoman, drawne out to the full body: expressing, what habilliments doe best attire her, what ornaments doe best adorne her, what complements doe best accomplish her''. London: B. Alsop and T. Favvcet, for Michaell Sparke, 1631. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169488 STC 3565] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sd5y05 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Rembert Dodoens. ''A niewe herball, or historie of plantes: wherein is contayned the whole discourse and perfect description of all sortes of herbs and plantes''. London: Henry Loë, 1578. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170691 STC 6984 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/x77ah5 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Walkington. ''The optick glasse of humors or The touchstone of a golden temperature, or the Philosophers stone to make a golden temper''. Oxford: W[illiam]. T[urner], 1631?. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=168005 STC 24968] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/jz1y47 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*George Gower. ''The Plimpton "Sieve" Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I.'' Oil on panel, 1579. Call number: [http://shakespeare.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=128729 ART 246171 (framed)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/00o3y8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Archie Armstrong. ''Archy’s dream''. London, 1641. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=152564 A3708] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/241m0d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Beroaldo. ''Le Tableav des Riches Inventions''. 1600. Call number: PQ4619.C9 F8 1600 Cage and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/253o9i LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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==Supplemental material==<br />
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===[[To Sleep, Perchance to Dream children's exhibition|''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' children's exhibition]]===<br />
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====[[:File:To Sleep Perchance to Dream FAMILY GUIDE.pdf|''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' family guide]]====<br />
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===Audio Tour===<br />
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Explore ''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' through this [http://old.folger.edu/Content/Whats-On/Folger-Exhibitions/Past-Exhibitions/To-Sleep-Perchance-to-Dream/To-Sleep-Audio-Tour.cfm Audio Tour].<br />
<br />
====Lying In====<br />
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Listen to exhibitions manager Caryn Lazzuri discuss one specific use for the bedchamber.<br />
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*John Geninges. ''The life and death of Mr. Edmund Geninges priest, crowned with martyrdome at London, the 10. day of November, in the yeare M.D.XCI''. 1614. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=159679 STC 11728 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/14l58g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
====A Counterfeit Death====<br />
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Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lj2285 title page] of Walter Raleigh's ''History of the World''.<br />
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*Walter Raleigh. ''The discoverie of the large, rich, and bewtiful empire of Guiana, with a relation of the great and golden citie of Manoa (which the Spanyards call El Dorado) and the provinces of Emeria, Arromaia, Amapaia, and other countries, with their rivers, adjoyning''. London: Robert Robinson, 1596. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=163767 STC 20634 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/m7sxz7 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Walter Raleigh. ''The history of the world''. London: [William Stansby] for Walter Burre, 1614. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=166411 STC 20637] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/15194v LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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====Satan and the Sleeping Eve====<br />
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Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss an [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/b7uz8b engraving] depicting Book IV of Milton's ''Paradise lost''.<br />
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*John Milton. ''Paradise lost. A poem in twelve books''. London: Miles Flesher, 1688. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=135784 M2147] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lcgja9 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Video===<br />
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Scholars Garrett Sullivan and Carole Levin discuss what at Elizabethan bedchamber may have been like.<br />
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<html5media height="180" width="320">https://www.youtube.com/embed/21j7HNmpeN8</html5media><br />
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Trouble falling asleep is nothing new. Exhibition curator Carole Levine talks about DIY Elizabethan remedies for insomnia.<br />
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<html5media height="180" width="320">https://www.youtube.com/embed/SQdj4I5FBho</html5media><br />
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[[Category: Public programs]]<br />
[[Category: Exhibitions]]<br />
[[Category: 15th century]]<br />
[[Category: 16th century]]<br />
[[Category: 17th century]]<br />
[[Category: 18th century]]<br />
[[Category: Collection]]<br />
[[Category: Manuscripts]]<br />
[[Category: Art]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=To_Sleep,_Perchance_to_Dream&diff=35828To Sleep, Perchance to Dream2021-10-13T14:55:23Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* Dream Control */</p>
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<div>[[File:A3708 title page.jpg|thumb|right|290px|The title page of ''Archy's dream'', a former court jester's account. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ey1g87 22186].]]<br />
''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'', one of the [[Exhibitions at the Folger]], opened on February 19, 2009 and closed May 30, 2009. The exhibition was curated by [[Carole Levin]] and [[Garrett Sullivan]] with Steven K. Galbraith and [[Heather Wolfe]] as consultants. The exhibition [http://shop.folger.edu/store/165035%21165/To+Sleep%2C+Perchance+to+Dream catalog] can be purchased from the Folger Shop.<br />
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While sleeping and dreaming are universal experiences, each culture and historical period understands them in distinctive ways. This exhibition explores the ethereal realm of sleeping and dreaming in Renaissance England, from the beliefs, rituals, and habits of sleepers to the role of dream interpreters and interpretations in public and private life. <br />
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The habits and attitudes of both royalty and commoners toward sleep and dreams provide us with a glimpse into a world that has strong connections with, and striking differences from, our own. Sufferers of insomnia and nightmares attempted to cure themselves with a variety of remedies—from herbal concoctions to magic. They adhered to specific rituals for going to bed and held beliefs about when it was or was not appropriate to sleep.<br />
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Through a variety of printed, handwritten, and visual materials, including literary texts by Shakespeare, Milton, and others, ''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' explores the vibrancy of early modern views of sleeping and dreaming. Nightclothes, gemstones, recipes and ingredients for curing nightmares and inducing sleep, and records of dreams about or by historical figures, provide a vivid glimpse of the various ways in which the Renaissance English prepared for sleep and sought to control and understand their dreams.<br />
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==Contents of the exhibition==<br />
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===Preparing for Sleep===<br />
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Medical writers understood sleep to be crucial to the maintenance of physical well-being, and offered specific instructions for a range of bedtime matters, such as identifying the best place to sleep, choosing a bed least likely to attract vermin, and selecting the most appropriate night clothes. Preparing for sleep was also a spiritual matter. Because of the widely held fear that one might die while asleep, saying one’s prayers was an important nightly ritual.<br />
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Several texts give insight into how people prepared for sleep in Renaissance England. Church of England clergyman Richard Day’s text, ''A booke of Christian prayers'', offers both a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/rx1fp7 bedtime prayer] as well as images of [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/f0n2mi sleepers sharing a bed]. Primarily for reasons of economy and warmth, bed-sharing was a common practice in early modern households and in university settings.<br />
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Thomas Tryon’s ''A treatise of cleanness in meats and drinks, of the preparation of food, the excellency of good airs, and the benefits of clean sweet beds'' offers a wealth of sleep-related advice, which he summarizes as follows: “Therefore moderate Clothing, hard Beds, Houses that stand so as that the pleasant Briezes of Wind may air and refresh them, and also Houses that are full of Windows, are to be preferr’d.” He also notes that featherbeds breed vermin (a common problem in early modern beds) and are to be avoided.<br />
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Finally, Thomas Cogan's ''The haven of health'' covers topics such as the “most fit” place in which to sleep, the best way to make the bed, and the appropriate posture for sleeping. Cogan also notes that “he that sleepeth with his mouth close[d] hath commonly an ill breath and foule teeth.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Richard Day. ''A booke of Christian prayers, collected out of the auncient writers, and best learned in our tyme, worthy to be read with an earnest mynde of all Christians, in these daungerous and troublesome dayes, that God for Christes sake will yet still be mercyfull unto us''. London: John Day, 1578. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169150 STC 6429] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/26122y LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Tryon. ''A treatise of cleanness in meats and drinks, of the preparation of food, the excellency of good airs, and the benefits of clean sweet beds''. London, 1682. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=151430 T3196].<br />
*Thomas Cogan. ''The hauen of health: chiefely gathered for the comfort of students, and consequently of all those that have a care of their health, amplified upon five words of Hippocrates, written Epid. 6 Labor, cibus, potio, somnus, Venus''. London: Henrie Midleton, for William Norton, 1584. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=160716 STC 5478] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/zx755i LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===When We Sleep===<br />
[[File:V.a.311 24r.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Thomas Fella's 'F' in his alphabet of moral advice. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/53zun2 23585].]]<br />
Night-time slumber was divided into “first” and “second” sleeps, separated by a period of wakeful activity. How many hours one should sleep was dictated by one’s humoral “complexion”—that is, the balance in the body of the four humors (blood, phlegm, choler or bile, and melancholy or black bile). Sleep was associated with cold and moisture, and therefore with phlegm, a cold, wet humor. Napping during the day was discouraged, as it was believed to cause, in the words of Thomas Cogan, “great domage & hurt of body.” And sleeping too much was both a physical and spiritual transgression.<br />
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Sleep was thought to be associated with the humors, which were closely related to a person's temperament. Both sloth and forgetfulness were moral vices associated with sleeping too long or at the wrong time of day.<br />
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Thomas Fella's heavily-illustrated miscellany includes an “alphabet” of moral advice. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/w5f6ax letter F] is devoted to sleep—particularly the fitful sleep of the rich as compared to the sweet sleep of “a laboring man.”<br />
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And Scipion Du Plesis' ''The Resolver'', a translation of the French ''Curiosité naturelle'', poses and answers a question about the relative strength of “first sleep” that foregrounds the importance of digestion— namely that it produces fumes that ascend to the brain, and provokes sleep by “stop[ping] the conduits of the Senses.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Thomas Fella. ''A booke of diveirs devises and sortes of pictures, with the alphabete of letters, deuised and drawne with the pen''. Manuscript, ca. 1585-1622. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=243917 V.a.311] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/53zun2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Scipion Dupleix. ''The resoluer; or Curiosities of nature written in French by Scipio Du Plesis counseller and historiographer to the French King. Vsefull & pleasant for all''. London: N. & I. Okes, [1635]. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=163893 STC 7362].<br />
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===What is Sleep? From the Medical to the Metaphorical===<br />
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In ''The Anatomy of Melancholy'', Robert Burton defined sleep as a “binding” of the senses. This “binding” was routinely described as the product of digestion, thought to be sleep’s primary cause. Medical writers asserted that fumes produced during digestion ascended from the stomach to the brain, where they impeded the passage of the “animal spirits” responsible for rational and sensory activity. At the same time, sleep had non-medical significance, lending itself to a variety of literary and allegorical interpretations.<br />
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Sleep was represented in a variety of literature of the day. Samuel Daniel’s influential sonnet sequence, ''Delia'', features a poem addressed to “Care-charmer sleepe,” the most famous example of a sub-genre of poetry devoted to sleep. Other Elizabethans who wrote on this topic include Sir Philip Sidney and William Shakespeare.<br />
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Richard Braithwaite, an Oxford-educated poet and satirist, wrote a compendium of stories and aphorisms with a range of moralizing functions, from teaching moderation to scrutinizing fashion, but it takes its title—''Art Asleep Husband? A boulster lecture''—from the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8m12o7 figure of a scolding wife] “lecturing” her husband while he pretends to sleep.<br />
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Medical writers, like Somerset physician Tobias Venner, also had something to say about the benefits and detriments of certain sleep. Venner argues for the benefits of sleeping with one’s mouth open. He also stresses sleep’s link to “concoction,” or digestion, which he deems “the root of life.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Richard Brathwaite. ''Ar’t asleepe husband?'' London: R. Bishop, for R[ichard]. B[est]., 1640. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=161261 STC 3555] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8j34q2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===To Make One Sleep===<br />
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Judging from the large number of surviving manuscript recipes (or “receipts”) for insomnia, sleep disorders were as great a problem in early modern England as they are today. The ingredients in these recipes range from the unsurprising (poppies) to the somewhat puzzling (lettuce). However, the effectiveness of some ingredients lies in the perceived connection between physiology and the properties of the substance itself: lettuce, like sleep, was thought of as cold and wet, which is why it was believed to provoke sleep in the sleepless.<br />
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Mary Granville and her daughter Anne (Granville) Dewes include a recipe against insomnia in their receipt book—"To make one sleepe." The afflicted person is advised to wet two linen cloths with a mixture of strained ivy leaves and white wine vinegar, and then apply the cloths to the forehead and temples.<br />
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Another miscellany includes a recipe for “A Dormant Drink” designed to induce continuous sleep for two full days. For some reason, all of the ingredients’ names are written backwards (“yppop” for poppy, “ecittel” for lettice).<br />
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Mrs. Corlyon's receipt book contains the three following recipes: the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z369w6 first] produces a “liquor” comprised of ingredients such as rose water, “Woemans milke,” and wine vinegar, to be applied to the forehead and temples. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/19xo5r second recipe] is a drink made primarily of “White lettice seede” and sugar, to be followed by “a draft of posset ale” (milk curdled with ale). The third recipe consists of a warm drink of white poppy seed powder and posset ale made with violets, strawberry leaves, and “singfoyle” (cinquefoil).<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Grenville Family. [[Cookery and medicinal recipes of the Granville family, ca. 1640 – ca. 1750 V.a.430|''Cookery and medicinal recipes of the Granville family'']]. Manuscript, ca. 1640 – ca. 1750. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=231288 V.a.430]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/11yh7x p.1].<br />
*''Historical extracts''. Manuscript, ca. 1625. [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=193388 X.d.393]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/08iabr leaf 34].<br />
*Mrs. Corlyon. ''A booke of such medicines as have been approved by the speciall practize of Mrs. Corlyon''. Manuscript, ca. 1606. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=230598 V.a.388]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z369w6 p. 18–19].<br />
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===Herbals===<br />
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Herbals provide physical descriptions of plants, with particular attention to their various medicinal virtues. Thus, they were an important resource for recipes. Recipes meant to provoke sleep might require mandrake or Indian dreamer, while those that roused the sufferer from sleep-related diseases such as lethargy might call for mustard plant.<br />
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This [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/b41nr5 fanciful illustration] is the mandrake, a plant whose root was taken to resemble the human form and which purportedly shrieked when removed from the ground. A narcotic plant, the mandrake’s effects were, in John Donne’s words, “betwixt sleep and poison.” Shakespeare references the mandrake’s soporific qualities in ''[[Othello|Othello]]'' and [[Antony and Cleopatra|''Anthony and Cleopatra'']].<br />
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The Indian Dreamer, which resembles hemp, was another plant used to cause sleep but can also “grow great dreamers according to their humours and dispositions….”<br />
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But, for those who had too much of sleep, other plant cures were available. Towards the end of an entry devoted to the mustard plant, Rembert Dodoens discusses “Lethargie or drowsie evill,” a disease in which people “cannot waken themselves.” He advises using a paste of mustard and figs to create heat, thus removing the cold humors that cause excess sleep.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*''Ortus sanitatis: de herbis et plantis, de animalibus et reptilibus, de auibus et volatilibus, de piscibus et natatilibus, de lapidibus et in terre venis nascentibus, de vrinis et ea rum speciebus, tabula medicinalis cum directorio generali per omnes tractatus''. Strasbourg: Johann Prüss, not after Oct. 21, 1497. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=95984 INC H417 Copy 1 Massey] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/68b7nj LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Richard Haydock: The Sleeping Preacher===<br />
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In 1605, a medical doctor named Richard Haydock attracted the attention of James I because of his ability to deliver brilliant sermons while in a deep sleep. Haydock had a passion for preaching, but ended up studying medicine instead because of a debilitating stutter. After inviting Haydock to court to hear the sleeping sermons himself, James I exposed Haydock as a fraud. However, because his sermons had been so pro-monarchy, his only punishment was publicly confessing his deceit. The prefatory material to Haydock’s [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/cej765 treatise on dreams], ''Oneirologia'', served as his confession.<br />
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To express his gratitude to the king for his leniency and to acknowledge his earlier deception, Haydock composed a treatise on dreams, and he [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/4si4kj dedicated his manuscript] to King James. No doubt he hoped that James would be pleased to be referred to as a son of King Solomon, known for his wisdom, and that he would be interested in a text on dreams. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/5k55u5 Chapter four] of Haydock’s work concentrates on what happens in the mind when the body is asleep. He assures his readers that when drowsy vapors take over common sense, fantasy must be freed or there will be no dreams. The manuscript was never published, and the copy at the Folger is the only copy known to exist.<br />
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The story of King James unmasking Haydock’s fraud was a popular one that appeared in many seventeenth-century histories, including Sir Richard Baker’s ''A Chronicle of the Kings of England''. It was not only an interesting story in itself, but it also allowed historians to praise the king for his “admirable sagacity in discovering of Fictions.”<br />
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On this [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/286p8o frontispiece], Richard Haydock (an artist as well as a preacher) has engraved a portrait of himself.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo. ''A tracte containing the artes of curious paintinge carvinge & buildinge written first in Italian by Io: Paul Lomatius painter of Milan and Englished by R.H. student in physik''. Oxford: Joseph Barnes for R[ichard] H[aydock], 1598. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=164109 STC 16698 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/286p8o LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Richard Haydock. ''Oneirologia, or, A briefe discourse of the nature of dreames''. Manuscript, 1605. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=270907 J.a.1 (5)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/32gch3 LUNA Digital Image]<br />
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===James I===<br />
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[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/94qsi7 James I] was fascinated by strange phenomena and supernatural events. He wrote a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/j55g5o treatise on witchcraft], but later became more interested in exposing fraudulent supernatural events, such as the sermons of Richard Haydock, “the sleeping preacher.” James I’s writings on dreams reveal a deep skepticism of their significance. In 1622, however, he felt quite differently when he had a dream that foretold his own death.<br />
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King James’s treatise on witchcraft, ''Daemonologie'', includes a section on nightmares. Although he strongly believed in the power and danger of witches, he was far more skeptical about dreams. In this treatise, James claims that nightmares result from natural causes rather than from demons, or succubi.<br />
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King James also wrote the ''Basilikon Doron'' as an educational guide for his son Henry, Prince of Wales. In a section on sleep, he advises Henry to “take no heede to any of your dreames,” because prophecies and visions no longer occur. James believed those ceased with the coming of Christ.<br />
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Arthur Wilson's ''The history of Great Britain'' includes the story of James I and Richard Haydock, the “Sleeping Preacher,” as the prime example of “brutish imposters” exposed by the king’s reason. Wilson also shared James’ belief that dreams are not supernatural, stating in the preface that he is “not like one in a Dream, who starts at the horror of the Object which his own imagination creates.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*James I. ''Daemonologie, in forme of a dialogue''. Edinburgh: Robert Walde-graue, 1597. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=162293 STC 14364] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9ln3cq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*James I. ''The workes of the most high and mightie prince, James by the grace of God King of Great Britaine, France and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c''. London: Robert Barker and John Bill, 1616. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169364 STC 14344 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/77b94d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Definitions of Dreams===<br />
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Beliefs about dreams were wide-ranging: while some people believed dreams were simply the fragments of the day retold or the result of food or drink partaken, others thought dreams were an expression of guilt over an action taken or considered, or were influenced by a person’s dominant humor. Many people believed that dreams came directly from God, angels, or demons and that they exposed a person’s character as virtuous or venal. <br />
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Dreams could be divided into three categories: divine, supernatural, and natural and they were thought to foretell the future. Many were convinced that if they could unlock the meaning of dreams, they could know the future.<br />
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Wilhelm Scribonius defines a dream as “an inward act of the mind” while the body is sleeping. The soul creates dreams from the spirits of the brain, and the most pleasant dreams come as morning approaches, when the spirits are most pure.<br />
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William Vaughan writes about both sleep and dreams in his treatise on personal health. He warns of the dangers of sleeping at noon and observes that dreams could either be a remembrance of the past or “significants of things to come.”<br />
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Thomas Cooper argues that some dreams are natural and might inform us “of the sinnes of the heart,” since what we think or do during the day returns as dreams at night. But he is most concerned with dreams that came from God—moving us toward true worship—and Satan, who puts into the brain “Divellish Dreames” hoping to turn us toward evil.<br />
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In a very popular text which he revised throughout his life, Owen Felltham argues that the best use someone can make of their dreams is to gain greater self-understanding. The mind continues to work even in the depths of sleep, and dreams show us our inclinations.<br />
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===Dream Interpretation===<br />
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A range of early modern books offered dream interpretation, and physicians or astrologers would frequently interpret dreams for payment. Scholars such as Thomas Hill, Marc de Vulson, and Richard Saunders studied ancient dream treatises, especially ''Oneirocritica'', composed by Artemidorus about 200CE, in order to understand the symbolism of dreams. Their interpretations varied widely, and meanings were based not only on the subject matter of the dream, but also on the dreamer’s gender, social status, dominant humor, or profession, as well as the time of year or night the dream was had.<br />
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Thomas Hill’s text was very popular in Renaissance England, succinctly explaining the meanings of hundreds of dreams. For example, to dream of picking green apples from a tree meant good fortune, while dreaming of drinking thinned mustard meant one would be accused of murder.<br />
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Philip Goodwin’s book provides a guide for interpreting the mysterious divine and demonic visitations that a person might experience while sleeping and dreaming. He also advocates prayer before sleeping and after waking, and suggests that shorter stretches of sleep may bring better dreams.<br />
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Marc de Vulson believed that dreams could be both instructional and amusing. He argues that since true events are foretold in dreams, it would be foolish to ignore them. He explains what dreams about plays and pastimes mean. For example, dreaming you see a comedy on stage foretells success; dreaming of a tragedy means “grief and affliction.”<br />
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Richard Saunders believed that the same dream had different meanings depending on a person’s dominant humor and the time of year. Thus, during the third phase of Leo (mid-August), dreaming one was “stark naked in a Church” would be a bad dream for a person of sanguine humor but a good dream for a melancholic person.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*''John Dee''. Engraving, [London, England]: Hunt & Clarke, 1827. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256248 ART File D311 no.1 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/31lemq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Hill. ''The moste pleasaunte arte of the interpretacion of dreames, whereunto is annexed sundry problemes with apte aunsweares neare agreeing to the matter, and very rare examples, not the like the extant in the English tongue''. London: Thomas Marsh, 1576. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=168488 STC 13498] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/nkp6ll LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Philip Goodwin. ''The mystery of dreames, historically discoursed; or A treatise; wherein is clearly discovered, the secret yet certain good or evil, the inconsidered and yet assured truth or falsity, virtue or vanity, misery or mercy, of mens differing dreames''. London: A.M. for Francis Tyton, 1658. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=139001 157- 690q]<br />
*Marc de Vulson. ''The court of curiositie''. London: J[ames]. C[ottrell]. for William Crooke, 1669. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=149323 165-039q].<br />
*Richard Saunders. ''Saunders physiognomie, and chiromancie, metoposcopie, the symmetrical proportions and signal moles of the body, fully and accurately explained; with their natural-predictive significations both to men and women. being delightful and profitable: with the subject of dreams made plain: whereunto is added the art of memory''. London: H. Brugis, for Nathaniel Brook, 1671. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=132723 S755] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9222tm LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Dream Control===<br />
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While some people believed dreams could be regulated through prayer or a healthy diet, others had more elaborate methods for controlling them. These included such strategies as wearing certain kinds of gemstones or imbibing potions with fanciful components such as dragon’s tongue, or rubbing one’s temples with lapwing’s blood. The desire to avoid nightmares, or “terrors of the night,”led to the circulation of these recipes in manuscript.<br />
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Thomas Nichols’s lapidary, or book on gemstones, explains how specific stones can affect dreams. For example, he shares reports that wearing a ruby in an amulet or drinking ground-up rubies will drive away “terrible dreams” as well as sadness, evil thoughts, and evil spirits. It was a widely held belief that gemstones could help control dreams. Wearing a crystal or ruby around one’s neck prevented nightmares. Children were advised to wear emeralds to avoid nightmares. Wearing an amethyst caused exciting dreams and prevented drunkenness. And wearing an onyx to bed caused the wearer to dream of a departed friend.<br />
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Plants, as we've seen throughout the exhibition, were used for many medicinal purposes, and controlling dreams was yet another way to use them. Nicholas Culpeper composed a directory of over three hundred plants, and it includes several that could control dreams. One entry describes polypody, a variety of fern thought to be most medicinally powerful when it grows on oak stumps or trunks. Drinking liquid distilled from its roots and leaves prevents “fearful or troublesome sleeps or dreams.”<br />
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A very popular book with cures and recipes for a wide range of ailments, from how to heal ringworm to how to “make the haire fall off” was ''The secrets of Alexis''. One recipe explains how to see wild beasts in a dream; it also includes a number of recipes for inducing sleep.<br />
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Various animal parts were used in recipes in much the same way as plants or gemstones. Edward Topsell's ''Historie of serpents'' is a spectacularly illustrated and hand-colored book, devoted to serpents (including [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2mr0p7 dragons]). According to Topsell, eating the wine-soaked tongue or gall of a dragon could prevent nightmares.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Thomas Nicols. ''A lapidary: or, The history of pretious stones: with cautions for the undeceiving of all those that deal with pretious stones''. Cambridge: Printed by Thomas Buck, 1652. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=152193 154-179q].<br />
*Nicholas Culpeper. ''The English physician enlarged; with three hundred sixty and nine medicines, made of English herbs, that were not in any impression until this. Being an astrologo-physical discourse of the vulgar herbs of this nation; containing a compleat method of physick, whereby a man may preserve his body in health, or cure himself, being sick, for three pence charge, with such things only as grow in England, they being most fit for English bodies''. London, 1698. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=145821 C7512.2].<br />
*Alessio Piemontese. ''The secrets of Alexis: containing many excellent remedies against diuers diseases, wounds, and other accidents. With the maner to make distillations, parfumes, confitures, dyings, colours, fusions, and meltings. ...''. Translation by William Ward (parts 1-3) and Richard Androse (part 4) of a French version. London: William Stansby for Richard Meighen and Thomas Jones, 1615. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=158131 STC 299] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/p62ss7 Binding image on LUNA].<br />
*Edward Topsell. ''The historie of serpents''. London: William Jaggard, 1608. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169268 STC 24124 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/64l1eq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Nightmares===<br />
[[File:ART File S528K8 no.80.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Act V, Scene 3 of ''Richard III'', as the king experiences horrific nightmares. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/t50qq5 22200].]]<br />
A dream called “the Mare” was specifically described by Nicholas Culpeper “as when someone was sleeping to feel an uncommon oppression or weight about his breast or stomach, which he can be no means shake off. He groans, and sometimes cries out, though oftener he attempts to speak, but in vain.” Sleepers often believed that a demon—a succubus or an incubus—had visited them in their sleep in an attempt to breach their chastity. It was said that those of a melancholy humor often had frightening dreams of dark places, falls from high turrets, and furious beasts. Nightmares and ominous dreams are used to great dramatic effect in plays such as Shakespeare’s [[Richard III|''Richard III'']].<br />
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Act I of Shakespeare’s ''Richard III'' ends with the murder of the Duke of Clarence, presaged by the dream of drowning he recounts at the start of the scene. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z2q8l Here], just as the dream is about to end, howling fiends seize the terrified Clarence to take him to hell.<br />
<br />
In the same play, Richard III has a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2ljk3m troubled sleep] on the eve of the Battle of Bosworth Field. Visited by the ghosts of those whose deaths he caused, he dreams the battle is in progress. As the last ghost leaves, he awakens with a start shouting “Give me another horse; bind up my wounds. Have mercy, Jesu!”<br />
<br />
Thomas Tryon believed that dreams of demonic visitations like Richard III's were caused by sleeping on one’s back, eating heavy suppers just before bed, and drinking spirits in excess. He suggests that nightmares could be avoided by sleeping on one’s side and eating a healthier diet.<br />
<br />
Thomas Nash argues that dreams are based on thoughts and experiences that happen over the course of the day: “A dream is nothing else but a bubbling scum or froth of the fancy, which the day hath left undigested.” As for nightmares, Nash claims they are the result of guilty feelings. For example, the dreadful sins of treason and murder would cause terrible dreams.<br />
<br />
Physician Jacques Ferrand wrote a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kq620d book] on the causes, symptoms, and cures of “Love, or Erotique Melancholy.” Ferrand describes terrifying instances of people, mostly women, who believe that they were raped by the devil in their sleep, “when as in truth they were only troubled with the Nightmare.”<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss the Duke of Clarence's nightmare in ''Richard III''.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*James Neagle after Thomas Stothard. ''King Richard III, act 1, sc. 4''. Engraving, London: Geo. Kearsley, 1804. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256264 ART File S528k8 no.8 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z2q8l LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*William Sharp after John Opie. ''Richard IIID., Act 5 Scene 3, in the tent, Richard asleep, ghosts of persons he had murdered''. Engraving, London: Mr. Woodmason, 1794. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=254208 ART File S528k8 no.80 (size M)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2ljk3m LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Jacques Ferrand. ''Erotomania or A treatise discoursing of the essence, causes, symptomes, prognosticks, and cure of love, or erotique melancholy''. Oxford: L. Lichfield, 1640. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=159189 STC 10829] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kq620d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Supernatural and Divine Dreams===<br />
<br />
Martyrs in both Catholic and Protestant martyrologies, including John Foxe’s ''Actes and Monuments'', were often portrayed as having prophetic dreams. It was also believed that angels regularly visited people in their dreams, and a frequent narrative technique to give a text authenticity was to describe how the author was sleeping when visited in a dream by divine beings who encouraged the writing of their work.<br />
<br />
In 1556, Agnes Potten was sentenced to be burned for heresy, a victim of the persecutions of Protestants under Mary I. John Foxe relates in his book of martyrs that, the night before her death, she had a foretelling dream in which she “saw a bright burning fyre, ryght up as a pole, and on the syde of the fire she thought there stoode a number of Q[ueen] Maries friendes looking on.”<br />
<br />
Other penned prophetic dreams are less dire: In ''The book of the city of ladies'', Christine de Pisan, who made her living as an author prior to the printing press, writes that she was inspired by a dream to build an allegorical city honoring women. In a fifteenth-century French manuscript copy of her masterpiece, on loan from The Trustees of the Boston Public Library, Christine is depicted being pulled out of bed by the three female virtues—Reason, Rectitude, and Justice—who assist her in building her city.<br />
<br />
In his poetical work, ''The hierarchie of the blessed angels'', the playwright Thomas Heywood writes about the many properties of angels, one being their ability to enter a dream and help a good Christian find the right path in the waking life.<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss Christin de Pisan.<br />
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<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss one way sleep has spiritual overtones.<br />
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<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*John Foxe. ''Actes and Monuments of matters most speciall and memorable''. London: Peter Short, 1596. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169331 STC 11226 copy 3] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/m1wfc8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*LOAN from [http://www.bpl.org/research/rb/index.htm Rare Books and Manuscripts Department], The Trustees of the Boston Public Library, MA. Christine, de Pisan. ''The book of the city of ladies''. France, 1405. BPL call number: Ms.f.Med.101 and [https://archive.org/details/lelivredestroisv00chri Internet Archive].<br />
*Thomas Heywood. ''The hierarchie of the blessed angells''. London: Adam Islip, 1635. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169414 STC 13327] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ykjt11 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Political Dreams===<br />
[[File:157- 844q frontispiece.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Charles I the evening before and the day of his execution. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sob66u 17997].]]<br />
Religion and politics were deeply intertwined in Renaissance England. The threats to sixteenth-century Protestants in Mary I’s reign were dramatized in “dream” scenes in plays about such politically significant characters as Princess Elizabeth (the future queen) and Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Suffolk. In the seventeenth century, the struggles between Royalists who supported Charles I and Parliamentarians were described in dreams in a series of political pamphlets.<br />
<br />
John Quarles writes in couplets about his dream of the 1649 execution of Charles I. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/857u2x images] at the beginning of his poem show Charles the night before his death dreaming of his wife and son while an angel prepares to replace the crown he lost on earth with a heavenly one. Opposite this, we see the stark reality of Charles about to be executed.<br />
<br />
In his [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ui7pkj dramatization] of the dangers experienced by the Protestant Princess Elizabeth in the reign of her Catholic half-sister Mary, Thomas Heywood includes “a dumb show” (a scene played silently) while Elizabeth sleeps. In the dumb show, angels stop the villain Winchester from killing the sleeping princess and place a Bible in her hands. Elizabeth wakes, as if from a dream, not knowing how the Bible materialized.<br />
<br />
After the execution of Charles I in 1649, his son Charles sought help in Scotland to claim the throne. According to James Douglas, the young Charles dreamt he saw a spider with a crown hanging over its head and two other crowns at the end of the thread. As the spider lowered itself down the cobweb, it fell and lost everything. Despite the dire portent of this dream, Charles II was restored as king in 1660.<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss Heywood's play.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*John Quarles. ''Regale lectum miseriæ: or, A kingly bed of miserie. In which is contained, a dreame: with an elegie upon the martyrdome of Charls, late King of England, of blessed memory: and another upon the Right Honourable, the Lord Capel''. London, 1649. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=147365 157-844q] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/opi363 LUNA Digital Image]<br />
*Thomas Heywood. ''If you know not me, you know no bodie: or, The troubles of Queene Elizabeth''. London, 1605. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=161231 STC 13328]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ui7pkj title page].<br />
<br />
===Arise for It Is Day===<br />
<br />
From rinsing out one’s mouth to throwing open the windows to air out a stuffy bedchamber, rituals for waking were as common as rituals for going to sleep, and a new day was often welcomed with prayer. The renewal inherent in the daily cycle seemed an inspiration for many: the printer John Day took as his [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/60g3ha printer’s device] a sunrise scene and the phrase “Arise for It Is Day” (punning off of his own name), while many authors celebrated the new day with carpe diem verses and morning songs, or ''aubades''.<br />
<br />
“Get up, get up for shame” begins Robert Herrick’s famous “carpe diem” (seize the day) poem, as the speaker tries to rouse his “sweet-Slug-a-bed.” While Corinna stays in bed, youths rejoice in May Day revelry, exchanging flirtatious glances, playing kissing games, and rolling in the grass until plain gowns become green.<br />
<br />
Thomas Tryon, who had prescriptions for how to sleep, also wrote on waking and health, and was particularly concerned with preventing the “generation of bugs”—a common household problem. Tryon advises that “there is nothing better…than every Morning when you rise to set open your Windows, and lay open your Bed-cloaths.” He believed this would release “the gross humid Steams” from the bed and would prevent fleas and other bugs from breeding.<br />
<br />
John Evans, the compiler of a literary commonplace book, devotes a column to the topic “Awake,” “Awaked,” and “Awaking.” He provides quotations from eight different sources, including two Shakespeare plays ([[Henry IV, Part 2|''Henry IV, pt. 2'']] and [[Julius Caesar|''Julius Caesar'']]). Two extracts are from Francis Quarles’ ''Emblems'' and three extracts are from a song in Cosmo Manuche’s ''The Bastard'', a play published in 1652.<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*William Tyndale. ''The whole workes of W. Tyndall, John Frith, and Doct. Barnes, three worthy martyrs, and principall teachers of this Churche of England, collected and compiled in one tome togither, beyng before scattered, and now in print here exhibited to the Church''. London: John Day, 1573. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=167157 STC 24436 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/hagxt2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Robert Herrick. ''Hesperides: or, The vvorks both humane & divine of Robert Herrick Esq''. London, 1648. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=153584 H1596] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/el084g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*John Evans. ''Hesperides, or, The Muses garden''. Manuscript, ca. 1655-1659. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=221182 V.b.93] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/s903z1 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Additional items exhibited===<br />
<br />
*''Hortus sanitatis''. London, 1536. Call number: QH41 H48 1536 Cage and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/tud090 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Replica early 17th-century man's night shirt. Linen with blackwork embroidery. By Emma Lehman, 2008, based on an original in the Fashion Museum, Bath.<br />
*''The New Testament of ovr Lord Iesvs Christ. Translated out of the Greeke by Theod. Beza, and Englished by L. Tomson''. Bound with: ''The whole booke of Psalmes: collected into English meeter by T. Sternhold, I. Hopkins, W. Whittingham, and others, conferred with the Hebrew, with apt notes to sing them withall. Newly set foorth, and allowed to be sung in all churches, of all the people together, before and after morning and euening prayer, as also before and after sermons. Moreouer in priuate houses, for their godly solace and comfort, laying apart all vngodly songs and ballads, which tend onely to the nourishing of vice, and corrupting of youth''. London: Robert Barker, ca. 1610. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170019 STC 2907] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8hr271 LUNA Digital Image] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/1vmjuw Binding image on LUNA].<br />
*Richard Brathwaite. ''The English gentlewoman, drawne out to the full body: expressing, what habilliments doe best attire her, what ornaments doe best adorne her, what complements doe best accomplish her''. London: B. Alsop and T. Favvcet, for Michaell Sparke, 1631. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169488 STC 3565] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sd5y05 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Rembert Dodoens. ''A niewe herball, or historie of plantes: wherein is contayned the whole discourse and perfect description of all sortes of herbs and plantes''. London: Henry Loë, 1578. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170691 STC 6984 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/x77ah5 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Walkington. ''The optick glasse of humors or The touchstone of a golden temperature, or the Philosophers stone to make a golden temper''. Oxford: W[illiam]. T[urner], 1631?. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=168005 STC 24968] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/jz1y47 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*George Gower. ''The Plimpton "Sieve" Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I.'' Oil on panel, 1579. Call number: [http://shakespeare.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=128729 ART 246171 (framed)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/00o3y8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Archie Armstrong. ''Archy’s dream''. London, 1641. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=152564 A3708] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/241m0d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Beroaldo. ''Le Tableav des Riches Inventions''. 1600. Call number: PQ4619.C9 F8 1600 Cage and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/253o9i LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
==Supplemental material==<br />
<br />
===[[To Sleep, Perchance to Dream children's exhibition|''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' children's exhibition]]===<br />
<br />
====[[:File:To Sleep Perchance to Dream FAMILY GUIDE.pdf|''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' family guide]]====<br />
<br />
===Audio Tour===<br />
<br />
Explore ''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' through this [http://old.folger.edu/Content/Whats-On/Folger-Exhibitions/Past-Exhibitions/To-Sleep-Perchance-to-Dream/To-Sleep-Audio-Tour.cfm Audio Tour].<br />
<br />
====Lying In====<br />
<br />
Listen to exhibitions manager Caryn Lazzuri discuss one specific use for the bedchamber.<br />
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<br />
<br />
*John Geninges. ''The life and death of Mr. Edmund Geninges priest, crowned with martyrdome at London, the 10. day of November, in the yeare M.D.XCI''. 1614. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=159679 STC 11728 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/14l58g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
====A Counterfeit Death====<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lj2285 title page] of Walter Raleigh's ''History of the World''.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*Walter Raleigh. ''The discoverie of the large, rich, and bewtiful empire of Guiana, with a relation of the great and golden citie of Manoa (which the Spanyards call El Dorado) and the provinces of Emeria, Arromaia, Amapaia, and other countries, with their rivers, adjoyning''. London: Robert Robinson, 1596. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=163767 STC 20634 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/m7sxz7 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Walter Raleigh. ''The history of the world''. London: [William Stansby] for Walter Burre, 1614. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=166411 STC 20637] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/15194v LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
====Satan and the Sleeping Eve====<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss an [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/b7uz8b engraving] depicting Book IV of Milton's ''Paradise lost''.<br />
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<br />
*John Milton. ''Paradise lost. A poem in twelve books''. London: Miles Flesher, 1688. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=135784 M2147] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lcgja9 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Video===<br />
<br />
Scholars Garrett Sullivan and Carole Levin discuss what at Elizabethan bedchamber may have been like.<br />
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<html5media height="180" width="320">https://www.youtube.com/embed/21j7HNmpeN8</html5media><br />
<br />
Trouble falling asleep is nothing new. Exhibition curator Carole Levine talks about DIY Elizabethan remedies for insomnia.<br />
<br />
<html5media height="180" width="320">https://www.youtube.com/embed/SQdj4I5FBho</html5media><br />
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[[Category: Public programs]]<br />
[[Category: Exhibitions]]<br />
[[Category: 15th century]]<br />
[[Category: 16th century]]<br />
[[Category: 17th century]]<br />
[[Category: 18th century]]<br />
[[Category: Collection]]<br />
[[Category: Manuscripts]]<br />
[[Category: Art]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=To_Sleep,_Perchance_to_Dream&diff=35827To Sleep, Perchance to Dream2021-10-13T14:55:09Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* Dream Interpretation */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:A3708 title page.jpg|thumb|right|290px|The title page of ''Archy's dream'', a former court jester's account. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ey1g87 22186].]]<br />
''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'', one of the [[Exhibitions at the Folger]], opened on February 19, 2009 and closed May 30, 2009. The exhibition was curated by [[Carole Levin]] and [[Garrett Sullivan]] with Steven K. Galbraith and [[Heather Wolfe]] as consultants. The exhibition [http://shop.folger.edu/store/165035%21165/To+Sleep%2C+Perchance+to+Dream catalog] can be purchased from the Folger Shop.<br />
<br />
While sleeping and dreaming are universal experiences, each culture and historical period understands them in distinctive ways. This exhibition explores the ethereal realm of sleeping and dreaming in Renaissance England, from the beliefs, rituals, and habits of sleepers to the role of dream interpreters and interpretations in public and private life. <br />
<br />
The habits and attitudes of both royalty and commoners toward sleep and dreams provide us with a glimpse into a world that has strong connections with, and striking differences from, our own. Sufferers of insomnia and nightmares attempted to cure themselves with a variety of remedies—from herbal concoctions to magic. They adhered to specific rituals for going to bed and held beliefs about when it was or was not appropriate to sleep.<br />
<br />
Through a variety of printed, handwritten, and visual materials, including literary texts by Shakespeare, Milton, and others, ''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' explores the vibrancy of early modern views of sleeping and dreaming. Nightclothes, gemstones, recipes and ingredients for curing nightmares and inducing sleep, and records of dreams about or by historical figures, provide a vivid glimpse of the various ways in which the Renaissance English prepared for sleep and sought to control and understand their dreams.<br />
<br />
==Contents of the exhibition==<br />
<br />
===Preparing for Sleep===<br />
<br />
Medical writers understood sleep to be crucial to the maintenance of physical well-being, and offered specific instructions for a range of bedtime matters, such as identifying the best place to sleep, choosing a bed least likely to attract vermin, and selecting the most appropriate night clothes. Preparing for sleep was also a spiritual matter. Because of the widely held fear that one might die while asleep, saying one’s prayers was an important nightly ritual.<br />
<br />
Several texts give insight into how people prepared for sleep in Renaissance England. Church of England clergyman Richard Day’s text, ''A booke of Christian prayers'', offers both a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/rx1fp7 bedtime prayer] as well as images of [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/f0n2mi sleepers sharing a bed]. Primarily for reasons of economy and warmth, bed-sharing was a common practice in early modern households and in university settings.<br />
<br />
Thomas Tryon’s ''A treatise of cleanness in meats and drinks, of the preparation of food, the excellency of good airs, and the benefits of clean sweet beds'' offers a wealth of sleep-related advice, which he summarizes as follows: “Therefore moderate Clothing, hard Beds, Houses that stand so as that the pleasant Briezes of Wind may air and refresh them, and also Houses that are full of Windows, are to be preferr’d.” He also notes that featherbeds breed vermin (a common problem in early modern beds) and are to be avoided.<br />
<br />
Finally, Thomas Cogan's ''The haven of health'' covers topics such as the “most fit” place in which to sleep, the best way to make the bed, and the appropriate posture for sleeping. Cogan also notes that “he that sleepeth with his mouth close[d] hath commonly an ill breath and foule teeth.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
<br />
*Richard Day. ''A booke of Christian prayers, collected out of the auncient writers, and best learned in our tyme, worthy to be read with an earnest mynde of all Christians, in these daungerous and troublesome dayes, that God for Christes sake will yet still be mercyfull unto us''. London: John Day, 1578. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169150 STC 6429] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/26122y LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Tryon. ''A treatise of cleanness in meats and drinks, of the preparation of food, the excellency of good airs, and the benefits of clean sweet beds''. London, 1682. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=151430 T3196].<br />
*Thomas Cogan. ''The hauen of health: chiefely gathered for the comfort of students, and consequently of all those that have a care of their health, amplified upon five words of Hippocrates, written Epid. 6 Labor, cibus, potio, somnus, Venus''. London: Henrie Midleton, for William Norton, 1584. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=160716 STC 5478] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/zx755i LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===When We Sleep===<br />
[[File:V.a.311 24r.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Thomas Fella's 'F' in his alphabet of moral advice. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/53zun2 23585].]]<br />
Night-time slumber was divided into “first” and “second” sleeps, separated by a period of wakeful activity. How many hours one should sleep was dictated by one’s humoral “complexion”—that is, the balance in the body of the four humors (blood, phlegm, choler or bile, and melancholy or black bile). Sleep was associated with cold and moisture, and therefore with phlegm, a cold, wet humor. Napping during the day was discouraged, as it was believed to cause, in the words of Thomas Cogan, “great domage & hurt of body.” And sleeping too much was both a physical and spiritual transgression.<br />
<br />
Sleep was thought to be associated with the humors, which were closely related to a person's temperament. Both sloth and forgetfulness were moral vices associated with sleeping too long or at the wrong time of day.<br />
<br />
Thomas Fella's heavily-illustrated miscellany includes an “alphabet” of moral advice. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/w5f6ax letter F] is devoted to sleep—particularly the fitful sleep of the rich as compared to the sweet sleep of “a laboring man.”<br />
<br />
And Scipion Du Plesis' ''The Resolver'', a translation of the French ''Curiosité naturelle'', poses and answers a question about the relative strength of “first sleep” that foregrounds the importance of digestion— namely that it produces fumes that ascend to the brain, and provokes sleep by “stop[ping] the conduits of the Senses.”<br />
<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*Thomas Fella. ''A booke of diveirs devises and sortes of pictures, with the alphabete of letters, deuised and drawne with the pen''. Manuscript, ca. 1585-1622. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=243917 V.a.311] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/53zun2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Scipion Dupleix. ''The resoluer; or Curiosities of nature written in French by Scipio Du Plesis counseller and historiographer to the French King. Vsefull & pleasant for all''. London: N. & I. Okes, [1635]. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=163893 STC 7362].<br />
<br />
===What is Sleep? From the Medical to the Metaphorical===<br />
<br />
In ''The Anatomy of Melancholy'', Robert Burton defined sleep as a “binding” of the senses. This “binding” was routinely described as the product of digestion, thought to be sleep’s primary cause. Medical writers asserted that fumes produced during digestion ascended from the stomach to the brain, where they impeded the passage of the “animal spirits” responsible for rational and sensory activity. At the same time, sleep had non-medical significance, lending itself to a variety of literary and allegorical interpretations.<br />
<br />
Sleep was represented in a variety of literature of the day. Samuel Daniel’s influential sonnet sequence, ''Delia'', features a poem addressed to “Care-charmer sleepe,” the most famous example of a sub-genre of poetry devoted to sleep. Other Elizabethans who wrote on this topic include Sir Philip Sidney and William Shakespeare.<br />
<br />
Richard Braithwaite, an Oxford-educated poet and satirist, wrote a compendium of stories and aphorisms with a range of moralizing functions, from teaching moderation to scrutinizing fashion, but it takes its title—''Art Asleep Husband? A boulster lecture''—from the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8m12o7 figure of a scolding wife] “lecturing” her husband while he pretends to sleep.<br />
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Medical writers, like Somerset physician Tobias Venner, also had something to say about the benefits and detriments of certain sleep. Venner argues for the benefits of sleeping with one’s mouth open. He also stresses sleep’s link to “concoction,” or digestion, which he deems “the root of life.”<br />
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*Richard Brathwaite. ''Ar’t asleepe husband?'' London: R. Bishop, for R[ichard]. B[est]., 1640. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=161261 STC 3555] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8j34q2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===To Make One Sleep===<br />
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Judging from the large number of surviving manuscript recipes (or “receipts”) for insomnia, sleep disorders were as great a problem in early modern England as they are today. The ingredients in these recipes range from the unsurprising (poppies) to the somewhat puzzling (lettuce). However, the effectiveness of some ingredients lies in the perceived connection between physiology and the properties of the substance itself: lettuce, like sleep, was thought of as cold and wet, which is why it was believed to provoke sleep in the sleepless.<br />
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Mary Granville and her daughter Anne (Granville) Dewes include a recipe against insomnia in their receipt book—"To make one sleepe." The afflicted person is advised to wet two linen cloths with a mixture of strained ivy leaves and white wine vinegar, and then apply the cloths to the forehead and temples.<br />
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Another miscellany includes a recipe for “A Dormant Drink” designed to induce continuous sleep for two full days. For some reason, all of the ingredients’ names are written backwards (“yppop” for poppy, “ecittel” for lettice).<br />
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Mrs. Corlyon's receipt book contains the three following recipes: the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z369w6 first] produces a “liquor” comprised of ingredients such as rose water, “Woemans milke,” and wine vinegar, to be applied to the forehead and temples. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/19xo5r second recipe] is a drink made primarily of “White lettice seede” and sugar, to be followed by “a draft of posset ale” (milk curdled with ale). The third recipe consists of a warm drink of white poppy seed powder and posset ale made with violets, strawberry leaves, and “singfoyle” (cinquefoil).<br />
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*Grenville Family. [[Cookery and medicinal recipes of the Granville family, ca. 1640 – ca. 1750 V.a.430|''Cookery and medicinal recipes of the Granville family'']]. Manuscript, ca. 1640 – ca. 1750. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=231288 V.a.430]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/11yh7x p.1].<br />
*''Historical extracts''. Manuscript, ca. 1625. [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=193388 X.d.393]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/08iabr leaf 34].<br />
*Mrs. Corlyon. ''A booke of such medicines as have been approved by the speciall practize of Mrs. Corlyon''. Manuscript, ca. 1606. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=230598 V.a.388]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z369w6 p. 18–19].<br />
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===Herbals===<br />
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Herbals provide physical descriptions of plants, with particular attention to their various medicinal virtues. Thus, they were an important resource for recipes. Recipes meant to provoke sleep might require mandrake or Indian dreamer, while those that roused the sufferer from sleep-related diseases such as lethargy might call for mustard plant.<br />
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This [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/b41nr5 fanciful illustration] is the mandrake, a plant whose root was taken to resemble the human form and which purportedly shrieked when removed from the ground. A narcotic plant, the mandrake’s effects were, in John Donne’s words, “betwixt sleep and poison.” Shakespeare references the mandrake’s soporific qualities in ''[[Othello|Othello]]'' and [[Antony and Cleopatra|''Anthony and Cleopatra'']].<br />
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The Indian Dreamer, which resembles hemp, was another plant used to cause sleep but can also “grow great dreamers according to their humours and dispositions….”<br />
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But, for those who had too much of sleep, other plant cures were available. Towards the end of an entry devoted to the mustard plant, Rembert Dodoens discusses “Lethargie or drowsie evill,” a disease in which people “cannot waken themselves.” He advises using a paste of mustard and figs to create heat, thus removing the cold humors that cause excess sleep.<br />
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*''Ortus sanitatis: de herbis et plantis, de animalibus et reptilibus, de auibus et volatilibus, de piscibus et natatilibus, de lapidibus et in terre venis nascentibus, de vrinis et ea rum speciebus, tabula medicinalis cum directorio generali per omnes tractatus''. Strasbourg: Johann Prüss, not after Oct. 21, 1497. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=95984 INC H417 Copy 1 Massey] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/68b7nj LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Richard Haydock: The Sleeping Preacher===<br />
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In 1605, a medical doctor named Richard Haydock attracted the attention of James I because of his ability to deliver brilliant sermons while in a deep sleep. Haydock had a passion for preaching, but ended up studying medicine instead because of a debilitating stutter. After inviting Haydock to court to hear the sleeping sermons himself, James I exposed Haydock as a fraud. However, because his sermons had been so pro-monarchy, his only punishment was publicly confessing his deceit. The prefatory material to Haydock’s [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/cej765 treatise on dreams], ''Oneirologia'', served as his confession.<br />
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To express his gratitude to the king for his leniency and to acknowledge his earlier deception, Haydock composed a treatise on dreams, and he [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/4si4kj dedicated his manuscript] to King James. No doubt he hoped that James would be pleased to be referred to as a son of King Solomon, known for his wisdom, and that he would be interested in a text on dreams. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/5k55u5 Chapter four] of Haydock’s work concentrates on what happens in the mind when the body is asleep. He assures his readers that when drowsy vapors take over common sense, fantasy must be freed or there will be no dreams. The manuscript was never published, and the copy at the Folger is the only copy known to exist.<br />
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The story of King James unmasking Haydock’s fraud was a popular one that appeared in many seventeenth-century histories, including Sir Richard Baker’s ''A Chronicle of the Kings of England''. It was not only an interesting story in itself, but it also allowed historians to praise the king for his “admirable sagacity in discovering of Fictions.”<br />
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On this [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/286p8o frontispiece], Richard Haydock (an artist as well as a preacher) has engraved a portrait of himself.<br />
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*Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo. ''A tracte containing the artes of curious paintinge carvinge & buildinge written first in Italian by Io: Paul Lomatius painter of Milan and Englished by R.H. student in physik''. Oxford: Joseph Barnes for R[ichard] H[aydock], 1598. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=164109 STC 16698 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/286p8o LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Richard Haydock. ''Oneirologia, or, A briefe discourse of the nature of dreames''. Manuscript, 1605. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=270907 J.a.1 (5)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/32gch3 LUNA Digital Image]<br />
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===James I===<br />
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[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/94qsi7 James I] was fascinated by strange phenomena and supernatural events. He wrote a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/j55g5o treatise on witchcraft], but later became more interested in exposing fraudulent supernatural events, such as the sermons of Richard Haydock, “the sleeping preacher.” James I’s writings on dreams reveal a deep skepticism of their significance. In 1622, however, he felt quite differently when he had a dream that foretold his own death.<br />
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King James’s treatise on witchcraft, ''Daemonologie'', includes a section on nightmares. Although he strongly believed in the power and danger of witches, he was far more skeptical about dreams. In this treatise, James claims that nightmares result from natural causes rather than from demons, or succubi.<br />
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King James also wrote the ''Basilikon Doron'' as an educational guide for his son Henry, Prince of Wales. In a section on sleep, he advises Henry to “take no heede to any of your dreames,” because prophecies and visions no longer occur. James believed those ceased with the coming of Christ.<br />
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Arthur Wilson's ''The history of Great Britain'' includes the story of James I and Richard Haydock, the “Sleeping Preacher,” as the prime example of “brutish imposters” exposed by the king’s reason. Wilson also shared James’ belief that dreams are not supernatural, stating in the preface that he is “not like one in a Dream, who starts at the horror of the Object which his own imagination creates.”<br />
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*James I. ''Daemonologie, in forme of a dialogue''. Edinburgh: Robert Walde-graue, 1597. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=162293 STC 14364] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9ln3cq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*James I. ''The workes of the most high and mightie prince, James by the grace of God King of Great Britaine, France and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c''. London: Robert Barker and John Bill, 1616. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169364 STC 14344 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/77b94d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Definitions of Dreams===<br />
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Beliefs about dreams were wide-ranging: while some people believed dreams were simply the fragments of the day retold or the result of food or drink partaken, others thought dreams were an expression of guilt over an action taken or considered, or were influenced by a person’s dominant humor. Many people believed that dreams came directly from God, angels, or demons and that they exposed a person’s character as virtuous or venal. <br />
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Dreams could be divided into three categories: divine, supernatural, and natural and they were thought to foretell the future. Many were convinced that if they could unlock the meaning of dreams, they could know the future.<br />
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Wilhelm Scribonius defines a dream as “an inward act of the mind” while the body is sleeping. The soul creates dreams from the spirits of the brain, and the most pleasant dreams come as morning approaches, when the spirits are most pure.<br />
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William Vaughan writes about both sleep and dreams in his treatise on personal health. He warns of the dangers of sleeping at noon and observes that dreams could either be a remembrance of the past or “significants of things to come.”<br />
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Thomas Cooper argues that some dreams are natural and might inform us “of the sinnes of the heart,” since what we think or do during the day returns as dreams at night. But he is most concerned with dreams that came from God—moving us toward true worship—and Satan, who puts into the brain “Divellish Dreames” hoping to turn us toward evil.<br />
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In a very popular text which he revised throughout his life, Owen Felltham argues that the best use someone can make of their dreams is to gain greater self-understanding. The mind continues to work even in the depths of sleep, and dreams show us our inclinations.<br />
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===Dream Interpretation===<br />
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A range of early modern books offered dream interpretation, and physicians or astrologers would frequently interpret dreams for payment. Scholars such as Thomas Hill, Marc de Vulson, and Richard Saunders studied ancient dream treatises, especially ''Oneirocritica'', composed by Artemidorus about 200CE, in order to understand the symbolism of dreams. Their interpretations varied widely, and meanings were based not only on the subject matter of the dream, but also on the dreamer’s gender, social status, dominant humor, or profession, as well as the time of year or night the dream was had.<br />
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Thomas Hill’s text was very popular in Renaissance England, succinctly explaining the meanings of hundreds of dreams. For example, to dream of picking green apples from a tree meant good fortune, while dreaming of drinking thinned mustard meant one would be accused of murder.<br />
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Philip Goodwin’s book provides a guide for interpreting the mysterious divine and demonic visitations that a person might experience while sleeping and dreaming. He also advocates prayer before sleeping and after waking, and suggests that shorter stretches of sleep may bring better dreams.<br />
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Marc de Vulson believed that dreams could be both instructional and amusing. He argues that since true events are foretold in dreams, it would be foolish to ignore them. He explains what dreams about plays and pastimes mean. For example, dreaming you see a comedy on stage foretells success; dreaming of a tragedy means “grief and affliction.”<br />
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Richard Saunders believed that the same dream had different meanings depending on a person’s dominant humor and the time of year. Thus, during the third phase of Leo (mid-August), dreaming one was “stark naked in a Church” would be a bad dream for a person of sanguine humor but a good dream for a melancholic person.<br />
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*''John Dee''. Engraving, [London, England]: Hunt & Clarke, 1827. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256248 ART File D311 no.1 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/31lemq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Hill. ''The moste pleasaunte arte of the interpretacion of dreames, whereunto is annexed sundry problemes with apte aunsweares neare agreeing to the matter, and very rare examples, not the like the extant in the English tongue''. London: Thomas Marsh, 1576. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=168488 STC 13498] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/nkp6ll LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Philip Goodwin. ''The mystery of dreames, historically discoursed; or A treatise; wherein is clearly discovered, the secret yet certain good or evil, the inconsidered and yet assured truth or falsity, virtue or vanity, misery or mercy, of mens differing dreames''. London: A.M. for Francis Tyton, 1658. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=139001 157- 690q]<br />
*Marc de Vulson. ''The court of curiositie''. London: J[ames]. C[ottrell]. for William Crooke, 1669. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=149323 165-039q].<br />
*Richard Saunders. ''Saunders physiognomie, and chiromancie, metoposcopie, the symmetrical proportions and signal moles of the body, fully and accurately explained; with their natural-predictive significations both to men and women. being delightful and profitable: with the subject of dreams made plain: whereunto is added the art of memory''. London: H. Brugis, for Nathaniel Brook, 1671. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=132723 S755] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9222tm LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Dream Control===<br />
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While some people believed dreams could be regulated through prayer or a healthy diet, others had more elaborate methods for controlling them. These included such strategies as wearing certain kinds of gemstones or imbibing potions with fanciful components such as dragon’s tongue, or rubbing one’s temples with lapwing’s blood. The desire to avoid nightmares, or “terrors of the night,”led to the circulation of these recipes in manuscript.<br />
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Thomas Nichols’s lapidary, or book on gemstones, explains how specific stones can affect dreams. For example, he shares reports that wearing a ruby in an amulet or drinking ground-up rubies will drive away “terrible dreams” as well as sadness, evil thoughts, and evil spirits. It was a widely held belief that gemstones could help control dreams. Wearing a crystal or ruby around one’s neck prevented nightmares. Children were advised to wear emeralds to avoid nightmares. Wearing an amethyst caused exciting dreams and prevented drunkenness. And wearing an onyx to bed caused the wearer to dream of a departed friend.<br />
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Plants, as we've seen throughout the exhibition, were used for many medicinal purposes, and controlling dreams was yet another way to use them. Nicholas Culpeper composed a directory of over three hundred plants, and it includes several that could control dreams. One entry describes polypody, a variety of fern thought to be most medicinally powerful when it grows on oak stumps or trunks. Drinking liquid distilled from its roots and leaves prevents “fearful or troublesome sleeps or dreams.”<br />
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A very popular book with cures and recipes for a wide range of ailments, from how to heal ringworm to how to “make the haire fall off” was ''The secrets of Alexis''. One recipe explains how to see wild beasts in a dream; it also includes a number of recipes for inducing sleep.<br />
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Various animal parts were used in recipes in much the same way as plants or gemstones. Edward Topsell's ''Historie of serpents'' is a spectacularly illustrated and hand-colored book, devoted to serpents (including [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2mr0p7 dragons]). According to Topsell, eating the wine-soaked tongue or gall of a dragon could prevent nightmares.<br />
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Listen to exhibitions manager Caryn Lazzuri discuss Nicholas Culpeper.<br />
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*Thomas Nicols. ''A lapidary: or, The history of pretious stones: with cautions for the undeceiving of all those that deal with pretious stones''. Cambridge: Printed by Thomas Buck, 1652. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=152193 154-179q].<br />
*Nicholas Culpeper. ''The English physician enlarged; with three hundred sixty and nine medicines, made of English herbs, that were not in any impression until this. Being an astrologo-physical discourse of the vulgar herbs of this nation; containing a compleat method of physick, whereby a man may preserve his body in health, or cure himself, being sick, for three pence charge, with such things only as grow in England, they being most fit for English bodies''. London, 1698. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=145821 C7512.2].<br />
*Alessio Piemontese. ''The secrets of Alexis: containing many excellent remedies against diuers diseases, wounds, and other accidents. With the maner to make distillations, parfumes, confitures, dyings, colours, fusions, and meltings. ...''. Translation by William Ward (parts 1-3) and Richard Androse (part 4) of a French version. London: William Stansby for Richard Meighen and Thomas Jones, 1615. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=158131 STC 299] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/p62ss7 Binding image on LUNA].<br />
*Edward Topsell. ''The historie of serpents''. London: William Jaggard, 1608. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169268 STC 24124 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/64l1eq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Nightmares===<br />
[[File:ART File S528K8 no.80.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Act V, Scene 3 of ''Richard III'', as the king experiences horrific nightmares. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/t50qq5 22200].]]<br />
A dream called “the Mare” was specifically described by Nicholas Culpeper “as when someone was sleeping to feel an uncommon oppression or weight about his breast or stomach, which he can be no means shake off. He groans, and sometimes cries out, though oftener he attempts to speak, but in vain.” Sleepers often believed that a demon—a succubus or an incubus—had visited them in their sleep in an attempt to breach their chastity. It was said that those of a melancholy humor often had frightening dreams of dark places, falls from high turrets, and furious beasts. Nightmares and ominous dreams are used to great dramatic effect in plays such as Shakespeare’s [[Richard III|''Richard III'']].<br />
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Act I of Shakespeare’s ''Richard III'' ends with the murder of the Duke of Clarence, presaged by the dream of drowning he recounts at the start of the scene. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z2q8l Here], just as the dream is about to end, howling fiends seize the terrified Clarence to take him to hell.<br />
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In the same play, Richard III has a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2ljk3m troubled sleep] on the eve of the Battle of Bosworth Field. Visited by the ghosts of those whose deaths he caused, he dreams the battle is in progress. As the last ghost leaves, he awakens with a start shouting “Give me another horse; bind up my wounds. Have mercy, Jesu!”<br />
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Thomas Tryon believed that dreams of demonic visitations like Richard III's were caused by sleeping on one’s back, eating heavy suppers just before bed, and drinking spirits in excess. He suggests that nightmares could be avoided by sleeping on one’s side and eating a healthier diet.<br />
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Thomas Nash argues that dreams are based on thoughts and experiences that happen over the course of the day: “A dream is nothing else but a bubbling scum or froth of the fancy, which the day hath left undigested.” As for nightmares, Nash claims they are the result of guilty feelings. For example, the dreadful sins of treason and murder would cause terrible dreams.<br />
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Physician Jacques Ferrand wrote a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kq620d book] on the causes, symptoms, and cures of “Love, or Erotique Melancholy.” Ferrand describes terrifying instances of people, mostly women, who believe that they were raped by the devil in their sleep, “when as in truth they were only troubled with the Nightmare.”<br />
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Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss the Duke of Clarence's nightmare in ''Richard III''.<br />
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*James Neagle after Thomas Stothard. ''King Richard III, act 1, sc. 4''. Engraving, London: Geo. Kearsley, 1804. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256264 ART File S528k8 no.8 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z2q8l LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*William Sharp after John Opie. ''Richard IIID., Act 5 Scene 3, in the tent, Richard asleep, ghosts of persons he had murdered''. Engraving, London: Mr. Woodmason, 1794. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=254208 ART File S528k8 no.80 (size M)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2ljk3m LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Jacques Ferrand. ''Erotomania or A treatise discoursing of the essence, causes, symptomes, prognosticks, and cure of love, or erotique melancholy''. Oxford: L. Lichfield, 1640. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=159189 STC 10829] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kq620d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Supernatural and Divine Dreams===<br />
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Martyrs in both Catholic and Protestant martyrologies, including John Foxe’s ''Actes and Monuments'', were often portrayed as having prophetic dreams. It was also believed that angels regularly visited people in their dreams, and a frequent narrative technique to give a text authenticity was to describe how the author was sleeping when visited in a dream by divine beings who encouraged the writing of their work.<br />
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In 1556, Agnes Potten was sentenced to be burned for heresy, a victim of the persecutions of Protestants under Mary I. John Foxe relates in his book of martyrs that, the night before her death, she had a foretelling dream in which she “saw a bright burning fyre, ryght up as a pole, and on the syde of the fire she thought there stoode a number of Q[ueen] Maries friendes looking on.”<br />
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Other penned prophetic dreams are less dire: In ''The book of the city of ladies'', Christine de Pisan, who made her living as an author prior to the printing press, writes that she was inspired by a dream to build an allegorical city honoring women. In a fifteenth-century French manuscript copy of her masterpiece, on loan from The Trustees of the Boston Public Library, Christine is depicted being pulled out of bed by the three female virtues—Reason, Rectitude, and Justice—who assist her in building her city.<br />
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In his poetical work, ''The hierarchie of the blessed angels'', the playwright Thomas Heywood writes about the many properties of angels, one being their ability to enter a dream and help a good Christian find the right path in the waking life.<br />
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Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss Christin de Pisan.<br />
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Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss one way sleep has spiritual overtones.<br />
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*John Foxe. ''Actes and Monuments of matters most speciall and memorable''. London: Peter Short, 1596. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169331 STC 11226 copy 3] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/m1wfc8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*LOAN from [http://www.bpl.org/research/rb/index.htm Rare Books and Manuscripts Department], The Trustees of the Boston Public Library, MA. Christine, de Pisan. ''The book of the city of ladies''. France, 1405. BPL call number: Ms.f.Med.101 and [https://archive.org/details/lelivredestroisv00chri Internet Archive].<br />
*Thomas Heywood. ''The hierarchie of the blessed angells''. London: Adam Islip, 1635. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169414 STC 13327] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ykjt11 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Political Dreams===<br />
[[File:157- 844q frontispiece.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Charles I the evening before and the day of his execution. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sob66u 17997].]]<br />
Religion and politics were deeply intertwined in Renaissance England. The threats to sixteenth-century Protestants in Mary I’s reign were dramatized in “dream” scenes in plays about such politically significant characters as Princess Elizabeth (the future queen) and Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Suffolk. In the seventeenth century, the struggles between Royalists who supported Charles I and Parliamentarians were described in dreams in a series of political pamphlets.<br />
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John Quarles writes in couplets about his dream of the 1649 execution of Charles I. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/857u2x images] at the beginning of his poem show Charles the night before his death dreaming of his wife and son while an angel prepares to replace the crown he lost on earth with a heavenly one. Opposite this, we see the stark reality of Charles about to be executed.<br />
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In his [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ui7pkj dramatization] of the dangers experienced by the Protestant Princess Elizabeth in the reign of her Catholic half-sister Mary, Thomas Heywood includes “a dumb show” (a scene played silently) while Elizabeth sleeps. In the dumb show, angels stop the villain Winchester from killing the sleeping princess and place a Bible in her hands. Elizabeth wakes, as if from a dream, not knowing how the Bible materialized.<br />
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After the execution of Charles I in 1649, his son Charles sought help in Scotland to claim the throne. According to James Douglas, the young Charles dreamt he saw a spider with a crown hanging over its head and two other crowns at the end of the thread. As the spider lowered itself down the cobweb, it fell and lost everything. Despite the dire portent of this dream, Charles II was restored as king in 1660.<br />
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Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss Heywood's play.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
<br />
*John Quarles. ''Regale lectum miseriæ: or, A kingly bed of miserie. In which is contained, a dreame: with an elegie upon the martyrdome of Charls, late King of England, of blessed memory: and another upon the Right Honourable, the Lord Capel''. London, 1649. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=147365 157-844q] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/opi363 LUNA Digital Image]<br />
*Thomas Heywood. ''If you know not me, you know no bodie: or, The troubles of Queene Elizabeth''. London, 1605. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=161231 STC 13328]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ui7pkj title page].<br />
<br />
===Arise for It Is Day===<br />
<br />
From rinsing out one’s mouth to throwing open the windows to air out a stuffy bedchamber, rituals for waking were as common as rituals for going to sleep, and a new day was often welcomed with prayer. The renewal inherent in the daily cycle seemed an inspiration for many: the printer John Day took as his [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/60g3ha printer’s device] a sunrise scene and the phrase “Arise for It Is Day” (punning off of his own name), while many authors celebrated the new day with carpe diem verses and morning songs, or ''aubades''.<br />
<br />
“Get up, get up for shame” begins Robert Herrick’s famous “carpe diem” (seize the day) poem, as the speaker tries to rouse his “sweet-Slug-a-bed.” While Corinna stays in bed, youths rejoice in May Day revelry, exchanging flirtatious glances, playing kissing games, and rolling in the grass until plain gowns become green.<br />
<br />
Thomas Tryon, who had prescriptions for how to sleep, also wrote on waking and health, and was particularly concerned with preventing the “generation of bugs”—a common household problem. Tryon advises that “there is nothing better…than every Morning when you rise to set open your Windows, and lay open your Bed-cloaths.” He believed this would release “the gross humid Steams” from the bed and would prevent fleas and other bugs from breeding.<br />
<br />
John Evans, the compiler of a literary commonplace book, devotes a column to the topic “Awake,” “Awaked,” and “Awaking.” He provides quotations from eight different sources, including two Shakespeare plays ([[Henry IV, Part 2|''Henry IV, pt. 2'']] and [[Julius Caesar|''Julius Caesar'']]). Two extracts are from Francis Quarles’ ''Emblems'' and three extracts are from a song in Cosmo Manuche’s ''The Bastard'', a play published in 1652.<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*William Tyndale. ''The whole workes of W. Tyndall, John Frith, and Doct. Barnes, three worthy martyrs, and principall teachers of this Churche of England, collected and compiled in one tome togither, beyng before scattered, and now in print here exhibited to the Church''. London: John Day, 1573. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=167157 STC 24436 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/hagxt2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Robert Herrick. ''Hesperides: or, The vvorks both humane & divine of Robert Herrick Esq''. London, 1648. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=153584 H1596] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/el084g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*John Evans. ''Hesperides, or, The Muses garden''. Manuscript, ca. 1655-1659. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=221182 V.b.93] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/s903z1 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Additional items exhibited===<br />
<br />
*''Hortus sanitatis''. London, 1536. Call number: QH41 H48 1536 Cage and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/tud090 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Replica early 17th-century man's night shirt. Linen with blackwork embroidery. By Emma Lehman, 2008, based on an original in the Fashion Museum, Bath.<br />
*''The New Testament of ovr Lord Iesvs Christ. Translated out of the Greeke by Theod. Beza, and Englished by L. Tomson''. Bound with: ''The whole booke of Psalmes: collected into English meeter by T. Sternhold, I. Hopkins, W. Whittingham, and others, conferred with the Hebrew, with apt notes to sing them withall. Newly set foorth, and allowed to be sung in all churches, of all the people together, before and after morning and euening prayer, as also before and after sermons. Moreouer in priuate houses, for their godly solace and comfort, laying apart all vngodly songs and ballads, which tend onely to the nourishing of vice, and corrupting of youth''. London: Robert Barker, ca. 1610. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170019 STC 2907] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8hr271 LUNA Digital Image] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/1vmjuw Binding image on LUNA].<br />
*Richard Brathwaite. ''The English gentlewoman, drawne out to the full body: expressing, what habilliments doe best attire her, what ornaments doe best adorne her, what complements doe best accomplish her''. London: B. Alsop and T. Favvcet, for Michaell Sparke, 1631. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169488 STC 3565] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sd5y05 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Rembert Dodoens. ''A niewe herball, or historie of plantes: wherein is contayned the whole discourse and perfect description of all sortes of herbs and plantes''. London: Henry Loë, 1578. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170691 STC 6984 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/x77ah5 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Walkington. ''The optick glasse of humors or The touchstone of a golden temperature, or the Philosophers stone to make a golden temper''. Oxford: W[illiam]. T[urner], 1631?. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=168005 STC 24968] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/jz1y47 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*George Gower. ''The Plimpton "Sieve" Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I.'' Oil on panel, 1579. Call number: [http://shakespeare.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=128729 ART 246171 (framed)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/00o3y8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Archie Armstrong. ''Archy’s dream''. London, 1641. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=152564 A3708] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/241m0d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Beroaldo. ''Le Tableav des Riches Inventions''. 1600. Call number: PQ4619.C9 F8 1600 Cage and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/253o9i LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
==Supplemental material==<br />
<br />
===[[To Sleep, Perchance to Dream children's exhibition|''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' children's exhibition]]===<br />
<br />
====[[:File:To Sleep Perchance to Dream FAMILY GUIDE.pdf|''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' family guide]]====<br />
<br />
===Audio Tour===<br />
<br />
Explore ''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' through this [http://old.folger.edu/Content/Whats-On/Folger-Exhibitions/Past-Exhibitions/To-Sleep-Perchance-to-Dream/To-Sleep-Audio-Tour.cfm Audio Tour].<br />
<br />
====Lying In====<br />
<br />
Listen to exhibitions manager Caryn Lazzuri discuss one specific use for the bedchamber.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*John Geninges. ''The life and death of Mr. Edmund Geninges priest, crowned with martyrdome at London, the 10. day of November, in the yeare M.D.XCI''. 1614. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=159679 STC 11728 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/14l58g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
====A Counterfeit Death====<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lj2285 title page] of Walter Raleigh's ''History of the World''.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*Walter Raleigh. ''The discoverie of the large, rich, and bewtiful empire of Guiana, with a relation of the great and golden citie of Manoa (which the Spanyards call El Dorado) and the provinces of Emeria, Arromaia, Amapaia, and other countries, with their rivers, adjoyning''. London: Robert Robinson, 1596. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=163767 STC 20634 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/m7sxz7 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Walter Raleigh. ''The history of the world''. London: [William Stansby] for Walter Burre, 1614. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=166411 STC 20637] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/15194v LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
====Satan and the Sleeping Eve====<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss an [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/b7uz8b engraving] depicting Book IV of Milton's ''Paradise lost''.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*John Milton. ''Paradise lost. A poem in twelve books''. London: Miles Flesher, 1688. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=135784 M2147] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lcgja9 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Video===<br />
<br />
Scholars Garrett Sullivan and Carole Levin discuss what at Elizabethan bedchamber may have been like.<br />
<br />
<html5media height="180" width="320">https://www.youtube.com/embed/21j7HNmpeN8</html5media><br />
<br />
Trouble falling asleep is nothing new. Exhibition curator Carole Levine talks about DIY Elizabethan remedies for insomnia.<br />
<br />
<html5media height="180" width="320">https://www.youtube.com/embed/SQdj4I5FBho</html5media><br />
<br />
[[Category: Public programs]]<br />
[[Category: Exhibitions]]<br />
[[Category: 15th century]]<br />
[[Category: 16th century]]<br />
[[Category: 17th century]]<br />
[[Category: 18th century]]<br />
[[Category: Collection]]<br />
[[Category: Manuscripts]]<br />
[[Category: Art]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=To_Sleep,_Perchance_to_Dream&diff=35826To Sleep, Perchance to Dream2021-10-13T14:54:55Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* James I */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:A3708 title page.jpg|thumb|right|290px|The title page of ''Archy's dream'', a former court jester's account. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ey1g87 22186].]]<br />
''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'', one of the [[Exhibitions at the Folger]], opened on February 19, 2009 and closed May 30, 2009. The exhibition was curated by [[Carole Levin]] and [[Garrett Sullivan]] with Steven K. Galbraith and [[Heather Wolfe]] as consultants. The exhibition [http://shop.folger.edu/store/165035%21165/To+Sleep%2C+Perchance+to+Dream catalog] can be purchased from the Folger Shop.<br />
<br />
While sleeping and dreaming are universal experiences, each culture and historical period understands them in distinctive ways. This exhibition explores the ethereal realm of sleeping and dreaming in Renaissance England, from the beliefs, rituals, and habits of sleepers to the role of dream interpreters and interpretations in public and private life. <br />
<br />
The habits and attitudes of both royalty and commoners toward sleep and dreams provide us with a glimpse into a world that has strong connections with, and striking differences from, our own. Sufferers of insomnia and nightmares attempted to cure themselves with a variety of remedies—from herbal concoctions to magic. They adhered to specific rituals for going to bed and held beliefs about when it was or was not appropriate to sleep.<br />
<br />
Through a variety of printed, handwritten, and visual materials, including literary texts by Shakespeare, Milton, and others, ''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' explores the vibrancy of early modern views of sleeping and dreaming. Nightclothes, gemstones, recipes and ingredients for curing nightmares and inducing sleep, and records of dreams about or by historical figures, provide a vivid glimpse of the various ways in which the Renaissance English prepared for sleep and sought to control and understand their dreams.<br />
<br />
==Contents of the exhibition==<br />
<br />
===Preparing for Sleep===<br />
<br />
Medical writers understood sleep to be crucial to the maintenance of physical well-being, and offered specific instructions for a range of bedtime matters, such as identifying the best place to sleep, choosing a bed least likely to attract vermin, and selecting the most appropriate night clothes. Preparing for sleep was also a spiritual matter. Because of the widely held fear that one might die while asleep, saying one’s prayers was an important nightly ritual.<br />
<br />
Several texts give insight into how people prepared for sleep in Renaissance England. Church of England clergyman Richard Day’s text, ''A booke of Christian prayers'', offers both a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/rx1fp7 bedtime prayer] as well as images of [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/f0n2mi sleepers sharing a bed]. Primarily for reasons of economy and warmth, bed-sharing was a common practice in early modern households and in university settings.<br />
<br />
Thomas Tryon’s ''A treatise of cleanness in meats and drinks, of the preparation of food, the excellency of good airs, and the benefits of clean sweet beds'' offers a wealth of sleep-related advice, which he summarizes as follows: “Therefore moderate Clothing, hard Beds, Houses that stand so as that the pleasant Briezes of Wind may air and refresh them, and also Houses that are full of Windows, are to be preferr’d.” He also notes that featherbeds breed vermin (a common problem in early modern beds) and are to be avoided.<br />
<br />
Finally, Thomas Cogan's ''The haven of health'' covers topics such as the “most fit” place in which to sleep, the best way to make the bed, and the appropriate posture for sleeping. Cogan also notes that “he that sleepeth with his mouth close[d] hath commonly an ill breath and foule teeth.”<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*Richard Day. ''A booke of Christian prayers, collected out of the auncient writers, and best learned in our tyme, worthy to be read with an earnest mynde of all Christians, in these daungerous and troublesome dayes, that God for Christes sake will yet still be mercyfull unto us''. London: John Day, 1578. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169150 STC 6429] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/26122y LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Tryon. ''A treatise of cleanness in meats and drinks, of the preparation of food, the excellency of good airs, and the benefits of clean sweet beds''. London, 1682. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=151430 T3196].<br />
*Thomas Cogan. ''The hauen of health: chiefely gathered for the comfort of students, and consequently of all those that have a care of their health, amplified upon five words of Hippocrates, written Epid. 6 Labor, cibus, potio, somnus, Venus''. London: Henrie Midleton, for William Norton, 1584. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=160716 STC 5478] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/zx755i LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===When We Sleep===<br />
[[File:V.a.311 24r.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Thomas Fella's 'F' in his alphabet of moral advice. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/53zun2 23585].]]<br />
Night-time slumber was divided into “first” and “second” sleeps, separated by a period of wakeful activity. How many hours one should sleep was dictated by one’s humoral “complexion”—that is, the balance in the body of the four humors (blood, phlegm, choler or bile, and melancholy or black bile). Sleep was associated with cold and moisture, and therefore with phlegm, a cold, wet humor. Napping during the day was discouraged, as it was believed to cause, in the words of Thomas Cogan, “great domage & hurt of body.” And sleeping too much was both a physical and spiritual transgression.<br />
<br />
Sleep was thought to be associated with the humors, which were closely related to a person's temperament. Both sloth and forgetfulness were moral vices associated with sleeping too long or at the wrong time of day.<br />
<br />
Thomas Fella's heavily-illustrated miscellany includes an “alphabet” of moral advice. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/w5f6ax letter F] is devoted to sleep—particularly the fitful sleep of the rich as compared to the sweet sleep of “a laboring man.”<br />
<br />
And Scipion Du Plesis' ''The Resolver'', a translation of the French ''Curiosité naturelle'', poses and answers a question about the relative strength of “first sleep” that foregrounds the importance of digestion— namely that it produces fumes that ascend to the brain, and provokes sleep by “stop[ping] the conduits of the Senses.”<br />
<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*Thomas Fella. ''A booke of diveirs devises and sortes of pictures, with the alphabete of letters, deuised and drawne with the pen''. Manuscript, ca. 1585-1622. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=243917 V.a.311] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/53zun2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Scipion Dupleix. ''The resoluer; or Curiosities of nature written in French by Scipio Du Plesis counseller and historiographer to the French King. Vsefull & pleasant for all''. London: N. & I. Okes, [1635]. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=163893 STC 7362].<br />
<br />
===What is Sleep? From the Medical to the Metaphorical===<br />
<br />
In ''The Anatomy of Melancholy'', Robert Burton defined sleep as a “binding” of the senses. This “binding” was routinely described as the product of digestion, thought to be sleep’s primary cause. Medical writers asserted that fumes produced during digestion ascended from the stomach to the brain, where they impeded the passage of the “animal spirits” responsible for rational and sensory activity. At the same time, sleep had non-medical significance, lending itself to a variety of literary and allegorical interpretations.<br />
<br />
Sleep was represented in a variety of literature of the day. Samuel Daniel’s influential sonnet sequence, ''Delia'', features a poem addressed to “Care-charmer sleepe,” the most famous example of a sub-genre of poetry devoted to sleep. Other Elizabethans who wrote on this topic include Sir Philip Sidney and William Shakespeare.<br />
<br />
Richard Braithwaite, an Oxford-educated poet and satirist, wrote a compendium of stories and aphorisms with a range of moralizing functions, from teaching moderation to scrutinizing fashion, but it takes its title—''Art Asleep Husband? A boulster lecture''—from the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8m12o7 figure of a scolding wife] “lecturing” her husband while he pretends to sleep.<br />
<br />
Medical writers, like Somerset physician Tobias Venner, also had something to say about the benefits and detriments of certain sleep. Venner argues for the benefits of sleeping with one’s mouth open. He also stresses sleep’s link to “concoction,” or digestion, which he deems “the root of life.”<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*Richard Brathwaite. ''Ar’t asleepe husband?'' London: R. Bishop, for R[ichard]. B[est]., 1640. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=161261 STC 3555] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8j34q2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===To Make One Sleep===<br />
<br />
Judging from the large number of surviving manuscript recipes (or “receipts”) for insomnia, sleep disorders were as great a problem in early modern England as they are today. The ingredients in these recipes range from the unsurprising (poppies) to the somewhat puzzling (lettuce). However, the effectiveness of some ingredients lies in the perceived connection between physiology and the properties of the substance itself: lettuce, like sleep, was thought of as cold and wet, which is why it was believed to provoke sleep in the sleepless.<br />
<br />
Mary Granville and her daughter Anne (Granville) Dewes include a recipe against insomnia in their receipt book—"To make one sleepe." The afflicted person is advised to wet two linen cloths with a mixture of strained ivy leaves and white wine vinegar, and then apply the cloths to the forehead and temples.<br />
<br />
Another miscellany includes a recipe for “A Dormant Drink” designed to induce continuous sleep for two full days. For some reason, all of the ingredients’ names are written backwards (“yppop” for poppy, “ecittel” for lettice).<br />
<br />
Mrs. Corlyon's receipt book contains the three following recipes: the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z369w6 first] produces a “liquor” comprised of ingredients such as rose water, “Woemans milke,” and wine vinegar, to be applied to the forehead and temples. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/19xo5r second recipe] is a drink made primarily of “White lettice seede” and sugar, to be followed by “a draft of posset ale” (milk curdled with ale). The third recipe consists of a warm drink of white poppy seed powder and posset ale made with violets, strawberry leaves, and “singfoyle” (cinquefoil).<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*Grenville Family. [[Cookery and medicinal recipes of the Granville family, ca. 1640 – ca. 1750 V.a.430|''Cookery and medicinal recipes of the Granville family'']]. Manuscript, ca. 1640 – ca. 1750. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=231288 V.a.430]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/11yh7x p.1].<br />
*''Historical extracts''. Manuscript, ca. 1625. [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=193388 X.d.393]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/08iabr leaf 34].<br />
*Mrs. Corlyon. ''A booke of such medicines as have been approved by the speciall practize of Mrs. Corlyon''. Manuscript, ca. 1606. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=230598 V.a.388]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z369w6 p. 18–19].<br />
<br />
===Herbals===<br />
<br />
Herbals provide physical descriptions of plants, with particular attention to their various medicinal virtues. Thus, they were an important resource for recipes. Recipes meant to provoke sleep might require mandrake or Indian dreamer, while those that roused the sufferer from sleep-related diseases such as lethargy might call for mustard plant.<br />
<br />
This [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/b41nr5 fanciful illustration] is the mandrake, a plant whose root was taken to resemble the human form and which purportedly shrieked when removed from the ground. A narcotic plant, the mandrake’s effects were, in John Donne’s words, “betwixt sleep and poison.” Shakespeare references the mandrake’s soporific qualities in ''[[Othello|Othello]]'' and [[Antony and Cleopatra|''Anthony and Cleopatra'']].<br />
<br />
The Indian Dreamer, which resembles hemp, was another plant used to cause sleep but can also “grow great dreamers according to their humours and dispositions….”<br />
<br />
But, for those who had too much of sleep, other plant cures were available. Towards the end of an entry devoted to the mustard plant, Rembert Dodoens discusses “Lethargie or drowsie evill,” a disease in which people “cannot waken themselves.” He advises using a paste of mustard and figs to create heat, thus removing the cold humors that cause excess sleep.<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*''Ortus sanitatis: de herbis et plantis, de animalibus et reptilibus, de auibus et volatilibus, de piscibus et natatilibus, de lapidibus et in terre venis nascentibus, de vrinis et ea rum speciebus, tabula medicinalis cum directorio generali per omnes tractatus''. Strasbourg: Johann Prüss, not after Oct. 21, 1497. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=95984 INC H417 Copy 1 Massey] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/68b7nj LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Richard Haydock: The Sleeping Preacher===<br />
<br />
In 1605, a medical doctor named Richard Haydock attracted the attention of James I because of his ability to deliver brilliant sermons while in a deep sleep. Haydock had a passion for preaching, but ended up studying medicine instead because of a debilitating stutter. After inviting Haydock to court to hear the sleeping sermons himself, James I exposed Haydock as a fraud. However, because his sermons had been so pro-monarchy, his only punishment was publicly confessing his deceit. The prefatory material to Haydock’s [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/cej765 treatise on dreams], ''Oneirologia'', served as his confession.<br />
<br />
To express his gratitude to the king for his leniency and to acknowledge his earlier deception, Haydock composed a treatise on dreams, and he [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/4si4kj dedicated his manuscript] to King James. No doubt he hoped that James would be pleased to be referred to as a son of King Solomon, known for his wisdom, and that he would be interested in a text on dreams. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/5k55u5 Chapter four] of Haydock’s work concentrates on what happens in the mind when the body is asleep. He assures his readers that when drowsy vapors take over common sense, fantasy must be freed or there will be no dreams. The manuscript was never published, and the copy at the Folger is the only copy known to exist.<br />
<br />
The story of King James unmasking Haydock’s fraud was a popular one that appeared in many seventeenth-century histories, including Sir Richard Baker’s ''A Chronicle of the Kings of England''. It was not only an interesting story in itself, but it also allowed historians to praise the king for his “admirable sagacity in discovering of Fictions.”<br />
<br />
On this [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/286p8o frontispiece], Richard Haydock (an artist as well as a preacher) has engraved a portrait of himself.<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo. ''A tracte containing the artes of curious paintinge carvinge & buildinge written first in Italian by Io: Paul Lomatius painter of Milan and Englished by R.H. student in physik''. Oxford: Joseph Barnes for R[ichard] H[aydock], 1598. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=164109 STC 16698 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/286p8o LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Richard Haydock. ''Oneirologia, or, A briefe discourse of the nature of dreames''. Manuscript, 1605. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=270907 J.a.1 (5)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/32gch3 LUNA Digital Image]<br />
<br />
===James I===<br />
<br />
[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/94qsi7 James I] was fascinated by strange phenomena and supernatural events. He wrote a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/j55g5o treatise on witchcraft], but later became more interested in exposing fraudulent supernatural events, such as the sermons of Richard Haydock, “the sleeping preacher.” James I’s writings on dreams reveal a deep skepticism of their significance. In 1622, however, he felt quite differently when he had a dream that foretold his own death.<br />
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King James’s treatise on witchcraft, ''Daemonologie'', includes a section on nightmares. Although he strongly believed in the power and danger of witches, he was far more skeptical about dreams. In this treatise, James claims that nightmares result from natural causes rather than from demons, or succubi.<br />
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King James also wrote the ''Basilikon Doron'' as an educational guide for his son Henry, Prince of Wales. In a section on sleep, he advises Henry to “take no heede to any of your dreames,” because prophecies and visions no longer occur. James believed those ceased with the coming of Christ.<br />
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Arthur Wilson's ''The history of Great Britain'' includes the story of James I and Richard Haydock, the “Sleeping Preacher,” as the prime example of “brutish imposters” exposed by the king’s reason. Wilson also shared James’ belief that dreams are not supernatural, stating in the preface that he is “not like one in a Dream, who starts at the horror of the Object which his own imagination creates.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*James I. ''Daemonologie, in forme of a dialogue''. Edinburgh: Robert Walde-graue, 1597. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=162293 STC 14364] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9ln3cq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*James I. ''The workes of the most high and mightie prince, James by the grace of God King of Great Britaine, France and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c''. London: Robert Barker and John Bill, 1616. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169364 STC 14344 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/77b94d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Definitions of Dreams===<br />
<br />
Beliefs about dreams were wide-ranging: while some people believed dreams were simply the fragments of the day retold or the result of food or drink partaken, others thought dreams were an expression of guilt over an action taken or considered, or were influenced by a person’s dominant humor. Many people believed that dreams came directly from God, angels, or demons and that they exposed a person’s character as virtuous or venal. <br />
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Dreams could be divided into three categories: divine, supernatural, and natural and they were thought to foretell the future. Many were convinced that if they could unlock the meaning of dreams, they could know the future.<br />
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Wilhelm Scribonius defines a dream as “an inward act of the mind” while the body is sleeping. The soul creates dreams from the spirits of the brain, and the most pleasant dreams come as morning approaches, when the spirits are most pure.<br />
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William Vaughan writes about both sleep and dreams in his treatise on personal health. He warns of the dangers of sleeping at noon and observes that dreams could either be a remembrance of the past or “significants of things to come.”<br />
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Thomas Cooper argues that some dreams are natural and might inform us “of the sinnes of the heart,” since what we think or do during the day returns as dreams at night. But he is most concerned with dreams that came from God—moving us toward true worship—and Satan, who puts into the brain “Divellish Dreames” hoping to turn us toward evil.<br />
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In a very popular text which he revised throughout his life, Owen Felltham argues that the best use someone can make of their dreams is to gain greater self-understanding. The mind continues to work even in the depths of sleep, and dreams show us our inclinations.<br />
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===Dream Interpretation===<br />
<br />
A range of early modern books offered dream interpretation, and physicians or astrologers would frequently interpret dreams for payment. Scholars such as Thomas Hill, Marc de Vulson, and Richard Saunders studied ancient dream treatises, especially ''Oneirocritica'', composed by Artemidorus about 200CE, in order to understand the symbolism of dreams. Their interpretations varied widely, and meanings were based not only on the subject matter of the dream, but also on the dreamer’s gender, social status, dominant humor, or profession, as well as the time of year or night the dream was had.<br />
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Thomas Hill’s text was very popular in Renaissance England, succinctly explaining the meanings of hundreds of dreams. For example, to dream of picking green apples from a tree meant good fortune, while dreaming of drinking thinned mustard meant one would be accused of murder.<br />
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Philip Goodwin’s book provides a guide for interpreting the mysterious divine and demonic visitations that a person might experience while sleeping and dreaming. He also advocates prayer before sleeping and after waking, and suggests that shorter stretches of sleep may bring better dreams.<br />
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Marc de Vulson believed that dreams could be both instructional and amusing. He argues that since true events are foretold in dreams, it would be foolish to ignore them. He explains what dreams about plays and pastimes mean. For example, dreaming you see a comedy on stage foretells success; dreaming of a tragedy means “grief and affliction.”<br />
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Richard Saunders believed that the same dream had different meanings depending on a person’s dominant humor and the time of year. Thus, during the third phase of Leo (mid-August), dreaming one was “stark naked in a Church” would be a bad dream for a person of sanguine humor but a good dream for a melancholic person.<br />
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Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss one dream interpreter well known at Queen Elizabeth I's court.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*''John Dee''. Engraving, [London, England]: Hunt & Clarke, 1827. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256248 ART File D311 no.1 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/31lemq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Hill. ''The moste pleasaunte arte of the interpretacion of dreames, whereunto is annexed sundry problemes with apte aunsweares neare agreeing to the matter, and very rare examples, not the like the extant in the English tongue''. London: Thomas Marsh, 1576. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=168488 STC 13498] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/nkp6ll LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Philip Goodwin. ''The mystery of dreames, historically discoursed; or A treatise; wherein is clearly discovered, the secret yet certain good or evil, the inconsidered and yet assured truth or falsity, virtue or vanity, misery or mercy, of mens differing dreames''. London: A.M. for Francis Tyton, 1658. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=139001 157- 690q]<br />
*Marc de Vulson. ''The court of curiositie''. London: J[ames]. C[ottrell]. for William Crooke, 1669. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=149323 165-039q].<br />
*Richard Saunders. ''Saunders physiognomie, and chiromancie, metoposcopie, the symmetrical proportions and signal moles of the body, fully and accurately explained; with their natural-predictive significations both to men and women. being delightful and profitable: with the subject of dreams made plain: whereunto is added the art of memory''. London: H. Brugis, for Nathaniel Brook, 1671. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=132723 S755] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9222tm LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Dream Control===<br />
<br />
While some people believed dreams could be regulated through prayer or a healthy diet, others had more elaborate methods for controlling them. These included such strategies as wearing certain kinds of gemstones or imbibing potions with fanciful components such as dragon’s tongue, or rubbing one’s temples with lapwing’s blood. The desire to avoid nightmares, or “terrors of the night,”led to the circulation of these recipes in manuscript.<br />
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Thomas Nichols’s lapidary, or book on gemstones, explains how specific stones can affect dreams. For example, he shares reports that wearing a ruby in an amulet or drinking ground-up rubies will drive away “terrible dreams” as well as sadness, evil thoughts, and evil spirits. It was a widely held belief that gemstones could help control dreams. Wearing a crystal or ruby around one’s neck prevented nightmares. Children were advised to wear emeralds to avoid nightmares. Wearing an amethyst caused exciting dreams and prevented drunkenness. And wearing an onyx to bed caused the wearer to dream of a departed friend.<br />
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Plants, as we've seen throughout the exhibition, were used for many medicinal purposes, and controlling dreams was yet another way to use them. Nicholas Culpeper composed a directory of over three hundred plants, and it includes several that could control dreams. One entry describes polypody, a variety of fern thought to be most medicinally powerful when it grows on oak stumps or trunks. Drinking liquid distilled from its roots and leaves prevents “fearful or troublesome sleeps or dreams.”<br />
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A very popular book with cures and recipes for a wide range of ailments, from how to heal ringworm to how to “make the haire fall off” was ''The secrets of Alexis''. One recipe explains how to see wild beasts in a dream; it also includes a number of recipes for inducing sleep.<br />
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Various animal parts were used in recipes in much the same way as plants or gemstones. Edward Topsell's ''Historie of serpents'' is a spectacularly illustrated and hand-colored book, devoted to serpents (including [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2mr0p7 dragons]). According to Topsell, eating the wine-soaked tongue or gall of a dragon could prevent nightmares.<br />
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Listen to exhibitions manager Caryn Lazzuri discuss Nicholas Culpeper.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Thomas Nicols. ''A lapidary: or, The history of pretious stones: with cautions for the undeceiving of all those that deal with pretious stones''. Cambridge: Printed by Thomas Buck, 1652. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=152193 154-179q].<br />
*Nicholas Culpeper. ''The English physician enlarged; with three hundred sixty and nine medicines, made of English herbs, that were not in any impression until this. Being an astrologo-physical discourse of the vulgar herbs of this nation; containing a compleat method of physick, whereby a man may preserve his body in health, or cure himself, being sick, for three pence charge, with such things only as grow in England, they being most fit for English bodies''. London, 1698. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=145821 C7512.2].<br />
*Alessio Piemontese. ''The secrets of Alexis: containing many excellent remedies against diuers diseases, wounds, and other accidents. With the maner to make distillations, parfumes, confitures, dyings, colours, fusions, and meltings. ...''. Translation by William Ward (parts 1-3) and Richard Androse (part 4) of a French version. London: William Stansby for Richard Meighen and Thomas Jones, 1615. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=158131 STC 299] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/p62ss7 Binding image on LUNA].<br />
*Edward Topsell. ''The historie of serpents''. London: William Jaggard, 1608. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169268 STC 24124 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/64l1eq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Nightmares===<br />
[[File:ART File S528K8 no.80.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Act V, Scene 3 of ''Richard III'', as the king experiences horrific nightmares. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/t50qq5 22200].]]<br />
A dream called “the Mare” was specifically described by Nicholas Culpeper “as when someone was sleeping to feel an uncommon oppression or weight about his breast or stomach, which he can be no means shake off. He groans, and sometimes cries out, though oftener he attempts to speak, but in vain.” Sleepers often believed that a demon—a succubus or an incubus—had visited them in their sleep in an attempt to breach their chastity. It was said that those of a melancholy humor often had frightening dreams of dark places, falls from high turrets, and furious beasts. Nightmares and ominous dreams are used to great dramatic effect in plays such as Shakespeare’s [[Richard III|''Richard III'']].<br />
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Act I of Shakespeare’s ''Richard III'' ends with the murder of the Duke of Clarence, presaged by the dream of drowning he recounts at the start of the scene. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z2q8l Here], just as the dream is about to end, howling fiends seize the terrified Clarence to take him to hell.<br />
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In the same play, Richard III has a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2ljk3m troubled sleep] on the eve of the Battle of Bosworth Field. Visited by the ghosts of those whose deaths he caused, he dreams the battle is in progress. As the last ghost leaves, he awakens with a start shouting “Give me another horse; bind up my wounds. Have mercy, Jesu!”<br />
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Thomas Tryon believed that dreams of demonic visitations like Richard III's were caused by sleeping on one’s back, eating heavy suppers just before bed, and drinking spirits in excess. He suggests that nightmares could be avoided by sleeping on one’s side and eating a healthier diet.<br />
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Thomas Nash argues that dreams are based on thoughts and experiences that happen over the course of the day: “A dream is nothing else but a bubbling scum or froth of the fancy, which the day hath left undigested.” As for nightmares, Nash claims they are the result of guilty feelings. For example, the dreadful sins of treason and murder would cause terrible dreams.<br />
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Physician Jacques Ferrand wrote a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kq620d book] on the causes, symptoms, and cures of “Love, or Erotique Melancholy.” Ferrand describes terrifying instances of people, mostly women, who believe that they were raped by the devil in their sleep, “when as in truth they were only troubled with the Nightmare.”<br />
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Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss the Duke of Clarence's nightmare in ''Richard III''.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*James Neagle after Thomas Stothard. ''King Richard III, act 1, sc. 4''. Engraving, London: Geo. Kearsley, 1804. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256264 ART File S528k8 no.8 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z2q8l LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*William Sharp after John Opie. ''Richard IIID., Act 5 Scene 3, in the tent, Richard asleep, ghosts of persons he had murdered''. Engraving, London: Mr. Woodmason, 1794. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=254208 ART File S528k8 no.80 (size M)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2ljk3m LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Jacques Ferrand. ''Erotomania or A treatise discoursing of the essence, causes, symptomes, prognosticks, and cure of love, or erotique melancholy''. Oxford: L. Lichfield, 1640. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=159189 STC 10829] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kq620d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Supernatural and Divine Dreams===<br />
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Martyrs in both Catholic and Protestant martyrologies, including John Foxe’s ''Actes and Monuments'', were often portrayed as having prophetic dreams. It was also believed that angels regularly visited people in their dreams, and a frequent narrative technique to give a text authenticity was to describe how the author was sleeping when visited in a dream by divine beings who encouraged the writing of their work.<br />
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In 1556, Agnes Potten was sentenced to be burned for heresy, a victim of the persecutions of Protestants under Mary I. John Foxe relates in his book of martyrs that, the night before her death, she had a foretelling dream in which she “saw a bright burning fyre, ryght up as a pole, and on the syde of the fire she thought there stoode a number of Q[ueen] Maries friendes looking on.”<br />
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Other penned prophetic dreams are less dire: In ''The book of the city of ladies'', Christine de Pisan, who made her living as an author prior to the printing press, writes that she was inspired by a dream to build an allegorical city honoring women. In a fifteenth-century French manuscript copy of her masterpiece, on loan from The Trustees of the Boston Public Library, Christine is depicted being pulled out of bed by the three female virtues—Reason, Rectitude, and Justice—who assist her in building her city.<br />
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In his poetical work, ''The hierarchie of the blessed angels'', the playwright Thomas Heywood writes about the many properties of angels, one being their ability to enter a dream and help a good Christian find the right path in the waking life.<br />
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Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss Christin de Pisan.<br />
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Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss one way sleep has spiritual overtones.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*John Foxe. ''Actes and Monuments of matters most speciall and memorable''. London: Peter Short, 1596. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169331 STC 11226 copy 3] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/m1wfc8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*LOAN from [http://www.bpl.org/research/rb/index.htm Rare Books and Manuscripts Department], The Trustees of the Boston Public Library, MA. Christine, de Pisan. ''The book of the city of ladies''. France, 1405. BPL call number: Ms.f.Med.101 and [https://archive.org/details/lelivredestroisv00chri Internet Archive].<br />
*Thomas Heywood. ''The hierarchie of the blessed angells''. London: Adam Islip, 1635. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169414 STC 13327] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ykjt11 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Political Dreams===<br />
[[File:157- 844q frontispiece.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Charles I the evening before and the day of his execution. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sob66u 17997].]]<br />
Religion and politics were deeply intertwined in Renaissance England. The threats to sixteenth-century Protestants in Mary I’s reign were dramatized in “dream” scenes in plays about such politically significant characters as Princess Elizabeth (the future queen) and Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Suffolk. In the seventeenth century, the struggles between Royalists who supported Charles I and Parliamentarians were described in dreams in a series of political pamphlets.<br />
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John Quarles writes in couplets about his dream of the 1649 execution of Charles I. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/857u2x images] at the beginning of his poem show Charles the night before his death dreaming of his wife and son while an angel prepares to replace the crown he lost on earth with a heavenly one. Opposite this, we see the stark reality of Charles about to be executed.<br />
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In his [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ui7pkj dramatization] of the dangers experienced by the Protestant Princess Elizabeth in the reign of her Catholic half-sister Mary, Thomas Heywood includes “a dumb show” (a scene played silently) while Elizabeth sleeps. In the dumb show, angels stop the villain Winchester from killing the sleeping princess and place a Bible in her hands. Elizabeth wakes, as if from a dream, not knowing how the Bible materialized.<br />
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After the execution of Charles I in 1649, his son Charles sought help in Scotland to claim the throne. According to James Douglas, the young Charles dreamt he saw a spider with a crown hanging over its head and two other crowns at the end of the thread. As the spider lowered itself down the cobweb, it fell and lost everything. Despite the dire portent of this dream, Charles II was restored as king in 1660.<br />
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Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss Heywood's play.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*John Quarles. ''Regale lectum miseriæ: or, A kingly bed of miserie. In which is contained, a dreame: with an elegie upon the martyrdome of Charls, late King of England, of blessed memory: and another upon the Right Honourable, the Lord Capel''. London, 1649. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=147365 157-844q] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/opi363 LUNA Digital Image]<br />
*Thomas Heywood. ''If you know not me, you know no bodie: or, The troubles of Queene Elizabeth''. London, 1605. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=161231 STC 13328]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ui7pkj title page].<br />
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===Arise for It Is Day===<br />
<br />
From rinsing out one’s mouth to throwing open the windows to air out a stuffy bedchamber, rituals for waking were as common as rituals for going to sleep, and a new day was often welcomed with prayer. The renewal inherent in the daily cycle seemed an inspiration for many: the printer John Day took as his [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/60g3ha printer’s device] a sunrise scene and the phrase “Arise for It Is Day” (punning off of his own name), while many authors celebrated the new day with carpe diem verses and morning songs, or ''aubades''.<br />
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“Get up, get up for shame” begins Robert Herrick’s famous “carpe diem” (seize the day) poem, as the speaker tries to rouse his “sweet-Slug-a-bed.” While Corinna stays in bed, youths rejoice in May Day revelry, exchanging flirtatious glances, playing kissing games, and rolling in the grass until plain gowns become green.<br />
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Thomas Tryon, who had prescriptions for how to sleep, also wrote on waking and health, and was particularly concerned with preventing the “generation of bugs”—a common household problem. Tryon advises that “there is nothing better…than every Morning when you rise to set open your Windows, and lay open your Bed-cloaths.” He believed this would release “the gross humid Steams” from the bed and would prevent fleas and other bugs from breeding.<br />
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John Evans, the compiler of a literary commonplace book, devotes a column to the topic “Awake,” “Awaked,” and “Awaking.” He provides quotations from eight different sources, including two Shakespeare plays ([[Henry IV, Part 2|''Henry IV, pt. 2'']] and [[Julius Caesar|''Julius Caesar'']]). Two extracts are from Francis Quarles’ ''Emblems'' and three extracts are from a song in Cosmo Manuche’s ''The Bastard'', a play published in 1652.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*William Tyndale. ''The whole workes of W. Tyndall, John Frith, and Doct. Barnes, three worthy martyrs, and principall teachers of this Churche of England, collected and compiled in one tome togither, beyng before scattered, and now in print here exhibited to the Church''. London: John Day, 1573. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=167157 STC 24436 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/hagxt2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Robert Herrick. ''Hesperides: or, The vvorks both humane & divine of Robert Herrick Esq''. London, 1648. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=153584 H1596] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/el084g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*John Evans. ''Hesperides, or, The Muses garden''. Manuscript, ca. 1655-1659. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=221182 V.b.93] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/s903z1 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Additional items exhibited===<br />
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*''Hortus sanitatis''. London, 1536. Call number: QH41 H48 1536 Cage and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/tud090 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Replica early 17th-century man's night shirt. Linen with blackwork embroidery. By Emma Lehman, 2008, based on an original in the Fashion Museum, Bath.<br />
*''The New Testament of ovr Lord Iesvs Christ. Translated out of the Greeke by Theod. Beza, and Englished by L. Tomson''. Bound with: ''The whole booke of Psalmes: collected into English meeter by T. Sternhold, I. Hopkins, W. Whittingham, and others, conferred with the Hebrew, with apt notes to sing them withall. Newly set foorth, and allowed to be sung in all churches, of all the people together, before and after morning and euening prayer, as also before and after sermons. Moreouer in priuate houses, for their godly solace and comfort, laying apart all vngodly songs and ballads, which tend onely to the nourishing of vice, and corrupting of youth''. London: Robert Barker, ca. 1610. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170019 STC 2907] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8hr271 LUNA Digital Image] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/1vmjuw Binding image on LUNA].<br />
*Richard Brathwaite. ''The English gentlewoman, drawne out to the full body: expressing, what habilliments doe best attire her, what ornaments doe best adorne her, what complements doe best accomplish her''. London: B. Alsop and T. Favvcet, for Michaell Sparke, 1631. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169488 STC 3565] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sd5y05 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Rembert Dodoens. ''A niewe herball, or historie of plantes: wherein is contayned the whole discourse and perfect description of all sortes of herbs and plantes''. London: Henry Loë, 1578. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170691 STC 6984 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/x77ah5 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Walkington. ''The optick glasse of humors or The touchstone of a golden temperature, or the Philosophers stone to make a golden temper''. Oxford: W[illiam]. T[urner], 1631?. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=168005 STC 24968] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/jz1y47 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*George Gower. ''The Plimpton "Sieve" Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I.'' Oil on panel, 1579. Call number: [http://shakespeare.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=128729 ART 246171 (framed)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/00o3y8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Archie Armstrong. ''Archy’s dream''. London, 1641. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=152564 A3708] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/241m0d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Beroaldo. ''Le Tableav des Riches Inventions''. 1600. Call number: PQ4619.C9 F8 1600 Cage and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/253o9i LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
==Supplemental material==<br />
<br />
===[[To Sleep, Perchance to Dream children's exhibition|''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' children's exhibition]]===<br />
<br />
====[[:File:To Sleep Perchance to Dream FAMILY GUIDE.pdf|''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' family guide]]====<br />
<br />
===Audio Tour===<br />
<br />
Explore ''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' through this [http://old.folger.edu/Content/Whats-On/Folger-Exhibitions/Past-Exhibitions/To-Sleep-Perchance-to-Dream/To-Sleep-Audio-Tour.cfm Audio Tour].<br />
<br />
====Lying In====<br />
<br />
Listen to exhibitions manager Caryn Lazzuri discuss one specific use for the bedchamber.<br />
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<br />
<br />
*John Geninges. ''The life and death of Mr. Edmund Geninges priest, crowned with martyrdome at London, the 10. day of November, in the yeare M.D.XCI''. 1614. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=159679 STC 11728 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/14l58g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
====A Counterfeit Death====<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lj2285 title page] of Walter Raleigh's ''History of the World''.<br />
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<br />
*Walter Raleigh. ''The discoverie of the large, rich, and bewtiful empire of Guiana, with a relation of the great and golden citie of Manoa (which the Spanyards call El Dorado) and the provinces of Emeria, Arromaia, Amapaia, and other countries, with their rivers, adjoyning''. London: Robert Robinson, 1596. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=163767 STC 20634 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/m7sxz7 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Walter Raleigh. ''The history of the world''. London: [William Stansby] for Walter Burre, 1614. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=166411 STC 20637] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/15194v LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
====Satan and the Sleeping Eve====<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss an [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/b7uz8b engraving] depicting Book IV of Milton's ''Paradise lost''.<br />
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*John Milton. ''Paradise lost. A poem in twelve books''. London: Miles Flesher, 1688. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=135784 M2147] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lcgja9 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Video===<br />
<br />
Scholars Garrett Sullivan and Carole Levin discuss what at Elizabethan bedchamber may have been like.<br />
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<html5media height="180" width="320">https://www.youtube.com/embed/21j7HNmpeN8</html5media><br />
<br />
Trouble falling asleep is nothing new. Exhibition curator Carole Levine talks about DIY Elizabethan remedies for insomnia.<br />
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<html5media height="180" width="320">https://www.youtube.com/embed/SQdj4I5FBho</html5media><br />
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[[Category: Public programs]]<br />
[[Category: Exhibitions]]<br />
[[Category: 15th century]]<br />
[[Category: 16th century]]<br />
[[Category: 17th century]]<br />
[[Category: 18th century]]<br />
[[Category: Collection]]<br />
[[Category: Manuscripts]]<br />
[[Category: Art]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=To_Sleep,_Perchance_to_Dream&diff=35825To Sleep, Perchance to Dream2021-10-13T14:54:33Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* When We Sleep */</p>
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<div>[[File:A3708 title page.jpg|thumb|right|290px|The title page of ''Archy's dream'', a former court jester's account. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ey1g87 22186].]]<br />
''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'', one of the [[Exhibitions at the Folger]], opened on February 19, 2009 and closed May 30, 2009. The exhibition was curated by [[Carole Levin]] and [[Garrett Sullivan]] with Steven K. Galbraith and [[Heather Wolfe]] as consultants. The exhibition [http://shop.folger.edu/store/165035%21165/To+Sleep%2C+Perchance+to+Dream catalog] can be purchased from the Folger Shop.<br />
<br />
While sleeping and dreaming are universal experiences, each culture and historical period understands them in distinctive ways. This exhibition explores the ethereal realm of sleeping and dreaming in Renaissance England, from the beliefs, rituals, and habits of sleepers to the role of dream interpreters and interpretations in public and private life. <br />
<br />
The habits and attitudes of both royalty and commoners toward sleep and dreams provide us with a glimpse into a world that has strong connections with, and striking differences from, our own. Sufferers of insomnia and nightmares attempted to cure themselves with a variety of remedies—from herbal concoctions to magic. They adhered to specific rituals for going to bed and held beliefs about when it was or was not appropriate to sleep.<br />
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Through a variety of printed, handwritten, and visual materials, including literary texts by Shakespeare, Milton, and others, ''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' explores the vibrancy of early modern views of sleeping and dreaming. Nightclothes, gemstones, recipes and ingredients for curing nightmares and inducing sleep, and records of dreams about or by historical figures, provide a vivid glimpse of the various ways in which the Renaissance English prepared for sleep and sought to control and understand their dreams.<br />
<br />
==Contents of the exhibition==<br />
<br />
===Preparing for Sleep===<br />
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Medical writers understood sleep to be crucial to the maintenance of physical well-being, and offered specific instructions for a range of bedtime matters, such as identifying the best place to sleep, choosing a bed least likely to attract vermin, and selecting the most appropriate night clothes. Preparing for sleep was also a spiritual matter. Because of the widely held fear that one might die while asleep, saying one’s prayers was an important nightly ritual.<br />
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Several texts give insight into how people prepared for sleep in Renaissance England. Church of England clergyman Richard Day’s text, ''A booke of Christian prayers'', offers both a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/rx1fp7 bedtime prayer] as well as images of [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/f0n2mi sleepers sharing a bed]. Primarily for reasons of economy and warmth, bed-sharing was a common practice in early modern households and in university settings.<br />
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Thomas Tryon’s ''A treatise of cleanness in meats and drinks, of the preparation of food, the excellency of good airs, and the benefits of clean sweet beds'' offers a wealth of sleep-related advice, which he summarizes as follows: “Therefore moderate Clothing, hard Beds, Houses that stand so as that the pleasant Briezes of Wind may air and refresh them, and also Houses that are full of Windows, are to be preferr’d.” He also notes that featherbeds breed vermin (a common problem in early modern beds) and are to be avoided.<br />
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Finally, Thomas Cogan's ''The haven of health'' covers topics such as the “most fit” place in which to sleep, the best way to make the bed, and the appropriate posture for sleeping. Cogan also notes that “he that sleepeth with his mouth close[d] hath commonly an ill breath and foule teeth.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Richard Day. ''A booke of Christian prayers, collected out of the auncient writers, and best learned in our tyme, worthy to be read with an earnest mynde of all Christians, in these daungerous and troublesome dayes, that God for Christes sake will yet still be mercyfull unto us''. London: John Day, 1578. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169150 STC 6429] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/26122y LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Tryon. ''A treatise of cleanness in meats and drinks, of the preparation of food, the excellency of good airs, and the benefits of clean sweet beds''. London, 1682. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=151430 T3196].<br />
*Thomas Cogan. ''The hauen of health: chiefely gathered for the comfort of students, and consequently of all those that have a care of their health, amplified upon five words of Hippocrates, written Epid. 6 Labor, cibus, potio, somnus, Venus''. London: Henrie Midleton, for William Norton, 1584. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=160716 STC 5478] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/zx755i LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===When We Sleep===<br />
[[File:V.a.311 24r.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Thomas Fella's 'F' in his alphabet of moral advice. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/53zun2 23585].]]<br />
Night-time slumber was divided into “first” and “second” sleeps, separated by a period of wakeful activity. How many hours one should sleep was dictated by one’s humoral “complexion”—that is, the balance in the body of the four humors (blood, phlegm, choler or bile, and melancholy or black bile). Sleep was associated with cold and moisture, and therefore with phlegm, a cold, wet humor. Napping during the day was discouraged, as it was believed to cause, in the words of Thomas Cogan, “great domage & hurt of body.” And sleeping too much was both a physical and spiritual transgression.<br />
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Sleep was thought to be associated with the humors, which were closely related to a person's temperament. Both sloth and forgetfulness were moral vices associated with sleeping too long or at the wrong time of day.<br />
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Thomas Fella's heavily-illustrated miscellany includes an “alphabet” of moral advice. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/w5f6ax letter F] is devoted to sleep—particularly the fitful sleep of the rich as compared to the sweet sleep of “a laboring man.”<br />
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And Scipion Du Plesis' ''The Resolver'', a translation of the French ''Curiosité naturelle'', poses and answers a question about the relative strength of “first sleep” that foregrounds the importance of digestion— namely that it produces fumes that ascend to the brain, and provokes sleep by “stop[ping] the conduits of the Senses.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Thomas Fella. ''A booke of diveirs devises and sortes of pictures, with the alphabete of letters, deuised and drawne with the pen''. Manuscript, ca. 1585-1622. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=243917 V.a.311] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/53zun2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Scipion Dupleix. ''The resoluer; or Curiosities of nature written in French by Scipio Du Plesis counseller and historiographer to the French King. Vsefull & pleasant for all''. London: N. & I. Okes, [1635]. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=163893 STC 7362].<br />
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===What is Sleep? From the Medical to the Metaphorical===<br />
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In ''The Anatomy of Melancholy'', Robert Burton defined sleep as a “binding” of the senses. This “binding” was routinely described as the product of digestion, thought to be sleep’s primary cause. Medical writers asserted that fumes produced during digestion ascended from the stomach to the brain, where they impeded the passage of the “animal spirits” responsible for rational and sensory activity. At the same time, sleep had non-medical significance, lending itself to a variety of literary and allegorical interpretations.<br />
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Sleep was represented in a variety of literature of the day. Samuel Daniel’s influential sonnet sequence, ''Delia'', features a poem addressed to “Care-charmer sleepe,” the most famous example of a sub-genre of poetry devoted to sleep. Other Elizabethans who wrote on this topic include Sir Philip Sidney and William Shakespeare.<br />
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Richard Braithwaite, an Oxford-educated poet and satirist, wrote a compendium of stories and aphorisms with a range of moralizing functions, from teaching moderation to scrutinizing fashion, but it takes its title—''Art Asleep Husband? A boulster lecture''—from the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8m12o7 figure of a scolding wife] “lecturing” her husband while he pretends to sleep.<br />
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Medical writers, like Somerset physician Tobias Venner, also had something to say about the benefits and detriments of certain sleep. Venner argues for the benefits of sleeping with one’s mouth open. He also stresses sleep’s link to “concoction,” or digestion, which he deems “the root of life.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Richard Brathwaite. ''Ar’t asleepe husband?'' London: R. Bishop, for R[ichard]. B[est]., 1640. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=161261 STC 3555] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8j34q2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===To Make One Sleep===<br />
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Judging from the large number of surviving manuscript recipes (or “receipts”) for insomnia, sleep disorders were as great a problem in early modern England as they are today. The ingredients in these recipes range from the unsurprising (poppies) to the somewhat puzzling (lettuce). However, the effectiveness of some ingredients lies in the perceived connection between physiology and the properties of the substance itself: lettuce, like sleep, was thought of as cold and wet, which is why it was believed to provoke sleep in the sleepless.<br />
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Mary Granville and her daughter Anne (Granville) Dewes include a recipe against insomnia in their receipt book—"To make one sleepe." The afflicted person is advised to wet two linen cloths with a mixture of strained ivy leaves and white wine vinegar, and then apply the cloths to the forehead and temples.<br />
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Another miscellany includes a recipe for “A Dormant Drink” designed to induce continuous sleep for two full days. For some reason, all of the ingredients’ names are written backwards (“yppop” for poppy, “ecittel” for lettice).<br />
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Mrs. Corlyon's receipt book contains the three following recipes: the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z369w6 first] produces a “liquor” comprised of ingredients such as rose water, “Woemans milke,” and wine vinegar, to be applied to the forehead and temples. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/19xo5r second recipe] is a drink made primarily of “White lettice seede” and sugar, to be followed by “a draft of posset ale” (milk curdled with ale). The third recipe consists of a warm drink of white poppy seed powder and posset ale made with violets, strawberry leaves, and “singfoyle” (cinquefoil).<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Grenville Family. [[Cookery and medicinal recipes of the Granville family, ca. 1640 – ca. 1750 V.a.430|''Cookery and medicinal recipes of the Granville family'']]. Manuscript, ca. 1640 – ca. 1750. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=231288 V.a.430]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/11yh7x p.1].<br />
*''Historical extracts''. Manuscript, ca. 1625. [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=193388 X.d.393]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/08iabr leaf 34].<br />
*Mrs. Corlyon. ''A booke of such medicines as have been approved by the speciall practize of Mrs. Corlyon''. Manuscript, ca. 1606. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=230598 V.a.388]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z369w6 p. 18–19].<br />
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===Herbals===<br />
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Herbals provide physical descriptions of plants, with particular attention to their various medicinal virtues. Thus, they were an important resource for recipes. Recipes meant to provoke sleep might require mandrake or Indian dreamer, while those that roused the sufferer from sleep-related diseases such as lethargy might call for mustard plant.<br />
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This [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/b41nr5 fanciful illustration] is the mandrake, a plant whose root was taken to resemble the human form and which purportedly shrieked when removed from the ground. A narcotic plant, the mandrake’s effects were, in John Donne’s words, “betwixt sleep and poison.” Shakespeare references the mandrake’s soporific qualities in ''[[Othello|Othello]]'' and [[Antony and Cleopatra|''Anthony and Cleopatra'']].<br />
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The Indian Dreamer, which resembles hemp, was another plant used to cause sleep but can also “grow great dreamers according to their humours and dispositions….”<br />
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But, for those who had too much of sleep, other plant cures were available. Towards the end of an entry devoted to the mustard plant, Rembert Dodoens discusses “Lethargie or drowsie evill,” a disease in which people “cannot waken themselves.” He advises using a paste of mustard and figs to create heat, thus removing the cold humors that cause excess sleep.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*''Ortus sanitatis: de herbis et plantis, de animalibus et reptilibus, de auibus et volatilibus, de piscibus et natatilibus, de lapidibus et in terre venis nascentibus, de vrinis et ea rum speciebus, tabula medicinalis cum directorio generali per omnes tractatus''. Strasbourg: Johann Prüss, not after Oct. 21, 1497. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=95984 INC H417 Copy 1 Massey] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/68b7nj LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Richard Haydock: The Sleeping Preacher===<br />
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In 1605, a medical doctor named Richard Haydock attracted the attention of James I because of his ability to deliver brilliant sermons while in a deep sleep. Haydock had a passion for preaching, but ended up studying medicine instead because of a debilitating stutter. After inviting Haydock to court to hear the sleeping sermons himself, James I exposed Haydock as a fraud. However, because his sermons had been so pro-monarchy, his only punishment was publicly confessing his deceit. The prefatory material to Haydock’s [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/cej765 treatise on dreams], ''Oneirologia'', served as his confession.<br />
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To express his gratitude to the king for his leniency and to acknowledge his earlier deception, Haydock composed a treatise on dreams, and he [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/4si4kj dedicated his manuscript] to King James. No doubt he hoped that James would be pleased to be referred to as a son of King Solomon, known for his wisdom, and that he would be interested in a text on dreams. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/5k55u5 Chapter four] of Haydock’s work concentrates on what happens in the mind when the body is asleep. He assures his readers that when drowsy vapors take over common sense, fantasy must be freed or there will be no dreams. The manuscript was never published, and the copy at the Folger is the only copy known to exist.<br />
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The story of King James unmasking Haydock’s fraud was a popular one that appeared in many seventeenth-century histories, including Sir Richard Baker’s ''A Chronicle of the Kings of England''. It was not only an interesting story in itself, but it also allowed historians to praise the king for his “admirable sagacity in discovering of Fictions.”<br />
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On this [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/286p8o frontispiece], Richard Haydock (an artist as well as a preacher) has engraved a portrait of himself.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo. ''A tracte containing the artes of curious paintinge carvinge & buildinge written first in Italian by Io: Paul Lomatius painter of Milan and Englished by R.H. student in physik''. Oxford: Joseph Barnes for R[ichard] H[aydock], 1598. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=164109 STC 16698 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/286p8o LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Richard Haydock. ''Oneirologia, or, A briefe discourse of the nature of dreames''. Manuscript, 1605. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=270907 J.a.1 (5)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/32gch3 LUNA Digital Image]<br />
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===James I===<br />
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[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/94qsi7 James I] was fascinated by strange phenomena and supernatural events. He wrote a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/j55g5o treatise on witchcraft], but later became more interested in exposing fraudulent supernatural events, such as the sermons of Richard Haydock, “the sleeping preacher.” James I’s writings on dreams reveal a deep skepticism of their significance. In 1622, however, he felt quite differently when he had a dream that foretold his own death.<br />
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King James’s treatise on witchcraft, ''Daemonologie'', includes a section on nightmares. Although he strongly believed in the power and danger of witches, he was far more skeptical about dreams. In this treatise, James claims that nightmares result from natural causes rather than from demons, or succubi.<br />
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King James also wrote the ''Basilikon Doron'' as an educational guide for his son Henry, Prince of Wales. In a section on sleep, he advises Henry to “take no heede to any of your dreames,” because prophecies and visions no longer occur. James believed those ceased with the coming of Christ.<br />
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Arthur Wilson's ''The history of Great Britain'' includes the story of James I and Richard Haydock, the “Sleeping Preacher,” as the prime example of “brutish imposters” exposed by the king’s reason. Wilson also shared James’ belief that dreams are not supernatural, stating in the preface that he is “not like one in a Dream, who starts at the horror of the Object which his own imagination creates.”<br />
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Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss James I's thoughts on dreams and the supernatural.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*James I. ''Daemonologie, in forme of a dialogue''. Edinburgh: Robert Walde-graue, 1597. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=162293 STC 14364] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9ln3cq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*James I. ''The workes of the most high and mightie prince, James by the grace of God King of Great Britaine, France and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c''. London: Robert Barker and John Bill, 1616. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169364 STC 14344 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/77b94d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Definitions of Dreams===<br />
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Beliefs about dreams were wide-ranging: while some people believed dreams were simply the fragments of the day retold or the result of food or drink partaken, others thought dreams were an expression of guilt over an action taken or considered, or were influenced by a person’s dominant humor. Many people believed that dreams came directly from God, angels, or demons and that they exposed a person’s character as virtuous or venal. <br />
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Dreams could be divided into three categories: divine, supernatural, and natural and they were thought to foretell the future. Many were convinced that if they could unlock the meaning of dreams, they could know the future.<br />
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Wilhelm Scribonius defines a dream as “an inward act of the mind” while the body is sleeping. The soul creates dreams from the spirits of the brain, and the most pleasant dreams come as morning approaches, when the spirits are most pure.<br />
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William Vaughan writes about both sleep and dreams in his treatise on personal health. He warns of the dangers of sleeping at noon and observes that dreams could either be a remembrance of the past or “significants of things to come.”<br />
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Thomas Cooper argues that some dreams are natural and might inform us “of the sinnes of the heart,” since what we think or do during the day returns as dreams at night. But he is most concerned with dreams that came from God—moving us toward true worship—and Satan, who puts into the brain “Divellish Dreames” hoping to turn us toward evil.<br />
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In a very popular text which he revised throughout his life, Owen Felltham argues that the best use someone can make of their dreams is to gain greater self-understanding. The mind continues to work even in the depths of sleep, and dreams show us our inclinations.<br />
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===Dream Interpretation===<br />
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A range of early modern books offered dream interpretation, and physicians or astrologers would frequently interpret dreams for payment. Scholars such as Thomas Hill, Marc de Vulson, and Richard Saunders studied ancient dream treatises, especially ''Oneirocritica'', composed by Artemidorus about 200CE, in order to understand the symbolism of dreams. Their interpretations varied widely, and meanings were based not only on the subject matter of the dream, but also on the dreamer’s gender, social status, dominant humor, or profession, as well as the time of year or night the dream was had.<br />
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Thomas Hill’s text was very popular in Renaissance England, succinctly explaining the meanings of hundreds of dreams. For example, to dream of picking green apples from a tree meant good fortune, while dreaming of drinking thinned mustard meant one would be accused of murder.<br />
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Philip Goodwin’s book provides a guide for interpreting the mysterious divine and demonic visitations that a person might experience while sleeping and dreaming. He also advocates prayer before sleeping and after waking, and suggests that shorter stretches of sleep may bring better dreams.<br />
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Marc de Vulson believed that dreams could be both instructional and amusing. He argues that since true events are foretold in dreams, it would be foolish to ignore them. He explains what dreams about plays and pastimes mean. For example, dreaming you see a comedy on stage foretells success; dreaming of a tragedy means “grief and affliction.”<br />
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Richard Saunders believed that the same dream had different meanings depending on a person’s dominant humor and the time of year. Thus, during the third phase of Leo (mid-August), dreaming one was “stark naked in a Church” would be a bad dream for a person of sanguine humor but a good dream for a melancholic person.<br />
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Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss one dream interpreter well known at Queen Elizabeth I's court.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*''John Dee''. Engraving, [London, England]: Hunt & Clarke, 1827. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256248 ART File D311 no.1 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/31lemq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Hill. ''The moste pleasaunte arte of the interpretacion of dreames, whereunto is annexed sundry problemes with apte aunsweares neare agreeing to the matter, and very rare examples, not the like the extant in the English tongue''. London: Thomas Marsh, 1576. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=168488 STC 13498] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/nkp6ll LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Philip Goodwin. ''The mystery of dreames, historically discoursed; or A treatise; wherein is clearly discovered, the secret yet certain good or evil, the inconsidered and yet assured truth or falsity, virtue or vanity, misery or mercy, of mens differing dreames''. London: A.M. for Francis Tyton, 1658. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=139001 157- 690q]<br />
*Marc de Vulson. ''The court of curiositie''. London: J[ames]. C[ottrell]. for William Crooke, 1669. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=149323 165-039q].<br />
*Richard Saunders. ''Saunders physiognomie, and chiromancie, metoposcopie, the symmetrical proportions and signal moles of the body, fully and accurately explained; with their natural-predictive significations both to men and women. being delightful and profitable: with the subject of dreams made plain: whereunto is added the art of memory''. London: H. Brugis, for Nathaniel Brook, 1671. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=132723 S755] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9222tm LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Dream Control===<br />
<br />
While some people believed dreams could be regulated through prayer or a healthy diet, others had more elaborate methods for controlling them. These included such strategies as wearing certain kinds of gemstones or imbibing potions with fanciful components such as dragon’s tongue, or rubbing one’s temples with lapwing’s blood. The desire to avoid nightmares, or “terrors of the night,”led to the circulation of these recipes in manuscript.<br />
<br />
Thomas Nichols’s lapidary, or book on gemstones, explains how specific stones can affect dreams. For example, he shares reports that wearing a ruby in an amulet or drinking ground-up rubies will drive away “terrible dreams” as well as sadness, evil thoughts, and evil spirits. It was a widely held belief that gemstones could help control dreams. Wearing a crystal or ruby around one’s neck prevented nightmares. Children were advised to wear emeralds to avoid nightmares. Wearing an amethyst caused exciting dreams and prevented drunkenness. And wearing an onyx to bed caused the wearer to dream of a departed friend.<br />
<br />
Plants, as we've seen throughout the exhibition, were used for many medicinal purposes, and controlling dreams was yet another way to use them. Nicholas Culpeper composed a directory of over three hundred plants, and it includes several that could control dreams. One entry describes polypody, a variety of fern thought to be most medicinally powerful when it grows on oak stumps or trunks. Drinking liquid distilled from its roots and leaves prevents “fearful or troublesome sleeps or dreams.”<br />
<br />
A very popular book with cures and recipes for a wide range of ailments, from how to heal ringworm to how to “make the haire fall off” was ''The secrets of Alexis''. One recipe explains how to see wild beasts in a dream; it also includes a number of recipes for inducing sleep.<br />
<br />
Various animal parts were used in recipes in much the same way as plants or gemstones. Edward Topsell's ''Historie of serpents'' is a spectacularly illustrated and hand-colored book, devoted to serpents (including [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2mr0p7 dragons]). According to Topsell, eating the wine-soaked tongue or gall of a dragon could prevent nightmares.<br />
<br />
Listen to exhibitions manager Caryn Lazzuri discuss Nicholas Culpeper.<br />
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<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*Thomas Nicols. ''A lapidary: or, The history of pretious stones: with cautions for the undeceiving of all those that deal with pretious stones''. Cambridge: Printed by Thomas Buck, 1652. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=152193 154-179q].<br />
*Nicholas Culpeper. ''The English physician enlarged; with three hundred sixty and nine medicines, made of English herbs, that were not in any impression until this. Being an astrologo-physical discourse of the vulgar herbs of this nation; containing a compleat method of physick, whereby a man may preserve his body in health, or cure himself, being sick, for three pence charge, with such things only as grow in England, they being most fit for English bodies''. London, 1698. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=145821 C7512.2].<br />
*Alessio Piemontese. ''The secrets of Alexis: containing many excellent remedies against diuers diseases, wounds, and other accidents. With the maner to make distillations, parfumes, confitures, dyings, colours, fusions, and meltings. ...''. Translation by William Ward (parts 1-3) and Richard Androse (part 4) of a French version. London: William Stansby for Richard Meighen and Thomas Jones, 1615. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=158131 STC 299] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/p62ss7 Binding image on LUNA].<br />
*Edward Topsell. ''The historie of serpents''. London: William Jaggard, 1608. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169268 STC 24124 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/64l1eq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Nightmares===<br />
[[File:ART File S528K8 no.80.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Act V, Scene 3 of ''Richard III'', as the king experiences horrific nightmares. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/t50qq5 22200].]]<br />
A dream called “the Mare” was specifically described by Nicholas Culpeper “as when someone was sleeping to feel an uncommon oppression or weight about his breast or stomach, which he can be no means shake off. He groans, and sometimes cries out, though oftener he attempts to speak, but in vain.” Sleepers often believed that a demon—a succubus or an incubus—had visited them in their sleep in an attempt to breach their chastity. It was said that those of a melancholy humor often had frightening dreams of dark places, falls from high turrets, and furious beasts. Nightmares and ominous dreams are used to great dramatic effect in plays such as Shakespeare’s [[Richard III|''Richard III'']].<br />
<br />
Act I of Shakespeare’s ''Richard III'' ends with the murder of the Duke of Clarence, presaged by the dream of drowning he recounts at the start of the scene. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z2q8l Here], just as the dream is about to end, howling fiends seize the terrified Clarence to take him to hell.<br />
<br />
In the same play, Richard III has a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2ljk3m troubled sleep] on the eve of the Battle of Bosworth Field. Visited by the ghosts of those whose deaths he caused, he dreams the battle is in progress. As the last ghost leaves, he awakens with a start shouting “Give me another horse; bind up my wounds. Have mercy, Jesu!”<br />
<br />
Thomas Tryon believed that dreams of demonic visitations like Richard III's were caused by sleeping on one’s back, eating heavy suppers just before bed, and drinking spirits in excess. He suggests that nightmares could be avoided by sleeping on one’s side and eating a healthier diet.<br />
<br />
Thomas Nash argues that dreams are based on thoughts and experiences that happen over the course of the day: “A dream is nothing else but a bubbling scum or froth of the fancy, which the day hath left undigested.” As for nightmares, Nash claims they are the result of guilty feelings. For example, the dreadful sins of treason and murder would cause terrible dreams.<br />
<br />
Physician Jacques Ferrand wrote a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kq620d book] on the causes, symptoms, and cures of “Love, or Erotique Melancholy.” Ferrand describes terrifying instances of people, mostly women, who believe that they were raped by the devil in their sleep, “when as in truth they were only troubled with the Nightmare.”<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss the Duke of Clarence's nightmare in ''Richard III''.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
<br />
*James Neagle after Thomas Stothard. ''King Richard III, act 1, sc. 4''. Engraving, London: Geo. Kearsley, 1804. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256264 ART File S528k8 no.8 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z2q8l LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*William Sharp after John Opie. ''Richard IIID., Act 5 Scene 3, in the tent, Richard asleep, ghosts of persons he had murdered''. Engraving, London: Mr. Woodmason, 1794. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=254208 ART File S528k8 no.80 (size M)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2ljk3m LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Jacques Ferrand. ''Erotomania or A treatise discoursing of the essence, causes, symptomes, prognosticks, and cure of love, or erotique melancholy''. Oxford: L. Lichfield, 1640. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=159189 STC 10829] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kq620d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Supernatural and Divine Dreams===<br />
<br />
Martyrs in both Catholic and Protestant martyrologies, including John Foxe’s ''Actes and Monuments'', were often portrayed as having prophetic dreams. It was also believed that angels regularly visited people in their dreams, and a frequent narrative technique to give a text authenticity was to describe how the author was sleeping when visited in a dream by divine beings who encouraged the writing of their work.<br />
<br />
In 1556, Agnes Potten was sentenced to be burned for heresy, a victim of the persecutions of Protestants under Mary I. John Foxe relates in his book of martyrs that, the night before her death, she had a foretelling dream in which she “saw a bright burning fyre, ryght up as a pole, and on the syde of the fire she thought there stoode a number of Q[ueen] Maries friendes looking on.”<br />
<br />
Other penned prophetic dreams are less dire: In ''The book of the city of ladies'', Christine de Pisan, who made her living as an author prior to the printing press, writes that she was inspired by a dream to build an allegorical city honoring women. In a fifteenth-century French manuscript copy of her masterpiece, on loan from The Trustees of the Boston Public Library, Christine is depicted being pulled out of bed by the three female virtues—Reason, Rectitude, and Justice—who assist her in building her city.<br />
<br />
In his poetical work, ''The hierarchie of the blessed angels'', the playwright Thomas Heywood writes about the many properties of angels, one being their ability to enter a dream and help a good Christian find the right path in the waking life.<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss Christin de Pisan.<br />
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Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss one way sleep has spiritual overtones.<br />
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<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*John Foxe. ''Actes and Monuments of matters most speciall and memorable''. London: Peter Short, 1596. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169331 STC 11226 copy 3] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/m1wfc8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*LOAN from [http://www.bpl.org/research/rb/index.htm Rare Books and Manuscripts Department], The Trustees of the Boston Public Library, MA. Christine, de Pisan. ''The book of the city of ladies''. France, 1405. BPL call number: Ms.f.Med.101 and [https://archive.org/details/lelivredestroisv00chri Internet Archive].<br />
*Thomas Heywood. ''The hierarchie of the blessed angells''. London: Adam Islip, 1635. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169414 STC 13327] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ykjt11 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Political Dreams===<br />
[[File:157- 844q frontispiece.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Charles I the evening before and the day of his execution. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sob66u 17997].]]<br />
Religion and politics were deeply intertwined in Renaissance England. The threats to sixteenth-century Protestants in Mary I’s reign were dramatized in “dream” scenes in plays about such politically significant characters as Princess Elizabeth (the future queen) and Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Suffolk. In the seventeenth century, the struggles between Royalists who supported Charles I and Parliamentarians were described in dreams in a series of political pamphlets.<br />
<br />
John Quarles writes in couplets about his dream of the 1649 execution of Charles I. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/857u2x images] at the beginning of his poem show Charles the night before his death dreaming of his wife and son while an angel prepares to replace the crown he lost on earth with a heavenly one. Opposite this, we see the stark reality of Charles about to be executed.<br />
<br />
In his [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ui7pkj dramatization] of the dangers experienced by the Protestant Princess Elizabeth in the reign of her Catholic half-sister Mary, Thomas Heywood includes “a dumb show” (a scene played silently) while Elizabeth sleeps. In the dumb show, angels stop the villain Winchester from killing the sleeping princess and place a Bible in her hands. Elizabeth wakes, as if from a dream, not knowing how the Bible materialized.<br />
<br />
After the execution of Charles I in 1649, his son Charles sought help in Scotland to claim the throne. According to James Douglas, the young Charles dreamt he saw a spider with a crown hanging over its head and two other crowns at the end of the thread. As the spider lowered itself down the cobweb, it fell and lost everything. Despite the dire portent of this dream, Charles II was restored as king in 1660.<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss Heywood's play.<br />
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<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*John Quarles. ''Regale lectum miseriæ: or, A kingly bed of miserie. In which is contained, a dreame: with an elegie upon the martyrdome of Charls, late King of England, of blessed memory: and another upon the Right Honourable, the Lord Capel''. London, 1649. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=147365 157-844q] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/opi363 LUNA Digital Image]<br />
*Thomas Heywood. ''If you know not me, you know no bodie: or, The troubles of Queene Elizabeth''. London, 1605. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=161231 STC 13328]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ui7pkj title page].<br />
<br />
===Arise for It Is Day===<br />
<br />
From rinsing out one’s mouth to throwing open the windows to air out a stuffy bedchamber, rituals for waking were as common as rituals for going to sleep, and a new day was often welcomed with prayer. The renewal inherent in the daily cycle seemed an inspiration for many: the printer John Day took as his [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/60g3ha printer’s device] a sunrise scene and the phrase “Arise for It Is Day” (punning off of his own name), while many authors celebrated the new day with carpe diem verses and morning songs, or ''aubades''.<br />
<br />
“Get up, get up for shame” begins Robert Herrick’s famous “carpe diem” (seize the day) poem, as the speaker tries to rouse his “sweet-Slug-a-bed.” While Corinna stays in bed, youths rejoice in May Day revelry, exchanging flirtatious glances, playing kissing games, and rolling in the grass until plain gowns become green.<br />
<br />
Thomas Tryon, who had prescriptions for how to sleep, also wrote on waking and health, and was particularly concerned with preventing the “generation of bugs”—a common household problem. Tryon advises that “there is nothing better…than every Morning when you rise to set open your Windows, and lay open your Bed-cloaths.” He believed this would release “the gross humid Steams” from the bed and would prevent fleas and other bugs from breeding.<br />
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John Evans, the compiler of a literary commonplace book, devotes a column to the topic “Awake,” “Awaked,” and “Awaking.” He provides quotations from eight different sources, including two Shakespeare plays ([[Henry IV, Part 2|''Henry IV, pt. 2'']] and [[Julius Caesar|''Julius Caesar'']]). Two extracts are from Francis Quarles’ ''Emblems'' and three extracts are from a song in Cosmo Manuche’s ''The Bastard'', a play published in 1652.<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*William Tyndale. ''The whole workes of W. Tyndall, John Frith, and Doct. Barnes, three worthy martyrs, and principall teachers of this Churche of England, collected and compiled in one tome togither, beyng before scattered, and now in print here exhibited to the Church''. London: John Day, 1573. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=167157 STC 24436 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/hagxt2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Robert Herrick. ''Hesperides: or, The vvorks both humane & divine of Robert Herrick Esq''. London, 1648. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=153584 H1596] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/el084g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*John Evans. ''Hesperides, or, The Muses garden''. Manuscript, ca. 1655-1659. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=221182 V.b.93] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/s903z1 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Additional items exhibited===<br />
<br />
*''Hortus sanitatis''. London, 1536. Call number: QH41 H48 1536 Cage and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/tud090 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Replica early 17th-century man's night shirt. Linen with blackwork embroidery. By Emma Lehman, 2008, based on an original in the Fashion Museum, Bath.<br />
*''The New Testament of ovr Lord Iesvs Christ. Translated out of the Greeke by Theod. Beza, and Englished by L. Tomson''. Bound with: ''The whole booke of Psalmes: collected into English meeter by T. Sternhold, I. Hopkins, W. Whittingham, and others, conferred with the Hebrew, with apt notes to sing them withall. Newly set foorth, and allowed to be sung in all churches, of all the people together, before and after morning and euening prayer, as also before and after sermons. Moreouer in priuate houses, for their godly solace and comfort, laying apart all vngodly songs and ballads, which tend onely to the nourishing of vice, and corrupting of youth''. London: Robert Barker, ca. 1610. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170019 STC 2907] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8hr271 LUNA Digital Image] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/1vmjuw Binding image on LUNA].<br />
*Richard Brathwaite. ''The English gentlewoman, drawne out to the full body: expressing, what habilliments doe best attire her, what ornaments doe best adorne her, what complements doe best accomplish her''. London: B. Alsop and T. Favvcet, for Michaell Sparke, 1631. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169488 STC 3565] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sd5y05 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Rembert Dodoens. ''A niewe herball, or historie of plantes: wherein is contayned the whole discourse and perfect description of all sortes of herbs and plantes''. London: Henry Loë, 1578. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170691 STC 6984 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/x77ah5 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Walkington. ''The optick glasse of humors or The touchstone of a golden temperature, or the Philosophers stone to make a golden temper''. Oxford: W[illiam]. T[urner], 1631?. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=168005 STC 24968] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/jz1y47 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*George Gower. ''The Plimpton "Sieve" Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I.'' Oil on panel, 1579. Call number: [http://shakespeare.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=128729 ART 246171 (framed)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/00o3y8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Archie Armstrong. ''Archy’s dream''. London, 1641. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=152564 A3708] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/241m0d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Beroaldo. ''Le Tableav des Riches Inventions''. 1600. Call number: PQ4619.C9 F8 1600 Cage and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/253o9i LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
==Supplemental material==<br />
<br />
===[[To Sleep, Perchance to Dream children's exhibition|''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' children's exhibition]]===<br />
<br />
====[[:File:To Sleep Perchance to Dream FAMILY GUIDE.pdf|''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' family guide]]====<br />
<br />
===Audio Tour===<br />
<br />
Explore ''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' through this [http://old.folger.edu/Content/Whats-On/Folger-Exhibitions/Past-Exhibitions/To-Sleep-Perchance-to-Dream/To-Sleep-Audio-Tour.cfm Audio Tour].<br />
<br />
====Lying In====<br />
<br />
Listen to exhibitions manager Caryn Lazzuri discuss one specific use for the bedchamber.<br />
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*John Geninges. ''The life and death of Mr. Edmund Geninges priest, crowned with martyrdome at London, the 10. day of November, in the yeare M.D.XCI''. 1614. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=159679 STC 11728 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/14l58g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
====A Counterfeit Death====<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lj2285 title page] of Walter Raleigh's ''History of the World''.<br />
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*Walter Raleigh. ''The discoverie of the large, rich, and bewtiful empire of Guiana, with a relation of the great and golden citie of Manoa (which the Spanyards call El Dorado) and the provinces of Emeria, Arromaia, Amapaia, and other countries, with their rivers, adjoyning''. London: Robert Robinson, 1596. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=163767 STC 20634 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/m7sxz7 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Walter Raleigh. ''The history of the world''. London: [William Stansby] for Walter Burre, 1614. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=166411 STC 20637] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/15194v LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
====Satan and the Sleeping Eve====<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss an [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/b7uz8b engraving] depicting Book IV of Milton's ''Paradise lost''.<br />
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*John Milton. ''Paradise lost. A poem in twelve books''. London: Miles Flesher, 1688. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=135784 M2147] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lcgja9 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Video===<br />
<br />
Scholars Garrett Sullivan and Carole Levin discuss what at Elizabethan bedchamber may have been like.<br />
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<html5media height="180" width="320">https://www.youtube.com/embed/21j7HNmpeN8</html5media><br />
<br />
Trouble falling asleep is nothing new. Exhibition curator Carole Levine talks about DIY Elizabethan remedies for insomnia.<br />
<br />
<html5media height="180" width="320">https://www.youtube.com/embed/SQdj4I5FBho</html5media><br />
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[[Category: Public programs]]<br />
[[Category: Exhibitions]]<br />
[[Category: 15th century]]<br />
[[Category: 16th century]]<br />
[[Category: 17th century]]<br />
[[Category: 18th century]]<br />
[[Category: Collection]]<br />
[[Category: Manuscripts]]<br />
[[Category: Art]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=To_Sleep,_Perchance_to_Dream&diff=35824To Sleep, Perchance to Dream2021-10-13T14:53:51Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* Richard Haydock: The Sleeping Preacher */</p>
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<div>[[File:A3708 title page.jpg|thumb|right|290px|The title page of ''Archy's dream'', a former court jester's account. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ey1g87 22186].]]<br />
''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'', one of the [[Exhibitions at the Folger]], opened on February 19, 2009 and closed May 30, 2009. The exhibition was curated by [[Carole Levin]] and [[Garrett Sullivan]] with Steven K. Galbraith and [[Heather Wolfe]] as consultants. The exhibition [http://shop.folger.edu/store/165035%21165/To+Sleep%2C+Perchance+to+Dream catalog] can be purchased from the Folger Shop.<br />
<br />
While sleeping and dreaming are universal experiences, each culture and historical period understands them in distinctive ways. This exhibition explores the ethereal realm of sleeping and dreaming in Renaissance England, from the beliefs, rituals, and habits of sleepers to the role of dream interpreters and interpretations in public and private life. <br />
<br />
The habits and attitudes of both royalty and commoners toward sleep and dreams provide us with a glimpse into a world that has strong connections with, and striking differences from, our own. Sufferers of insomnia and nightmares attempted to cure themselves with a variety of remedies—from herbal concoctions to magic. They adhered to specific rituals for going to bed and held beliefs about when it was or was not appropriate to sleep.<br />
<br />
Through a variety of printed, handwritten, and visual materials, including literary texts by Shakespeare, Milton, and others, ''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' explores the vibrancy of early modern views of sleeping and dreaming. Nightclothes, gemstones, recipes and ingredients for curing nightmares and inducing sleep, and records of dreams about or by historical figures, provide a vivid glimpse of the various ways in which the Renaissance English prepared for sleep and sought to control and understand their dreams.<br />
<br />
==Contents of the exhibition==<br />
<br />
===Preparing for Sleep===<br />
<br />
Medical writers understood sleep to be crucial to the maintenance of physical well-being, and offered specific instructions for a range of bedtime matters, such as identifying the best place to sleep, choosing a bed least likely to attract vermin, and selecting the most appropriate night clothes. Preparing for sleep was also a spiritual matter. Because of the widely held fear that one might die while asleep, saying one’s prayers was an important nightly ritual.<br />
<br />
Several texts give insight into how people prepared for sleep in Renaissance England. Church of England clergyman Richard Day’s text, ''A booke of Christian prayers'', offers both a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/rx1fp7 bedtime prayer] as well as images of [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/f0n2mi sleepers sharing a bed]. Primarily for reasons of economy and warmth, bed-sharing was a common practice in early modern households and in university settings.<br />
<br />
Thomas Tryon’s ''A treatise of cleanness in meats and drinks, of the preparation of food, the excellency of good airs, and the benefits of clean sweet beds'' offers a wealth of sleep-related advice, which he summarizes as follows: “Therefore moderate Clothing, hard Beds, Houses that stand so as that the pleasant Briezes of Wind may air and refresh them, and also Houses that are full of Windows, are to be preferr’d.” He also notes that featherbeds breed vermin (a common problem in early modern beds) and are to be avoided.<br />
<br />
Finally, Thomas Cogan's ''The haven of health'' covers topics such as the “most fit” place in which to sleep, the best way to make the bed, and the appropriate posture for sleeping. Cogan also notes that “he that sleepeth with his mouth close[d] hath commonly an ill breath and foule teeth.”<br />
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====Items included====<br />
<br />
*Richard Day. ''A booke of Christian prayers, collected out of the auncient writers, and best learned in our tyme, worthy to be read with an earnest mynde of all Christians, in these daungerous and troublesome dayes, that God for Christes sake will yet still be mercyfull unto us''. London: John Day, 1578. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169150 STC 6429] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/26122y LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Tryon. ''A treatise of cleanness in meats and drinks, of the preparation of food, the excellency of good airs, and the benefits of clean sweet beds''. London, 1682. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=151430 T3196].<br />
*Thomas Cogan. ''The hauen of health: chiefely gathered for the comfort of students, and consequently of all those that have a care of their health, amplified upon five words of Hippocrates, written Epid. 6 Labor, cibus, potio, somnus, Venus''. London: Henrie Midleton, for William Norton, 1584. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=160716 STC 5478] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/zx755i LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===When We Sleep===<br />
[[File:V.a.311 24r.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Thomas Fella's 'F' in his alphabet of moral advice. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/53zun2 23585].]]<br />
Night-time slumber was divided into “first” and “second” sleeps, separated by a period of wakeful activity. How many hours one should sleep was dictated by one’s humoral “complexion”—that is, the balance in the body of the four humors (blood, phlegm, choler or bile, and melancholy or black bile). Sleep was associated with cold and moisture, and therefore with phlegm, a cold, wet humor. Napping during the day was discouraged, as it was believed to cause, in the words of Thomas Cogan, “great domage & hurt of body.” And sleeping too much was both a physical and spiritual transgression.<br />
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Sleep was thought to be associated with the humors, which were closely related to a person's temperament. Both sloth and forgetfulness were moral vices associated with sleeping too long or at the wrong time of day.<br />
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Thomas Fella's heavily-illustrated miscellany includes an “alphabet” of moral advice. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/w5f6ax letter F] is devoted to sleep—particularly the fitful sleep of the rich as compared to the sweet sleep of “a laboring man.”<br />
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And Scipion Du Plesis' ''The Resolver'', a translation of the French ''Curiosité naturelle'', poses and answers a question about the relative strength of “first sleep” that foregrounds the importance of digestion— namely that it produces fumes that ascend to the brain, and provokes sleep by “stop[ping] the conduits of the Senses.”<br />
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Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss sleep in relation to the humors.<br />
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*Thomas Fella. ''A booke of diveirs devises and sortes of pictures, with the alphabete of letters, deuised and drawne with the pen''. Manuscript, ca. 1585-1622. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=243917 V.a.311] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/53zun2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Scipion Dupleix. ''The resoluer; or Curiosities of nature written in French by Scipio Du Plesis counseller and historiographer to the French King. Vsefull & pleasant for all''. London: N. & I. Okes, [1635]. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=163893 STC 7362].<br />
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===What is Sleep? From the Medical to the Metaphorical===<br />
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In ''The Anatomy of Melancholy'', Robert Burton defined sleep as a “binding” of the senses. This “binding” was routinely described as the product of digestion, thought to be sleep’s primary cause. Medical writers asserted that fumes produced during digestion ascended from the stomach to the brain, where they impeded the passage of the “animal spirits” responsible for rational and sensory activity. At the same time, sleep had non-medical significance, lending itself to a variety of literary and allegorical interpretations.<br />
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Sleep was represented in a variety of literature of the day. Samuel Daniel’s influential sonnet sequence, ''Delia'', features a poem addressed to “Care-charmer sleepe,” the most famous example of a sub-genre of poetry devoted to sleep. Other Elizabethans who wrote on this topic include Sir Philip Sidney and William Shakespeare.<br />
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Richard Braithwaite, an Oxford-educated poet and satirist, wrote a compendium of stories and aphorisms with a range of moralizing functions, from teaching moderation to scrutinizing fashion, but it takes its title—''Art Asleep Husband? A boulster lecture''—from the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8m12o7 figure of a scolding wife] “lecturing” her husband while he pretends to sleep.<br />
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Medical writers, like Somerset physician Tobias Venner, also had something to say about the benefits and detriments of certain sleep. Venner argues for the benefits of sleeping with one’s mouth open. He also stresses sleep’s link to “concoction,” or digestion, which he deems “the root of life.”<br />
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*Richard Brathwaite. ''Ar’t asleepe husband?'' London: R. Bishop, for R[ichard]. B[est]., 1640. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=161261 STC 3555] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8j34q2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===To Make One Sleep===<br />
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Judging from the large number of surviving manuscript recipes (or “receipts”) for insomnia, sleep disorders were as great a problem in early modern England as they are today. The ingredients in these recipes range from the unsurprising (poppies) to the somewhat puzzling (lettuce). However, the effectiveness of some ingredients lies in the perceived connection between physiology and the properties of the substance itself: lettuce, like sleep, was thought of as cold and wet, which is why it was believed to provoke sleep in the sleepless.<br />
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Mary Granville and her daughter Anne (Granville) Dewes include a recipe against insomnia in their receipt book—"To make one sleepe." The afflicted person is advised to wet two linen cloths with a mixture of strained ivy leaves and white wine vinegar, and then apply the cloths to the forehead and temples.<br />
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Another miscellany includes a recipe for “A Dormant Drink” designed to induce continuous sleep for two full days. For some reason, all of the ingredients’ names are written backwards (“yppop” for poppy, “ecittel” for lettice).<br />
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Mrs. Corlyon's receipt book contains the three following recipes: the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z369w6 first] produces a “liquor” comprised of ingredients such as rose water, “Woemans milke,” and wine vinegar, to be applied to the forehead and temples. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/19xo5r second recipe] is a drink made primarily of “White lettice seede” and sugar, to be followed by “a draft of posset ale” (milk curdled with ale). The third recipe consists of a warm drink of white poppy seed powder and posset ale made with violets, strawberry leaves, and “singfoyle” (cinquefoil).<br />
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*Grenville Family. [[Cookery and medicinal recipes of the Granville family, ca. 1640 – ca. 1750 V.a.430|''Cookery and medicinal recipes of the Granville family'']]. Manuscript, ca. 1640 – ca. 1750. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=231288 V.a.430]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/11yh7x p.1].<br />
*''Historical extracts''. Manuscript, ca. 1625. [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=193388 X.d.393]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/08iabr leaf 34].<br />
*Mrs. Corlyon. ''A booke of such medicines as have been approved by the speciall practize of Mrs. Corlyon''. Manuscript, ca. 1606. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=230598 V.a.388]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z369w6 p. 18–19].<br />
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===Herbals===<br />
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Herbals provide physical descriptions of plants, with particular attention to their various medicinal virtues. Thus, they were an important resource for recipes. Recipes meant to provoke sleep might require mandrake or Indian dreamer, while those that roused the sufferer from sleep-related diseases such as lethargy might call for mustard plant.<br />
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This [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/b41nr5 fanciful illustration] is the mandrake, a plant whose root was taken to resemble the human form and which purportedly shrieked when removed from the ground. A narcotic plant, the mandrake’s effects were, in John Donne’s words, “betwixt sleep and poison.” Shakespeare references the mandrake’s soporific qualities in ''[[Othello|Othello]]'' and [[Antony and Cleopatra|''Anthony and Cleopatra'']].<br />
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The Indian Dreamer, which resembles hemp, was another plant used to cause sleep but can also “grow great dreamers according to their humours and dispositions….”<br />
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But, for those who had too much of sleep, other plant cures were available. Towards the end of an entry devoted to the mustard plant, Rembert Dodoens discusses “Lethargie or drowsie evill,” a disease in which people “cannot waken themselves.” He advises using a paste of mustard and figs to create heat, thus removing the cold humors that cause excess sleep.<br />
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*''Ortus sanitatis: de herbis et plantis, de animalibus et reptilibus, de auibus et volatilibus, de piscibus et natatilibus, de lapidibus et in terre venis nascentibus, de vrinis et ea rum speciebus, tabula medicinalis cum directorio generali per omnes tractatus''. Strasbourg: Johann Prüss, not after Oct. 21, 1497. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=95984 INC H417 Copy 1 Massey] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/68b7nj LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Richard Haydock: The Sleeping Preacher===<br />
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In 1605, a medical doctor named Richard Haydock attracted the attention of James I because of his ability to deliver brilliant sermons while in a deep sleep. Haydock had a passion for preaching, but ended up studying medicine instead because of a debilitating stutter. After inviting Haydock to court to hear the sleeping sermons himself, James I exposed Haydock as a fraud. However, because his sermons had been so pro-monarchy, his only punishment was publicly confessing his deceit. The prefatory material to Haydock’s [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/cej765 treatise on dreams], ''Oneirologia'', served as his confession.<br />
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To express his gratitude to the king for his leniency and to acknowledge his earlier deception, Haydock composed a treatise on dreams, and he [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/4si4kj dedicated his manuscript] to King James. No doubt he hoped that James would be pleased to be referred to as a son of King Solomon, known for his wisdom, and that he would be interested in a text on dreams. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/5k55u5 Chapter four] of Haydock’s work concentrates on what happens in the mind when the body is asleep. He assures his readers that when drowsy vapors take over common sense, fantasy must be freed or there will be no dreams. The manuscript was never published, and the copy at the Folger is the only copy known to exist.<br />
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The story of King James unmasking Haydock’s fraud was a popular one that appeared in many seventeenth-century histories, including Sir Richard Baker’s ''A Chronicle of the Kings of England''. It was not only an interesting story in itself, but it also allowed historians to praise the king for his “admirable sagacity in discovering of Fictions.”<br />
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On this [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/286p8o frontispiece], Richard Haydock (an artist as well as a preacher) has engraved a portrait of himself.<br />
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*Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo. ''A tracte containing the artes of curious paintinge carvinge & buildinge written first in Italian by Io: Paul Lomatius painter of Milan and Englished by R.H. student in physik''. Oxford: Joseph Barnes for R[ichard] H[aydock], 1598. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=164109 STC 16698 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/286p8o LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Richard Haydock. ''Oneirologia, or, A briefe discourse of the nature of dreames''. Manuscript, 1605. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=270907 J.a.1 (5)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/32gch3 LUNA Digital Image]<br />
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===James I===<br />
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[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/94qsi7 James I] was fascinated by strange phenomena and supernatural events. He wrote a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/j55g5o treatise on witchcraft], but later became more interested in exposing fraudulent supernatural events, such as the sermons of Richard Haydock, “the sleeping preacher.” James I’s writings on dreams reveal a deep skepticism of their significance. In 1622, however, he felt quite differently when he had a dream that foretold his own death.<br />
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King James’s treatise on witchcraft, ''Daemonologie'', includes a section on nightmares. Although he strongly believed in the power and danger of witches, he was far more skeptical about dreams. In this treatise, James claims that nightmares result from natural causes rather than from demons, or succubi.<br />
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King James also wrote the ''Basilikon Doron'' as an educational guide for his son Henry, Prince of Wales. In a section on sleep, he advises Henry to “take no heede to any of your dreames,” because prophecies and visions no longer occur. James believed those ceased with the coming of Christ.<br />
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Arthur Wilson's ''The history of Great Britain'' includes the story of James I and Richard Haydock, the “Sleeping Preacher,” as the prime example of “brutish imposters” exposed by the king’s reason. Wilson also shared James’ belief that dreams are not supernatural, stating in the preface that he is “not like one in a Dream, who starts at the horror of the Object which his own imagination creates.”<br />
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Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss James I's thoughts on dreams and the supernatural.<br />
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*James I. ''Daemonologie, in forme of a dialogue''. Edinburgh: Robert Walde-graue, 1597. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=162293 STC 14364] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9ln3cq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*James I. ''The workes of the most high and mightie prince, James by the grace of God King of Great Britaine, France and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c''. London: Robert Barker and John Bill, 1616. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169364 STC 14344 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/77b94d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Definitions of Dreams===<br />
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Beliefs about dreams were wide-ranging: while some people believed dreams were simply the fragments of the day retold or the result of food or drink partaken, others thought dreams were an expression of guilt over an action taken or considered, or were influenced by a person’s dominant humor. Many people believed that dreams came directly from God, angels, or demons and that they exposed a person’s character as virtuous or venal. <br />
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Dreams could be divided into three categories: divine, supernatural, and natural and they were thought to foretell the future. Many were convinced that if they could unlock the meaning of dreams, they could know the future.<br />
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Wilhelm Scribonius defines a dream as “an inward act of the mind” while the body is sleeping. The soul creates dreams from the spirits of the brain, and the most pleasant dreams come as morning approaches, when the spirits are most pure.<br />
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William Vaughan writes about both sleep and dreams in his treatise on personal health. He warns of the dangers of sleeping at noon and observes that dreams could either be a remembrance of the past or “significants of things to come.”<br />
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Thomas Cooper argues that some dreams are natural and might inform us “of the sinnes of the heart,” since what we think or do during the day returns as dreams at night. But he is most concerned with dreams that came from God—moving us toward true worship—and Satan, who puts into the brain “Divellish Dreames” hoping to turn us toward evil.<br />
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In a very popular text which he revised throughout his life, Owen Felltham argues that the best use someone can make of their dreams is to gain greater self-understanding. The mind continues to work even in the depths of sleep, and dreams show us our inclinations.<br />
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===Dream Interpretation===<br />
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A range of early modern books offered dream interpretation, and physicians or astrologers would frequently interpret dreams for payment. Scholars such as Thomas Hill, Marc de Vulson, and Richard Saunders studied ancient dream treatises, especially ''Oneirocritica'', composed by Artemidorus about 200CE, in order to understand the symbolism of dreams. Their interpretations varied widely, and meanings were based not only on the subject matter of the dream, but also on the dreamer’s gender, social status, dominant humor, or profession, as well as the time of year or night the dream was had.<br />
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Thomas Hill’s text was very popular in Renaissance England, succinctly explaining the meanings of hundreds of dreams. For example, to dream of picking green apples from a tree meant good fortune, while dreaming of drinking thinned mustard meant one would be accused of murder.<br />
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Philip Goodwin’s book provides a guide for interpreting the mysterious divine and demonic visitations that a person might experience while sleeping and dreaming. He also advocates prayer before sleeping and after waking, and suggests that shorter stretches of sleep may bring better dreams.<br />
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Marc de Vulson believed that dreams could be both instructional and amusing. He argues that since true events are foretold in dreams, it would be foolish to ignore them. He explains what dreams about plays and pastimes mean. For example, dreaming you see a comedy on stage foretells success; dreaming of a tragedy means “grief and affliction.”<br />
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Richard Saunders believed that the same dream had different meanings depending on a person’s dominant humor and the time of year. Thus, during the third phase of Leo (mid-August), dreaming one was “stark naked in a Church” would be a bad dream for a person of sanguine humor but a good dream for a melancholic person.<br />
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Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss one dream interpreter well known at Queen Elizabeth I's court.<br />
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*''John Dee''. Engraving, [London, England]: Hunt & Clarke, 1827. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256248 ART File D311 no.1 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/31lemq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Hill. ''The moste pleasaunte arte of the interpretacion of dreames, whereunto is annexed sundry problemes with apte aunsweares neare agreeing to the matter, and very rare examples, not the like the extant in the English tongue''. London: Thomas Marsh, 1576. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=168488 STC 13498] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/nkp6ll LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Philip Goodwin. ''The mystery of dreames, historically discoursed; or A treatise; wherein is clearly discovered, the secret yet certain good or evil, the inconsidered and yet assured truth or falsity, virtue or vanity, misery or mercy, of mens differing dreames''. London: A.M. for Francis Tyton, 1658. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=139001 157- 690q]<br />
*Marc de Vulson. ''The court of curiositie''. London: J[ames]. C[ottrell]. for William Crooke, 1669. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=149323 165-039q].<br />
*Richard Saunders. ''Saunders physiognomie, and chiromancie, metoposcopie, the symmetrical proportions and signal moles of the body, fully and accurately explained; with their natural-predictive significations both to men and women. being delightful and profitable: with the subject of dreams made plain: whereunto is added the art of memory''. London: H. Brugis, for Nathaniel Brook, 1671. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=132723 S755] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9222tm LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Dream Control===<br />
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While some people believed dreams could be regulated through prayer or a healthy diet, others had more elaborate methods for controlling them. These included such strategies as wearing certain kinds of gemstones or imbibing potions with fanciful components such as dragon’s tongue, or rubbing one’s temples with lapwing’s blood. The desire to avoid nightmares, or “terrors of the night,”led to the circulation of these recipes in manuscript.<br />
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Thomas Nichols’s lapidary, or book on gemstones, explains how specific stones can affect dreams. For example, he shares reports that wearing a ruby in an amulet or drinking ground-up rubies will drive away “terrible dreams” as well as sadness, evil thoughts, and evil spirits. It was a widely held belief that gemstones could help control dreams. Wearing a crystal or ruby around one’s neck prevented nightmares. Children were advised to wear emeralds to avoid nightmares. Wearing an amethyst caused exciting dreams and prevented drunkenness. And wearing an onyx to bed caused the wearer to dream of a departed friend.<br />
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Plants, as we've seen throughout the exhibition, were used for many medicinal purposes, and controlling dreams was yet another way to use them. Nicholas Culpeper composed a directory of over three hundred plants, and it includes several that could control dreams. One entry describes polypody, a variety of fern thought to be most medicinally powerful when it grows on oak stumps or trunks. Drinking liquid distilled from its roots and leaves prevents “fearful or troublesome sleeps or dreams.”<br />
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A very popular book with cures and recipes for a wide range of ailments, from how to heal ringworm to how to “make the haire fall off” was ''The secrets of Alexis''. One recipe explains how to see wild beasts in a dream; it also includes a number of recipes for inducing sleep.<br />
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Various animal parts were used in recipes in much the same way as plants or gemstones. Edward Topsell's ''Historie of serpents'' is a spectacularly illustrated and hand-colored book, devoted to serpents (including [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2mr0p7 dragons]). According to Topsell, eating the wine-soaked tongue or gall of a dragon could prevent nightmares.<br />
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Listen to exhibitions manager Caryn Lazzuri discuss Nicholas Culpeper.<br />
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*Thomas Nicols. ''A lapidary: or, The history of pretious stones: with cautions for the undeceiving of all those that deal with pretious stones''. Cambridge: Printed by Thomas Buck, 1652. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=152193 154-179q].<br />
*Nicholas Culpeper. ''The English physician enlarged; with three hundred sixty and nine medicines, made of English herbs, that were not in any impression until this. Being an astrologo-physical discourse of the vulgar herbs of this nation; containing a compleat method of physick, whereby a man may preserve his body in health, or cure himself, being sick, for three pence charge, with such things only as grow in England, they being most fit for English bodies''. London, 1698. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=145821 C7512.2].<br />
*Alessio Piemontese. ''The secrets of Alexis: containing many excellent remedies against diuers diseases, wounds, and other accidents. With the maner to make distillations, parfumes, confitures, dyings, colours, fusions, and meltings. ...''. Translation by William Ward (parts 1-3) and Richard Androse (part 4) of a French version. London: William Stansby for Richard Meighen and Thomas Jones, 1615. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=158131 STC 299] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/p62ss7 Binding image on LUNA].<br />
*Edward Topsell. ''The historie of serpents''. London: William Jaggard, 1608. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169268 STC 24124 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/64l1eq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Nightmares===<br />
[[File:ART File S528K8 no.80.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Act V, Scene 3 of ''Richard III'', as the king experiences horrific nightmares. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/t50qq5 22200].]]<br />
A dream called “the Mare” was specifically described by Nicholas Culpeper “as when someone was sleeping to feel an uncommon oppression or weight about his breast or stomach, which he can be no means shake off. He groans, and sometimes cries out, though oftener he attempts to speak, but in vain.” Sleepers often believed that a demon—a succubus or an incubus—had visited them in their sleep in an attempt to breach their chastity. It was said that those of a melancholy humor often had frightening dreams of dark places, falls from high turrets, and furious beasts. Nightmares and ominous dreams are used to great dramatic effect in plays such as Shakespeare’s [[Richard III|''Richard III'']].<br />
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Act I of Shakespeare’s ''Richard III'' ends with the murder of the Duke of Clarence, presaged by the dream of drowning he recounts at the start of the scene. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z2q8l Here], just as the dream is about to end, howling fiends seize the terrified Clarence to take him to hell.<br />
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In the same play, Richard III has a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2ljk3m troubled sleep] on the eve of the Battle of Bosworth Field. Visited by the ghosts of those whose deaths he caused, he dreams the battle is in progress. As the last ghost leaves, he awakens with a start shouting “Give me another horse; bind up my wounds. Have mercy, Jesu!”<br />
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Thomas Tryon believed that dreams of demonic visitations like Richard III's were caused by sleeping on one’s back, eating heavy suppers just before bed, and drinking spirits in excess. He suggests that nightmares could be avoided by sleeping on one’s side and eating a healthier diet.<br />
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Thomas Nash argues that dreams are based on thoughts and experiences that happen over the course of the day: “A dream is nothing else but a bubbling scum or froth of the fancy, which the day hath left undigested.” As for nightmares, Nash claims they are the result of guilty feelings. For example, the dreadful sins of treason and murder would cause terrible dreams.<br />
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Physician Jacques Ferrand wrote a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kq620d book] on the causes, symptoms, and cures of “Love, or Erotique Melancholy.” Ferrand describes terrifying instances of people, mostly women, who believe that they were raped by the devil in their sleep, “when as in truth they were only troubled with the Nightmare.”<br />
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Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss the Duke of Clarence's nightmare in ''Richard III''.<br />
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*James Neagle after Thomas Stothard. ''King Richard III, act 1, sc. 4''. Engraving, London: Geo. Kearsley, 1804. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256264 ART File S528k8 no.8 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z2q8l LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*William Sharp after John Opie. ''Richard IIID., Act 5 Scene 3, in the tent, Richard asleep, ghosts of persons he had murdered''. Engraving, London: Mr. Woodmason, 1794. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=254208 ART File S528k8 no.80 (size M)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2ljk3m LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Jacques Ferrand. ''Erotomania or A treatise discoursing of the essence, causes, symptomes, prognosticks, and cure of love, or erotique melancholy''. Oxford: L. Lichfield, 1640. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=159189 STC 10829] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kq620d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Supernatural and Divine Dreams===<br />
<br />
Martyrs in both Catholic and Protestant martyrologies, including John Foxe’s ''Actes and Monuments'', were often portrayed as having prophetic dreams. It was also believed that angels regularly visited people in their dreams, and a frequent narrative technique to give a text authenticity was to describe how the author was sleeping when visited in a dream by divine beings who encouraged the writing of their work.<br />
<br />
In 1556, Agnes Potten was sentenced to be burned for heresy, a victim of the persecutions of Protestants under Mary I. John Foxe relates in his book of martyrs that, the night before her death, she had a foretelling dream in which she “saw a bright burning fyre, ryght up as a pole, and on the syde of the fire she thought there stoode a number of Q[ueen] Maries friendes looking on.”<br />
<br />
Other penned prophetic dreams are less dire: In ''The book of the city of ladies'', Christine de Pisan, who made her living as an author prior to the printing press, writes that she was inspired by a dream to build an allegorical city honoring women. In a fifteenth-century French manuscript copy of her masterpiece, on loan from The Trustees of the Boston Public Library, Christine is depicted being pulled out of bed by the three female virtues—Reason, Rectitude, and Justice—who assist her in building her city.<br />
<br />
In his poetical work, ''The hierarchie of the blessed angels'', the playwright Thomas Heywood writes about the many properties of angels, one being their ability to enter a dream and help a good Christian find the right path in the waking life.<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss Christin de Pisan.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss one way sleep has spiritual overtones.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*John Foxe. ''Actes and Monuments of matters most speciall and memorable''. London: Peter Short, 1596. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169331 STC 11226 copy 3] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/m1wfc8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*LOAN from [http://www.bpl.org/research/rb/index.htm Rare Books and Manuscripts Department], The Trustees of the Boston Public Library, MA. Christine, de Pisan. ''The book of the city of ladies''. France, 1405. BPL call number: Ms.f.Med.101 and [https://archive.org/details/lelivredestroisv00chri Internet Archive].<br />
*Thomas Heywood. ''The hierarchie of the blessed angells''. London: Adam Islip, 1635. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169414 STC 13327] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ykjt11 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Political Dreams===<br />
[[File:157- 844q frontispiece.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Charles I the evening before and the day of his execution. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sob66u 17997].]]<br />
Religion and politics were deeply intertwined in Renaissance England. The threats to sixteenth-century Protestants in Mary I’s reign were dramatized in “dream” scenes in plays about such politically significant characters as Princess Elizabeth (the future queen) and Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Suffolk. In the seventeenth century, the struggles between Royalists who supported Charles I and Parliamentarians were described in dreams in a series of political pamphlets.<br />
<br />
John Quarles writes in couplets about his dream of the 1649 execution of Charles I. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/857u2x images] at the beginning of his poem show Charles the night before his death dreaming of his wife and son while an angel prepares to replace the crown he lost on earth with a heavenly one. Opposite this, we see the stark reality of Charles about to be executed.<br />
<br />
In his [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ui7pkj dramatization] of the dangers experienced by the Protestant Princess Elizabeth in the reign of her Catholic half-sister Mary, Thomas Heywood includes “a dumb show” (a scene played silently) while Elizabeth sleeps. In the dumb show, angels stop the villain Winchester from killing the sleeping princess and place a Bible in her hands. Elizabeth wakes, as if from a dream, not knowing how the Bible materialized.<br />
<br />
After the execution of Charles I in 1649, his son Charles sought help in Scotland to claim the throne. According to James Douglas, the young Charles dreamt he saw a spider with a crown hanging over its head and two other crowns at the end of the thread. As the spider lowered itself down the cobweb, it fell and lost everything. Despite the dire portent of this dream, Charles II was restored as king in 1660.<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss Heywood's play.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*John Quarles. ''Regale lectum miseriæ: or, A kingly bed of miserie. In which is contained, a dreame: with an elegie upon the martyrdome of Charls, late King of England, of blessed memory: and another upon the Right Honourable, the Lord Capel''. London, 1649. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=147365 157-844q] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/opi363 LUNA Digital Image]<br />
*Thomas Heywood. ''If you know not me, you know no bodie: or, The troubles of Queene Elizabeth''. London, 1605. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=161231 STC 13328]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ui7pkj title page].<br />
<br />
===Arise for It Is Day===<br />
<br />
From rinsing out one’s mouth to throwing open the windows to air out a stuffy bedchamber, rituals for waking were as common as rituals for going to sleep, and a new day was often welcomed with prayer. The renewal inherent in the daily cycle seemed an inspiration for many: the printer John Day took as his [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/60g3ha printer’s device] a sunrise scene and the phrase “Arise for It Is Day” (punning off of his own name), while many authors celebrated the new day with carpe diem verses and morning songs, or ''aubades''.<br />
<br />
“Get up, get up for shame” begins Robert Herrick’s famous “carpe diem” (seize the day) poem, as the speaker tries to rouse his “sweet-Slug-a-bed.” While Corinna stays in bed, youths rejoice in May Day revelry, exchanging flirtatious glances, playing kissing games, and rolling in the grass until plain gowns become green.<br />
<br />
Thomas Tryon, who had prescriptions for how to sleep, also wrote on waking and health, and was particularly concerned with preventing the “generation of bugs”—a common household problem. Tryon advises that “there is nothing better…than every Morning when you rise to set open your Windows, and lay open your Bed-cloaths.” He believed this would release “the gross humid Steams” from the bed and would prevent fleas and other bugs from breeding.<br />
<br />
John Evans, the compiler of a literary commonplace book, devotes a column to the topic “Awake,” “Awaked,” and “Awaking.” He provides quotations from eight different sources, including two Shakespeare plays ([[Henry IV, Part 2|''Henry IV, pt. 2'']] and [[Julius Caesar|''Julius Caesar'']]). Two extracts are from Francis Quarles’ ''Emblems'' and three extracts are from a song in Cosmo Manuche’s ''The Bastard'', a play published in 1652.<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*William Tyndale. ''The whole workes of W. Tyndall, John Frith, and Doct. Barnes, three worthy martyrs, and principall teachers of this Churche of England, collected and compiled in one tome togither, beyng before scattered, and now in print here exhibited to the Church''. London: John Day, 1573. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=167157 STC 24436 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/hagxt2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Robert Herrick. ''Hesperides: or, The vvorks both humane & divine of Robert Herrick Esq''. London, 1648. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=153584 H1596] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/el084g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*John Evans. ''Hesperides, or, The Muses garden''. Manuscript, ca. 1655-1659. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=221182 V.b.93] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/s903z1 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Additional items exhibited===<br />
<br />
*''Hortus sanitatis''. London, 1536. Call number: QH41 H48 1536 Cage and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/tud090 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Replica early 17th-century man's night shirt. Linen with blackwork embroidery. By Emma Lehman, 2008, based on an original in the Fashion Museum, Bath.<br />
*''The New Testament of ovr Lord Iesvs Christ. Translated out of the Greeke by Theod. Beza, and Englished by L. Tomson''. Bound with: ''The whole booke of Psalmes: collected into English meeter by T. Sternhold, I. Hopkins, W. Whittingham, and others, conferred with the Hebrew, with apt notes to sing them withall. Newly set foorth, and allowed to be sung in all churches, of all the people together, before and after morning and euening prayer, as also before and after sermons. Moreouer in priuate houses, for their godly solace and comfort, laying apart all vngodly songs and ballads, which tend onely to the nourishing of vice, and corrupting of youth''. London: Robert Barker, ca. 1610. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170019 STC 2907] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8hr271 LUNA Digital Image] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/1vmjuw Binding image on LUNA].<br />
*Richard Brathwaite. ''The English gentlewoman, drawne out to the full body: expressing, what habilliments doe best attire her, what ornaments doe best adorne her, what complements doe best accomplish her''. London: B. Alsop and T. Favvcet, for Michaell Sparke, 1631. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169488 STC 3565] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sd5y05 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Rembert Dodoens. ''A niewe herball, or historie of plantes: wherein is contayned the whole discourse and perfect description of all sortes of herbs and plantes''. London: Henry Loë, 1578. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170691 STC 6984 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/x77ah5 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Walkington. ''The optick glasse of humors or The touchstone of a golden temperature, or the Philosophers stone to make a golden temper''. Oxford: W[illiam]. T[urner], 1631?. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=168005 STC 24968] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/jz1y47 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*George Gower. ''The Plimpton "Sieve" Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I.'' Oil on panel, 1579. Call number: [http://shakespeare.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=128729 ART 246171 (framed)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/00o3y8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Archie Armstrong. ''Archy’s dream''. London, 1641. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=152564 A3708] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/241m0d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Beroaldo. ''Le Tableav des Riches Inventions''. 1600. Call number: PQ4619.C9 F8 1600 Cage and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/253o9i LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
==Supplemental material==<br />
<br />
===[[To Sleep, Perchance to Dream children's exhibition|''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' children's exhibition]]===<br />
<br />
====[[:File:To Sleep Perchance to Dream FAMILY GUIDE.pdf|''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' family guide]]====<br />
<br />
===Audio Tour===<br />
<br />
Explore ''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' through this [http://old.folger.edu/Content/Whats-On/Folger-Exhibitions/Past-Exhibitions/To-Sleep-Perchance-to-Dream/To-Sleep-Audio-Tour.cfm Audio Tour].<br />
<br />
====Lying In====<br />
<br />
Listen to exhibitions manager Caryn Lazzuri discuss one specific use for the bedchamber.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*John Geninges. ''The life and death of Mr. Edmund Geninges priest, crowned with martyrdome at London, the 10. day of November, in the yeare M.D.XCI''. 1614. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=159679 STC 11728 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/14l58g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
====A Counterfeit Death====<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lj2285 title page] of Walter Raleigh's ''History of the World''.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*Walter Raleigh. ''The discoverie of the large, rich, and bewtiful empire of Guiana, with a relation of the great and golden citie of Manoa (which the Spanyards call El Dorado) and the provinces of Emeria, Arromaia, Amapaia, and other countries, with their rivers, adjoyning''. London: Robert Robinson, 1596. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=163767 STC 20634 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/m7sxz7 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Walter Raleigh. ''The history of the world''. London: [William Stansby] for Walter Burre, 1614. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=166411 STC 20637] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/15194v LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
====Satan and the Sleeping Eve====<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss an [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/b7uz8b engraving] depicting Book IV of Milton's ''Paradise lost''.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*John Milton. ''Paradise lost. A poem in twelve books''. London: Miles Flesher, 1688. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=135784 M2147] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lcgja9 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===Video===<br />
<br />
Scholars Garrett Sullivan and Carole Levin discuss what at Elizabethan bedchamber may have been like.<br />
<br />
<html5media height="180" width="320">https://www.youtube.com/embed/21j7HNmpeN8</html5media><br />
<br />
Trouble falling asleep is nothing new. Exhibition curator Carole Levine talks about DIY Elizabethan remedies for insomnia.<br />
<br />
<html5media height="180" width="320">https://www.youtube.com/embed/SQdj4I5FBho</html5media><br />
<br />
[[Category: Public programs]]<br />
[[Category: Exhibitions]]<br />
[[Category: 15th century]]<br />
[[Category: 16th century]]<br />
[[Category: 17th century]]<br />
[[Category: 18th century]]<br />
[[Category: Collection]]<br />
[[Category: Manuscripts]]<br />
[[Category: Art]]</div>AbbieWeinberghttps://folgerpedia.folger.edu/_mw/index.php?title=To_Sleep,_Perchance_to_Dream&diff=35823To Sleep, Perchance to Dream2021-10-13T14:52:40Z<p>AbbieWeinberg: /* Richard Haydock: The Sleeping Preacher */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:A3708 title page.jpg|thumb|right|290px|The title page of ''Archy's dream'', a former court jester's account. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ey1g87 22186].]]<br />
''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'', one of the [[Exhibitions at the Folger]], opened on February 19, 2009 and closed May 30, 2009. The exhibition was curated by [[Carole Levin]] and [[Garrett Sullivan]] with Steven K. Galbraith and [[Heather Wolfe]] as consultants. The exhibition [http://shop.folger.edu/store/165035%21165/To+Sleep%2C+Perchance+to+Dream catalog] can be purchased from the Folger Shop.<br />
<br />
While sleeping and dreaming are universal experiences, each culture and historical period understands them in distinctive ways. This exhibition explores the ethereal realm of sleeping and dreaming in Renaissance England, from the beliefs, rituals, and habits of sleepers to the role of dream interpreters and interpretations in public and private life. <br />
<br />
The habits and attitudes of both royalty and commoners toward sleep and dreams provide us with a glimpse into a world that has strong connections with, and striking differences from, our own. Sufferers of insomnia and nightmares attempted to cure themselves with a variety of remedies—from herbal concoctions to magic. They adhered to specific rituals for going to bed and held beliefs about when it was or was not appropriate to sleep.<br />
<br />
Through a variety of printed, handwritten, and visual materials, including literary texts by Shakespeare, Milton, and others, ''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' explores the vibrancy of early modern views of sleeping and dreaming. Nightclothes, gemstones, recipes and ingredients for curing nightmares and inducing sleep, and records of dreams about or by historical figures, provide a vivid glimpse of the various ways in which the Renaissance English prepared for sleep and sought to control and understand their dreams.<br />
<br />
==Contents of the exhibition==<br />
<br />
===Preparing for Sleep===<br />
<br />
Medical writers understood sleep to be crucial to the maintenance of physical well-being, and offered specific instructions for a range of bedtime matters, such as identifying the best place to sleep, choosing a bed least likely to attract vermin, and selecting the most appropriate night clothes. Preparing for sleep was also a spiritual matter. Because of the widely held fear that one might die while asleep, saying one’s prayers was an important nightly ritual.<br />
<br />
Several texts give insight into how people prepared for sleep in Renaissance England. Church of England clergyman Richard Day’s text, ''A booke of Christian prayers'', offers both a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/rx1fp7 bedtime prayer] as well as images of [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/f0n2mi sleepers sharing a bed]. Primarily for reasons of economy and warmth, bed-sharing was a common practice in early modern households and in university settings.<br />
<br />
Thomas Tryon’s ''A treatise of cleanness in meats and drinks, of the preparation of food, the excellency of good airs, and the benefits of clean sweet beds'' offers a wealth of sleep-related advice, which he summarizes as follows: “Therefore moderate Clothing, hard Beds, Houses that stand so as that the pleasant Briezes of Wind may air and refresh them, and also Houses that are full of Windows, are to be preferr’d.” He also notes that featherbeds breed vermin (a common problem in early modern beds) and are to be avoided.<br />
<br />
Finally, Thomas Cogan's ''The haven of health'' covers topics such as the “most fit” place in which to sleep, the best way to make the bed, and the appropriate posture for sleeping. Cogan also notes that “he that sleepeth with his mouth close[d] hath commonly an ill breath and foule teeth.”<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*Richard Day. ''A booke of Christian prayers, collected out of the auncient writers, and best learned in our tyme, worthy to be read with an earnest mynde of all Christians, in these daungerous and troublesome dayes, that God for Christes sake will yet still be mercyfull unto us''. London: John Day, 1578. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169150 STC 6429] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/26122y LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Tryon. ''A treatise of cleanness in meats and drinks, of the preparation of food, the excellency of good airs, and the benefits of clean sweet beds''. London, 1682. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=151430 T3196].<br />
*Thomas Cogan. ''The hauen of health: chiefely gathered for the comfort of students, and consequently of all those that have a care of their health, amplified upon five words of Hippocrates, written Epid. 6 Labor, cibus, potio, somnus, Venus''. London: Henrie Midleton, for William Norton, 1584. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=160716 STC 5478] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/zx755i LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===When We Sleep===<br />
[[File:V.a.311 24r.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Thomas Fella's 'F' in his alphabet of moral advice. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/53zun2 23585].]]<br />
Night-time slumber was divided into “first” and “second” sleeps, separated by a period of wakeful activity. How many hours one should sleep was dictated by one’s humoral “complexion”—that is, the balance in the body of the four humors (blood, phlegm, choler or bile, and melancholy or black bile). Sleep was associated with cold and moisture, and therefore with phlegm, a cold, wet humor. Napping during the day was discouraged, as it was believed to cause, in the words of Thomas Cogan, “great domage & hurt of body.” And sleeping too much was both a physical and spiritual transgression.<br />
<br />
Sleep was thought to be associated with the humors, which were closely related to a person's temperament. Both sloth and forgetfulness were moral vices associated with sleeping too long or at the wrong time of day.<br />
<br />
Thomas Fella's heavily-illustrated miscellany includes an “alphabet” of moral advice. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/w5f6ax letter F] is devoted to sleep—particularly the fitful sleep of the rich as compared to the sweet sleep of “a laboring man.”<br />
<br />
And Scipion Du Plesis' ''The Resolver'', a translation of the French ''Curiosité naturelle'', poses and answers a question about the relative strength of “first sleep” that foregrounds the importance of digestion— namely that it produces fumes that ascend to the brain, and provokes sleep by “stop[ping] the conduits of the Senses.”<br />
<br />
Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss sleep in relation to the humors.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*Thomas Fella. ''A booke of diveirs devises and sortes of pictures, with the alphabete of letters, deuised and drawne with the pen''. Manuscript, ca. 1585-1622. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=243917 V.a.311] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/53zun2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Scipion Dupleix. ''The resoluer; or Curiosities of nature written in French by Scipio Du Plesis counseller and historiographer to the French King. Vsefull & pleasant for all''. London: N. & I. Okes, [1635]. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=163893 STC 7362].<br />
<br />
===What is Sleep? From the Medical to the Metaphorical===<br />
<br />
In ''The Anatomy of Melancholy'', Robert Burton defined sleep as a “binding” of the senses. This “binding” was routinely described as the product of digestion, thought to be sleep’s primary cause. Medical writers asserted that fumes produced during digestion ascended from the stomach to the brain, where they impeded the passage of the “animal spirits” responsible for rational and sensory activity. At the same time, sleep had non-medical significance, lending itself to a variety of literary and allegorical interpretations.<br />
<br />
Sleep was represented in a variety of literature of the day. Samuel Daniel’s influential sonnet sequence, ''Delia'', features a poem addressed to “Care-charmer sleepe,” the most famous example of a sub-genre of poetry devoted to sleep. Other Elizabethans who wrote on this topic include Sir Philip Sidney and William Shakespeare.<br />
<br />
Richard Braithwaite, an Oxford-educated poet and satirist, wrote a compendium of stories and aphorisms with a range of moralizing functions, from teaching moderation to scrutinizing fashion, but it takes its title—''Art Asleep Husband? A boulster lecture''—from the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8m12o7 figure of a scolding wife] “lecturing” her husband while he pretends to sleep.<br />
<br />
Medical writers, like Somerset physician Tobias Venner, also had something to say about the benefits and detriments of certain sleep. Venner argues for the benefits of sleeping with one’s mouth open. He also stresses sleep’s link to “concoction,” or digestion, which he deems “the root of life.”<br />
<br />
====Items included====<br />
<br />
*Richard Brathwaite. ''Ar’t asleepe husband?'' London: R. Bishop, for R[ichard]. B[est]., 1640. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=161261 STC 3555] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8j34q2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
<br />
===To Make One Sleep===<br />
<br />
Judging from the large number of surviving manuscript recipes (or “receipts”) for insomnia, sleep disorders were as great a problem in early modern England as they are today. The ingredients in these recipes range from the unsurprising (poppies) to the somewhat puzzling (lettuce). However, the effectiveness of some ingredients lies in the perceived connection between physiology and the properties of the substance itself: lettuce, like sleep, was thought of as cold and wet, which is why it was believed to provoke sleep in the sleepless.<br />
<br />
Mary Granville and her daughter Anne (Granville) Dewes include a recipe against insomnia in their receipt book—"To make one sleepe." The afflicted person is advised to wet two linen cloths with a mixture of strained ivy leaves and white wine vinegar, and then apply the cloths to the forehead and temples.<br />
<br />
Another miscellany includes a recipe for “A Dormant Drink” designed to induce continuous sleep for two full days. For some reason, all of the ingredients’ names are written backwards (“yppop” for poppy, “ecittel” for lettice).<br />
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Mrs. Corlyon's receipt book contains the three following recipes: the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z369w6 first] produces a “liquor” comprised of ingredients such as rose water, “Woemans milke,” and wine vinegar, to be applied to the forehead and temples. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/19xo5r second recipe] is a drink made primarily of “White lettice seede” and sugar, to be followed by “a draft of posset ale” (milk curdled with ale). The third recipe consists of a warm drink of white poppy seed powder and posset ale made with violets, strawberry leaves, and “singfoyle” (cinquefoil).<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Grenville Family. [[Cookery and medicinal recipes of the Granville family, ca. 1640 – ca. 1750 V.a.430|''Cookery and medicinal recipes of the Granville family'']]. Manuscript, ca. 1640 – ca. 1750. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=231288 V.a.430]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/11yh7x p.1].<br />
*''Historical extracts''. Manuscript, ca. 1625. [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=193388 X.d.393]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/08iabr leaf 34].<br />
*Mrs. Corlyon. ''A booke of such medicines as have been approved by the speciall practize of Mrs. Corlyon''. Manuscript, ca. 1606. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=230598 V.a.388]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/z369w6 p. 18–19].<br />
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===Herbals===<br />
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Herbals provide physical descriptions of plants, with particular attention to their various medicinal virtues. Thus, they were an important resource for recipes. Recipes meant to provoke sleep might require mandrake or Indian dreamer, while those that roused the sufferer from sleep-related diseases such as lethargy might call for mustard plant.<br />
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This [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/b41nr5 fanciful illustration] is the mandrake, a plant whose root was taken to resemble the human form and which purportedly shrieked when removed from the ground. A narcotic plant, the mandrake’s effects were, in John Donne’s words, “betwixt sleep and poison.” Shakespeare references the mandrake’s soporific qualities in ''[[Othello|Othello]]'' and [[Antony and Cleopatra|''Anthony and Cleopatra'']].<br />
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The Indian Dreamer, which resembles hemp, was another plant used to cause sleep but can also “grow great dreamers according to their humours and dispositions….”<br />
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But, for those who had too much of sleep, other plant cures were available. Towards the end of an entry devoted to the mustard plant, Rembert Dodoens discusses “Lethargie or drowsie evill,” a disease in which people “cannot waken themselves.” He advises using a paste of mustard and figs to create heat, thus removing the cold humors that cause excess sleep.<br />
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*''Ortus sanitatis: de herbis et plantis, de animalibus et reptilibus, de auibus et volatilibus, de piscibus et natatilibus, de lapidibus et in terre venis nascentibus, de vrinis et ea rum speciebus, tabula medicinalis cum directorio generali per omnes tractatus''. Strasbourg: Johann Prüss, not after Oct. 21, 1497. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=95984 INC H417 Copy 1 Massey] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/68b7nj LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Richard Haydock: The Sleeping Preacher===<br />
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In 1605, a medical doctor named Richard Haydock attracted the attention of James I because of his ability to deliver brilliant sermons while in a deep sleep. Haydock had a passion for preaching, but ended up studying medicine instead because of a debilitating stutter. After inviting Haydock to court to hear the sleeping sermons himself, James I exposed Haydock as a fraud. However, because his sermons had been so pro-monarchy, his only punishment was publicly confessing his deceit. The prefatory material to Haydock’s [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/cej765 treatise on dreams], ''Oneirologia'', served as his confession.<br />
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To express his gratitude to the king for his leniency and to acknowledge his earlier deception, Haydock composed a treatise on dreams, and he [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/4si4kj dedicated his manuscript] to King James. No doubt he hoped that James would be pleased to be referred to as a son of King Solomon, known for his wisdom, and that he would be interested in a text on dreams. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/5k55u5 Chapter four] of Haydock’s work concentrates on what happens in the mind when the body is asleep. He assures his readers that when drowsy vapors take over common sense, fantasy must be freed or there will be no dreams. The manuscript was never published, and the copy at the Folger is the only copy known to exist.<br />
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The story of King James unmasking Haydock’s fraud was a popular one that appeared in many seventeenth-century histories, including Sir Richard Baker’s ''A Chronicle of the Kings of England''. It was not only an interesting story in itself, but it also allowed historians to praise the king for his “admirable sagacity in discovering of Fictions.”<br />
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On this [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/286p8o frontispiece], Richard Haydock (an artist as well as a preacher) has engraved a portrait of himself.<br />
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Here is co-curator Carole Levin on Haydock's phenomenon:<blockquote>The physician Richard Haydock became famous as someone who could preach brilliantly articulated sermons in his sleep. Once he was awake he claimed he had no memory of the sermons. While Haydock stuttered while awake, in the sermons he spoke clearly and beautifully. Since King James I loved weird phenomenon, in 1605 he invited Haydock to court, where the sleeping preacher gave sermons that praised James as God’s representative on earth. But while James enjoyed the sermons, he also figured out that Haydock was faking, and got the doctor to confess. When Haydock returned home to Salisbury, as an apology he wrote a manuscript about dreams that he dedicated to James in which he insisted that given the nature of sleep and dreams, no one could ever preach in his sleep. </blockquote><br />
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*Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo. ''A tracte containing the artes of curious paintinge carvinge & buildinge written first in Italian by Io: Paul Lomatius painter of Milan and Englished by R.H. student in physik''. Oxford: Joseph Barnes for R[ichard] H[aydock], 1598. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=164109 STC 16698 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/286p8o LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Richard Haydock. ''Oneirologia, or, A briefe discourse of the nature of dreames''. Manuscript, 1605. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=270907 J.a.1 (5)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/32gch3 LUNA Digital Image]<br />
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===James I===<br />
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[http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/94qsi7 James I] was fascinated by strange phenomena and supernatural events. He wrote a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/j55g5o treatise on witchcraft], but later became more interested in exposing fraudulent supernatural events, such as the sermons of Richard Haydock, “the sleeping preacher.” James I’s writings on dreams reveal a deep skepticism of their significance. In 1622, however, he felt quite differently when he had a dream that foretold his own death.<br />
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King James’s treatise on witchcraft, ''Daemonologie'', includes a section on nightmares. Although he strongly believed in the power and danger of witches, he was far more skeptical about dreams. In this treatise, James claims that nightmares result from natural causes rather than from demons, or succubi.<br />
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King James also wrote the ''Basilikon Doron'' as an educational guide for his son Henry, Prince of Wales. In a section on sleep, he advises Henry to “take no heede to any of your dreames,” because prophecies and visions no longer occur. James believed those ceased with the coming of Christ.<br />
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Arthur Wilson's ''The history of Great Britain'' includes the story of James I and Richard Haydock, the “Sleeping Preacher,” as the prime example of “brutish imposters” exposed by the king’s reason. Wilson also shared James’ belief that dreams are not supernatural, stating in the preface that he is “not like one in a Dream, who starts at the horror of the Object which his own imagination creates.”<br />
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Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss James I's thoughts on dreams and the supernatural.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*James I. ''Daemonologie, in forme of a dialogue''. Edinburgh: Robert Walde-graue, 1597. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=162293 STC 14364] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9ln3cq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*James I. ''The workes of the most high and mightie prince, James by the grace of God King of Great Britaine, France and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c''. London: Robert Barker and John Bill, 1616. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169364 STC 14344 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/77b94d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Definitions of Dreams===<br />
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Beliefs about dreams were wide-ranging: while some people believed dreams were simply the fragments of the day retold or the result of food or drink partaken, others thought dreams were an expression of guilt over an action taken or considered, or were influenced by a person’s dominant humor. Many people believed that dreams came directly from God, angels, or demons and that they exposed a person’s character as virtuous or venal. <br />
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Dreams could be divided into three categories: divine, supernatural, and natural and they were thought to foretell the future. Many were convinced that if they could unlock the meaning of dreams, they could know the future.<br />
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Wilhelm Scribonius defines a dream as “an inward act of the mind” while the body is sleeping. The soul creates dreams from the spirits of the brain, and the most pleasant dreams come as morning approaches, when the spirits are most pure.<br />
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William Vaughan writes about both sleep and dreams in his treatise on personal health. He warns of the dangers of sleeping at noon and observes that dreams could either be a remembrance of the past or “significants of things to come.”<br />
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Thomas Cooper argues that some dreams are natural and might inform us “of the sinnes of the heart,” since what we think or do during the day returns as dreams at night. But he is most concerned with dreams that came from God—moving us toward true worship—and Satan, who puts into the brain “Divellish Dreames” hoping to turn us toward evil.<br />
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In a very popular text which he revised throughout his life, Owen Felltham argues that the best use someone can make of their dreams is to gain greater self-understanding. The mind continues to work even in the depths of sleep, and dreams show us our inclinations.<br />
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===Dream Interpretation===<br />
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A range of early modern books offered dream interpretation, and physicians or astrologers would frequently interpret dreams for payment. Scholars such as Thomas Hill, Marc de Vulson, and Richard Saunders studied ancient dream treatises, especially ''Oneirocritica'', composed by Artemidorus about 200CE, in order to understand the symbolism of dreams. Their interpretations varied widely, and meanings were based not only on the subject matter of the dream, but also on the dreamer’s gender, social status, dominant humor, or profession, as well as the time of year or night the dream was had.<br />
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Thomas Hill’s text was very popular in Renaissance England, succinctly explaining the meanings of hundreds of dreams. For example, to dream of picking green apples from a tree meant good fortune, while dreaming of drinking thinned mustard meant one would be accused of murder.<br />
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Philip Goodwin’s book provides a guide for interpreting the mysterious divine and demonic visitations that a person might experience while sleeping and dreaming. He also advocates prayer before sleeping and after waking, and suggests that shorter stretches of sleep may bring better dreams.<br />
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Marc de Vulson believed that dreams could be both instructional and amusing. He argues that since true events are foretold in dreams, it would be foolish to ignore them. He explains what dreams about plays and pastimes mean. For example, dreaming you see a comedy on stage foretells success; dreaming of a tragedy means “grief and affliction.”<br />
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Richard Saunders believed that the same dream had different meanings depending on a person’s dominant humor and the time of year. Thus, during the third phase of Leo (mid-August), dreaming one was “stark naked in a Church” would be a bad dream for a person of sanguine humor but a good dream for a melancholic person.<br />
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Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss one dream interpreter well known at Queen Elizabeth I's court.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*''John Dee''. Engraving, [London, England]: Hunt & Clarke, 1827. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256248 ART File D311 no.1 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/31lemq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Hill. ''The moste pleasaunte arte of the interpretacion of dreames, whereunto is annexed sundry problemes with apte aunsweares neare agreeing to the matter, and very rare examples, not the like the extant in the English tongue''. London: Thomas Marsh, 1576. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=168488 STC 13498] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/nkp6ll LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Philip Goodwin. ''The mystery of dreames, historically discoursed; or A treatise; wherein is clearly discovered, the secret yet certain good or evil, the inconsidered and yet assured truth or falsity, virtue or vanity, misery or mercy, of mens differing dreames''. London: A.M. for Francis Tyton, 1658. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=139001 157- 690q]<br />
*Marc de Vulson. ''The court of curiositie''. London: J[ames]. C[ottrell]. for William Crooke, 1669. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=149323 165-039q].<br />
*Richard Saunders. ''Saunders physiognomie, and chiromancie, metoposcopie, the symmetrical proportions and signal moles of the body, fully and accurately explained; with their natural-predictive significations both to men and women. being delightful and profitable: with the subject of dreams made plain: whereunto is added the art of memory''. London: H. Brugis, for Nathaniel Brook, 1671. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=132723 S755] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/9222tm LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Dream Control===<br />
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While some people believed dreams could be regulated through prayer or a healthy diet, others had more elaborate methods for controlling them. These included such strategies as wearing certain kinds of gemstones or imbibing potions with fanciful components such as dragon’s tongue, or rubbing one’s temples with lapwing’s blood. The desire to avoid nightmares, or “terrors of the night,”led to the circulation of these recipes in manuscript.<br />
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Thomas Nichols’s lapidary, or book on gemstones, explains how specific stones can affect dreams. For example, he shares reports that wearing a ruby in an amulet or drinking ground-up rubies will drive away “terrible dreams” as well as sadness, evil thoughts, and evil spirits. It was a widely held belief that gemstones could help control dreams. Wearing a crystal or ruby around one’s neck prevented nightmares. Children were advised to wear emeralds to avoid nightmares. Wearing an amethyst caused exciting dreams and prevented drunkenness. And wearing an onyx to bed caused the wearer to dream of a departed friend.<br />
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Plants, as we've seen throughout the exhibition, were used for many medicinal purposes, and controlling dreams was yet another way to use them. Nicholas Culpeper composed a directory of over three hundred plants, and it includes several that could control dreams. One entry describes polypody, a variety of fern thought to be most medicinally powerful when it grows on oak stumps or trunks. Drinking liquid distilled from its roots and leaves prevents “fearful or troublesome sleeps or dreams.”<br />
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A very popular book with cures and recipes for a wide range of ailments, from how to heal ringworm to how to “make the haire fall off” was ''The secrets of Alexis''. One recipe explains how to see wild beasts in a dream; it also includes a number of recipes for inducing sleep.<br />
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Various animal parts were used in recipes in much the same way as plants or gemstones. Edward Topsell's ''Historie of serpents'' is a spectacularly illustrated and hand-colored book, devoted to serpents (including [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2mr0p7 dragons]). According to Topsell, eating the wine-soaked tongue or gall of a dragon could prevent nightmares.<br />
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Listen to exhibitions manager Caryn Lazzuri discuss Nicholas Culpeper.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*Thomas Nicols. ''A lapidary: or, The history of pretious stones: with cautions for the undeceiving of all those that deal with pretious stones''. Cambridge: Printed by Thomas Buck, 1652. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=152193 154-179q].<br />
*Nicholas Culpeper. ''The English physician enlarged; with three hundred sixty and nine medicines, made of English herbs, that were not in any impression until this. Being an astrologo-physical discourse of the vulgar herbs of this nation; containing a compleat method of physick, whereby a man may preserve his body in health, or cure himself, being sick, for three pence charge, with such things only as grow in England, they being most fit for English bodies''. London, 1698. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=145821 C7512.2].<br />
*Alessio Piemontese. ''The secrets of Alexis: containing many excellent remedies against diuers diseases, wounds, and other accidents. With the maner to make distillations, parfumes, confitures, dyings, colours, fusions, and meltings. ...''. Translation by William Ward (parts 1-3) and Richard Androse (part 4) of a French version. London: William Stansby for Richard Meighen and Thomas Jones, 1615. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=158131 STC 299] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/p62ss7 Binding image on LUNA].<br />
*Edward Topsell. ''The historie of serpents''. London: William Jaggard, 1608. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169268 STC 24124 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/64l1eq LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Nightmares===<br />
[[File:ART File S528K8 no.80.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Act V, Scene 3 of ''Richard III'', as the king experiences horrific nightmares. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/t50qq5 22200].]]<br />
A dream called “the Mare” was specifically described by Nicholas Culpeper “as when someone was sleeping to feel an uncommon oppression or weight about his breast or stomach, which he can be no means shake off. He groans, and sometimes cries out, though oftener he attempts to speak, but in vain.” Sleepers often believed that a demon—a succubus or an incubus—had visited them in their sleep in an attempt to breach their chastity. It was said that those of a melancholy humor often had frightening dreams of dark places, falls from high turrets, and furious beasts. Nightmares and ominous dreams are used to great dramatic effect in plays such as Shakespeare’s [[Richard III|''Richard III'']].<br />
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Act I of Shakespeare’s ''Richard III'' ends with the murder of the Duke of Clarence, presaged by the dream of drowning he recounts at the start of the scene. [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z2q8l Here], just as the dream is about to end, howling fiends seize the terrified Clarence to take him to hell.<br />
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In the same play, Richard III has a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2ljk3m troubled sleep] on the eve of the Battle of Bosworth Field. Visited by the ghosts of those whose deaths he caused, he dreams the battle is in progress. As the last ghost leaves, he awakens with a start shouting “Give me another horse; bind up my wounds. Have mercy, Jesu!”<br />
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Thomas Tryon believed that dreams of demonic visitations like Richard III's were caused by sleeping on one’s back, eating heavy suppers just before bed, and drinking spirits in excess. He suggests that nightmares could be avoided by sleeping on one’s side and eating a healthier diet.<br />
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Thomas Nash argues that dreams are based on thoughts and experiences that happen over the course of the day: “A dream is nothing else but a bubbling scum or froth of the fancy, which the day hath left undigested.” As for nightmares, Nash claims they are the result of guilty feelings. For example, the dreadful sins of treason and murder would cause terrible dreams.<br />
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Physician Jacques Ferrand wrote a [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kq620d book] on the causes, symptoms, and cures of “Love, or Erotique Melancholy.” Ferrand describes terrifying instances of people, mostly women, who believe that they were raped by the devil in their sleep, “when as in truth they were only troubled with the Nightmare.”<br />
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Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss the Duke of Clarence's nightmare in ''Richard III''.<br />
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*James Neagle after Thomas Stothard. ''King Richard III, act 1, sc. 4''. Engraving, London: Geo. Kearsley, 1804. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=256264 ART File S528k8 no.8 (size XS)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2z2q8l LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*William Sharp after John Opie. ''Richard IIID., Act 5 Scene 3, in the tent, Richard asleep, ghosts of persons he had murdered''. Engraving, London: Mr. Woodmason, 1794. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=254208 ART File S528k8 no.80 (size M)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2ljk3m LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Jacques Ferrand. ''Erotomania or A treatise discoursing of the essence, causes, symptomes, prognosticks, and cure of love, or erotique melancholy''. Oxford: L. Lichfield, 1640. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=159189 STC 10829] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/kq620d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Supernatural and Divine Dreams===<br />
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Martyrs in both Catholic and Protestant martyrologies, including John Foxe’s ''Actes and Monuments'', were often portrayed as having prophetic dreams. It was also believed that angels regularly visited people in their dreams, and a frequent narrative technique to give a text authenticity was to describe how the author was sleeping when visited in a dream by divine beings who encouraged the writing of their work.<br />
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In 1556, Agnes Potten was sentenced to be burned for heresy, a victim of the persecutions of Protestants under Mary I. John Foxe relates in his book of martyrs that, the night before her death, she had a foretelling dream in which she “saw a bright burning fyre, ryght up as a pole, and on the syde of the fire she thought there stoode a number of Q[ueen] Maries friendes looking on.”<br />
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Other penned prophetic dreams are less dire: In ''The book of the city of ladies'', Christine de Pisan, who made her living as an author prior to the printing press, writes that she was inspired by a dream to build an allegorical city honoring women. In a fifteenth-century French manuscript copy of her masterpiece, on loan from The Trustees of the Boston Public Library, Christine is depicted being pulled out of bed by the three female virtues—Reason, Rectitude, and Justice—who assist her in building her city.<br />
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In his poetical work, ''The hierarchie of the blessed angels'', the playwright Thomas Heywood writes about the many properties of angels, one being their ability to enter a dream and help a good Christian find the right path in the waking life.<br />
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Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss Christin de Pisan.<br />
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Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss one way sleep has spiritual overtones.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*John Foxe. ''Actes and Monuments of matters most speciall and memorable''. London: Peter Short, 1596. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169331 STC 11226 copy 3] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/m1wfc8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*LOAN from [http://www.bpl.org/research/rb/index.htm Rare Books and Manuscripts Department], The Trustees of the Boston Public Library, MA. Christine, de Pisan. ''The book of the city of ladies''. France, 1405. BPL call number: Ms.f.Med.101 and [https://archive.org/details/lelivredestroisv00chri Internet Archive].<br />
*Thomas Heywood. ''The hierarchie of the blessed angells''. London: Adam Islip, 1635. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169414 STC 13327] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ykjt11 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Political Dreams===<br />
[[File:157- 844q frontispiece.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Charles I the evening before and the day of his execution. Folger Digital Image [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sob66u 17997].]]<br />
Religion and politics were deeply intertwined in Renaissance England. The threats to sixteenth-century Protestants in Mary I’s reign were dramatized in “dream” scenes in plays about such politically significant characters as Princess Elizabeth (the future queen) and Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Suffolk. In the seventeenth century, the struggles between Royalists who supported Charles I and Parliamentarians were described in dreams in a series of political pamphlets.<br />
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John Quarles writes in couplets about his dream of the 1649 execution of Charles I. The [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/857u2x images] at the beginning of his poem show Charles the night before his death dreaming of his wife and son while an angel prepares to replace the crown he lost on earth with a heavenly one. Opposite this, we see the stark reality of Charles about to be executed.<br />
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In his [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ui7pkj dramatization] of the dangers experienced by the Protestant Princess Elizabeth in the reign of her Catholic half-sister Mary, Thomas Heywood includes “a dumb show” (a scene played silently) while Elizabeth sleeps. In the dumb show, angels stop the villain Winchester from killing the sleeping princess and place a Bible in her hands. Elizabeth wakes, as if from a dream, not knowing how the Bible materialized.<br />
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After the execution of Charles I in 1649, his son Charles sought help in Scotland to claim the throne. According to James Douglas, the young Charles dreamt he saw a spider with a crown hanging over its head and two other crowns at the end of the thread. As the spider lowered itself down the cobweb, it fell and lost everything. Despite the dire portent of this dream, Charles II was restored as king in 1660.<br />
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Listen to co-curator Carole Levin discuss Heywood's play.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*John Quarles. ''Regale lectum miseriæ: or, A kingly bed of miserie. In which is contained, a dreame: with an elegie upon the martyrdome of Charls, late King of England, of blessed memory: and another upon the Right Honourable, the Lord Capel''. London, 1649. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=147365 157-844q] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/opi363 LUNA Digital Image]<br />
*Thomas Heywood. ''If you know not me, you know no bodie: or, The troubles of Queene Elizabeth''. London, 1605. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=161231 STC 13328]; displayed [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/ui7pkj title page].<br />
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===Arise for It Is Day===<br />
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From rinsing out one’s mouth to throwing open the windows to air out a stuffy bedchamber, rituals for waking were as common as rituals for going to sleep, and a new day was often welcomed with prayer. The renewal inherent in the daily cycle seemed an inspiration for many: the printer John Day took as his [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/60g3ha printer’s device] a sunrise scene and the phrase “Arise for It Is Day” (punning off of his own name), while many authors celebrated the new day with carpe diem verses and morning songs, or ''aubades''.<br />
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“Get up, get up for shame” begins Robert Herrick’s famous “carpe diem” (seize the day) poem, as the speaker tries to rouse his “sweet-Slug-a-bed.” While Corinna stays in bed, youths rejoice in May Day revelry, exchanging flirtatious glances, playing kissing games, and rolling in the grass until plain gowns become green.<br />
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Thomas Tryon, who had prescriptions for how to sleep, also wrote on waking and health, and was particularly concerned with preventing the “generation of bugs”—a common household problem. Tryon advises that “there is nothing better…than every Morning when you rise to set open your Windows, and lay open your Bed-cloaths.” He believed this would release “the gross humid Steams” from the bed and would prevent fleas and other bugs from breeding.<br />
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John Evans, the compiler of a literary commonplace book, devotes a column to the topic “Awake,” “Awaked,” and “Awaking.” He provides quotations from eight different sources, including two Shakespeare plays ([[Henry IV, Part 2|''Henry IV, pt. 2'']] and [[Julius Caesar|''Julius Caesar'']]). Two extracts are from Francis Quarles’ ''Emblems'' and three extracts are from a song in Cosmo Manuche’s ''The Bastard'', a play published in 1652.<br />
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====Items included====<br />
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*William Tyndale. ''The whole workes of W. Tyndall, John Frith, and Doct. Barnes, three worthy martyrs, and principall teachers of this Churche of England, collected and compiled in one tome togither, beyng before scattered, and now in print here exhibited to the Church''. London: John Day, 1573. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=167157 STC 24436 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/hagxt2 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Robert Herrick. ''Hesperides: or, The vvorks both humane & divine of Robert Herrick Esq''. London, 1648. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=153584 H1596] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/el084g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*John Evans. ''Hesperides, or, The Muses garden''. Manuscript, ca. 1655-1659. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=221182 V.b.93] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/s903z1 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Additional items exhibited===<br />
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*''Hortus sanitatis''. London, 1536. Call number: QH41 H48 1536 Cage and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/tud090 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Replica early 17th-century man's night shirt. Linen with blackwork embroidery. By Emma Lehman, 2008, based on an original in the Fashion Museum, Bath.<br />
*''The New Testament of ovr Lord Iesvs Christ. Translated out of the Greeke by Theod. Beza, and Englished by L. Tomson''. Bound with: ''The whole booke of Psalmes: collected into English meeter by T. Sternhold, I. Hopkins, W. Whittingham, and others, conferred with the Hebrew, with apt notes to sing them withall. Newly set foorth, and allowed to be sung in all churches, of all the people together, before and after morning and euening prayer, as also before and after sermons. Moreouer in priuate houses, for their godly solace and comfort, laying apart all vngodly songs and ballads, which tend onely to the nourishing of vice, and corrupting of youth''. London: Robert Barker, ca. 1610. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170019 STC 2907] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/8hr271 LUNA Digital Image] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/1vmjuw Binding image on LUNA].<br />
*Richard Brathwaite. ''The English gentlewoman, drawne out to the full body: expressing, what habilliments doe best attire her, what ornaments doe best adorne her, what complements doe best accomplish her''. London: B. Alsop and T. Favvcet, for Michaell Sparke, 1631. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=169488 STC 3565] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/sd5y05 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Rembert Dodoens. ''A niewe herball, or historie of plantes: wherein is contayned the whole discourse and perfect description of all sortes of herbs and plantes''. London: Henry Loë, 1578. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=170691 STC 6984 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/x77ah5 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Thomas Walkington. ''The optick glasse of humors or The touchstone of a golden temperature, or the Philosophers stone to make a golden temper''. Oxford: W[illiam]. T[urner], 1631?. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=168005 STC 24968] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/jz1y47 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*George Gower. ''The Plimpton "Sieve" Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I.'' Oil on panel, 1579. Call number: [http://shakespeare.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=128729 ART 246171 (framed)] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/00o3y8 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Archie Armstrong. ''Archy’s dream''. London, 1641. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=152564 A3708] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/241m0d LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Beroaldo. ''Le Tableav des Riches Inventions''. 1600. Call number: PQ4619.C9 F8 1600 Cage and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/253o9i LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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==Supplemental material==<br />
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===[[To Sleep, Perchance to Dream children's exhibition|''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' children's exhibition]]===<br />
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====[[:File:To Sleep Perchance to Dream FAMILY GUIDE.pdf|''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' family guide]]====<br />
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===Audio Tour===<br />
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Explore ''To Sleep, Perchance to Dream'' through this [http://old.folger.edu/Content/Whats-On/Folger-Exhibitions/Past-Exhibitions/To-Sleep-Perchance-to-Dream/To-Sleep-Audio-Tour.cfm Audio Tour].<br />
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====Lying In====<br />
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Listen to exhibitions manager Caryn Lazzuri discuss one specific use for the bedchamber.<br />
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*John Geninges. ''The life and death of Mr. Edmund Geninges priest, crowned with martyrdome at London, the 10. day of November, in the yeare M.D.XCI''. 1614. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=159679 STC 11728 Copy 2] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/14l58g LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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====A Counterfeit Death====<br />
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Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss the [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lj2285 title page] of Walter Raleigh's ''History of the World''.<br />
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*Walter Raleigh. ''The discoverie of the large, rich, and bewtiful empire of Guiana, with a relation of the great and golden citie of Manoa (which the Spanyards call El Dorado) and the provinces of Emeria, Arromaia, Amapaia, and other countries, with their rivers, adjoyning''. London: Robert Robinson, 1596. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=163767 STC 20634 Copy 1] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/m7sxz7 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
*Walter Raleigh. ''The history of the world''. London: [William Stansby] for Walter Burre, 1614. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=166411 STC 20637] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/15194v LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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====Satan and the Sleeping Eve====<br />
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Listen to co-curator Garrett Sullivan discuss an [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/b7uz8b engraving] depicting Book IV of Milton's ''Paradise lost''.<br />
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*John Milton. ''Paradise lost. A poem in twelve books''. London: Miles Flesher, 1688. Call number: [http://hamnet.folger.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=135784 M2147] and [http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/lcgja9 LUNA Digital Image].<br />
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===Video===<br />
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Scholars Garrett Sullivan and Carole Levin discuss what at Elizabethan bedchamber may have been like.<br />
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<html5media height="180" width="320">https://www.youtube.com/embed/21j7HNmpeN8</html5media><br />
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Trouble falling asleep is nothing new. Exhibition curator Carole Levine talks about DIY Elizabethan remedies for insomnia.<br />
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<html5media height="180" width="320">https://www.youtube.com/embed/SQdj4I5FBho</html5media><br />
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[[Category: Public programs]]<br />
[[Category: Exhibitions]]<br />
[[Category: 15th century]]<br />
[[Category: 16th century]]<br />
[[Category: 17th century]]<br />
[[Category: 18th century]]<br />
[[Category: Collection]]<br />
[[Category: Manuscripts]]<br />
[[Category: Art]]</div>AbbieWeinberg